∂¶∂∞∂∫ ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ· 1.1.

·
∂ƒ°O ™∂¶¶∂
¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ·:
∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈoÏfiÁËÛË & ¶ÚoÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜
Ùo˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎo‡ ŒÚÁo˘ ÛÙË ™¯oÏÈ΋ ªoÓ¿‰·

¶∞π¢∞°ø°π∫O π¡™∆π∆OÀ∆O
∆ª∏ª∞ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™

∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË
& ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜
ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘
ÛÙË ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ªÔÓ¿‰·
∂È̤ÏÂÈ· - ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹: πˆÛ‹Ê ™ÔÏÔÌÒÓ, ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ À‡ı˘ÓÔ˜

∞£∏¡∞ 1999
∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ· 1.1.·: «¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· µÈ‚Ï›·»
- ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ À‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜: £Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˜ °. ∂Í·Ú¯¿ÎÔ˜
∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘
ŒÚÁÔ ¡Ô 11: « ™¯ÔÏ›· ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘» (™∂¶¶∂)
- ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ À‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ŒÚÁÔ˘: ¡ÈÎfiÏ·Ô˜ ∞ÏÂÍ·Ó‰Ú‹˜
∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ¶ÂÈÚ·È¿
∞ÓÙÈÚfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘
ª¤ÏË Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÈ΋˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜:

πˆÛ‹Ê ™ÔÏÔÌÒÓ, ∂›ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ¶¿ÙÚ·˜ (™˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÙ‹˜)

∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ∞Ú‚·ÓÈÙ¿Î˘, ·ÔÛ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ¶.π.

∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· ∫fiÙÛÈÚ·, ·ÔÛ·Ṳ̂ÓË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ¶.π.
∑ˆ‹ ª¤ÏÏ·, ¢È¢ı‡ÓÙÚÈ· ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
ÕÓÓ· ∆Û·ÙÛ·ÚÒÓË, ∂›ÎÔ˘ÚË ∫·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ¶¿ÙÚ·˜

™ÙË Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÔÈ:

¢ÈÔÓ‡ÛÈÔ˜ ¢Ú¿ÎÔ˜, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜

™ÔÊ›· ∂ÌÌ·ÓÔ˘‹Ï, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜
∂ϤÓË ∫·ÙÛ·ÚÔ‡, ·ÔÛ·Ṳ̂ÓË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ¶.π.
¶·‡ÏÔ˜ ∫·›‰Ë˜, ·ÔÛ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ¶.π.
∂ÈÚ‹ÓË §Ô˘Ï·Î¿ÎË, ·ÔÛ·Ṳ̂ÓË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ¶.π.
ÕÓÓ· ™Ù·˘Ú›‰Ô˘, ·ÔÛ·Ṳ̂ÓË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ¶.π.

∂›Û˘, ÛÙË Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó ÔÈ ·ÔÛ·Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙÔ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ:

™Ù·‡ÚÔ˜ ªÔÊ˘Ï¿ÙÔ˜
∞ÁÓ‹ ¶·‡ÏÔ˘
ÕÓÓ· ™Ì˘ÚÓȈÙÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘

∆Ô ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· “∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-

ÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘ ÛÙË ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ªÔÓ¿‰·” ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡
πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ̤ÏË Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ Î·È ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∫ÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜.
∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ À‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜: πˆÛ‹Ê ™ÔÏÔÌÒÓ, ∂›ÎÔ˘ÚÔ˜ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜,
¶.∆.¢.∂. ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ¶¿ÙÚ·˜.
ª¤ÏË Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ: Ã. ¢Ô‡Î·˜ (¶¿Ú‰ÚÔ˜ ¶.π.), ∞.
∫fiÙÛÈÚ·, ∞. ∫ˆÛÙ¿ÎË (¶¿Ú‰ÚÔ˜ ¶.π.), ∑. ª¤ÏÏ·, °. ¶·ÛÈ¿˜, ∞. ∆Û·ÙÛ·ÚÒÓË.
ª¤ÏË Ù˘ OÌ¿‰·˜ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ: ∫. ∞Ú‚·ÓÈÙ¿Î˘, ¶. ∫·›‰Ë˜, ∂. ∫·ÙÛ·-
ÚÔ‡, ∂. §Ô˘Ï·Î¿ÎË, ™. ªÔÊ˘Ï¿ÙÔ˜, ∞. ¶·‡ÏÔ˘, ∞. ™Ì˘ÚÓȈÙÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, ∞. ™Ù·˘Ú›‰Ô˘, ·ÔÛ·-
Ṳ̂ÓÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÛÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘.
¶ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓ·

¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ 9

ª¤ÚÔ˜ ∞ã: ∂π™∞°ø°∏

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 1. ªÔÚʤ˜ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘

Î·È ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ªÔÓ¿‰·˜. 15

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 2. ŒÓ· ¶ÚfiÙ˘Ô ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘

Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡: Ù· ™˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ™ÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘. 21

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 3. ∏ §ÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. 25

∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 4. ¢ÔÌ‹ Î·È §ÔÁÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘. 29

ª∂ƒO™ µã: À§π∫∞

ÀÏÈο 1. ¢›ÎÙ˘Ô ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘:

«™ÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ». ŒÓ·˜ ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi˜ ∫·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ˜. 39

ÀÏÈο 2. ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘:

ŒÓ· £ÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ. 65

ÀÏÈο 3. ¢È·‰Èηۛ˜ ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ªÔÓ¿‰·˜:

ŒÓ· ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ. 137

ÀÏÈο 4. ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ¢Ú¿Û˘ ÛÙË ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ªÔÓ¿‰·:

ŒÓ· ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ. 149

ÀÏÈο 5. ª¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ Î·È ∆¯ÓÈΤ˜ ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ∂ÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ:

OÚÈṲ̂ӷ ™ÙÔȯ›·. 157

ª∂ƒO™ °ã: ¶∞ƒ∞ƒ∆∏ª∞∆∞

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 1. ∞ÔÛ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ ∆¯ÓÈÎfi ¢ÂÏÙ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜:

™Ùfi¯ÔÈ Î·È ªÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›·. 171

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 2. ™ÙÔȯ›· ·fi ÙËÓ ¶ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. 179

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 3. °ÂÓÈ΋ µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘. 189

¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 4. ŒÓÙ˘· ªËÙÚÒÔ˘ ™˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ¶·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛˆÓ. 203

∆· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓ· Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒÌË, ÙÔ˘˜
Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ˘¢ı‡ÓÔ˘˜ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ-
·›‰Â˘ÛË Û fiÏ· Ù· Â›‰·. ™ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ˘‹ÚÍ ÛÙ·ÛÈÌfi-
ÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÔÊÂÈÏfiÌÂÓË Û ȉȷ›ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜. ™‹ÌÂÚ· fï˜ ›-
Ó·È ϤÔÓ Â›ÁÔÓ Ó· ‰Ôı› ÒıËÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û ÂΛӘ
ÙȘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Ù˘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó, ÛÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜ Ì·˜, ηχÙÂÚ· ˆ˜ ̤-
Û· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ.

∆Ô ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ Ì ÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, Ô˘ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔÈ‹ıËΠȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ù·

ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙ· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿, ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¿Û¯ÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÛËÌ·-
ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Î·È ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ Û ÂıÓÈÎfi Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Â›‰Ô: Â˘Úˆ·˚ο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·,
Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Î·È ÌÂϤÙ˜, ‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Û˘Ó‰ڛˆÓ Î.Ô.Î. ªÈ· ·fi
ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ˜ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È Ë ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ Û ÂÈÚ·Ì·-
ÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô ÂÓfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘ Î·È ÂÓfi˜ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ‹ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË
ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Î·È ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¿ÓÙÏËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ.

∞ÔÛÎÔÒÓÙ·˜, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ηÈ,
·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ‹ ı· Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÚÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ·ÔÊ·Û›Û·Ì ӷ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÔ˘Ì ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡
Ô˘ ·Ú‹¯ıË ·fi ÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ú-
ÁÔ˘ ™∂¶¶∂ Ì ٛÙÏÔ «∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡
ŒÚÁÔ˘ ÛÙË ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ªÔÓ¿‰·». ¶ÚÔÛηÏԇ̠ٷ˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋
ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ Ì ÙȘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚˆÛË Î·È ÙË
‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘.

£Âfi‰ˆÚÔ˜ °. ∂Í·Ú¯¿ÎÔ˜
∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ
¶Úfi‰ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘
¶ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜
∏ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ·Ó·‰È¿ÚıÚˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ,
ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÙË. ∏ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘, Ë ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘,
Ù· ̤۷ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘, Ë “ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·” ÙÔ˘, ÔÈ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ-
Τ˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Â›Ó·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·
ÌÂϤÙ˘, ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜.

∏ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È Ë ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ÙÚfi-
ˆÓ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¤ÚÁÔ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏÒÓ
Î·È ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜
Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÔÏÏ·Ï·ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È.

™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ‹ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È Ô ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ-

·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Û Â›Â‰Ô Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈο ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ·ÏÏ¿ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹
Ù¿ÛË, Û˘Ó‰Â‰Â̤ÓË Û ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi Ì ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ù˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿-
‰·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÔÛ˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.

∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÙÚ›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ‰Ô˘Ï¤„·ÌÂ
ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ¿ÓÙÏËÛ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ·˘Ùo·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È
Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ Û ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÚÔÔÙÈ΋. ∆· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ›-
¯·Ì ÙËÓ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›· Ó· Ù· ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, Ó· Ù· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· Ù· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ Ú¿-
ÍË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì·˜ Ì ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡
ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÍÂΛÓËÛ ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ 1997 Î·È ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· Û ÂͤÏÈÍË. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È
ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ì ٛÙÏÔ “∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘
∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘ ÛÙË ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ªÔÓ¿‰·”, ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ™.∂.¶.¶.∂. (™¯ÔÏ›·
∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘) Ù˘ ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ 1.1.· (¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·
– µÈ‚Ï›·) ÙÔ˘ ∂.¶.∂.∞.∂.∫, Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ.

™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ¤Î‰ÔÛË ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ·˘-
ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∫˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Ù˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ ›ӷÈ:
ñ Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚ¤¯ÔÓÙ· ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË,
ñ Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÁÈ· Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ‹ ı·
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘,
ñ Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋–ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Û ÌÈ· ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Û˘ÓÂ-
¯È˙fiÌÂÓ˘ ·Ó·ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘.

∫·È ‚¤‚·È·, ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È¿‰ÔÛË Î·È Ë Â‰Ú·›ˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· “ÊÈÏÈ΋”
Î·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ‹ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ηÈ
ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚʈÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÙ¢ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘.

™ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙȘ
‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈΤ˜ Î·È Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù·
Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔȯ›·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÎÚ›ıËÎ·Ó ·Ó·Áη›· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹-
ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·. ∂›Û˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·-
Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÔ
ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘, ›Ûˆ˜, ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ¶ÔÈ-
fiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘.

∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ 9
 ™ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·fi Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ “˘ÏÈο” ‹ Ù· “ÂÚÁ·Ï›·” Ô˘
ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ̤ÏË ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ Ó· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ-
‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∆· ˘ÏÈο ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ‹‰Ë ˘fi ‰ÔÎÈ-
Ì‹ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi.
∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο:

ñ Ù· YÏÈο 1 ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi ηٿÏÔÁÔ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÏϤ-
ÁÔ˘Ó ÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· Ì ÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·
∂ÓÙ‡ˆÓ ¶ÈÓ¿ÎˆÓ Î·È, Û‡ÓÙÔÌ·, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ §ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ ¢Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÔÛÔÙÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓË
ÌÔÚÊ‹, ÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂ-
ÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∂›Û˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙȘ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿Û-
ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ ¢ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘, ÛÙÔ
ÔÔ›Ô ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È. ¶ÚÔÔÙÈο, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÁÂÓÈ΢ı›, ÔÚÈṲ̂-
Ó· ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ı· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚˆÓ Û˘ÓfiψÓ
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, .¯. Û Â›Â‰Ô ‚·ıÌ›‰·˜, ÂÚÈʤÚÂÈ·˜ ‹ ¯ÒÚ·˜.
ñ Ù· YÏÈο 2 ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÒÌ· ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡
ŒÚÁÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ £ÂÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ˘¿ÁÔÓÙ·È. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfi,
ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ
‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ -ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂ-
ϤÛÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜- Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û·Ó ¤Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ÁÈ· Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ô˘ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È
Û ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘.
ñ Ù· YÏÈο 3 ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ‹ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ, ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ‰È·›ÚÂÛË Ù˘ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿˜ Û ʿ-
ÛÂȘ, ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ηٷÓÔÌ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ Î·È ·ÔÊ˘Á‹˜
ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Û‡ÓÙ·Í˘ ÂÎı¤ÛÂˆÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î.Ô.Î.
ñ Ù· YÏÈο 4 ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ¤Ó·Ó ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Î·Ù·Û΢‹˜ Î·È ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘ ÂÓfi˜
ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘, Ô˘ ı· ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘,
Î·È ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi Û¯ÂÙÈο ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù·.
ñ ÛÙ· YÏÈο 5 Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÙÈ΋ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘ÚÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ Î·È Ù¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ï-
ÏÔÁ‹˜ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈ̇ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù˘¯ÒÓ Ù˘ Û¯Ô-
ÏÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜.
∆¤ÏÔ˜,
ñ ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 1 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·ÔÛ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ∆¯ÓÈÎÔ‡ ¢ÂÏÙ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡
ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙË ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁ›· ÙÔ˘.
ñ ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 2 ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ·ÔÛ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙȘ ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Â͈ÙÂ-
ÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘, Ì ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ˜
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‰ÔÈ·ÛÌÔ‡˜ ‹ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ·Ó.
ñ ∏ ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈ΋, ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Î·È ÍÂÓfiÁψÛÛË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 3.

Ÿˆ˜ ÚԷӷʤÚıËÎÂ, ·ÚÈÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ¤Î‰ÔÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈ-
ÎÔ‡ Ù˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋–ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÚfiÎÏËÛË ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ ο-
ı ›‰Ô˘˜. ∂›Û˘, οÙÈ Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ÂÙ‡¯Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤Î‰ÔÛË Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌÈ-
Ô˘ÚÁ›· ÂÓfi˜ ÌËÙÚÒÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ‹ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ, Ô˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ì ‰È¿ÊÔ-
ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-
ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡Ó Û¯ÔÏ›· ÂÓÙfi˜ ‹ ÂÎÙfi˜ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·-
ÙÔ˜. °È· ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 4 ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ¤ÓÙ˘·, Ù· ÔÔ›·
ÚÔÛηÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÛÔ˘Ó fiÛÔÈ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ηÈ
Ó· Ù· ·ÔÛÙ›ÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË:

10 ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
 ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ – ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ
O.∂.À. ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜
“∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜
ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘ ÛÙË ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ ªÔÓ¿‰·”
ªÂÛÔÁ›ˆÓ 396, ∆.∫. 153 41
e-mail: eval@pi-schools.gr
ÙËÏ: 60 16 377 - 60 16 386
fax: 60 16 386

∂›Û˘, Ù· ¤ÓÙ˘· ‰È·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È Û ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈ-
ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Internet (http://www.pi-schools.gr) ‹ Û ‰ÈÛΤٷ P.C. ·fi ÙËÓ OÌ¿‰· ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜
ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘.

£· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹Ûˆ ıÂÚÌ¿ Ù· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹
ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆı› Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›·. ∂˘¯·ÚÈÛÙÒ, Â›Û˘, Ù·
̤ÏË Ù˘ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ OÌ¿‰·˜ ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÂ-
ÎÙ›ÌËÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· ∫fiÙÛÈÚ· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ-
ÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÂÈ̤ÏÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÎÂÈ̤ӈÓ. ∆ÔÓ ∞ÔÛÙfiÏË ∞Ó‰Ú¤Ô˘, ∂›ÎÔ˘ÚÔ ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹, ∞.¶.£.,
Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ¤ÙÔ˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜, ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙÒ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ô-
χÙÈ̘ ˘ԉ›ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘.

∂›Û˘, ÔÊ›ψ Ó· ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹Ûˆ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ù· ÚÔËÁÔ‡-
ÌÂÓ· ¤ÙË Ì ÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÎÙ›ÌËÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤Ú¢ӷ Î·È ÛÙËÓ
ÎÔÈÒ‰Ë ÚÔÂÚÁ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË Ù˘ ÚfiÙ·Û˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÙËÓ ∞Á-
ÁÂÏÈ΋ ™Ù·ÛÈÓÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘-™ÎÈ·‰¿, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ∞Ó·ÛÙ·Û›· ∞ı·Ó·ÛԇϷ-ƒ¤·, ÙË Ã·Ú¿ ¢ËÌË-
ÙÚ·ÎÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, ÙË ∑ˆ‹ ¶ÔÏ˘ÌÂÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, ÙËÓ ŒÏÂÓ· ™ÔÊÈ·ÓÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ °ÈÒÚÁÔ ¶·ÛÈ¿.

∆¤ÏÔ˜, ı¤Ïˆ Ó· ¢¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹Ûˆ ıÂÚÌ¿ fiϘ Î·È fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ
Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔχÙÈÌË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ Î·È ‰È·ÌfiÚʈ-
ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔ-
ÏÈ΋ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜. O ηٿÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ·-
Ú·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 2 ÂÓÒ Ù· ÔÓfiÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘¢ı‡ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÂÏ›‰· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘Ó-
ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ (www.pi-schools.gr). ™Â ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÛÙÔ˘˜
Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û fiÏË ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓÂÙ·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÚÁ·Û›·.

πˆÛ‹Ê ™ÔÏÔÌÒÓ
∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi˜ À‡ı˘ÓÔ˜
ÙÔ˘ ¶ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜

∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÚfiÏÔÁÔ˜ 11
 ª¤ÚÔ˜ ∞’
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
∫∂º∞§∞πO 1:
ªÔÚʤ˜ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ 1
Î·È ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ªÔÓ¿‰·˜

∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Á‡Úˆ ·fi Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÂΉË-
ÏÒÓÂÙ·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Î·È ¤ÓÙ·ÛË ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜. OÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfi-
ÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÂÔ¯‹ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏÔ Ó· ÔÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ì ÂÓÈ·›Ô ÙÚfiÔ. ™ÙË
‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ (Murphy & Torrance 1987, Simons
1987, Norris 1990). ¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜, Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È ϤÔÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÂÔ›ıËÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ·Ó·Ï˘-
ÙÒÓ Î·È ˘¢ı‡ÓˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Ú¤ÂÈ:

1. Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË Ù˘ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Û οı ۯÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ¤ÚÁÔ,
2. Ó· ÚÔˆı› ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Î·È Ó· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ Û ÙÔ-
ÈÎfi, ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi Î·È ÂıÓÈÎfi Â›‰Ô,
3. Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË Ï‹„Ë ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È
4. Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› ˆ˜ ÌÔ¯Ïfi˜ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·
ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.

™ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È Û ÔÏϤ˜ ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜
‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ Î·È Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ È‰È-
·›ÙÂÚˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Î¿ı ¯ÒÚ·˜
(O.E.C.D 1991, 1994, Solomon 1998). ¶·Ú’ fiÏË ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÌÔÚÊ›· ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ì ‰‡Ô ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ı¤ÛË
ÙÔ˘ ÊÔÚ¤· Ô˘ ÂÎÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·: ÙËÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-
ÁËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË.

∂͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË
∏ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÊÔÚ›˜ Ô˘ ÙÔÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ηÈ
·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ·ÓÒÙÂÚ˜ ‚·ıÌ›‰Â˜ Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ‹ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ì ·Ó¿ıÂÛË, ‰È·ÙËÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ·
ı¤ÛË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘
Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ì ¿ÌÂÛ˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹ Î·È Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›·, .¯. Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡, ÙË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fi-
ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î.Ô.Î.

™Â ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ë Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ·›ÚÓÂÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÌÔÚ-

ʤ˜. £· ·Ó·ÊÂÚıԇ̠·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ Û˘ÓÔÙÈο Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜.

1. ∂ÈıÂÒÚËÛË

∏ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛË Â›Ó·È Ë Û˘ÓËı¤ÛÙÂÚË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÎÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙËÓ Â˘-
ı‡ÓË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Û ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ‹ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi Â›‰Ô. ø˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ë ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛË ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ì ÙË Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Ì·˙È΋˜ ÂÎ·›-
‰Â˘Û˘, ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 19Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ·, ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ù˘ ¢‡Û˘. µ·ÛÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘

KEº∞§∞πO 1: ªOƒº∂™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫∏™ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∫∞π ™À§§O°π∫∏ ∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∆∏™ ™ÃO§π∫∏™ ªO¡∞¢∞™
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 15
 ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜ ·fi Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· ηÈ
ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ΢ڛˆ˜ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ù· Ì·ıËÛȷο
·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ÂÓ›ÔÙÂ Î·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ¿ÏÏ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ
Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÔ‡ Î·È ¿ÓÙÔÙ ÂÓÈ·›·. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ¯·-
Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο fiˆ˜:
ñ Ù· ÚfiÛˆ· Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛË,
ñ ÙÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÈıˆÚËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfi ‹ ÌË ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙˆÓ
ÎÚ›ÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜,
ñ ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Î·È Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î.Ô.Î. (∞Ó‰Ú¤Ô˘ Î·È ¶··ÎˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ 1994,
Broadfoot 1996, ™ÔÏÔÌÒÓ 1999).

™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ Ù˘, Ë ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù·:

ñ Â›Ó·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÈÌË Î·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È
ÛÙȘ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡,
ñ ‰Ú· ·Ì¤Ûˆ˜ ‹ ÂÌ̤ۈ˜ ˆ˜ ΛÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜ Î·È ÙË ‰È·-
ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜,
ñ Â͢ËÚÂÙ› ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È-
‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·˜,
ñ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Ï·Óı·ÓfiÓÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÛÙË ÌÂıfi‰Â˘ÛË Ù˘ Â›-
Ï˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜,
ñ ÂÎÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ÚfiÛˆ· ‹ ÊÔÚ›˜ ·ÚÔ˘˜, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛË Û¯¤ÛË Ì ÙË
Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·, οÙÈ Ô˘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· ÙˆÓ ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ,
ñ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÔ‰Èο ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈο ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÛı¤ÙÂÈ ··-
Û¯fiÏËÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜,
ñ ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÂÈıˆÚËÙ¤˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÁÎÚÈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ
ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜.

∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ô ·ÓÙ›ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ˜ Î·È ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ
·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜:
ñ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î·È ÛÙ· ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌ· ‹ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÈÌ· ·ÔÙÂϤ-
ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ Î·È ·Ú·ÌÂÚ›˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ¿ÏÏ· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘, ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜,
Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘,
ñ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ·ÏÔ˚΋ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó·
‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Ù˘È΋ ÂÈÎfiÓ·, Û˘¯Ó¿ „¢‰‹˜ ‹ ¿‰ÈÎË,
ñ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ Êfi‚Ô Î·È
ÙËÓ Ù˘ÊÏ‹ ˘·ÎÔ‹, οÙÈ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÈ Ì ÙÔÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘˜,
ñ ·ÔÚÚ˘ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ ¿Á¯Ô˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·-
ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·,
ñ ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÛÌfi Î·È ·ÔÛ˘Óı¤ÙÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi Ó‡̷ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜,
ñ Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ù˘ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ¿ÚÚËÙ· Î·È ·Û·Ê‹,
ñ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÚÔηٿÏË„Ë Î·È ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÎÙ˜ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ, ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô Ô˘
ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛ‹ Ù˘ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ,
ñ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ Ù˘ ‰ÂÓ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÎÙ‹Ì· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙË
‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜,
ñ Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÏËÚÔÊÔÚȷ΋ ·Í›· Ô˘ Ó· ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘-
ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ
¢ڇÙÂÚË ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ (Cullingford 1997, Hopkins 1997).

™Â ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¢˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ, Ë ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛË ˆ˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁË-

Û˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÙÚÔÔÔÈ›ٷÈ. ™ËÌÂÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ÌfiÓÔ:
·. ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ó· ÌË ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ (‹ ÙfiÛÔ) ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·-
ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô‡Ù ӷ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙ· ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÈÌ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Ó·

KEº∞§∞πO 1: ªOƒº∂™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫∏™ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∫∞π ™À§§O°π∫∏ ∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∆∏™ ™ÃO§π∫∏™ ªO¡∞¢∞™
16 ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
 ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfiÙÂÚË ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ȉڇ̷ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘,
‚. ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ۷ʤÛÙÂÚˆÓ Î·È ÚËÙÒÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó·
ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ô ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ,
Á. ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ˘ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Ì ̤ÏË ÙfiÛÔ Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ ÂÈıˆÚËÙ¤˜ fiÛÔ
Î·È ÎÔÈÓÔ‡˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÓÙÂÙ·Ï̤ÓÔ˘˜ ȉÈÒÙ˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ·˘-
ı·ÈÚÂÛ›· ÙˆÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ (Altrichter & Specht 1998, Gray & Wilcox 1995).

OÈ ı¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛË ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È
·fi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó Û ÌÈ· ¯ÒÚ· ηıÒ˜ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ
ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Û ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ™ÙËÓ
∂ÏÏ¿‰· Ë ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛË ˘‹ÚÍÂ, ˆ˜ ÙÔ 1982, ÔfiÙ ηٷÚÁ‹ıËÎÂ, Ô Î‡ÚÈÔ˜ ıÂÛÌfi˜ Î·È ÌÔÚÊ‹
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ºÔÚو̤ÓË Ì ¤Ó· ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·È Ì ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÊÚÔÛ‡Ó˘, η-
Ù·›ÂÛ˘ Î·È ‰ÈˆÁÌÒÓ, ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÚÂÈ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Êfi‚ËÙÚÔ˘ Û ÌÈ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÌÂٷ͇ ÀÔ˘Ú-
Á›Ԣ Î·È ™˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ (∞Ó‰Ú¤Ô˘ 1992, ∑·Ì¤Ù· 1994).

∏ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂοÛÙÔÙ ·ÓˆÙ¤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋
ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ·fi ÂȉÈο ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÂÈıˆÚËÙ¤˜-·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËÙ¤˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ì ÙË
ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÎı¤ÛˆÓ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÈ· Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. ∫‡ÚÈÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Ù˘ ›ӷÈ
Ë Ù‹ÚËÛË Ù˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·˜ Î·È Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ηÈ
Ù· ÂӉȿÌÂÛ· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™ÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÂÚ› ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ˘fi Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ‹ ÙȘ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ÌÔÚ-
ʤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘.

2. ∏ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜

∫¿ı ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ‹ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ˘

(monitoring) Ù˘ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂͤÏÈ͢ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Û ÌÈ·
¯ÒÚ·. ∏ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË (‚Ï. Pelgrum & Stoel 1996). °È· ÙËÓ ∂Ï-
Ï¿‰· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙÔ˘
ÀÔ˘ÚÁ›Ԣ ¶·È‰Â›·˜ (∂.™.À.∂.-∆Ì‹Ì· ™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ¶·È‰Â›·˜, ¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË ªË¯·ÓÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘,
¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ∂ȯÂÈÚËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ, OÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ™¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ∫ÙÈÚ›ˆÓ
Î.Ô.Î.) Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù˘¯ÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜
Ì·ıËÙÈÎfi Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi, ÎÙÈÚȷ΋ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹, ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Î.Ô.Î.
(Kontogiannopoulou, Koulaidis & Solomon 1996). OÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·fi Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·˘Ù¿ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-
ÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· ›Ù Û ¿ÁȘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ À.∂.¶.£. (‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ›, ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÂȘ,
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÚÔÌËıÂÈÒÓ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Î·Ù·Û΢‹˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÎÙÈÚ›ˆÓ Î.Ô.Î.) ›Ù ÛÙËÓ
ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙË Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ÂÎ·›-
‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ (.¯. ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ O.O.™.∞.). ŸÌˆ˜ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ë
ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÔÏÏÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ηı˘ÛÙÂÚ› ÙfiÛÔ, ÒÛÙ ›Ù ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔÓÙ·È Â›Ù ‰ËÌÔÛȇÔ-
ÓÙ·È ·ÔÛ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο Î·È Ì ÌÂÁ¿Ï˜ ηı˘ÛÙÂÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÌË ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Â‡ÎÔÏ· Ó·
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙË Ï‹„Ë ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÛÙË ¯¿Ú·ÍË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‹ ˆ˜ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ·
ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ, fiÛÔ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ.

3. ∂ÓÙÔÈṲ̂Ó˜ ªÂϤÙ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘

∆Ș ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¢˘ÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ë ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘¯ÒÓ

ÂÓfi˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂȷΤ˜, ÂıÓÈΤ˜ ‹ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜,
ÂÓÙÔÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∆· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ë Â›‰ÔÛË
ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Ì·ı‹Ì·Ù· ‹ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, .¯. ÛÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο,
ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂÈÛً̘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÂȉÈο ı¤Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Ë ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹, Ë ÂÍ¿ψÛË

KEº∞§∞πO 1: ªOƒº∂™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫∏™ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∫∞π ™À§§O°π∫∏ ∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∆∏™ ™ÃO§π∫∏™ ªO¡∞¢∞™
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 17
 Ó¤ˆÓ Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, Ë Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊÔ›ÙˆÓ Î.Ô.Î., ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ·
Ì ÙȘ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ (Altrichter &
Specht 1998, 48). ™ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ÌÂϤÙ˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙÔ
Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Ù˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ŒÓˆÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ∂›‰ÔÛ˘
(I.E.A.) ·fi ÙÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi ∫¤ÓÙÚÔ Ù˘ I.E.A. ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜, ÂÓÒ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÙÔ À.∂.¶.£. ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ˘fi
ÙËÓ ·ÈÁ›‰· ÙÔ˘ O.O.™.∞.

∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó Û ‚¿ıÔ˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ∏ Û˘ÁÎÚÈÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ¯ˆÚÒÓ, ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈÒÓ ‹ ηÈ
Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Û˜ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂȘ. ŸÌˆ˜ Ë ÂÌÏÔ΋ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ Û¯Ô-
Ï›ˆÓ Û ·˘Ù¤˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜, fiÙ·Ó ÊÙ¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ‰ÂÓ
¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘, Û˘¯Ó¿, Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ
Êı¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¤ÁηÈÚ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘¢ı‡ÓÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ‹, fiÙ·Ó Êı¿ÓÔ˘Ó, ‰ÂÓ ·ÍÈÔ-
ÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ·.

∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË
∏ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔ-
Ó¿‰·˜ Î·È ¤¯ÂÈ Î·È ·˘Ù‹ ÔÈΛϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜.

1. πÂÚ·Ú¯È΋ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË.

™Â ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÔÈ ·ÓÒÙÂÚÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈ΋ / ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó
ÙÔ˘˜ ηو٤ÚÔ˘˜, .¯. ÔÈ ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ԉȢı˘ÓÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÔÈ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚÔÈ
‹ ˘„ËÏfi‚·ıÌÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ‹ ¯·ÌËÏfi‚·ıÌÔ˘˜ Î.Ô.Î. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹
Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ ··Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓÂfiÙÂÚÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ (§¤Ê·˜ 1942, ™ÔÏÔÌÒÓ 1992,
1999) Î·È ÓÔÂ›Ù·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ˆ˜ Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈ΋ ‹ ·ÎfiÌË ˆ˜ Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋˜
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. À¿ÁÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎfi Û¯‹Ì· ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ηÈ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi-
¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÙÈ΋ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜, ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÌÂÈÔÓÂ-
ÎÙ‹Ì·Ù·. ∂ÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ ÛÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ù˘
˘·ÎÔ‹˜ ÛÙÔ ÓfiÌÔ Î·È ÛÙȘ ÚԉȷÁڷʤ˜. ™˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ·ÙÔÌÈΤ˜, ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈΤ˜ ÎÚ›-
ÛÂȘ Î·È ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ ·ÓÙÈÙ›ıÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·
Ó‡̷ÙÔ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¢ı‡Ó˘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ.

∏ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ù˘ ÊÔÚ¿˜ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ë ÚfiÎÏËÛË Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙË
ÌÂÚÈ¿ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚË ı¤ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓˆÙ¤-
ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, .¯. ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¢È¢-
ı˘ÓÙ‹ Î.Ô.Î., ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ÚfiÛıÂÙË Ì·ÙÈ¿ Ô˘ ‰Ú· Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋
ÎÚ›ÛË. ¢ÂÓ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ fï˜ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈο ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·ÙfiÈÛË ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ™˘¯Ó¿ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi Ù˘ ‰È‡ڢÓÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ʇÛ˘ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-
ÁËÛ˘, fï˜ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ‰Ú· ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔÈËÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯È΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘.

2. ™˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ‹ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË.

∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ÏÔÁÈ΋ ·fi fi,ÙÈ Ë ÂÈıÂÒÚËÛË ‹ Ë ÈÂ-
Ú·Ú¯È΋ Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋ ‹ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË. ™ÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Û ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È
·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ›‰ÈÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜- ΢ڛˆ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ‹ Î·È ÁÔÓ›˜ -ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔÈ ÁÓÒÛÙ˜ ÙˆÓ

KEº∞§∞πO 1: ªOƒº∂™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫∏™ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∫∞π ™À§§O°π∫∏ ∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∆∏™ ™ÃO§π∫∏™ ªO¡∞¢∞™
18 ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Î·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· Î·È ÂΛÓÔÈ Ô˘ ηχÙÂÚ·
ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ‹ ÙËÓ Â›Ï˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹
ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È:
1. Ë ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÙ‹ Ì¿ıËÛ˘,
2. Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÌÔÈ‚·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ ÌÂٷ͇ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘
Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜,
3. Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ-Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È, ηٿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·,
4. Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÂÈÙ¢ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ.

∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÂΉԯ‹ Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Û ·ÔÎÂÓÙڈ̤ӷ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-

ÙÈο Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ‹ Û˘Ó‰˘¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·ÔÛ˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ Ù˘ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘-
Û˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘ Î·È Ù˘ Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ
ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ¢ڇ Ê¿ÛÌ· ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÙÔÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔ-
Ó¿‰·˜. ™˘Ó¿Ì·, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ˆ˜ fiÏÔÓ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ ·ÔÎÏÂÈ-
ÛÙÈο ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÛȷο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·.

∞fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÛÂÈ-
Ú¿ ·fi ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È fiÙÈ:
ñ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ·fi ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÙȘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ οı ۯÔÏ›Ԣ,
ñ ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ› ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÁÈ· ÂÌ‚ÚÈı¤ÛÙÂÚË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ̤ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘,
ñ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙÔ Ó‡̷ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜,
ñ ¢·ÈÛıËÙÔÔÈ› Ù· ˘ÔΛÌÂÓ· Î·È ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË Î·È ÙË ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘˜,
ñ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÁÈ· ·˘ÙÔ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô,
ñ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ Î·È ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜,
ñ ηÏÏÈÂÚÁ› Îϛ̷ Û˘Ó¢ı‡Ó˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ‰¤ÛÌÂ˘Û‹˜
ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ (Clift et al. 1987, Hargreaves 1994, Hopkins, Ainscow &
West 1994, Barth 1990, Stoll & Fink 1996).

∞ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ·‰‡Ó·Ì· ÛËÌ›· Ù˘ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È:

ñ ÌÈ· Ù¿ÛË ÂÛˆÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ·˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹˜ Ù˘ Ì ¿ÏϘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜
ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·,
ñ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ˘¤Ú‚·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛˆÓ, fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È,
ñ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ‹ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· ¿ÓÙÏËÛ˘ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Î·È ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ì ¢ڇÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·-
Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜,
ñ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘
ıÂÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜,
ñ ÂÈΤÓÙÚˆÛË Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Û ·ÓÒ‰˘Ó˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ ‹ Ù˘¯¤˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ôԛ˜
‰Â ʤÚÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛË Â˘ı‡ÓË Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·, ηÈ
ñ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ·fi ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙË ¯¿-
Ú·ÍË ÂÓfi˜ ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘.

∂›Û˘, ÔÈ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ··ÈÙËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ¯ÚÔÓÔ‚fiÚ˜ ÁÈ·

ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÙÔ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜, ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ·Ó·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯÔ
Ì ÙÔÓ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÎfiÔ (Altrichter & Specht 1998, Popham 1988).

™˘Ó¿Ì·, ÔÈ ÎÚÈÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È

ñ ÛÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ ÁÈ·
·Ú·ÙÂٷ̤Ó˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÓÙÔÙ ¿ÌÂÛ· ηÈ
ÔÚ·Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·,
ñ ÛÙȘ ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¿Ï-
ÏËϘ Î·È ¤Á΢Ú˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘, Ó· ÚÔ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Û ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜ ÙˆÓ ‰Â-

KEº∞§∞πO 1: ªOƒº∂™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫∏™ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∫∞π ™À§§O°π∫∏ ∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∆∏™ ™ÃO§π∫∏™ ªO¡∞¢∞™
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 19
 ‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Î·È Î·Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÛÂȘ
Î·È ¯ÔÓ‰ÚÔÂȉ›˜ ÁÂÓÈ·ÛÂȘ,
ñ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó˘·ÚÍ›· Û·ÊÒÓ, Û˘ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·, Ì ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· Ù· ÔÔ›·
ÔÈ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ı· ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ÓfiËÌ· ÁÈ· fiÛÔ˘˜ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ù‹Ó Î·È ı· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È,
ñ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· “ÙÚ›ÙÔ Ì¿ÙÈ”, ¤Ó·˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ÎÚÈÙ‹˜ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ‰È·-
‰Èηۛ·˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜, Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÛÙ·‡ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ
ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó.

¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ÎÚÈÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÂÓ-
‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛˆÓ, Î·È ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜,
¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙÚ·Ê› Û ·˘Ù‹Ó, ηıÒ˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ̤ÛÔÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿-
‰·˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ·ÔÛ˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ Ï‹„˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂ-
ˆÓ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘.

∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Î·È ‰ÔÎÈÌ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Ì ÙËÓ

ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ÙˆÓ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· ‹ Û˘Ì-
ÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰ÈηÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ ηÈ
Ï·›ÛÈ· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Û Â›Â‰Ô Û¯Ô-
ÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜. ∂›Û˘, Ù¤ÙÔȘ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ï·›ÛÈ· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Îfi Â›-
‰Ô, .¯. ·fi ÙÔ C.I.D.R.E.E. (ŒÓˆÛË π‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ŒÚ¢-
Ó· ÛÙË ∂˘ÚÒË, ‚Ï. ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο Alvik 1996, Schratz 1997) ‹ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ™ø-
∫ƒ∞∆∏™ (‚Ï. European Pilot Project 1997 ‹ ∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ¶ÈÏÔÙÈÎfi ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· “∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË
Ù˘ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘” 1997).

∆Ô ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘,

ñ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ‰ÈÂıÓ›˜ ÂÍÂÏ›ÍÂȘ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘,
ñ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ,
ñ ÂÎÙÈÌÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ Û ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-
ÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (¢O∂ 1993, O§ª∂ 1995, ¶·Ï·ÈÔÎÚ·Û¿˜ Î.¿. 1997, ¶.π. 1996, ∆Ì‹Ì·
∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘),
‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÌÂ
ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ¿ÍÔÓ· ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ‹ ·˘ÙÔ-·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙË
Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·. OÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒÛ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ.

™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ:
- ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 2 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤-
ÙÔÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, Ô˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·Ù¿ οÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÙȘ Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ,
- ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 3 ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ Ô˘ ‰È¤Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÚfiÙ˘-
Ô ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi «ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈΤ˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ», Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ
·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ, ÓÔÔÙÚÔ›Â˜ Î·È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ,
- ÛÙÔ ∫ÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ 4 ·Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·È Ë ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È Ë ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ÛÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ›Ûˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎÔ‡ ̤ÛÔ˘
Ù˘ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓ˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘.

KEº∞§∞πO 1: ªOƒº∂™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫∏™ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∫∞π ™À§§O°π∫∏ ∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∆∏™ ™ÃO§π∫∏™ ªO¡∞¢∞™
20 ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
∫∂º∞§∞πO 2:
ŒÓ· ¶ÚfiÙ˘Ô ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡: 2
∆· ™˘ÛÙ·ÙÈο ™ÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘

™ÙÔ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ë

·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Û˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-
ÁËÛ˘ ηÈ, ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔṲ̂ÓÔ˘ ÛÙ· ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜. ™ÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È, ΢ڛˆ˜, Û ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfi-
ÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ηÈ, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, Ì ¤Ó·Ó ÂÎÏÂÎÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ, ‰·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ
ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙÔȯ›· ·fi ¿ÏÏ· ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘:

·. Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó
Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛË – ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈΤ˜ ¢È·‰Èηۛ˜ - ¶·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ÚÈÔ),

‚. Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È Ë Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈΤ˜ ¢È·‰Èη-

ۛ˜ - ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜),

Á. Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ¿ÓÙÏËÛË ÔÛÔÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ (§ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹˜

™ÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ¢.∂.¶.),

‰. Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÚÔ‹ Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ (ÔÛÔÙÈο Î·È ÔÈÔÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ) ÙfiÛÔ ÌÂٷ͇
Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÚÔ˜ Î·È ·fi Ù· ·ÓÒÙÂÚ· Â›‰· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜, ÂÎ·È-
‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ Î·È Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ (¢›ÎÙ˘Ô ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘, ¢.∂.¶.),

Â. Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Ë “‰È·ÛÙ·‡ÚˆÛË” ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È Ë ÂÈÙfiÈ·

ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ·fi ¤Ó·Ó Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· (Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜- ÎÚÈÙ‹˜), Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓ›-
Û¯˘ÛË Î·È ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË ·fi ÙËÓ OÌ¿‰· ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ (O.∂.À.) ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹-
Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶.π. Î·È ÂÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· ·fi Ù· ηٿÏÏËÏ· ∆Ì‹Ì·Ù· ‹ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ
∞.∂.π. Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÔ‡˜-ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜, ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Ù˘ ·ÍÈÔ-
ÏfiÁËÛ˘ ‹ ÁÈ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Â› ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ1.

ÛÙ. Ó· ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË Ì ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÁÓÒÛ˘ ·fi ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
(∂ÓÙÔÈṲ̂Ó˜ ªÂϤÙ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘) Î·È Ì ÙÔÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi Û ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi
Î·È ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô (¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ - ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË).

™ÙÔ ¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1 ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ Û‡ÓıÂÙÔ ϤÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ
·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, Ô˘ ÚԂϤÂÙ·È
·fi ÙÔ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô.

1
OÈ ™¯ÔÏÈÎÔ› ™‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÁÈ· ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÏ›ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÏÏ· ̤ÏË Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜/
ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞˘ÙÔ› ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÎÚ›ÎÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ì ÙȘ ÚÔ˚ÛÙ¿ÌÂÓ˜
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜.

KEº∞§∞πO 2: ∂¡∞ ¶ƒO∆À¶O ∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏™ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªOÀ: ∆∞ ™À™∆∞∆π∫∞ ™∆OπÃ∂π∞ ∆OÀ
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 21
22
EÓÙÔÈṲ̂Ó˜ MÂϤÙ˜ AÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ - YÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË
EıÓÈÎfi - ¶ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi E›Â‰Ô EıÓÈÎfi - ¶ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi E›‰Ô
AEI - Y¶E¶£ - ¶.I. - K.E.E. - EKKE Î.¿. ¶.I. - Y¶E¶£ - ºOPEI™ - AEI
°Ú·Ê›· - ¢È¢ı/ÛÂȘ EÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘

™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜

... ¶Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜
K·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ Î·È ¶·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË
A˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
™ÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ¢Ú¿Û˘
™.M ™.M ™.M ™¯ÔÏÈ΋ MÔÓ¿‰· (™.M.)

EÈÙfiÈ· ™Ù‹ÚÈÍË-
¢È·ÛÙ·‡ÚˆÛË
™‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ - KÚÈÙ¤˜

¢›ÎÙ˘Ô EÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ EÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi YÏÈÎfi YÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ EÈÌfiÚʈÛË

§ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ
™ÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ¶·Ú·- ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ M¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙË
YÔ‰ÔÌ‹ ¢È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ EÍ
¢ÈÎÙ‡Ô˘ YÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË - ÙËÚË- ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿Ì. ™˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ EÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋
A˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔ- ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ AÔÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ EÓ‰ÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ™ÙÂϯÒÓ
EÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· - Ù‹ÚÈÔ ¢Ú¿Û˘ ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ YÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË
¢È¿¯˘ÛË ÏfiÁËÛ˘

ºÔÚ¤·˜ EÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ YÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Î·È ™‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ A˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ AEI, Î.¿.

OÌ¿‰· EÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ YÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢
TÌ‹Ì· AÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ - ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi IÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ

YfiÌÓËÌ·: = ÊÔÚ¤·˜/›˜

= ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1: ¶Ï¤ÁÌ· ∂ÚÁ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ºÔÚ¤ˆÓ ∂ÎÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘ Î·È ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ·fi ÙËÓ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ O.∂.À. ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfi-
ÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶.π. Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÒÓÂÙ·È Ì ٷ ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ:

∆Ô ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÀÏÈÎfi ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ:

·. ŒÓ· ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‰È·‰ÈηÛÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ·fi ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· (‚Ï. ˘ÏÈο 3).

‚. ŒÓ· ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎfi Î·È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡-
ÓËÛË ·fi ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·. ∆Ô Ï·›ÛÈÔ Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÂÙ·È ·fi Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ £Â-
Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ, ·fi ÌÈ· ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛË Î¿ıÂ
¢Â›ÎÙË Î·È ·fi ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· οı ¢Â›ÎÙË. ∂›Û˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋
‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÁÈ· οı £ÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ (‚Ï. ˘ÏÈο 2).

Á. ŒÓ· ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ ·fi
Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (‚Ï. ˘ÏÈο 4).

‰. ∆Ô ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎfi ˘ÏÈÎfi ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÛÙË ‰È¿Ú-
ÎÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (‚Ï. ˘ÏÈο 5).

Â. O‰ËÁ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û‡ÓÙ·ÍË ÂÎı¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (‚Ï. ˘ÏÈο 3).

∆ËÓ ∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÂ:

·. ∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛË-˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÂÍ ·ÔÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ OÌ¿‰· ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÙÔ˘

¶.π. ̤ۈ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌ›Ԣ, fax Î·È ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌ›Ԣ. ∂ÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙȘ
ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ Î·È Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›· ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏË-
Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Î·È ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î.Ô.Î.

‚. ∂Ó‰ÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË. ∆· ̤ÏË Ù˘ O.∂.À. ÛÙÔ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô (Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·
¢ڇÙÂÚÔ ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌfiÓˆÓ/ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ) ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ-
ÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Û Â›‰Ô
Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜.

Á. ∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛË ÛÙÂϯÒÓ. ∏ O.∂.À. ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË ÛÙÂϯÒÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘

(™¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ™˘Ì‚ԇψÓ, ¶ÚÔ˚ÛÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ °Ú·Ê›ˆÓ Î·È ¢È¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘, ÌÂÏÒÓ
∞.∂.π. / ∆.∂.π. Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ٷ ηٿÏÏËÏ· ÚÔÛfiÓÙ·) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î·È ·ÍÈÔ-
Ô›ËÛË Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ¶ÚÔÔÙÈο, ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈÏÂÁÔ‡Ó ÂΛ-
Ó· Ô˘ ı· ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰ÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛË ‹ Î·È Ó· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ-ÎÚÈÙ¤˜
ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ.

∆Ô ˘fi ‰ÔÎÈÌ‹ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÚԂϤÂÈ Â›Û˘:

∆ËÓ ¶ÚfiÛıÂÙË ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË, Ì ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÓ‰ÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Î·È ÂÍ ·ÔÛÙ¿Ûˆ˜ ÂÈ-

ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ÚÈÔ˘ (‚Ï. ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ), Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Á›-
ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ Ù˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌȷ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (ÂÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜
¤Ú¢ӷ˜, ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù· ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Î.Ô.Î.). ∏ ‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛË
ÂÓfi˜ “ÌËÙÚÒÔ˘ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·ÙÒÓ”, ‰ËÏ. ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÚÔÛÒˆÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·È ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÈÙÂ-
ϤÛÔ˘Ó Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Â›Ó·È ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙȘ ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ O.∂.À. ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘.

KEº∞§∞πO 2: ∂¡∞ ¶ƒO∆À¶O ∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏™ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªOÀ: ∆∞ ™À™∆∞∆π∫∞ ™∆OπÃ∂π∞ ∆OÀ
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 23
 ∆Ô ¢›ÎÙ˘Ô ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ (¢.∂.¶.), ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÎÙ‡-
Ô˘, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ:
·. §ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ ™ÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi Ô˘ ‰È¢-
ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹, ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Î·È ‰È·Î›ÓËÛË ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ
Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (‚Ï. ˘ÏÈο 1). ∆· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘Ù¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó:
1. ÔÛÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ Ù˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ (·fi ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·
·ÈıÔ˘ÛÒÓ ¤ˆ˜ ÚfiÔ‰Ô Ù˘ Â›‰ÔÛ˘ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ), Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘fi„Ë ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘ÙÔ-
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜. ∂›Û˘, ÚÔÔÙÈο, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎfi ÂÍ·ψ-
ı› Î·È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ·fi fiϘ ÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜, ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·fi Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ·˘Ù¿ Ì ÙËÓ
ηٿÏÏËÏË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÔÛÔÙÈÎÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˘˜ ‰Â›ÎÙ˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì ¢ڇÙÂÚË ÂÌ-
‚¤ÏÂÈ· (‚·ıÌ›‰·/Â›‰Ô, ÂÚÈʤÚÂȘ, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·) ·fi fi,ÙÈ Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·,
2. ÔÈÔÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ¿ÏϘ ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤ-
ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘.

ÃÂÈÚÈÛÙ‹˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Â›Ó·È Ë O.∂.À. ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶.π., ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂ
ÙÔ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ ∆¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÀÔÏÔÁÈÛÙÒÓ (π.∆.À.), Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡.

‚. ¶·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ÚÈÔ. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔı‹ÎË Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛË

Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈ·ÛÌfi ÂÈÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ì ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÔ-
ÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ (·˘ÙÔ-) ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·. ∆Ô ¶·-
Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ÚÈÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ˘Ë ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ∂Î-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÀÏÈÎfi ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢. ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ÚÈÔ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÈÏÂÁ̤-
Ó· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ §ÔÁÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ÙˆÓ ™ÙÔȯ›-
ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ∂›Û˘, ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘,
ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛˆÓ, ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰Ú¿Û˘, ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ
ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ Î.Ô.Î.

™ÙÔ ¢.∂.¶. Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔ˘Ó Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ì ÛÎÔfi

Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÔÛÔÙÈο ÛÙÔȯ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ Ú·-
ÎÙÈΤ˜, ÙȘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜, Ù· ÂÚÁ·Ï›·, Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ Ù˘ ·˘-
ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ‰Ú¿Û˘, ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈṲ̂Ó˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ Î.Ô.Î. ∂›Û˘, ÛÙÔ ¢.∂.¶. ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹˜ ÙˆÓ ¢È-
¢ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·ÎÒÓ Î·È ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú-
¯ÒÓ. ∆Ô ¢.∂.¶. ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÂϤÁ¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ O.∂.À., ÛÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¶·È-
‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘. ∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÈÛ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¢›ÎÙ˘Ô Î·È ÙˆÓ ÊÔÚ¤ˆÓ
ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ı· ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÙ·È Ë ÎÔÈÓÔÔ›ËÛË Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ٷ Û¯ÔÏ›· Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂ-
Ù¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi.

OÈ ∂ÓÙÔÈṲ̂Ó˜ ªÂϤÙ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘, fiˆ˜ ÚԷӷʤÚıËÎÂ, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÛΤÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ڇÙÂ-
ÚÔ˘ Û¯‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ηÈ, Û˘Ó¿Ì·, Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜
ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∏ ÂÎfiÓËÛË Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ ·Ú-
¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ §‡ÎÂÈÔ, Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Â›‰ÔÛ˘
ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Û ÛÙ·ıÌÈṲ̂ӷ ÙÂÛÙ Û ÂıÓÈÎfi ‹ ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi Â›‰Ô, Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÂÂÍÂÚ-
Á·Û›·, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ™¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ªÔ-
Ó¿‰ˆÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‡ˆÛË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·.

∆· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÛÙÔȯ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó·Áη›· ÛΤÏË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘. ªÂ ÂÍ·›ÚÂÛË

ÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô (∂ÓÙÔÈṲ̂Ó˜ ªÂϤÙ˜), Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ O.∂.À.
ÙÔ˘ ∆Ì‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ηÈ, ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿, Ù· ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈο Û Â-
ÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÏÂÁ¯ıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ‚ÂÏÙȈıÔ‡Ó ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂ
ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ.

KEº∞§∞πO 2: ∂¡∞ ¶ƒO∆À¶O ∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏™ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªOÀ: ∆∞ ™À™∆∞∆π∫∞ ™∆OπÃ∂π∞ ∆OÀ
24 ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
∫∂º∞§∞πO 3:
∏ §ÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ 3

∆Ô ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÚfiÙ˘Ô ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡

ŒÚÁÔ˘ Î·È Ù· ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ Û˘Ó·ÚÙË̤Ó˜ ·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜:

ñ ∏ ηٿÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Î·È Ë ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯fiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤Ú-
ÁÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Û ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Ì ‰˘ÛÌÂÓ›˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹-
Θ. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÎÔÈÓfi˜ ÙfiÔ˜ Î·È Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÔÏÏÒÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ Î·È ÂıÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ.

ñ ∏ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙË Ì¿-
ıËÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ / Ì·ıËÙÚÈÒÓ, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÔÈÎÔÁ¤-
ÓÂÈ· Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ ‰ÚÔ˘Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ ηıÔÚÈÛÙÈο.

ñ ∆Ô ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈο Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ô˘ ÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ, η٤-

¯ÂÈ ıÂÛÌÈο Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈο ÌÈ· ı¤ÛË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ·Ó¿-
Ï˄˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘ÏÈÒÓ Î·È ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÚÎÂÙÒÓ Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜
ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. ªÂ ÙËÓ ÚÔÔÙÈ΋ Ù˘ ·ÔÛ˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘
ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ‰È¢ڇÓÂÙ·È.

ñ OÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜, ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÔ›, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›, ÁÔÓ›˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜,
ʤÚÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ¢ı‡Ó˘ Î·È ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ‹
‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-
ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘.

ñ OÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â›Û˘ ¢ı‡ÓË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÌÂıfi‰Â˘ÛË
·ÍÈÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi «Ï¤ÁÂÈÓ» ÛÙ· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜.

ñ ∏ ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË Î·È Ë ÁÓÒÛË Á‡Úˆ ·fi Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ Û˘Óı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒ-
ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· Ó· ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÓÂÈ Ì ·Ô-
ÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ fiÚˆÓ Ì¿ıËÛ˘ ηÈ
Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜.

∏ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡

ŒÚÁÔ˘, Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È Â‰Ò, ÂȉÈÒÎÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍ‹
Ù˘ Û ÈÛ¯˘Úfi ÊÔÚ¤· ÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ̤۷ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÓÙÏË-
ÛË, ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ηÈ, Û˘Ó·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı·, ̤۷ ·fi ÙÔÓ
ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÏË„Ë ‰Ú¿Û˘. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfi-
ÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘, ··ÈÙ› Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹, ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· fiψÓ
ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜, ‰È¤ÂÙ·È ·fi Ó‡̷ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È
ÛÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ Î·È ÙË ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿Ù¢ÛË. ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi Ô˘ ‰È¤ÂÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË
ÌÔÚÊ‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¶·Ú¿ÚÙËÌ· 1, fiÔ˘ ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÔÛ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÔ ∆¯ÓÈÎfi ¢ÂÏÙ›Ô ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ-
Ú·Ì·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜.

KEº∞§∞πO 3: ∏ §O°π∫∏ ∆∏™ ∞À∆O∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∆OÀ ™ÃO§∂πOÀ

∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 25
 ¶·Ú·¿Óˆ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿Û·Ì ٷ ·Ó·Áη›· ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÙÂÈ-
ÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡, Ô˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó, ηٿ ο-
ÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ, ÙȘ “Â͈ÙÂÚÈΤ˜” ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ÒÛÙÂ Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· Û˘ÛÙË-
Ì·ÙÈ΋, ‚ÈÒÛÈÌË Î·È ·Ô‰ÔÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ Î·È ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛ˘ ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙÔ˘
Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ fï˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÎÔ‡Ó. ªÈ· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ “ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ” ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛˆÓ
·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ, ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ, ı¤ÛÂȘ, Úԉȷı¤ÛÂȘ, Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ
ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜:

ñ ∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Î·È ÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ (·˘ÙÔ-)·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ª¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· Ë
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó‰Âı› ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙÔÓ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ -Û ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ‹ Û ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË Îϛ̷η ·ÊÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Î·È ¿ÏϘ Ù˘¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘
Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ‹ ·ÔÎÙÔ‡ÛÂ Î·È ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹-
Ú·. ∏ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ Û ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ··ÈÙ› ÙË
Û‡ÏÏË„‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ·Ó·ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ
Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜. µ¤‚·È·, Ë ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ı·
ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Ï›ÂÈ. ÕÏψÛÙ ٷ Û¯ÔÏ›· ˆ˜ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ȉڇ̷ٷ ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙ· Î·È ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈο
˘fiÎÂÈÓÙ·È Û ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô. ∏ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹ Î·È ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÂÈÏÂÁÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÂÂÍÂÚ-
Á·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¢›ÎÙ˘Ô ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ¶ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÎÏÂÈ-
ÛÙ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È ˆ˜ ̤ÛÔ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘. ∞˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
·ÔʇÁÂÙ·È, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Û ¤Ó· ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Û˘ÌʈÓË̤ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·È ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÚÈ-
Ṳ̂Ó˜ ·˘ÛÙËÚ¤˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ∆·
ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÂӉȷʤÚÔ˘Ó Î·Ù·Ú¯‹Ó ÙË Û¯Ô-
ÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹ Ù˘. ŸÌˆ˜ Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Î·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË
ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ, ·ÏÏ¿
ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ‚ÏÂfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, ·Ó Î·È ÂϤÁ¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ
O.∂.À. Î·È ÙȘ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜, ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÎÏ›ÔÓÙ·È. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ¤Ó· “Ú›ÛÎÔ” Ô˘
·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó fiÛÔÈ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È Û Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘
ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘.

ñ ∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛ‰ÔÎÈÒÓ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˜ ‹ ¯Ú‹ÛÙ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿-
ÙˆÓ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. O Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÂÏ·ÙÂȷΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÎÂÓÙÚÈ-
Îfi ¿ÍÔÓ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·˜ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ Î·È Â˘ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë Ù¿ÛË Ó·
ÛÙÚÂÊfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ÚfiÛˆ· ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ì χÛÂȘ Û ÚÔÛˆÈο,
ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂȷο ‹ ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·. ∆· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ fï˜ ‰ÂÓ
“ÛÙ¤ÏÓÔÓÙ·È” ·Ï¿ ÛÙËÓ “ÔÏÈÙ›·” ÁÈ· Ó· “ÈηÓÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù·”. ŸÛÔ Î·È ·Ó ÌÔÈ¿-
˙ÂÈ ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÔ, ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ “·Ô‰¤ÎÙ˘” ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ›‰È· Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·, Ô˘ Ì ‚¿ÛË
·˘Ù¿ ı· ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ Î·È ı· ·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÙË ‰È΋ Ù˘ ‰Ú¿ÛË.

∏ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘, ıÂÛÌÈο Î·È Ú·ÎÙÈο, Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ-
Ê·Ó‹˜. ŸÌˆ˜ Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈıˆÚ›ˆÓ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ô˘
‰›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÈÛ¯‡ÔÓ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋. ∏ Â›ÚÚÈ„Ë Â˘ı˘ÓÒÓ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ÎÂ-
ÓÙÚÈ΋ ÂÍÔ˘Û›· Â›Ó·È ÛÙ¿ÛË ·Ú·›ÙËÛ˘. O ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÔÚ›,
̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ηٿÏÏËÏÔ Îϛ̷, Ó· ÛÙÚ·Ê› Î·È ÛÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó·ÌfiÚʈÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ.

ñ ∏ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È Ô ¶ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ··ÈÙË-

ÙÈ΋ ·ÏÏ¿ fi¯È ηْ ·Ó¿ÁÎË “‚·ÚÈ¿” Î·È “„˘¯Ô‚Á·ÏÙÈ΋” ÂÚÁ·Û›·. ªÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Â˘¯¿ÚÈ-
ÛÙË, Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ› ÙË Ê·ÓÙ·Û›· Î·È ÔÈΛϘ, ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È “·Ó¿Ï·ÊÚ˜” ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜
‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Î·È Î·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹˜, Ó· ·Ó·˙ˆÔÁÔÓÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙË ÊÚÂÛο‰· Î·È ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ,
Ó· ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ̤۷ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ video, Ù· ÛΛÙÛ·, ÔÈ Ì·ÁÓËÙÔʈӋÛÂȘ, ÔÈ ÊˆÙÔÁڷʛ˜, ÔÈ
ÂÎı¤ÛÂȘ (‚Ï. ˘ÏÈο 5). ŸÌˆ˜, Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, ÌÔÚ› ÔÈ Ù¯ÓÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ù˘
‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ (ηıÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ, ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ÂÂ-

KEº∞§∞πO 3: ∏ §O°π∫∏ ∆∏™ ∞À∆O∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∆OÀ ™ÃO§∂πOÀ

26 ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
 ÍÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î.Ï.. ) Ó· ··ÈÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛË ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó˘ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ‹ ηٿÚ-
ÙÈÛ˘. ∏ O.∂.À. Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ë ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙË-
Ù˜ ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘, ηٿÚÙÈÛ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙȘ Û¯Ô-
ÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛÎÔfi. ∂Ì̤ۈ˜, Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ
Î·È Û·Ó ÒıËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ.

ñ ∂ÚÌËÓ›· Î·È Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·. π‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ··ÈÙ› Ë ÂÚÌËÓ›· Î·È Ë ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂ-
Ú·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÒÛÙ ӷ ·ÔʇÁÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÛÙÂÚÂÔÙ˘ÈΤ˜ ÁÂÓÈ·ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙ‡ÛÂȘ, fiÛË
Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈ΋ “·Ï‹ıÂÈ·” ÎÈ ·Ó ÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó. ¶.¯., “ÁÈ· fiÏ· ÊÙ·›ÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ”, “ÙÔ ·Ó Â›Ó·È Ô ‰¿-
ÛηÏÔ˜”, “ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·” ‹ “ÁÈ· fiÏ· ÊÙ·›Ó ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˜”
‹ “ÁÈ· fiÏ· ÊÙ·›ÂÈ Ô ‰È¢ı˘ÓÙ‹˜”, “ÊÙ·›Ó ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜”, “ÊÙ·›ÂÈ Ë ‚›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ”, Î.Ï.. ∆Ô
ÚfiÙ˘Ô ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ÙË Û‡ÓıÂÙË, ¢·›ÛıËÙË, ÎÚÈÙÈ΋
ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤-
ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ. ∏ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚ›˜ ÂÚÌËÓ›˜, ·ÚÂÚÌËÓ›˜, ̇ıÔ˘˜ Î·È ÎÔÈÓfi-
ÙÔ˜ ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi ηı‹ÎÔÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜, Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› fï˜ Ó·
·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Û ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· ÙË Û˘Ó‰ÚÔÌ‹ Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜.

ñ ∞ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. Ÿˆ˜ ı· Ê·Ó› Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·, Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜
·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÚԂϤÂÈ ÌÈ· Û·Ê‹ ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ “ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆӔ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì-
ÌÂÙ¯fiÓÙˆÓ. ™ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÔÈ Î¿ıÂÙ˜ Î·È ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÈΤ˜
Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È Û¯¤ÛÂȘ
ÌÂٷ͇ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ô˘ ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ۯ¤ÛÂȘ ·˘ıÂÓÙ›·˜, ÂȉÈÒÎÂÙ·È Ó· ‰›-
ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÈÛÔÙÈÌ›·˜. ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔÓfiËÙÔ Ô‡ÙÂ
·Ïfi, ηıÒ˜ ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ·˘ıÂÓÙ›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi ÙˆÓ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, fiˆ˜
Î·È ÔÏÏÒÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·ÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ. ∏ Âȉ›ˆÍË ÙˆÓ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ë ·Ô-
Ê˘Á‹ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘ ʈӋ˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÂÈÊ˘Ï·Î‹˜ Î·È ÚÔ-
‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜. ∏ ıÂÛÌÔÔÈË̤ÓË ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘
™˘ÏÏfiÁÔ˘ ¢È‰·ÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÏÏfiÁÔ˘ ª·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È Ë ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜
ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο Û¯ÔÏ›· ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ÚÒÙË ÂÁÁ‡ËÛË ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi.

ñ ∏ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·fi„ÂˆÓ Î·È ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂ-
ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ‹ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û˘Ó·Ê‹˜
ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË. ¶›Ûˆ ·fi ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ Î·È ı¤ÛÂȘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰È·-
ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ “ÎÔÛÌÔıˆڛ˜” ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙ·. ∏ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Î·È
·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓË Î·È ‰ÂÓ
·ÔÎÏ›ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ·ÓÙÈı¤ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË (‹ ÙËÓ fi͢ÓÛË) ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡-
ÛˆÓ. ¢ÂÓ ·ÔÎÏ›ÂÈ Ô‡Ù ÙËÓ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Û ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. ∏ ÂÙÔÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘
Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ Ó· ÙȘ ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ› Ì ¢·ÈÛıËÛ›· Î·È Ó· ÙȘ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ıÂÙÈο, ÛÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi
Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÌʤÚÔÓÙÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÈÔÙÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Î·È Ì¿ıËÛ˘, Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔȯ›Ô
Ù˘ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∏ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓË ÔÚ›· Ù˘ ÂÚ-
Á·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Û ÌÈ· Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÚԂϤÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ‰Ô˘-
ÏÂÈ¿˜ Û ÔÌ¿‰Â˜, ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ ÛÙ¿‰È· Î·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Âȉ›ˆÍ˘ Ù˘ Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛ˘ ηÈ
‰È·ÌfiÚʈÛ˘ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ (‚Ï. ˘ÏÈο 3). £ÂˆÚԇ̠fiÙÈ ‰›ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ·Ú¯ÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ·
Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ fiÔȘ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÛÙÔȯ›· ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜. ∆Ô Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ fï˜ ·˘Ù‹˜
Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘ ̤ÓÂÈ ÛÙ· ›‰È· Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜.

ñ O ÊfiÚÙÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ ÈÔ ¯ÂÈÚÔÈ·ÛÙfi ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ÚÔÙÂÈ-
ÓfiÌÂÓ˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘. ∏ ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË Ì ·˘Ù‹Ó ··ÈÙ› ¯ÚfiÓÔ,
΢ڛˆ˜, fiÙ·Ó Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ·, fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ·Ú·-
ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ›ڷ ·fi ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Î·È ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ÔÈΛÏ˘
‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ·fi ·˘Ù‹, fiÙ·Ó ‰Â ‰È·ÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Û·-
Ê‹˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙˆÓ ÔÈΛψÓ, ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓˆÓ Î·È ÌË, Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È, ÂÓÙ¤-

KEº∞§∞πO 3: ∏ §O°π∫∏ ∆∏™ ∞À∆O∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∆OÀ ™ÃO§∂πOÀ

∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 27
 ÏÂÈ, Ù˘ ˆÊ¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ·ÊȤڈÛË ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È ÎfiÔ˘ ÁÈ·
·˘Ù‹Ó ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÒÊÂÏË. ∏ Û·Ê‹ÓÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ, Ô Î·Ïfi˜ ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·-
Û›·˜, Ë Ù‹ÚËÛË ÂÓfi˜ Ú·ÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯ÚÔÓԉȷÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, Â›Ó·È ÙÚfiÔÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘
··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·›ÛıËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯·Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘. ¶Ú·ÎÙÈο, Â·Ê›ÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ̤ÏË
ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÏÏfiÁÔ˘ ¢È‰·ÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ Ó· ‚ÚÔ˘Ó Ò˜ Ó· ÙËÓ ÂÓÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, Ì ÙÔ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÈ‚·Ú˘ÓÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. ∆· ÔÚ›ÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈ΋˜
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ı· ˘ԉ›ÍÔ˘Ó Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ηχÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ÁÈ' ·˘Ùfi, fï˜, ‰Â ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·
˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó „¢‰·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ. ∆ËÓ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi Ù· ›‰È· Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜, Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔÔÙÈ-
΋ Ù˘ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ Û ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ
ÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ Ô˘ Ù· ̤ÏË ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·Î·Ù¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ È‰¤· ÂÓfi˜ ηχÙÂÚÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ,
·fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÛÙȘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÈ
·fi ÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÔ Î·È ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ.

KEº∞§∞πO 3: ∏ §O°π∫∏ ∆∏™ ∞À∆O∞•πO§O°∏™∏™ ∆OÀ ™ÃO§∂πOÀ

28 ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
∫∂º∞§∞πO 4:
¢ÔÌ‹ Î·È §ÔÁÈ΋ ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ 4
ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘

OÈ ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘ (‚Ï. ˘ÏÈο 2), ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙȘ ¢È·‰Èη-
ۛ˜ ∞˘ÙÔ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ (˘ÏÈο 3), ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÛÙ·
Û¯ÔÏ›· Ô˘ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-
ÁËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ. OÈ ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÚÔ-
Ù›ÓÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜. ™˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·Ù¿ Ì›· ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ¤Ó· ›‰Ô˜ ÂÓ-
‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎÔ‡ “∞Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜” Ù˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜.

OÈ “¢Â›ÎÙ˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘” ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó 20 ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜, Ô

ηı¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È Û ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ηٷÓÂÌË-
̤ÓÔ˘˜ Û 7 £ÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. OÈ £ÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· Ï·›ÛÈÔ ıÂÌ·ÙÈ΋˜
ηÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓ¿ Î·È ÔÈ £ÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÌÂ
‚¿ÛË ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË: ¢Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÙÔ˘ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ-¢È·‰Èηۛ˜-∞ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· (Barr &
Dreeben 1983, Willms 1992). ∏ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÚÔηٷ-
Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÈÙȷ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÈÒÓ ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÒÓ. ŒÙÛÈ:

ñ OÈ £ÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ 1, 2 Î·È 3 (1. ¢È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ª¤Û·-¶fiÚÔÈ, 2. ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ-µÈ-

‚Ï›·, 3. ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Û ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‹ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜,
fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Ù· ̤۷ Î·È ÔÈ fiÚÔÈ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Î·È
Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· Î·È ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜.

ñ OÈ £ÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ 4, 5 Î·È 6 (4. ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, 5. ∫ϛ̷-™¯¤ÛÂȘ-™˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·, 6. ¢È‰·ÎÙÈ΋-

ª·ıËÛȷ΋ ¢È·‰Èηۛ·) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ˘ÔÎÂÈ-
Ì¤ÓˆÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÛÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi, ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÂÈÎÔÈ-
ÓˆÓ›·˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· Î·È ÛÙȘ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·˜ Î·È Ì¿ıËÛ˘.

ñ ∏ £ÂÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ 7 (∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ∂ÈÙ‡ÁÌ·Ù·) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙ· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘

fiÏ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜.

OÈ ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È, ÏÔÈfiÓ, fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1, Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ı¤-
Ì·Ù· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘
Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘.

KEº∞§∞πO 4: ¢Oª∏ ∫∞π §O°π∫∏ ∆ø¡ ¢∂π∫∆ø¡ ¶OπO∆∏∆∞™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ ƒ°OÀ
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 29

ª·ıËÙÈÎfi ¢˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi: ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈο ηÈ
0.1
¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο
÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡
0.2 Î·È ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ‡ ¶Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘
(∆ÔÈÎfi - ¶ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi - ∂ıÓÈÎfi)

£∂ª∞∆π∫∂™
¢∂π∫∆∂™ ¶OπO∆∏∆∞™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ
¶∂ƒπOÃ∂™

¢π∞£∂™πª∞ 1.1 ∫Ù›ÚÈÔ, ÃÒÚÔÈ Î·È ∂ÍÔÏÈÛÌfi˜

1 ª∂™∞ -¶OƒOπ 1.2 OÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ› ¶fiÚÔÈ
¢∂¢Oª∂¡∞

¶ƒO°ƒ∞ªª∞
2.1 ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ
2 ™¶OÀ¢ø¡ -
2.2 ™¯ÔÏÈο µÈ‚Ï›· - O‰ËÁ›Â˜
µπµ§π∞

¶ƒO™ø¶π∫O 3.1 ¢È‰·ÎÙÈÎfi ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi

3 ™ÃO§∂πOÀ 3.2 ¢ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎfi - ∂ȉÈÎfi ∂ÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎfi - µÔËıËÙÈÎfi ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi

4.1 ™˘ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∑ˆ‹˜

4 ¢πOπ∫∏™∏ 4.2 ¢È·ÌfiÚʈÛË, ∂Ê·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ™¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜
4.3 ∞ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ª¤ÛˆÓ - ¶fiÚˆÓ
¢π∞¢π∫∞™π∂™

5.1 ™¯¤ÛÂȘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ì ÙÔ ÀfiÏÔÈÔ ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi

∫§πª∞ - ™Ã∂™∂π™ 5.2 ™¯¤ÛÂȘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ - ª·ıËÙÒÓ Î·È ª·ıËÙÒÓ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜
5 - ™À¡∂ƒ°∞™π∂™ 5.3 ™¯¤ÛÂȘ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ - °ÔÓ¤ˆÓ/∫ˉÂÌfiÓˆÓ
5.4 ™¯¤ÛÂȘ ™¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Ì ∂Î/ÎÔ‡˜ £ÂÛÌÔ‡˜, ∆ÔÈ΋ Î·È ∂˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›·

¢π¢∞∫∆π∫∏ - 6.1 ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ¢È‰·Ûηϛ·˜

6 ª∞£∏™π∞∫∏ 6.2 ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ª¿ıËÛ˘
¢π∞¢π∫∞™π∞ 6.3 §ÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘
∞¶O∆∂§∂-

7.1 ºÔ›ÙËÛË - ƒÔ‹ - ¢È·ÚÚÔ‹ ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÙÒÓ

™ª∞∆∞

∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫∞ 7.2 ∂›‰ÔÛË - ¶ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÙÒÓ

7 ∂¶π∆∂À°ª∞∆∞ 7.3 ∞ÙÔÌÈ΋ Î·È ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ∞Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÙÒÓ
7.4 ∫·Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ª·ıËÙÒÓ

¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1. £ÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ Î·È ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘

KEº∞§∞πO 4: ¢Oª∏ ∫∞π §O°π∫∏ ∆ø¡ ¢∂π∫∆ø¡ ¶OπO∆∏∆∞™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ ƒ°OÀ
30 ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
∏ ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ‰È¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ¶ÔÈfiÙË-
Ù·˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi Î·È ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ∂ÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È ¶ÚÔ-
ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘, Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó ·Ú·¿Óˆ (‚Ï. Î·È ¶·Ú¿ÚÙË-
Ì· 1). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ¤ÁÈÓÂ Ë ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·ÊÂÓfi˜ Û ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘
Û ‰È·‰Èηۛ˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÂÈϤÁÔ˘Ì ӷ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ì ˆ˜ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔ˜ ·ÍÈÔ-
ÏfiÁËÛË ·fi Ù· ̤ÏË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ Ë ›‰È· οÓÂÈ (‰È·‰Èη-
ۛ˜) Î·È Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ηٷʤÚÓÂÈ (·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·). ¶ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ì ÚÔ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È ÌÈ·
ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ï›ÁÔ ‹ Ôχ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ÔÔ›· Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÛÙÔ ˘ÊÈ-
ÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔ, Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ Î·-
Ù·Ú¯‹Ó, ¢ı‡ÓË, ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·˘Ùfi Ó· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÂÈ Û ·˘Ù¿ Î·È Û’ ¤Ó· ‚·ı-
Ìfi Ó· Ù· ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ. ¶ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ÂΛӷ Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈο
ÂÓÓÔÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ù˘ ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋˜ (‹ Ù˘ ·ÔÛ˘-
ÁÎÂÓÙڈ̤Ó˘) ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ú¯‹˜. ŒÙÛÈ, Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi
ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi, Ù· ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ· ÎÔÓ‰‡ÏÈ·, Ù· ÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ· ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ Î·È ‚È-
‚Ï›·, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ù· ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙË ÛÙÂϤ¯ˆÛË, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙ›·
Â·ÚÎÔ‡˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ (‰È‰·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ‚ÔËıËÙÈÎÔ‡) ÁÈ· ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÚÔÙ›ÓÂÙ·È
Ó· ÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÌÔÓ¿‰·. ∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹, ·Ó Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÛÎÔÓÙ¿ÊÙÂÈ Û ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ
ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· (.¯. Ò˜ Î·È Ì ÔÈ· ̤۷ ı· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›
Ù· ‚È‚Ï›· ‹ Ù· ¶ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ™Ô˘‰ÒÓ;), ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ-
͢ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÚÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi Â͈ÁÂÓ‹
ÛÙÔȯ›· Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂΉÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÙÂÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÚÔÙ‡Ô˘.

∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ “ÂÚÁ·Ï›ˆÓ” (Ï·È-
Û›ˆÓ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ) Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù˘¯ı› Û ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ‹ ˘ÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó
·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›·. ∂›Û˘, ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ Û·Ê‹ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· Ù¿ÛË ·fi‰ÔÛ˘ Ù˘ ¢ı‡Ó˘
·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÛÙ· ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈο ÛÙÂϤ¯Ë Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ (Î·È Î·-
Ù¿ οÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ “ÂÓÔ¯ÔÔ›ËÛ‹˜” ÙÔ˘˜) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂӉ¯fiÌÂÓË ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, ·Ê‹ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔ ·˘Úfi‚ÏËÙÔ ÙȘ ¢ı‡Ó˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ.

∏ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ·˘Ù‹ Î·È Ë ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÏÔÁÈ΋ Ô˘ ÙË ‰È¤ÂÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ, Ô˘ ·ÊÔ-
ÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ‰ÔÌ‹ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚȯfiÌÂÓÔ ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÈÎÙÒÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘-
ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ˜ ÂͤٷÛË ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· “‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ” ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â·ÓÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ¿Ï-
ÏË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÂͤٷÛË ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈ΋ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· “‰È·‰Èηۛ˜”.

OÈ ¢Â›ÎÙ˜ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜, fiˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷÁÚ·Ê› Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ôχو˜ ÂÚÈÂ-
ÎÙÈÎÔ› ÙˆÓ ıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó Î·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÓÔÂ›Ù·È Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›Ë-
ÛË fiÙÈ ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ÂÍ·ÓÙÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤٷÛË ÂÓfi˜ ¢Â›ÎÙË ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Î·È ÌÂ
ÙȘ £ÂÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ¶ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜. ∏ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ·Ó ›Ûˆ˜, ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈο, ÌÔÚ› Ó· ηٷÓÂ-
ÌËı› Û ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ı¤Ì·Ù·, ·˘Ùfi Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È¢ÎfiÏ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘-
Û˘. ∏ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Û‡ÓıÂÙË Î·È ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË, ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿
Û˘Á΢ÚÈ·ÎÒÓ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛˆÓ, ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ·fi ÌÈ· ÏËıÒÚ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-
ÎÒÓ Î·È Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ (Ball 1997).
∂ÈϤÔÓ, fiˆ˜ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ¢ÓfiËÙÔ ·fi Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏfi Ù˘,
ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÂӉ›ÍˆÓ, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÙÒÚ· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÌÈ· ·ÎÚÈ-
‚‹, ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹, ÎÔÈÓ‹ Î·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÁÈ· Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÔÈfiÙË-
Ù·, ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‹ ÙËÓ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Ó· ·Ó·ÓÂÒÓÂÙ·È Î·È Ó· ·ÏÏ¿-
˙ÂÈ (‚Ï. Altrichter & Specht 1998). ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ηٷÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÂÔ̤ӈ˜ Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Â›Ó·È
ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ·fi ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ -fi¯È fiÏ·, Ô‡Ù ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ Ù· ÈÔ ÛË-
Ì·ÓÙÈο- Ù· ÔÔ›· Ì ‚¿ÛË ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÂӉ›ÍÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ʤÚÔÓÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó
Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ Î·È ÛÙË Ì¿ıËÛË Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Ï·›ÛÈ·.

∂·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ì fï˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈΛϘ, ·Ó Î·È Î·Ì›· -ˆ˜ ÙÒÚ·-

KEº∞§∞πO 4: ¢Oª∏ ∫∞π §O°π∫∏ ∆ø¡ ¢∂π∫∆ø¡ ¶OπO∆∏∆∞™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ ƒ°OÀ
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 31
 ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ï‹Úˆ˜ ·Ô‰Âȯı› ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈο fiÙÈ ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ
ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È. ∂Ô̤ӈ˜, Ë ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂϤÙË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ˙ËÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈ-
‰ˆı› ÌfiÓÔ Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ·. ™ÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË, ·˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂȘ:
ñ ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·Û›· fiÙ·Ó ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È, ·Ó fi¯È ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ, ¤Ó·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ
¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜, Ô˘ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ÛËÌ·Û›·.
ñ ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ù˘ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘Û˘ ÂÓfi˜ ‹ ÂÚÈÛÛÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜
‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿ ÌÈ· ÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›· ·ÂÈÎfiÓÈÛË ÂÓfi˜ ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÌÈ·˜ Û‡ÓıÂÙ˘ Î·È ÌÂÙ·ÏÏ·ÛÛfiÌÂÓ˘
Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.

∆¤ÏÔ˜, Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi fiÏ·, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ fiÏË ·˘Ù‹ Ë ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ú·Á-
Ì·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÓfiËÌ· ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ ·Ó ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È:
- Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο - ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘
ÊÔÈÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ù· ÔÔ›· ˆÛÙfiÛÔ Û ηÌÌ›· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰Â ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·-
ÁȈ̤ӷ Î·È ·Ó·ÏÏÔ›ˆÙ·, ηÈ
- Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Î·È ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÙÔÈÎfi - ÂÚÈÊÂÚÂÈ·Îfi -
ÂıÓÈÎfi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi, ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ.

™ÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1 Ù· ÛÙÔȯ›· ·˘Ù¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔÔıÂÙËı› ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ
¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ηÈ, Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈο, ¿Óˆ ·fi ·˘Ùfi, ÂÓÒ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú›ıÌËÛË ÙÔ‡˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰Ôı› Ô ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜
“O”. ∏ ÁÓÒÛË Î·È Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË
Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈ΋ ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË Î¿ı ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘.

∂›Ó·È ÚÔÊ·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ, ›Ù ËıÂÏË̤ӷ ›Ù fi¯È, ÙfiÛÔ Ë ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈ-
ÛË Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙˆÓ ¢ÂÈÎÙÒÓ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜, Ô˘ ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· οı ¢Â›ÎÙË ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜
ÛÙ· ˘ÏÈο 2, «ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó» ¤Ó· ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ∫·Ù’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÈ-
ˆı› fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi, fiÙÈ ÂȯÂÈÚÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Ûˆ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ›
ÚÔ˜ ÌÈ· ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË ‹ ̤۷ Û ¤Ó· ‰ÂÛÌ¢ÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∆Ô Î·ÓÔÓÈ-
ÛÙÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÂÓfi˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ÂÚÁ·Ï›Ԣ Â›Ó·È Û ¤Ó· ‚·ıÌfi ·Ó·fiÊ¢ÎÙÔ. ŸÌˆ˜ ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙÔ˘
ηÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Ô˘ ÂÈϤ¯ıËÎÂ Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓÈÛÙ›: ÙÔ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi
Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Ô˘ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È Î·Ù’ ·Ú¯‹Ó ¤Ó· Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi, ·ÓÔȯÙfi ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙË-
Ù·, ¢·›ÛıËÙÔ ÛÙȘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·-
ÙÈÎfi, Ì ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈηÓÔ‡˜ Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›˙Ô˘Ó. ªÂ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ, ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ Î·È
·ÓÔȯÙfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ Î·È Ì ‰È‰·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜ Ô˘ ÎÈÓËÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó fiÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıË-
Ù¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ ÛÙË ‰È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì¿ıËÛË. ŒÓ· Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÓÙÏ› fiϘ ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi-
ÙËÙ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔχÏ¢ÚË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÈηÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ
Î·È Ì·ıËÙÚÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘.

ªÔÚ› ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏfi ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Û ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ Â͈Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ηÈ
·Ó¤ÊÈÎÙÔ ÛÙȘ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, ·Ú’ fiÏË ÙËÓ ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰· Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È Û ÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Û˜
ÂÈ̤ÚÔ˘˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ Î·È Û ÚÔÛ‰Ô˘ ¢ڤˆ˜ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÔÚ·-
ÙÔ‡˜. £ÂˆÚԇ̠fï˜ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Í›˙ÂÈ ÙÒÚ· Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· Ó·
‰ÈÂΉÈ΋ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ.

KEº∞§∞πO 4: ¢Oª∏ ∫∞π §O°π∫∏ ∆ø¡ ¢∂π∫∆ø¡ ¶OπO∆∏∆∞™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ ƒ°OÀ
32 ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
µÈ‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈΤ˜ ¶ËÁ¤˜

∞Ó‰Ú¤Ô˘, ∞. (ÂÈÌ) (1992), ∏ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘, µ·ÛÈ΋ ∫·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË Î·È ∂ÈÌfiÚʈÛË ÙˆÓ
∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ∞ı‹Ó·, Oπ∂§∂ – ∂ΉÔÙÈÎfi˜ ŸÌÈÏÔ˜ ™˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ-∫·ıËÁËÙÒÓ.
∞Ó‰Ú¤Ô˘, ∞. & ¶··ÎˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘, ¶. (1994), ∂ÍÔ˘Û›· Î·È OÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË – ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ™˘ÛÙ‹-
Ì·ÙÔ˜, ∞ı‹Ó·, ÂΉ. §È‚¿ÓË.
Altrichter, H. & Specht, W. (1998), Quality Assurance and Quality Development in Education. International
Approaches and Parameters, as Applying to the Austrian School System, Solomon, J. (ed) Trends in Evaluation
of Education Systems: School (Self-) Evaluation and Decentralization, Athens, Pedagogical Institute.
Alvik, T. (1996), Self-Evaluation: What, Why, How, By Whom, For Whom?, CIDREE Collaborative Project: Self-
Evaluation in School Development, CIDREE.
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18, 3, ÛÛ.317-336.
Barr, R. & Dreeben, R. (1983), How Schools Work, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Barth, R. (1990), Improving Schools from Within: Teachers, Parents and Principals Can Make the Difference, San
Fransisco, Jossey – Bass.
Broadfoot, P. (1996), Education, Assessment and Society. A Sociological Analysis, Buckingham, Open University
Press.
Clift, P. et al. (1987), Studies in School Self-Evaluation, Lewes, Falmer Press.
Cullingford, C. (1997), Assessment, Evaluation and the Effective School, Cullingford, C. (ed) Assessment versus
Evaluation, London, Cassell.
Cuttance, P. (1992), Evaluating the Effectiveness of Schools, Reynolds, D. and Cuttance P. (eds) School
Effectiveness, London, Cassell.
¢O∂ (1993), OÈ £¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ¢O∂ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË, ∞ı‹Ó·.
∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ¶ÚfiÙ˘Ô ™¯¤‰ÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù˘ ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∂Î·›‰Â˘Û˘ (1997), ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎfi˜
O‰ËÁfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∞˘ÙÔ-·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË, ¶ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ™ˆÎÚ¿Ù˘, ¢Ú¿ÛË πππ.3.1.
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Socrates Programme, Action III.3.1.
∑·Ì¤Ù·, ∂. (1994), ∏ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙËÓ ¶ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· ∂Î·›‰Â˘ÛË 1974-1989, ∞ı‹Ó·, £Â̤ÏÈÔ.
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Assessment versus Evaluation, London, Cassell.
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§¤Ê·˜, Ã. (1942), πÛÙÔÚ›· Ù˘ ∂Î·È‰Â‡Ûˆ˜, ∞ı‹Ó·, OÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ∂ΉfiÛˆ˜ ™¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ µÈ‚Ï›ˆÓ.
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O§ª∂ (1995), ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘, ¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Îfi ¢ÂÏÙ›Ô O§ª∂, Ù.645, ª¿ÚÙÈÔ˜ –
πÔ‡ÓÈÔ˜ ’95.

KEº∞§∞πO 4: ¢Oª∏ ∫∞π §O°π∫∏ ∆ø¡ ¢∂π∫∆ø¡ ¶OπO∆∏∆∞™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ ƒ°OÀ
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞
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ÛË ∂ıÓÈÎÒÓ ∂ÎÚÔÛÒˆÓ Î·È ∂ÌÂÈÚÔÁÓÔÌÒÓˆÓ, Château de la Muette, 9-10 ¢ÂÎÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 1991).
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Û˘: ∂˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ∆¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ¶ÚfiÙ·ÛË ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÈ΋˜, ∞ı‹Ó·, ∫¶∂∂ Î·È ÂΉ. ÿˆÓ.
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‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ŒÚÁÔ˘, ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ (·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÙË ÌÂϤÙË).
Willms, D. J. (1992), Monitoring School Performance: A Guide for Educators, London, The Falmer Press.

KEº∞§∞πO 4: ¢Oª∏ ∫∞π §O°π∫∏ ∆ø¡ ¢∂π∫∆ø¡ ¶OπO∆∏∆∞™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ ƒ°OÀ
34 ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹
∂™ø∆∂ƒπ∫∏ ∞•πO§O°∏™∏ ∫∞𠶃O°ƒ∞ªª∞∆π™ªO™ ∆OÀ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫OÀ ∂ƒ°OÀ ™∆∏ ™ÃO§π∫∏ ªO¡∞¢∞