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Ex.
The speaker refuses to give any information. Ex: A: Did you see the
burglar? B: My lips are sealed.
14.
Define&exemplify: coping with a clash
The speaker has to break one of the maxims in order to observe
another maxim. Ex: A: where does John buy these clothes from? B:
Somewhere in town.
15.
Define&exemplify: flouting
The speaker breaks a maxim in order to make the H draw a
conversational implicature. Ex: A:Are you going to Marks party
tonight? B: My parents are in town.
16.
Define&exemplify: infringement.
A speaker does not observe a maxim unintentionally because he
cannot help himself (foreigner, child, excitement). Ex: Arab
customer: Do you have bebsi? English Shop Assistant: What???
(arabs pronounce b instead of p)
17.
Define&exemplify: suspending a maxim.
In certain settings, the principle of cooperation&the maxims are
legitimately broken (telegrams, text messages).
18.
Define&exemplify: conventional implicatures.
They are drawn by H without taking context into account, they are
part of the conventional meaning of the sentence. They depend on
certain linguistic expressions (but, even, therefore, yet). If the
context changes the implicature stays the same. They are not based
on the Coop Principle of the Maxims. They dont occur because a
certain maxim has been flouted.
Ex: a) He is poor, but he is honest
b) John has not arrived yet.
c) even Sally knows that is wrong.
19.
Define&exemplify: generalized conversational implicatures
They arrise without any particular context, but are based on the
assumption that the H is observing the maxims and the Coop
principle.
Ex: a) I walked into a house. (indef dp)
b)S1: I hear you have been invited Mat and Chris. S2: I invited Mat.
20. Define&exemplify: scalar implicatures.
They are related to scales where terms are ordered from the highest to the
lowest value. When any term of a scale is asserted, the negative of all
higher terms of the scale is implicated. They depend on the assumption
that the speakers observe Quantity.
Ex: A: Do you often see your parents? B: I see them sometimes.
21.
33.
Discuss the strategy of doing face threatening acts off-record.
If we do a FTA off record we do it in such a way as to pretend to hide
what we are doing, hinting. Ex: Oh, no Ive left my money at home
(at a restaurant)
34.
Discuss the strategy of doing face threatening acts on-record
without redress.
Redress= is an attempt to compensate for the threat posed by the
FTA in order tos ave the face. it is undertaken in the most direct,
concise, clear way: ex: Get out!
35.
Define positive politeness. Mention & exemplify 4 positive
politeness strategies.
They are related to positive face & it seeks to soften the threat to
the hearers positive face. the S indicated that he respects the Hs
wish to have his positive face honoured. The S typically asserts that
he wants what the H wants.
i)
Exaggerate (interest, approval with the H ): What a fantastic
garden you have!
ii)
Seek agreement: S1:I had a flat tyre on my way home. S2: Oh
God, a flat tyre.
iii)
Joking: how about lending me this old heap of junk (Hs new
Caddilac).
iv)
Be optimistic: Im sure you wont mind if I remind you to do
the dishes.
36.
Define negative politeness. Mention & exemplify 4 negative
politeness strategies.
It is related to negative face. it seeks to soften the threat to Hs neg
face. The S indicates that he respects the Hs wish to be free of any
imposition. The S typically tries to minimize the imposition, show
respect, use formal language.
i)
Be conventionally indirect: Could you take me home?
ii)
Minimize the Imposition (indicate that the task is not too
difficult) : Could you lend me a single sheet of paper?
iii)
iv)