26/12/2013

Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Phn 3 Phng php)

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CCH VIT MT BI BO KHOA HC (PHN 3 PHNG PHP)

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Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Phn 3 Phng php)

THURSDAY, 31 OCTOBER 2013 09:34 DUCSUTRAN

y l lot b i hng dn vit mt b i b o khoa hc (C b n nht) c copy t trang web ca gio s Nguyn Vn
Tun. BTC Gii thng Khoa hc Eurka xin gii thiu cc b n tham kho.
Lot b i hng dn ny gm c 5 phn, cc b n ang xem phn 3.
Xem phn 1 ti y
Xem phn 2 ti y
C l phn quan trng nht ca mt bi bo khoa hc l phn phng php. Kinh nghim lm bin tp ca ti cho thy
tp san ti tham gia ph trch trong ban bin tp (tp san Journal of Bone and Mineral Research) t chi khong 75%
nhng bi bo gi n; trong s bi bo b t chi, gn 70% l do khim khuyt trong phn phng php. Ti thy
v c rt nhiu bi bo gi n cho tp san m kt qu rt th v, nhng nh phi t chi v phn phng php c
m t qu s si, hay m t mt cch xem thng ngi c. C th tc gi khng c xem thng ai, nhng v cch
vit v trnh by cha t chun mc nn gy ra n tng . Trong phn 3 ny, ti s ch cc bn vit phn phng
php mt cch chun mc v chc chn s khng b ai ph bnh l vit d. :-)

N V NG HNH

nh Internet
Phng php (Methods)

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Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Phn 3 Phng php)

Phn phng php nghin cu c l l phn quan trng nht trong mt bi bo khoa hc. Khong 70% bi bo khoa
hc b t chi ch v phng php nghin cu khng thch hp hay sai lm. Nhiu ngi c c thi quen c phng
php trc, ri sau h c cc phn khc. Nu h thy phng php nghin cu c cht lng, h s c tip; nu
khng, h s b qua mt bn! Do , y l phn m tc gi cn phi u t nhiu th gi vit cho t.
Trong phn phng php, tc gi phi tr li cho c cu hi: "tc gi lm g (What did you do?) tr li cu hi
ny, tc gi phi cung cp thng tin v thit k nghin cu, bnh nhn (hay i tng nghin cu), phng php o
lng, tin cy v chnh xc ca o lng, phng php phn tch d liu. Do , phn phng php nghin cu c
th c nhng tiu nh nh sau:
Thit k nghin cu (study design). Pht biu ngn gn v m hnh nghin cu. y l cu vn n gin, nhng ni ln
gi tr khoa hc ca cng trnh nghin cu. V d: The study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation, in which
210 women aged b etween 50 and 85 were randomly sampled b y the cluster sampling scheme.
i tng tham gia (Participants). Thng tin v c im ca i tng nghin cu ng vai tr quan trng ngi
c c th nh gi kh nng khi qut ha ca cng trnh nghin cu. Khi m t c im i tng nghin cu, tiu
chun tuyn chn v tiu chun loi. i khi tc gi cn phi cc bin s quan trng nh tui, gii tnh, sc tc, trnh
hc vn, tnh trng sc khe. V d: "All women requesting an IUCD (intrauterine contraceptive device) at the Family
Welfare Clinic, Kenyatta National Hospital, who were menstruating regularly and who were b etween 20 and 44 years of
age, were candidates for inclusion in the study. They were not admitted to the study if any of the following criteria were
present: (1) a history of ectopic pregnancy, (2) pregnancy within the past 42 days, (3) leiomyomata of the uterus, (4)
active PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), (5) a cervical or endometrial malignancy, (6) a known hypersensitivity to
tetracyclines, (7) use of any antib iotics within the past 14 days or long-acting injectab le penicillin, (8) an impaired
response to infection, or (9) residence outside the city of Nairob i, insufficient address for follow-up, or unwillingness to
return for follow-up."
a im v bi cnh nghin cu (setting). Cn phi cung cp thng tin v a im m cng trnh nghin cu c
thc hin, hay ni m d liu c thu thp, bi v a im c th nh hng n tnh hp l ngoi ti ca kt qu
nghin cu. Chng hn nh khi chng ti lm nghin cu v vitamin D, chng ti phi cung cp thng tin v thnh ph
m mnh thc hin cng trnh nghin cu. V d: The study was designed as a cross-sectional investigation, in which the
setting was Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). The City is located at 1045'N, 10640'E in the southeastern region of
Vietnam. The City is in the tropic and close to the sea; therefore it has a tropical climate, with an average humidity of
75%. There are only two distinct seasons: the rainy season, with an average rainfall of ab out 1,800 millimetres annually
(ab out 150 rainy days per year), usually b egins in May and ends in late Novemb er; the dry season lasts from Decemb er
to April. The average temperature is 28C (82F), the highest temperature sometimes reaches 39C (102F) around
noon in late April, while the lowest may fall b elow 16C (61F) in the early mornings of late Decemb er.
Qui trnh nghin cu (Procedures). Trong phn ny, tc gi phi tm lc tng bc nghin cu, k c nhng ch dn
cho i tng nghin cu nh th no. Vic phn nhm trong nghin cu, chi tit v can thip hay iu tr (nu c). Nu
cng trnh c lin quan n ngu nhin ha, tc gi cn phi m t c th qui trnh ngu nhin ha (randomization) nh

Hm nay
Hm qua

798
1135

Tun ny

3872

th no, k thut g c s dng m bo cc nhm cn i, v.v

Tun trc
Thng ny

V d: Patients with psoriatic arthritis were randomized to receive placeb o or etanercept (Enb rel) at a dose of 25 mg

Thng trc

twice weekly b y sub cutaneous administration for 12 weeks ... Etanercept was supplied as a sterile, lyophilized powder in
vials containing 25 mg etanercept, 40 mg mannitol, 10 mg sucrose, and 1-2 mg tromethamine per vial. Placeb o was
identically supplied and formulated except that it contained no etanercept. Each vial was reconstituted with 1 mL
b acteriostatic water for injection.
Ngoi ra, tc gi phi m t cn thn k thut o lng c s dng trong nghin cu, nh tn ca my, model g,
software phin bn no, v ni sn xut. Cn phi m t iu kin (nhit , nh sng) trong khi o lng, cng nh
cc h s v tin cy v chnh xc ca k thut o lng.

Tt c

7433
28286
36306
554299

KHOAHOCTRE TRN CC MNG X HI

Trung tm Pht trin Khoa
hc v Cng ngh tr
Thch

V d: Blood pressure (diastolic phase 5) while patient was sitting and had rested for at least five minutes was measured
b y a trained nurse with a Copal UA-251 or a Takeda UA-751 electronic ausculatory b lood pressure reading machine

3.292 ngi thch Trung tm Pht trin Khoa hc v

Cng ngh tr.

(Andrew Stephens, Brighouse, West Yorkshire) or with a Hawksley random zero sphygmomanometer (Hawksley,

Vn iu H V

Lancing, Sussex) in patients with atrial fib rillation. The first reading was discarded and the mean of the next three
consecutive readings with a coefficient of variation b elow 15% was used in the study, with additional readings if required.
nh ngha ch tiu lm sng (measurements of endpoints). Mt cng trnh nghin cu lm sng phi c mt endpoint
hay outcome, m ti tm dch l ch tiu lm sng, l ci lm thc o ca mt thut can thip. Do , tc gi cn phi
nh ngha r rng ch tiu lm sng ca cng trnh nghin cu l g, v nht l phng php o lng (nh va cp)
ra sao. Thng thng, mt nghin cu c 2 ch tiu lm sng m ting Anh gi l primary endpoint (ch tiu chnh) v
secondary endpoint (ch tiu ph).

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V d: The primary endpoint with respect to efficacy in psoriasis was the proportion of patients achieving a 75%
improvement in psoriasis activity from b aseline to 12 weeks as measured b y the PASI (psoriasis area and severity
index). Additional analyses were done on the percentage change in PASI scores and improvements in target psoriasis
lesions.
Nn nh rng phn ny tc gi ch m t nhng bin c lin quan n bi bo, ch khng phi m t tt c nhng
bin c thu thp trong cng trnh nghin cu. Chng hn nh nu bi bo ch ni v mt xng, th tc gi
khng cn phi ni n gy xng (v hai bin ny rt khc nhau). Nguyn tc l: ch m t nhng g c lin quan n
phn kt qu.

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Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Phn 3 Phng php)

C mu (Sample Size). C mu l mt yu t rt quan trng trong mt nghin cu lm sng. Thng thng, cc

nghin cu randomized controlled trial (RCT) phi c mt cu vn m t cch tnh c mu. Khng phi l cng thc tnh
(nh ti thy nhiu bi bo Vit Nam), m l nhng gi nh ng sau cch tnh. iu ny quan trng, v qua gi nh,
ngi c c th nh gi kh nng m cng trnh nghin cu c th gii quyt cu hi t ra trong phn dn nhp.
V d: We consider that the incidence of symptomatic deep venous thromb osis or pulmonary emb olism or death would
b e 4% in the placeb o group and 1.5% in the ardeparin sodium group. Based on 0.9 power to detect a significant

Gii thng khoa hc

Eurka
Thch
4.769 ngi thch Gii thng khoa hc Eurka.

difference (p 0.05, two-sided), 976 patients were required for each study group. To compensate for nonevaluab le
patients, we planned to enroll 1000 patients in each group.
Ngu nhin ha (Randomization). Trong cc cng trnh nghin cu lm sng i chng ngu nhin (randomized
controlled trial hay RCT), bnh nhn thng c phn nhm mt cch ngu nhin. C nhiu cch phn nhm bng
my tnh v thut ton, cho nn tc gi c trch nhim phi m t r phng php phn nhm ngi c c th nh
gi cht lng ca nghin cu. Nu cch phn nhm c hiu qu th kt qu thng cho thy cc nhm rt tng

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ng v cc c tnh lm sng. Mt v d v cch m t phng php phn nhm c th thy trong on vn sau y:
Women had an equal prob ab ility of assignment to the groups. The randomization code was developed using a
computer random numb er generator to select random permuted b locks. The b lock lengths were 4, 8, and 10 varied
randomly.

LIN KT WEBSITE
--- Cc Website lin kt ---

Mt ha (cn gi l Blinding). Trong cc cng trnh RCT, c khi c bc s iu tr v bnh nhn u khng bit bnh
nhn mnh (hay mnh) nm trong nhm no ca nghin cu. y l mt bin php nhm tng tnh khch quan khi nh
gi hiu qu ca can thip. Cng nh ngu nhin ha c th thc hin bng nhiu thut ton, cch mt ha cng c th
thc hin bng nhiu th thut. Cch m t th thut c th tm thy trong on vn sau y:: All study personnel
and participants were b linded to treatment assignment for the duration of the study. Only the study statisticians and the
data monitoring committee saw unb linded data b ut none had any contact with study participants.
Phn tch d liu (Data Analysis). Thit k v phn tch cc nghin cu lm sng u cn n cc phng php thng
k. Do , phn ny tuy l phn cui trong phn phng php ca bi bo khoa hc, nhng n ng vai tr rt quan
trng. Ti tng phc v trong ban bin tp v thy rt nhiu bi bo v cng trnh nghin cu rt tt nhng v phn tch
sai nn nh phi t chi. Con s bi bo b t chi v phn tch sai c khi ln n 50% (nh vi tp san JAMA chng
hn). Do , trong phn phn tch, tc gi phi pht biu cho c bin ph thuc (hay endpoints hoc outcome) l g,
bin c lp (hay risk factors hoc covariates) l g, v nh ngha r rng cc bin ny c x l ra sao. Nu s liu
qua hon chuyn th tc gi phi gii thch ti sao. V c nhiu phng php phn tch s liu v kim nh gi thuyt,
nn tc gi cn phi gii thch ti sao chn phng php A m khng l phng php B. i khi tc gi cng phi
ni ra dng software no cho phn tch. (Nh ng khoe software phn tch m c quan hay c nhn tu mt
cch bt hp php!)
V d v cch vit on vn ny nh sau: All data analysis was carried out according to a pre-estab lished analysis plan.
Proportions were compared b y using Chi-squared tests with continuity correction or Fisher's exact test when appropriate.
Multivariate analyses were conducted with logistic regression. The durations of episodes and signs of disease were
compared b y using proportional hazards regression. Mean serum retinol concentrations were compared b y t-test and
analysis of covariance ... Two-sided significance tests were used throughout. The analysis was performed with the SAS
system (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC, USA.
Ni chung, phn Phng php thng di gp 2 hay 3 ln phn Dn nhp. S khng c vn g nu tc gi m t
phn Phng php mt cch chi tit, v nu tp san thy khng cn thit th h s ct b hay a vo phn ph ch
(appendix). Nhng s l vn nu tc gi c tnh m t phn Phng php mt cch m m v vn tt, bi v ngi
duyt bi s ngh tc gi hoc l mun du dim vn hoc l thiu thnh tht! Xin nhc li rng gn 70% bi bo
khoa hc b t chi l do phng php khng ng hay m t khng y . V th, tc gi cn phi ht sc thn trng
trong phn m t Phng php nghin cu, lm sao ni cho c l what did you do (bn lm g trong nghin cu
ny).
Trong cc phn k tip, ti s ch cch vit phn kt qu v m t cc d liu. Th theo yu cu ca nhiu bn c, ti
cng s c gng ch ra nhng ch, cu vn, nhng on vn quen thuc trong cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc. Ti ngh
nhng ch, cu vn v on vn c th ny s rt c ch cho cc bn ang mun hay trong qu trnh phi c danh g
vi ni sng (tc l cng b cho c mt vi bi bo khoa hc lu danh cng hu th :-)).
Cn tip
NVT

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Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (Phn 3 Phng php)

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