1

Chapter 4 M-E

1.Eight royal qualities to be exercised by lords of territories

၁။ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းတုိ႔ က်င့္သုံးေဆာက္တည္အပ္ေသာ ရာဇဂုဏ္ရွစ္ပါး

According to the Rajanīti book there are eight kingly qualities on which the rulers of countries must base
their conduct:

ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းတုိ႔ က်င့္သုံးေဆာက္တည္အပ္ေသာ ရာဇဂုဏ္ရွစ္ပါးရွိသည္ကုိ ရာဇနီတိ က်မ္း၌-

“Indassakkassa vāyussa,

yamassa samuddassa ca;

candabhūmi pajjunnānaµ,

rañño attha gu¼o bhave”.1

That is to say: The king's power must rest upon the qualities of eight models – the king of devas, the Sun,
the Air, the ruler of the kingdom of Dead, the Ocean, the round Moon, the Earth itself, and the Sky.

သိၾကားမင္း၊ ေနမင္း၊ ေလ၊ ယမမင္း၊ သမုဒၵရာ၊ လျပည့္၀န္း၊ ေျမႀကီး၊ မုိးတုိ႔၏အစြမ္းျဖင့္ မင္းအား ဂုဏ္ရွစ္ပါး

သည္ ျဖစ္၏။

From among these eight models, Inda (king of devas) puts down those among all his spirits that deserve
to be put down and raises up the deserving; just so a king must put down the ill-doers among all his
people and reward the deserving.

ထုိရွစ္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ သိၾကားမင္းကဲ့သုိ႔က်င့္၏ဟူသည္ကား။ ။ သိၾကားမင္းသည္ နတ္ အေပါင္းတုိ႔တြင္ ႏွိပ္တန္

ေသာသူအားႏွိပ္၍၊ ခ်ီးေျမွာက္တန္ေသာသူတုိ႔အား ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ သကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပည္ႀကီးအရွင္ မင္းတုိ႔သည္လည္း

လူအေပါင္းတုိ႔တြင္ မေကာင္းေသာသူတုိ႔အားႏွိပ္၍ ေကာင္းေသာသူတုိ႔အား ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ရာသည္။

1
.Ræjadhamma. 247
 2

For the saying that the Sun must be his model, just as the Sun with a thousand rays softly draws up the
water from the rain, so must a king of a great country gently and graciously absorb the tax moneys from
his land.

ေနကဲ့သုိ႔က်င့္၏ဟူသည္ကား။ ။ ေနမင္းသည္ ေရာင္ျခည္တစ္ေထာင္ျဖင့္ မုိးေရကုိ ျဖည္းညွင္းစြာ ခန္းေျခာက္

ေစသကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပည္ႀကီးအရွင္ မင္းတုိ႔သည္လည္း အခြန္အတုတ္ကုိ ျဖည္းညွင္းသာယာစြာ ေကာက္ခံသိမ္းယူရာ

သည္။

Modeling himself upon the Air, just as the Air enters into and leaves the bodies of all living creatures, so
must a king work to know, as though entering into their very selves, all that is done by his ministers and
people, their poverty and their wealth and the secrets that they hide.

ေလကဲ့သုိ႔က်င့္၏ဟူသည္ကား။ ။ ေလသည္ သတၱ၀ါအေပါင္းတုိ႔၏ကုိယ္တြင္းသုိ႔၀င္၍သြားသကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း

တုိ႔သည္လည္း အမွဴးအမတ္၊ျပည္သူခပ္သိမ္းတုိ႔၏ အျပဳအမူဆင္းရဲခ်မ္းသာကုိ အလွ်ိဳ႕အ၀ွက္ သူလွ်ိဳထား၍

ကုိယ္တြင္းသုိ႔၀င္သကဲ့သုိ႔ သိေအာင္ျပဳရာသည္။

He must model himself upon the ruler of the kingdom of Dead, for the ruler of the kingdom of Dead
makes no distinctions whether of love or of hate. He sets his coming by Kamma ("according to the force
of kamma" - the consequence of past actions.), so must a king turn his regard, not according to his love or
his hate, but according to what has been done.

ယမမင္းကဲ့သုိ႔က်င့္၏ဟူသည္ကား။ ။ ယမမင္းသည္ ခ်စ္သူမုန္းသူဟူ၍ အထူးအျခားကြဲျပားျခင္းမရွိ၊ ကံအား

ေလွ်ာ္စြာ ေရာက္လာသမွ်ကုိ စီရင္သကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းသည္လည္း ခ်စ္သူမုန္းသူဟူ၍ မ်က္ႏွာမငဲ့၊အမႈႏွင့္

ေလွ်ာ္စြာ စီရင္ရာသည္။

He must take the Ocean for his model, for just as Ocean indifferently receives the waters of the five great
and the five hundred small rivers just as they come, so the lord of a great country dispassionately receives
exactly the proportion of its wealth that custom prescribes.

သမုဒၵရာကဲ့သုိ႔က်င့္၏ဟူသည္ကား။ ။ သမုဒၵရာသည္ ေရကုိမေတာင့္တ၊ျမစ္ႀကီးငါးသြယ္၊ ျမစ္ငယ္ငါးရာတုိ႔မွ

အလုိအေလွ်ာက္၀င္လာသမွ်ကုိသာ ခံယူသကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းသည္လည္း ပစၥည္းဥစၥာကုိ မလုိခ်င္၊မေတာင့္တ၊

ထုံးစံရွိသည့္အတုိင္း ရသင့္သမွ်ကုိသာ ခံယူရာသည္။

 3

He must be like the Moon, for whenever they see the circle of the full moon all men are made glad and
happy; so when the lord of a great country shows a glad countenance and speaks words of good cheer that
they are pleased to hear, he makes his ministers and all his people happy.

လကဲ့သုိ႔က်င့္၏ဟူသည္ကား။ ။ လျပည့္၀န္းသည္ ျမင္ျမင္သမွ်လူခပ္သိမ္းတုိ႔ကုိ ရႊင္လန္း၀မ္းေျမာက္ေစသကဲ့သုိ႔

ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းသည္လည္း မ်က္ႏွာရႊင္လန္းလွ်က္၊ စကားကုိ ခ်ိဳသာနာေပ်ာ္ဖြယ္ေျပာဆုိကာ အမွဴးအမတ္၊ ျပည္သူ

လူခပ္သိမ္းတုိ႔ကုိ ရႊင္လန္း၀မ္းေျမာက္ေစရာသည္။

He must be like the solid Earth, which gives shelter and support to all living creatures; so it is right that
he, as their lord, give shelter and support to all his people through following the four rules of sa³gaha.

ေျမႀကီးကဲ့သုိ႔က်င့္၏ဟူသည္ကား။ ။ ေျမႀကီးသည္ သတၱ၀ါအေပါင္းတုိ႔၏ မွီခုိကုိးကြယ္ရာျဖစ္သကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပည့္ရွင္

မင္းသည္လည္း သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးျဖင့္ ျပည္သူလူအေပါင္းတုိ႔၏ကုိးကြယ္ရာျဖစ္ေအာင္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ရာသည္။

He must take the way of the Sky; during all the four months (Of the rainy season) the Sky satisfies all the
people with the water from its wells and so must his servants and officers be satisfied by the sustenance,
the robes of office and the gifts that they receive from their lord and give him their love.

မုိးကဲ့သုိ့က်င့္၏ဟူသည္ကား။ ။ မုိးသည္ မုိးတြင္းေလးလပတ္လုံး လူအေပါင္းတုိ႔ကုိ ေရျဖင့္ေရာင့္ရဲေစသကဲ့သုိ႔

ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းသည္လည္း အမွဴထမ္း၊အရာထမ္းတုိ႔အား မ်ိဳးရိကၡာ၊အ၀တ္အစား၊ ဆုလာဘ္တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ႏွစ္သက္ေရာင့္

ရဲေစရာသည္။

This is the explanation of the Rājanīti text.

ဤကား ရာဇနီတိက်မ္း၌လာေသာ အဓိပၸါယ္တည္း။

Following this text the Gambhīsāra has "Waters of Ocean; soft sweeping Wind; full of the Moon; Sunrise
and Moonrise; the World of life; sakka, lord of the Spirits - these eight are to be remembered".

ဤသုိ႔က်မ္းဂန္လာသည္ႏွင့္အညီ ဂမၻီသာရတြင္ “ယည္တန္သမုဒ္၊ ျဖည္းသုတ္ေလသာ၊ ရာဇာယမ၊ ေနလပဇၨဳန္၊

၀သုႏၵရိန္၊ ေဒ၀ိန္သိၾကား၊ ရွစ္ပါးဤသုိ႔၊ မွတ္ဖုိ႔မွတ္ဖြယ္” ဟူ၍ စပ္ဆုိေလသည္။

 4

2.The Nine Limbs of a country

၂။ တုိင္းျပည္အဂၤါ ကုိးပါး

The Min-zin Linka speaks of the nine "limbs" of a country that have never been mistrusted, put to the test
or broken by kings in our history.

ရာဇ၀င္တုိ႔၌လာေသာျပည့္ရွင္မင္းတုိ႔ မဆင္မျခင္ မစူးမစမ္း မဖ်က္ဆီးအပ္ေသာျပည့္အဂၤါကုိးပါးရွိသည္ကုိ

မင္းစဥ္လကၤာတြင္-

They are these Nine Jewels: the Order of the Sash, his own kindred to be consulted in times of
confusion, who can restore abundance - these, with the golden canopy and the golden drum, may be
called the kingdom's frontlet:

န၀ရတ္ကုိးသြယ္၊ ဆင္စလြယ္ကား၊ တုိင္းက်ယ္ျပည္ေရး၊ မႈရႈပ္ေထြးကုိ၊ ေဆြးေႏြးတုိင္ပင္၊ ကုံထံတြင္သည္၊

ေရာက္၀င္ထံနီး၊ မွဴးမတ္ႀကီးတုိ႔၊ ေရႊထီးေရႊစည္၊ ဦးကင္းမည္၏။

the senior monks, firm in their religion, bright in their wisdom and teaching, props of the throne - these
may be called the pennant;

သန္႔ၾကည္သီလ၊ အာစာရႏွင့္၊ ၪာဏေတာက္ထြန္း၊ ေထရ္ရဟန္းတုိ႔၊ ေရႊနန္းေဆာက္တည္၊ တံခြန္မည္၏။

students of the Vedas, skilled in seeing ahead, both near and far, pondering the outcome of actions, judges
of the law, honest and upright men, all actions in proper form - all these may be called the eyes of the
land;

တုိရွည္နီးေ၀း၊ မႈရာေရးကုိ၊ ခ်င့္ေတြးဆနာ၊ လိမၼာေျမွာ္ျမင္၊ ေဗဒင္သမား၊ တရားဆုံးျဖတ္၊ ေတာ္ေျဖာင့္မတ္သား၊

ေလ်ာက္ပတ္မူထား၊ ထုိသူမ်ားသည္၊ မ်က္စိမည္၏။

those going about from place to place, from town to town, wherever men live, edging in and listening,
men good with secrets who keep track of events – these are called the country's ears;
 5

တစ္ျပည္တစ္ၿမိဳ႕၊ သူ႔ရပ္တုိ႔၀ယ္၊ ၀ုိက္ႀကိဳ႕ေခ်ာင္းေျမာင္း၊ သူလွ်ိဳေကာင္းကား၊ က်ိဳးေၾကာင္းေဘြနည္၊ ျပည့္နား

မည္၏။

the royal kindred, patrolling the country's borders, cutting off the enemy's shoots, the kin and companions
of the king - these are called the country's teeth;

ပတ္လည္လွည့္ပတ္၊ ရန္ညြန္႔ျဖတ္သည္၊ မင္းျမတ္ညီသား၊ မင္းေပါင္းမ်ားဟု၊ ေဆြ၀ါးမ်ိဳးစည္၊ ျပည့္စြယ္မည္၏။

liquid gold, the wives, not dazzling the sight, their daughters and sons, beautiful to see, ornaments of the
land - these are the country's face;

ေရႊရည္ဇံသီး၊ ရႈမၿငီးသည္၊ သမီးလုလင္၊ လွျပင္ဆင္တုိ႔၊ ျပည္တြင္စံတည္၊ မ်က္ႏွာမည္၏။

the merchants, confident in their wealth, traders in goods and workers of the fields, firm and strong -
these are the land's belly;

ဖည္းစည္ျဖင္ေအး၊ သူေဌးသူႂကြယ္၊ ကုန္သြယ္လယ္လုပ္၊ ႀကိဳးကုတ္မ်ားစြာ၊ လူတကာကား၊ ခုိင္မာရင့္ၾကည္၊

ျပည့္၀မ္းမည္၏။

men of the elephants and cavalry, brave men of good family, executors of the king's will, firm in effort
and never yielding - these are the feet of the land;

ဇာနည္ရဲစြမ္း၊ မႈေတာ္ထမ္းသည္၊ ႀကိဳးပမ္းအားထုတ္၊ မဆုတ္မရွဲ၊ သူရဲသင္းပင္း၊ ဆင္ျမင္းတုိ႔သည္၊ ျပည့္ေျခ

မည္၏။

those who hold the centre of the lands, like the quoit of sakka (king of Gods), their weapons their
adornment, their equipment their defence, spreading out confidence, these are the hands of the land.

ႏွစ္ျပည္ပုိင္ခ်က္၊ သိၾကားစက္သုိ႔၊ လက္နက္တန္ဆာ၊ ကိရိယာကား၊ မွီရာလွမ္းသည္၊ ျပည့္လက္မည္၏။

Of these, the ring of nine jewels, the frontlet must not be shaken, the pennant not torn, the eyes not put
out, the ears not stopped, the teeth not broken, the face not disfigured, the belly not upset, the feet not hurt
 6

and the hands not cut; if this is followed, you will be wearing the nine jewels and your land will not fail in
success.2

သည္သည္ဤယင္း၊ မ်က္ကုိးကြင္းတြင္၊ ဦးကင္းမလြန္၊ တံခြန္မၿငိ၊ မ်က္စိမေဖာက္၊ နားေပါက္မပယ္၊ အစြယ္မခြါ၊

မ်က္ႏွာမလႊမ္း၊ ျပည့္၀မ္းမေမႊ၊ ျပည္ေျခမဖ်က္၊ ျပည္လက္မျဖတ္၊ က်င့္နုိင္တတ္မွ၊ န၀ရတ္ကုိးျဖာ၊ ဆင္ရရာ

သည္။ေအာင္ခ်ာျပည္မ မႈထမ္းတည္း။ ဟူ၍စပ္ေလသည္။

3.The seven Limbs of a country

၃။ နုိင္ငံအဂၤါ ခုနစ္ပါး

The Abhidhænappadøpikæ Commentary refers to the seven "limbs" of the state:

“Sāmya maccañ ca ratthañ ca,

duggaµ koso balaµ sakhā;
paramparopakāridaµ,
satta³gaµ rajja muccate”.

နုိင္ငံအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးရွိသည္ကုိ အဘိဓါန္ဋီကာက်မ္းတြင္ ဤသုိ႔ဆုိ၏။

That is to say: The lord who rules the land, the united council of ministers, the towns and
villages, the fortified cities, the storehouses filled with gold and silver, with paddy and rice, the
valiant soldiers (bala), the network of allies, bound to mutual assistance – these must be called
the seven limbs of the land.

နုိင္ငံကုိအုပ္စုိးေသာမင္း၊ မွဴးမတ္အသင္းအပင္းအေပါင္း၊ တုိင္းျပည္ ဇနပုဒ္၊ ခံၿမိဳ႕၊ ေရႊေငြဥစၥာ ဆန္

စပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ျပည့္ေသာ တုိက္ က်ီ ၾက၊ ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္၊ တစ္ဦးကုိတစ္ဦး ကူညီေထာက္ပံ့ ေက်းဇူး

ျပဳနုိင္ေသာ မဟာမိတ္မင္း၊ ဤအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးရွိသည္ကုိ နုိင္ငံဟုဆုိအပ္၏။

2
. Rajadhamma P.249
 7

If any one of these limbs is broken, the state cannot stand firmly, just as a man cannot stand.

ထုိခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ တစ္ပါးပါးခ်ိဳ႕တဲ့ခ့ေ
ဲ သာ္တုိင္းနိုင္ငံသည္မခုိင္မမာအဂၤါခ်ိဳ႕ေသာသူကဲ့သုိ႔ ျဖစ္တတ္၏။

Elsewhere in the Kāmandaki nīti book it is said that the number of the "natural assets" (pakati) of
the state are five instead of these seven:

နုိင္ငံ၏ပကတိငါးပါးတစ္နည္းအားျဖင့္ခုနစ္ပါးရွိသည္ကုိကာမႏၵကီအစရွိေသာနီတိက်မ္းတုိ႔၌ဤသုိ႔ဆုိ၏

That is to say: The company of ministers, the villages of the land, the fortified cities, the
storehouses filled with gold, silver, jewels, rice and paddy and, fifth, punishments (danda) fitted
to faults - wise men who have studied these natural assets say that they are those that must be
held by the king who hopes to overcome his enemies.

မွဴးမတ္အေပါင္း၊ ၿမိဳ႕ျပ ဇနပုဒ္၊ ခံၿမိဳ႕၊ ေရႊေငြဥစၥာ ဆန္ စပါးတု႔ျိ ဖင့္ ျပည့္ေသာ တုိက္ က်ီ ၾက၊

ငါးခုေျမာက္အျပစ္အားေလွ်ာ္စြာေပးေသာဒဏ္၊ထုိပကတိကုိသိေသာပညာတုိ႔ရွိသည္ရန္ကုိ ေအာင္လုိ

ေသာမင္း၏ ဤပကတိ ငါးခုတုိ႔ကုိ ေဖၚထုတ္အပ္ကုန္၏။

A hero, valiant man is honoured by the sun adds to these five assets that relatives and allies who
will help in any difficulty, great or slight, and a seventh, a king who will control the state.

ေနမင္းသည္ ေလးျမတ္ပူေဇာ္အပ္ေသာ သူစြမ္းေကာင္းသည္ ဤဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာ ပကတိငါးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ

လည္းေကာင္း၊ ထုိမွတစ္ပါး၊ ကိစၥႀကီးငယ္ရွိလွ်င္ ကူညီေထာက္ပံ့နုိင္ေသာ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းမဟာမိတ္ႏွင့္

ခုနစ္ခုေျမာက္ျဖစ္ေသာ နုိင္ငံကုိအုပ္စုိးေသာမင္းဟု ပကတိခုနစ္ရွိသည္ကုိ နုိင္ငံဟုဆုိအပ္၏။

 8

If all these seven assets are there, it will indeed be a country (The difference between the
previously listed seven facts "limbs" of the state and the present seven pakati "natural assets" is
that one has danda - the power of punishment - and the other bala – military force).

ဤဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာနုိင္ငံအဂၤါရဇၨင္ခုနစ္ပါးႏွင့္ဤနုိင္ငံ၏ပကတိခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔သည္ဒ႑ႏွင့္ဗလသာကဲြၾက

သည္။

The Pæ¹i Abhidhāna has

“Sāmya macco sakhā koso,

rajja dugga balani ca;
rajjangani pakatayo,
poranam seniyopi ce”ti. giving the seven natural assets of a state.

ပါဠိအဘိဓါန္က်မ္း၌ကား- ရဇၨင္ခုနစ္ပါးကုိပင္ ပကတိခုနစ္ပါးဟုဆုိသည္။

4.The ruling king

၄။ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း

In describing a king, a distinction is made between a “king by consecration (muddhābhiseka)3” and an

“ordinary king”. A king who has water poured over his head according to custom is called a “king by
consecration”. Otherwise, he is merely an “ordinary king”.

မင္းဟူရာ၌ မုဒၶါဘိသိကၠမင္း၊သာမညမင္းဟုရွိသည္။ထုံးစံႏွင့္အညီ ဦးထိပ္၌ ေရစင္သန

ြ ္းေလာင္းအပ္ေသာ

အဘိသိက္ခံမင္းသည္ မုဒၶါဘိသိကၠမင္းမည္၏။ ယင္းသုိ႔မဟုတ္လွ်င္ သာမညမင္းသာျဖစ္သည္။

These seven assets4 thus include the ten-fold law of royal conduct5 and the four rules of sa³gaha6 of
which we have spoken, the ruler, who is perfect in them, may indeed be called a king.

3
. Jæ. V. A. P.538/ D. I. A. P.164/ Abhidhæna ¿ø. P.232
 9

ဤခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာမင္းက်င့္တရားဆယ္ပါး၊သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး အစရွိသည္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံ၍ နုိင္ငံ

ကုိအုပ္စုိးေသာသူသည္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းမည္၏။

If, however, a single one of the country's "limbs" is lacking to him, the kingdom cannot amount to much7
and he may lack the respect of its people as a whole. The mass of the people will be divided into separate
interests.

ဤျပည့္ရွင္မင္းဟူေသာနုိင္ငံ၏အဂၤါတစ္ပါးမရွိလွ်င္နုိင္ငံသည္မတင့္တယ္နုိင္။နုိင္ငံသားအေပါင္းသည္ ကုိးကြယ္

ရာမဲ့ ျဖစ္ရာသည္။လူအေပါင္းသည္ အသီးသီးကြဲျပားရာ၏။

People with special skills in civic affairs, ethics, religion, technology and the like, who could give good
care to the interests of the state will be named as military commanders8 and other grades of officials.

အမ်ိဳး၊အက်င့္သီလ၊အတတ္ပညာအစရွိသည္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံ၍ တုိင္းက်ိဳးျပည္က်ိဳးကုိေကာင္းစြာရြက္ေဆာင္ေသာ

စစ္သူႀကီးအစရွိေသာသူတုိ႔သည္ မွဴးမတ္အေပါင္းမည္၏။

People whose interest is in buying in the course of a widespread trading system and those whose interest
is in selling in foreign lands, since they do not know each other will lose their trade, since they do not
dare to hand goods over. Large-scale trade does not allow of simple cash payments.

ကုန္အႀကီးအက်ယ္ေရာင္း၀ယ္လုပ္ကုိင္ရာ၌ ေရာင္းလုိသူကုန္သည္ကလည္းအျခား အရပ္သား၊ ၀ယ္လုိသူ

ကလည္းအျခားအရပ္သားျဖစ္၍ တစ္ဦး၏အေၾကာင္းအရာကုိ တစ္ဦး မသိၾကေသာေၾကာင့္ ကုန္ကုိလႊတ္၍

မေပး၀ံ့၊ကုန္အားႀကီးကူးသန္းရာ၌လည္း လက္ငင္းေငြ အေျပေခ် ေပး၀ယ္ယူေသာမည္သည္မရွိနုိင္။

People are needed who know the business both of the buyer and the seller and who undertake to accept
the seller's goods on behalf of the buyer and to act as brokers in such transactions.

By setting up the sale once a sufficient deposit has been paid, they enable the sellers to dispose to their
satisfaction of the goods that they have brought to market, while the buyer buys according to his wishes.

4
.A³. II. P.407/ D. II. P.62
5
. Jæ. II.. P.97
6
.A³. III. A. P.194/ / S. I. ¿ø. P.179
7
. Jæ. II. P.327
8
. M. II. ¿ø. P.187
 10

ပြဲစားျပဳလုပ္သူမ်ားကား ေရာင္းလုိ၀ယ္လုိသူ ႏွစ္ဦးႏွစ္ဖက္တုိ႔၏ အေၾကာင္းအရာကုိ သိသူျဖစ္၍ ေရာင္းသူ၏

ကုန္ကုိ ၀ယ္လုိသူအတြက္ခံ၀န္၍ စရန္မွ်ေလာက္ႏွင့္ေပးေခ် ေရာင္းခ်ေစသျဖင့္ ေရာင္းသူမွာလည္း ေရာင္းရန္

ယူခဲ့သည့္ကုန္စည္မ်ားကုိ တြင္ကုန္ ေအာင္ေရာင္းရသည္။ ၀ယ္လုိသူကလည္း အလုိအတုိင္း ၀ယ္နုိင္သည္။

Foreign traders coming into a country will not know the prevailing prices well and they will not dare to
trust in what would-be buyers tell them. It is by relying on a broker and enquiring from him that sellers
can sell and buyers can buy.

It is by the brokers working in the middle and providing information that buying and selling can take
place.

တစ္ေၾကာင္းလည္းနုိင္ငံျခားသားကုန္သည္တုိ႔သည္ ေရာက္ရာနုိင္ငံ၌ ေပါက္ေစ်းကုိ ေကာင္းစြာမသိ၊ ၀ယ္လုိသူ

ေျပာသည့္ေစ်းကုိလည္း မယုံ၀ံ့၊ ပြဲစားကုိ မွီခုိေမးျမန္းၿပီးလွ်င္ ေရာင္းသူလည္းေရာင္းနုိင္ေအာင္၊ ၀ယ္လုိသူလည္း

၀ယ္နုိင္ေအာင္ ပြဲစားတုိ႔ အၾကားအလယ္က ဖ်န္ေျဖေျပာဆုိေစ့စပ္မွ ေရာင္းျခင္း ၀ယ္ျခင္းျဖစ္နုိင္သည္။

If there were no brokers to mediate between buyers and sellers in large-scale trade, trade could not take
place.

ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ကုန္အႀကီးအက်ယ္ကူးသန္းရာ၌ ႏွစ္ဦးႏွစ္ဖက္ကုိေစ့စပ္ေသာပြဲစား မရွိလွ်င္ ေရာင္းျခင္း၀ယ္ျခင္း

မျဖစ္နုိင္။

Brokers must therefore be knowledgeable both in the goods of the sellers and the buying prices of the
goods.

They must also know what buyers will want and the going price in the buyers' market.

ပြဲစားတုိ႔သည္ကား ေရာင္းလုိသူကုန္သည္တုိ႔အေၾကာင္းကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ကုန္၏၀ယ္ခဲ့ရင္းအဖုိးကုိလည္း

ေကာင္း သိကၽြမ္းသည္။၀ယ္လုိသူ၏အလုိကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ၀ယ္သူ ၏အရပ္၌ေပါက္ေစ်းကုိလည္းေကာင္း

ေကာင္းစြာသိသည္။

Since they know both sides of the business, brokers are relied upon to speak to both buyers and sellers
and to bring them together, thus working for the benefit of both buyer and seller. The broker therefore has
the credit of a beneficial action.
 11

ဤသုိ႔ႏွစ္ဦးႏွစ္ဖက္ကုိသိေသာေၾကာင့္ ေရာင္းသူ၀ယ္သူႏွစ္ဦးတုိ႔ကုိ ေစ့စပ္ေအာင္ေျပာ ဆုိနုိင္သည့္ပြဲစားကုိ

အမွီျပဳ၍ ေရာင္းသူ၀ယ္သူကုန္သည္ႏွစ္ဦးတုိ႔ အက်ိဳးစီးပြါးျဖစ္သည္။ ပြဲစားမွာလည္း ေက်းဇူးဂုဏ္ခံရသည္။

It is in just the same way that the ministers in any state will know well the disposition of their ruler and
what is likely to reduce and what to advance his well-being.

ဤကဲ့သုိ႔မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔မည္သည္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းတု႔ိ၏စိတ္သေဘာအလုိဆႏၵ၊ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းတုိ႔၏အက်ိဳးစီးပြါး ယုတ္အံ့

သည္၊တုိးအံ့သည္မ်ားကုိ ေကာင္းစြာသိသည္။

They will also have a good knowledge of the minds and desires of the people of the state and of what will
improve and what reduce their well-being.9

တုိင္းသူျပည္သားတုိ႔၏အလုိဆႏၵ၊ထုိသူတုိ႔၏အက်ိဳးစီးပြါးယုတ္အံ့သည္၊တုိးအံ့သည္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း ေကာင္းစြာ

သိသည္။

Thus, ministers are people who stand in the middle, knowing both what is above and what is below them.
If they work for the well-being both of the ruler and of his people, they will bring them into a good
relationship. If the state lacks the "limb" that is the body of such officials, it cannot be a country.

မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔မည္သည္ အၾကားအလယ္ကေနသူျဖစ္၍ အထက္အေအာက္ႏွစ္ဖက္လုံးကုိ သိေနရကား ျပည့္ရွင္

မင္းႏွင့္ျပည္သူတုိ႔၏ အက်ိဳးကုိသယ္ပုိးၿပီးလွ်င္ေကာင္းမြန္စြာေစ့စပ္နုိင္သည္ျဖစ္၍ မွဴးမတ္ဟူေသာအဂၤါကင္းၿပီး

နိုင္ငံမျဖစ္နုိင္။

Separate areas will become the domain of separate nationalities - each will become a separate district -
Shan, Burmese, Chinese, Turks, English, and French and so on. They may also be called janapada10(a
hamlet or province).

ရွမ္း၊ဗမာ၊တရုတ္၊တရက္၊ အဂၤလိပ္၊ျပင္သစ္ ဤသုိ႔အစရွိေသာ လူတစ္မ်ိဳးတည္းစီေနေသာ အရပ္ေဒသတစ္ခုစီ

တုိ႔သည္ တုိင္းတစ္ခုစီမည္၏။ ထုိတုိင္းကုိပင္ ဇနပုဒ္ဟုလည္း ေခၚသည္။

In each of these divisions there will be villages, hamlets and towns, more or fewer, according to the size
of the territory.

In a real country11 there can at most be one or two such separate districts.

9
. Ræjadhamma. Pp-251-2
10
.D. III. ¿ø. P.124/ Vi. II. A. P.160
 12

ထုိတုိင္းတစ္ခုအတြင္း၌ ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာ ရြာ၊နိဂုံး၊ၿမိဳ႕ျပတုိ႔သည္ တုိင္းအႀကီးအငယ္အား ေလွ်ာ္စြာအမ်ား အနည္းရွိ

ၾကကုန္၏။နုိင္ငံမည္သည္ဤဆုိခဲ့ေသာတုိင္းတစ္ခုႏွစ္ခုစသည္ ရွိမွ ျဖစ္နုိင္သည္။ မရွိလွ်င္ မျဖစ္နုိင္။

5. The fortification

၅။ ခံၿမိဳ႕

In former times fortresses were built with vertical walls, foursquare, protected with three lines of
earthworks, water-filled, mud-filled, and dry with thorn barriers.12

ခံျမိဳ႕ဟူသည္ ေရွးအခါ၌ ေရက်ဳံး၊ ႏြံက်ဳံး၊ ဆူးေျငာင့္ခလုတ္ခ်ေသာအေျခာက္က်ဳံးဟု ဤသုိ႔ က်ဳံးသုံးတန္တုိ႔ျဖင့္

ကာရံ၍ ေလးေထာင့္အ၀ုိင္းပုံသဏၭာန္ျဖင့္ ၿမိဳ႕ရုိးမတ္ရပ္ႏွင့္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ၾကသည္။

At present, however, in our age of decline,13 since the power of musketry has so greatly increased,
fortifications can no longer stand up to the weaponry that exists among western nations.

ယခုအခါဆုတ္ကပ္ကာလျဖစ္၍ လက္နက္တုိ႔သည္အလြန္ႀကီးမားတုိးပြါးၾကေသာေၾကာင့္ ေရွးေခတ္ခံၿမိဳ႕

တုိ႔သည္ ယခုအခါသုိးေဆာင္းနုိ္င္ငံ၌ျဖစ္ေသာ လက္နက္တုိ႔ကုိမခံနုိင္။

In modern times, long, pointed bullets are fired from the hollow barrels of breech-loading rifles and
artillery to destroy forts and warships.

These may be iron missiles of two of three hundred viss (hundred ticals) weight which, after striking the
city's bulwarks, will explode.

The city wall will be destroyed and splinters will do damage four or five hundred distance away - even
two miles. On striking the wall, they can penetrate ten or fifteen cubits before they explode.

ယခုအခါခံၿမိဳ႕ တုိက္သေဘၤာမ်ားကုိပ်က္စီးေအာင္ပစ္ေသာ ေနာက္တုိးရုိက္ဖတ္ အေျမာက္တုိ႔သည္ က်ည္

အရွည္ ထိပ္ခၽြန္၊အတြင္းကအေခါင္းႏွင့္ျဖစ္၍ ျမန္မာခ်ိန္ပိႆာႏွစ္ရာခန္႔သုံးရာခန္႔ႀကီးမားေသာ သံက်ည္ေစ့ျဖစ္

သျဖင့္ ၿမိဳ႕ကတုတ္ကုိမွန္ၿပီးေနာက္ ထုိက်ည္ေစ့ကြဲေပါက္ျပန္၍ ၿမိဳ႕ရုိးကတုတ္တုိ႔သည္ ပ်က္စီးျပန္သျဖင့္

11
.Nd. I. A. P.12/ Pæcittayædi. P.173
12
.Jæ. VI. A. P.280
13
.Iti. A. P.298/ Vi. I. A. Pp-128-9
 13

တာေလးရာငါးရာကြာေသာအရပ္၌ ထုႏွစ္မုိင္ရွိေသာသံတုံးမ်ားကုိ ထုိက်ည္ေစ့တုိ႔သည္ ေဖာက္ထြင္းနုိင္၏။ ၿမိဳ႕

ကတုတ္တုိ႔ကုိမွန္လွ်င္လည္း ဆယ္ေတာင္ဆယ့္ငါးေတာင္စူး၀င္၍ ေပါက္ကြဲနုိင္၏။

For this reason any new fortifications built in western countries have star shaped outworks, protected
with steel armour. It is only so that they are of any use, since they can stand the attack.

ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔အေျမာက္ဆန္မ်ားကုိ ရပ္ခံနုိင္ေအာင္ ယခုေနာက္အသစ္သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံမ်ားတြင္ တုိးပြါး

ျဖစ္ထြန္းေသာ ေမွာ္ပြင့္၊ၾကာပြင့္သဏၭာန္လုပ္ေသာ သူရဲခုိတုိ႔၌ သံမဏိျပား၊ သဲတုိ႔ကုိအထပ္ထပ္ကာရံထား

ေသာ ခံၿမိဳ႕တုိ႔သာအက်ိဳးရွိသည္၊ ခံနုိင္သည္။

It is pointless to place such fortifications as these in the middle of the country, near where the king is.

ဤခံၿမိဳ႕တုိ႔ဟူသည္လည္း နုိင္ငံအလယ္မင္းေနျပည္အနီးမွာ ထားလွ်င္ အက်ိဳးမရွိ။

When an enemy invades, once he has got so far as the fortress he can, without ever attacking the defenses,
ravage the rest of the country as he pleases.

ဤခံၿမိဳ႕တုိင္ေအာင္ ရန္သူေရာက္ကာလ ခံၿမိဳ႕ကုိမတုိက္ဘဲ ေရာက္ၿပီးရၿပီးေသာနုိင္ငံကုိပင္ ရန္သူတုိ႔ယူထား

လွ်င္ က်န္ေသာနုိင္ငံသည္အလုိလုိပ်က္စီးရန္သာရွိသည္။

For this reason, such fortifications should be sited either in the borderlands where there is a good access
for an attack, or in a territory where it will dominate and threaten another state.

ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ နုိင္ငံစြန္ နုိင္ငံစပ္ ေကာင္းမြန္သည့္လမ္္းေပါက္လမ္း၀တုိ႔၌လည္းေကာင္း၊ အျခားနုိင္ငံကုိ တုိက္ခုိက္

သိမ္းယူ ဖိစီးႏွိပ္နင္းအုပ္စုိးထားေသာနုိင္ငံ၌လည္းေကာင္းခံၿမိဳ႕တုိ႔ကုိသင့္ေလွ်ာ္ေအာင္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ထားရသည္။

In such an operation on another people who do not submit willingly, if there is no fortress to house the
officials and soldiers needed to control the country, the people of the land unwillingly under your
domination may rise and rebel and the country that you have taken will immediately be lost to you.

အျခားလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔နုိင္ငံကုိ အလုိမတူဘဲ ဖိစီးႏွိပ္စက္သိမ္းယူထားရာ၌ ထုိရေသာနုိင္ငံကုိ အေစာင့္အထိမ္း အႀကီး

အအုပ္ထားေသာ မွဴးမတ္၊ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ ရပ္တည္ေနရန္ခံၿမိဳ႕မရွိလွ်င္၊ အလုိမတူဘဲ တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူ

ထားေသာ နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔ ထ၍ပုန္ကန္လွ်င္ သိမ္းယူၿပီးနုိင္ငံ ခ်က္ခ်င္းလက္ကလြတ္လိမ့္မည္။

If there is a fortress sufficient to stop them, you can hold them from inside the fortifications and, if it is
possible, make your counterattack to regain your position.
 14

ရပ္တန္႔ရန္ခံၿမိဳ႕ရွိလွ်င္ခံၿမိဳ႕အတြင္းကရပ္ခံ၍ျပန္လွန္တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူနုိင္လွ်င္ျပန္လွန္တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူရမည္။

If, however, the rebel force is greater than yours, you can hold out inside the fortifications long

enough for a report to be sent to the king and for him to send a relief force of soldiers and officers
sufficient to subdue the rebellion.

ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္အားနည္း၍ ထႂကြပုန္ကန္သူတုိ႔အားႀကီးလွ်င္ ခံၿမိဳ႕တြင္းကရပ္ခံ၍ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းထံ စာ၊လူ

ေစလႊတ္ေလွ်ာက္ထား၊ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းကလည္း ႏွိမ္နင္းနုိင္ေအာင္ ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္၊ ဗိုလ္မွဴး၊ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္

တင္ပုိ႔ကူညီတုိက္ခုိက္ ႏွိမ္နင္းသိမ္းယူရသည္။

The English have been well aware of all this and in the Indian territories that they have attacked and taken
- Bangladesh, Bombay (Mumbai) and Madras (Chinneai) - they have built various fortifications.

ဤအေၾကာင္းမ်ားကုိသိေသာ အဂၤလိပ္လူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ မိမိတုိ႔တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူ၍ရေသာ အိႏၵိယနုိင္ငံ၊ ဘဂၤလား၊

ဘုံေဘ၊မဒရပ္ အရပ္မ်ားမွာ ခံၿမိဳ႕အသီးသီးလုပ္ထားၾကသည္။

At three entry points of the Talaing territory that they have conquered and taken from the Burmese
kingdom, they have built fortifications - at the Shwe Dagon Pagoda to the west of the Irrawaddy - in the
Thanlyin district at the mouth of the river - and at the Thilawā beacon.

ျမန္မာ့လက္က တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူေသာ တလုိင္းသုံးရပ္၏အ၀င္ ဧရာ၀တီျမစ္အေနာက္ဘက္၊ေရႊတိဂုံဘုရား

ပင္လယ္၀အထြက္ သံလ်င္ၿမိဳ႕နယ္ မီးျပသီလ၀ါအရပ္မွာ ခံၿမိဳ႕ကတုတ္လုပ္ေဆာင္ထားၾကသည္။

In the year 1857 the whole of the land of India at once rose in rebellion against the English. They were
able to retreat inside the fortifications that they had built while they reported to the home government and
eighty thousand out of the three hundred thousand European soldiers that were enlisted were immediately
dispatched; their position was recovered in less than two years.

၁၈၅၇ ခုႏွစ္၊အိႏၵိယနုိင္ငံအလုံး တစ္ၿပိဳင္နက္ထ၍ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ကုိ ပုန္ကန္ျခားနားၾကရာ၊ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္

တည္ေဆာက္ၿပီးခံၿမိဳ႕အတြင္းသုိ႔ ၀င္ေရာက္ရပ္တန္႔ၿပီးလွ်င္၊ ဘုရင္မထံေလွ်ာက္ထား၍ ေဂၚရာကုလားျဖဴ

စည္းၾကပ္ၿပီး လူသုံးသိန္းရွိသည့္အနက္၊လူရွစ္ေသာင္းကုိအလွ်င္အျမန္ေစလႊတ္၊တစ္ႏွစ္ေက်ာ္၊ႏွစ္ႏွစ္ တုိက္ခုိက္

သိမ္းယူရသည္။

In truth, if they had not had their fortifications, all the English in India would have been destroyed.
 15

အကယ္၍ခံၿမိဳ႕မရွိလွ်င္ ထုိအခါကပင္ အိႏၵိယနုိင္ငံရွိ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ အကုန္ေသေၾကပ်က္စီးလိမ့္မည္။

The A³guttaranikāya and other Pā¹i texts of the Seventh Nipæta describe the seven "city limbs" and the
four "provisioning" that there should be in this fortification, as follows:

ဤခံၿမိဳ႕၌ၿမိဳ႕၏အဂၤါခုနစ္ပါး၊ၿမိဳ႕၏အစာေလးပါးရွိသည္ကုိအဂၤုတၱရနိကာယ၊သတၱကနိပါတ္အစရွိေသာ ပါဠိေတာ္

တုိ႔၌ ေဟာေတာ္မူထားသည္။

“Yato kho, bhikkhave, rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ sattahi nagara parikkhārehi suparikkhataµ hoti,
catunnañca āhārānaµ nikāmalābhī hoti akicchalābhī akasiralābhī. Idaµ vuccati, bhikkhave, rañño
paccantimaµ nagaraµ akara¼iyaµ bāhirehi paccatthikehi paccamittehi.

Monks, border fortifications owned by kings and rulers of countries must be well fenced by the seven
"limbs" of cities and they must not be in want of the four sorts of provisions that they require.

They cannot be left in want or in distress. Monks, why is it that we say that a fortification set near the
border of a king's territory cannot be successfully attacked and destroyed by an outside enemy moving
against it, if it is furnished with the seven protecting "limbs" and what are they?

ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၊ ၿမိဳ႕၏အစာအာဟာရေလးမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ကိုလည္း အလုိရွိတုိင္း

မေတာင္းမတ,မၿငိဳမျငင္, မပင္မပန္းရနုိင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ျပင္ပ,ဆန္႔

က်င္ဘက္, ရန္သူတုိ႔သည္ တုိက္ခုိက္ျခင္းမျပဳနုိင္။

အဘယ္ကဲ့သုိ႔ကုန္ေသာ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္သနည္း ဟူမူ။

“Katamehi sattahi nagaraparikkhārehi suparikkhataµ hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare
esikā hoti gambhīranemā sunikhātā acalā asmpavedhø. Iminā pa¥hamena nagaraparikkhārena
suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, in a fortification at the border of the king's territory there must be a good well, deep dug; there
must be a strong wooden breastwork around the bank over the moat, too strong to be shaken or moved; to
provide a safe refuge for the people manning the fortress at his boundary and for those living in the area,
the king must first provide an adequate stockade.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ နက္စြာေသာတြင္း၌ ေကာင္းစြာ

စုိက္ျမွဳပ္အပ္ကုန္ေသာ၊မေရြ႕မေစာင္းကုန္ေသာ၊မလႈပ္မရွားကုန္ေသာ၊က်ဳံးထိပ္ကုိရံ၍စုိက္အပ္ကုန္ေသာ သစ္

တပ္ တုိ႔ရွိကုန္၏။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တား ျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ

 16

ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤပထမအဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံ

အပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare parikhā hoti gambhīrā ceva vitthatā ca. Iminā
dutiyena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā
bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, the next point - in a fortress sited near the border of the king's territory there will be a moat, dug
both deep and wide. This will provide a place of refuge both for those manning the fortress and for those
living outside and will hold back an enemy besieging it outside. This will be the second provision
required for a fortress sited at the border of the king's territory. With this barrier the fortress will be well
defended.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ အေစာက္

လည္းနက္၊အနံလည္းက်ယ္ျပန္႔ေသာက်ဳံးရွိ၏။ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ

ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤဒုတိယ

အဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare anupariyāyapatho hoti ucco ceva vitthato ca. Iminā
tatiyena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā
bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - for our fortress at the boundary of the king's territory there will be a sheltered
walkway made both high and wide. This is the third requirement, to protect those who are manning the
fortress at the boundary of the king's territories, for the fortress to be well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ျမင့္လည္းျမင့္၊

က်ယ္လည္းက်ယ္ သြားလမ္းလာလမ္းႏွင့္လည္းျပည့္စုံေသာ သူရဲေျပးရွိ၏။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ

လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ

ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤတတိယအဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bhuµ āvudhaµ sannicitaµ hoti salākañceva
jevanikañca. Iminā catutthena nagara parikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ
abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.
 17

Monks, next again - our fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory will be stocked with plenty
of missile weapons, such as bows and arrows, artillery and muskets, which are classed as salāka weapons,
as well as weapons which do not discharge missiles, such as cutlasses and swords, which are classed as
jevanika weapons. This is the fourth type of provisioning that will be required to make the fortress at the
boundary of the king’s territory a safe refuge for the people manning it and for those living in the area.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ သုိမွီးစုစည္း

ထားအပ္ကုန္ေသာ ပစ္လႊတ္အပ္ေသာ ေလး,ျမား,မီးေပါက္,အေျမာက္,ေသနတ္စေသာ သလာကမည္ေသာ

လက္နက္၊မပစ္လႊတ္အပ္ေသာဓါး,သံလွ်က္စေသာေဇ၀နိကမည္ေသာလက္နက္မ်ားစြာတုိ႔ရွိကုန္၏။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕

တြင္း၌ ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌

ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤစတုတၳအဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bahu balakāyo pa¥ivasati, seyyathidaµ- hatthārohā
assārohā rathikā dhanuggahā celakā calakā pi¼ðhdāyakā uggā rājaputtā pakkhandino mahānāgā sūrā
cammayodhino dāsakaputtā. Iminā pañcamena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño
paccantimaµ nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - our fortress sited at the boundary of the king's territory will be manned by a large
force of officers and men. Soldiers of what types? There will be elephant riders, cavalry, charioteers,
bowmen, spearmen to drive home their attack, soldiers to set up accommodation for officials, officers and
men, scouts who can secretly penetrate the enemy, decapitate one of them and bring the head back.
Further, there will be a commissariat, princely bards to spread abroad news of victory in battle, soldiers
who can carry out their promise to go out and bring back a head, dashing into the midst of the enemy,
taking a head and returning, soldiers who will go forward without flinching even when confronted by a
great bull elephant in musth; soldiers skilled in the water, who can swim an ocean carrying their shields;
soldiers who will make their attack under cover of animal hides; soldiers who are the king's own servants,
people who are ready to take extreme risks in full confidence - these are the thirteen types of soldier.

This is the fifth of the defending "limbs" of a fortress sited near the border of the king's territory to give
shelter to its garrison and to repel any enemy outside making it well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ မ်ားစြာေသာ

ဗို္လ္ပါ၊သူရဲအေပါင္းတုိ႔ေနထုိင္ၾကကုန္၏။ဤသူရဲတုိ႔ဟူသည္ အဘယ္သည္တုိ႔နည္းဟူမူ-
 18

၁။ဆင္းစီးသူရဲ၊

၂။ျမင္းစီးသူရဲ၊

၃။ရထားစီးသူရဲ၊

၄။ေလးစြဲသူရဲ၊

၅။စစ္ထုိးရာေအာင္လံကုိင္သူရဲ၊

၆။မင္း,မွဴးမတ္,ဗုိလ္ပါ,ရဲမက္တုိ႔ကုိသင့္တင့္ရာေနရာခ်ထားစီမံတတ္ေသာသူရဲ၊

၇။ရန္သူရွိရာသုိ႔ ရြတ္ရြတ္ခၽြန္ခၽြန္၀င္သြား၍ ရန္သူဦးေခါင္း ကုိျဖတ္ယူၿပီး ခုန္လႊားျပန္ထြက္လာနုိ္င္ေသာသူရဲ၊

တစ္နည္း-ရိကၡာပုိ႔သူရဲ၊

၈။စစ္ေအာင္ဖန္မ်ား၍ထင္ရွားေၾကာ္ေစာေလၿပီးေသာမင္းမ်ိဳးသူရဲ၊

၉။စစ္တုိက္ရာမည္သူ႔ဦးေခါင္းကုိ ျဖတ္ယူမည္ဟုရည္ညႊန္းေျပာဆုိၿပီး ရန္သူနယ္သုိ႔ေျပး၀င္ကာ ဆုိသည့္အတုိင္း

ရန္သူ႔ဦးေခါင္းကုိျဖစ္ယူလာနုိင္ေသာသူရဲ၊

၁၀။အမုန္ယစ္ေသာဆင္ေျပာင္ႀကီးပင္ရင္ဆုိင္လာျငားေသာ္လည္းမဆုတ္မနစ္ရန္သူရွိရာေရွ႕သုိ႔သာတက္ေသာ

သူရဲ၊

၁၁။လႊားကာႏွင့္တကြသမုဒၵရာကုိပင္ကူးနုိင္၏ဟုရဲစြမ္းရွိေသာသူရဲ၊

၁၂။သားေရခ်ပ္၀တ္ဆင္၍စစ္ထုိးေသာသူရဲ၊

၁၃။အားကုိးစိတ္သန္,လွ်င္ျမန္ရဲရင့္,စြန္႔စား၀ံ့ေသာယုံၾကည္စိတ္ခ်ရသူကၽြန္ေတာ္ရင္းသူရဲ။

ဤတစ္က်ိပ္သုံးေယာက္ေသာ သူရဲမ်ိဳးတုိ႔တည္း။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ ျပင္ပရန္သူ

တုိ႔ကုိကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာဤပၪၥမ

အဂၤါျဖင့္ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံ အပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare dovāriko hoti pa¼ðito byatto medhāvī aññātānaµ
nivāretā ñātānaµ pavesetā. Iminā cha¥¥hena nagaraparikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ
nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there will be a doorway
designed to admit the wise and the intelligent and to exclude the silly and the inexperienced. This is the
 19

sixth of the defending "limbs” of a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory to give shelter to
its garrison and to repel any enemy outside, making it well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ပညာရွိ,

လိမၼာထက္ျမက္,ျဖတ္ထုိးသိတတ္ေသာ၊ မသိသူလူစိမ္းတုိ႔ကုိ တားျမစ္၍၊ သိသူတုိ႔ကုိသာ၀င္ထြက္ခြင့္ ေပးတတ္

ေသာတခါးမွဴးႀကီးရွိ၏။ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိလုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ

ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာဤဆ႒မအဂၤါျဖင့္ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare pākāro hoti ucco ceva vitthato ca
vāsavalepavasampanno ca. Iminā sattamena nagara parikkhārena suparikkhataµ hoti rañño paccantimaµ
nagaraµ abbhantarānaµ guttiyā bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya. Imehi sattahi nagaraparikkhārehi suparikkhataµ
hoti.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there will be a city wall,
high and wide, of tree trunks seated in the ground, well treated . This is the seventh of the defending
"limbs" of a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory to give shelter to its garrison and to
repel any enemy outside, making it well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ေနာက္ထပ္တစ္မ်ိဳးကား-ဤလူ႔ျပည္၌ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ျမင့္လည္းျမင့္၊

က်ယ္လည္းက်ယ္ေသာသစ္ငုတ္စုိက္ျခင္း၊လိမ္းက်ံျခင္းႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာၿမိဳ႕ရုိးတံတုိင္းရွိ၏။ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ ေန

ေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ လုံၿခဳံေစျခင္း၊ျပင္ပရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာ

ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံျဖစ္ေသာ ဤသတၱမအဂၤါျဖင့္ ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

Monks, with these seven defending "limbs" which have been described, a fortress sited near the boundary
of the king's territory will be well protected.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ဤဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာ ၿမိဳ႕၌အၿခံအရံအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ျဖစ္ေသာ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ

ေကာင္းစြာၿခံရံအပ္၏။

“Katamesaµ catunnaµ āhārānaµ nikāmalābhī hoti akicchalābhī akasiralābhī? Idha, bhikkhave, rañño
paccantime nagare bahuµ ti¼aka¥¥hodakaµ sannicitaµ hoti abbhantarānaµ ratiyā aparitassāya
phāsuvihārāya bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

What then are the four types of provision that must be given so that the fortress may be well victualed and
not go in want or in distress?
 20

အဘယ္ကဲ့သုိ႔ကုန္ေသာ ၿမိဳ႕၏အေထာက္အပံ့ျဖစ္ေသာ အစာအာဟာရေလးမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ကုိ အလုိရွိတုိင္းမေတာင့္တ,

မၿငိဳျငင္,မပင္မပန္း ရရွိနင
ုိ ္ပါကုန္သနည္း။

Monks, in this world, in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there must be a great
store of fodder, of firewood and of water, so that those within it may be happy and should not be
distressed, but live well, while they repel any enemy outside.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ဤလူ႔ျပည္တြင္ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနသူတုိ႔ကုိ ေပ်ာ္ေမြ႔ေစျခင္း, မပင္ပန္းေစျခင္း, ခ်မ္းသာစြာေနေစ

ျခင္းငွာ၊ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ျပင္၌ေနေသာရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္၌ျဖစ္ေသာ ခံတပ္

ၿမိဳ႕၀ယ္ ရုံးစု၍ထားအပ္ေသာ ျမက္,ထင္း,ေရတုိ႔ မ်ားစြာရွိကုန္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bahuµ sāliyavakaµ sannicitaµ hoti
abbhantarānaµ ratiyā aparitassāya phāsuvihārāya bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there must be a good store
of rice and barley so that those within it may be happy and should not be distressed, but live well, while
they repel any enemy outside.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ဤလူ႔ျပည္တြင္ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနသူတုိ႔ကုိ ေပ်ာ္ေမြ႔ေစျခင္း, မပင္ပန္းေစျခင္း, ခ်မ္းသာစြာေနေစ

ျခင္းငွာ၊ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ျပင္၌ေနေသာရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္၌ျဖစ္ေသာ ခံတပ္

ၿမိဳ႕ ၀ယ္ ရုံးစု၍ထားအပ္ေသာ စပါး,မုေယာတုိ႔ မ်ားစြာရွိကုန္၏။

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bahuµ tilamuggamāsāpara¼¼aµ sannicitaµ hoti
abbhantarānaµ ratiyā aparitassāya phāsuvihārāya bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there must be a good store
of sesamum, green peas, big beans and other sorts of beans so that those within it may be happy and
should not be distressed, but live well, while they repel any enemy outside.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ဤလူ႔ျပည္တြင္ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနသူတုိ႔ကုိ ေပ်ာ္ေမြ႔ေစျခင္း, မပင္ပန္းေစျခင္း, ခ်မ္းသာစြာေနေစ

ျခင္းငွာ၊ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ျပင္၌ေနေသာရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိ ကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္

ၿမိဳ႕၀ယ္ ရုံးစု၍ထားအပ္ေသာ ႏွမ္း, ပဲေနာက္, ပဲႀကီးဟုဆုိအပ္ေသာပဲမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ မ်ားစြာရွိကုန္၏။

 21

“Puna ca paraµ, bhikkhave, rañño paccantime nagare bahuµ bhisajjaµ sannicitaµ hoti, seyyathidaµ-
sappi navanītaµ telaµ madhu phā¼itaµ lo¼aµ abbhantarānaµ ratiyā aparitassāya phāsuvihārāya
bāhirānaµ pa¥ighātāya.

Imesaµ kho , bhikkhave, catunnaµ āhārānaµ nikāmalābhī hoti akicchalābhī akasiralābhī.

Monks, next again - in a fortress sited near the boundary of the king's territory there must be a good store
of medicaments so that those within it may be happy and should not be distressed, but live well, while
they repel any enemy outside.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ဤလူ႔ျပည္တြင္ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း၌ေနသူတုိ႔ကုိ ေပ်ာ္ေမြ႔ေစျခင္း, မပင္ပန္းေစျခင္း, ခ်မ္းသာစြာေနေစ

ျခင္းငွာ၊ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ျပင္၌ေနေသာရန္သူတုိ႔ကုိကာကြယ္တားျမစ္ျခင္းငွာျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏နုိင္ငံအစြန္၌ျဖစ္ေသာခံတပ္

ၿမိဳ႕၀ယ္ ရုံးစု၍ထားအပ္ေသာ ေဆးမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ မ်ားစြာရွိကုန္၏။

What should be included in these medicaments? Butter, grease, oil, honey, raw sugar and salt - all these
should be included.

အဘယ္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ ေဆးမ်ိဳးတုိ႔နည္းဟူမူ-ေထာပတ္, ဆီဦး, ဆီ,ပ်ား,တင္းလဲ,ဆားတုိ႔ဟူသည္တည္း။

“Yato kho, bhikkhave, rañño paccantimaµ nagaraµ imehi sattahi nagara parikkhārehi suparikkhataµ
hoti, catunnañ ca āhārānaµ nikāmalābhī hoti akicchalābhī akasiralābhī. Idaµ vuccati, bhikkhave, rañño
paccantimaµ nagaraµ akaraniyaµ bāhirehi paccatthikehi paccamittehi.

Monks, in the city all four of these supplementary foods should not be stinted but be provided as needed-
they should not be begrudged, but issued without causing distress.

အရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ၿမိဳ႕၏အေထာက္အပံ့ျဖစ္ေသာ ဤအစာအာဟာရေလးမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ကုိ အလုိရွိတုိင္းမေတာင့္တ, မၿငိဳျငင္,

မပင္မပန္း ရရွိနုိင္ကုန္၏။

Monks, if a fortress sited on the borders of the king's territories is thus provided, no hostile force from
outside, whether of rebels or of a foreign enemy, will be able to attack and destroy it.

ရဟန္းတုိ႔¡ ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ နုိင္ငံအစြန္း၌ရွိေသာခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ျပင္ပဆန္႔က်င္ဘက္ရန္သူတုိ႔သည္

တုိက္ခုိက္ဖ်က္စီးျခင္းမျပဳနုိင္ဟု ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
 22

The seventh Nipāta of the A³guttaranikāya scripture thus describes the seven protective “limbs", the four
types of provisions and the thirteen types of soldiers that must be provided for a fortification placed near
the border of the king's territory to make it complete.

ဤသုိ႔ အဂၤုတၱရနိကာယ သတၱကနိပါတ္ပါဠိေတာ္၀ယ္ နုိင္ငံအစြန္အဖ်ား၌ရွိေသာ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ကုိ ၿမိဳ႕၏အၿခံအရံ

အဂၤါခုနစ္ပါး၊ အစာအာဟာရေလးပါး၊ သူရဲမ်ိဳးတစ္က်ိပ္သုံးေယာက္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ အျပည့္အစုံရွိေစရမည္ဟု ေဟာေတာ္

မူေသာေၾကာင့္ ေရွးအထက္ကပင္ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕တုိ႔မည္သည္ နုိင္ငံအစြန္းအဖ်ားမွာသာ ထားသင့္ေၾကာင္းကုိ

သိသာသည္။

It is necessary to consider the countries where in the past it has been proper to construct fortifications near
their boundaries and how any one of the seven "limbs" entered into them and what part each one of the
seven played. As we have said, fortifications properly sited and fulfilling their purpose are very
beneficial, but it must be realised that if any one of the seven is lacking, the kingdom will lack stability.14

ဤခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕ဟူသည္လည္း နုိင္ငံအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ တစ္ပါးအပါအ၀င္ျဖစ္သည္။ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအရပ္ဌာနတုိ႔၌

ေနရာက်ေအာင္ထားအပ္ေသာ ခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕သည္ ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးသည့္အတုိင္း မ်ားစြာအက်ိဳးရွိေသာေၾကာင့္ ဤခံတပ္ၿမိဳ႕

ဟူေသာအဂၤါတစ္ပါးမရွိေသာ နုိင္ငံသည္ မခုိင္မလုံနုိင္ရာသည္ကုိ သိအပ္၏။

6. The working of the Treasury

၆။ ေငြတုိက္တည္ လုပ္သင့္ေၾကာင္း

A royal storage system should be set up filled full with gold, silver, jewels, paddy and rice, whether
according to the precepts of the four rules of sa³gaha, which call for building royal granaries, and
storerooms under the name of kosa, so that the rule of sammāpāsa may be well established, or so that
there may be a ready availability of gold, silver and other wealth in case of widespread war.

ေကာသမည္ေသာ က်ီ,ၾက,တုိက္ေတာ္ဟူသည္ကား- သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး၌ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးသည့္အတုိင္း သမၼာ

ပါသတရားကုိေကာင္းစြာျဖစ္ထြန္းေစရေအာင္လည္းေကာင္း၊ အႀကီးအက်ယ္စစ္မႈကိစၥရွိလွ်င္ ေရႊ,ေငြ, ဥစၥာ,

14
.A³. II. Pp-478-9
 23

ပစၥည္း ေကာက္ငင္ကာရေအာင္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ေရႊ,ေငြ,ရတနာ,ဆန္,စပါးတုိ႔ျဖင့္ အျပည့္အႏွက္ က်ီေတာ္,

တုိက္ေတာ္တုိ႔မွာ ရွိေစရသည္။

If arrangements are made so that, as in western countries, the treasury can be the concern of the whole
people, in addition to the benefits that have been described, the people as a whole will be one in wealth
with the king and ministers and will partake in the general prosperity.

တုိင္းသူျပည္သားအားလုံးတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ဆက္ဆံနုိင္ေအာင္ ေငြတုိက္ကုိ အေနာက္တုိင္း ျပည္ သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံ

မ်ားမွာကဲ့သုိ႔ လုပ္ေဆာင္ထားလွ်င္ ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအက်ိဳးသာမက နုိင္ငံသားအလုံးစုံႏွင့္ မင္း,မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ ဥစၥာ

ပစၥည္းတစ္ေပါင္းတည္းျဖစ္၍

Each one therefore will desire the success of each other, and the whole country, including the poor, will
be at one in prosperity, forming a single consensus in sannipāta (union) through samagga (harmony), and
the law of aparihāniya will be reinforced. This will ensure a very strong country which no foreign ruler
will be able to shake.

စီးပြါးဘက္ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ တစ္ဦး၏အက်ိဳးကုိတစ္ဦးအလုိရွိၾက၍ ဆင္းရဲအတူ ခ်မ္းသာအမွ်ျဖစ္နုိ္င္ေသာ

နုိင္ငံတစ္ခုလုံး အစည္းအေ၀းတစ္ခုတည္း သႏၷိပါတ၊ညီညြတ္ ျခင္းသမဂၢျဖစ္သျဖင့္ အပရိဟာနိယတရား

တုိးပြါး၍ အျခားရန္သူတုိ႔ မလႈပ္မရွားနုိင္ေသာ အလြန္ခုိင္မာေသာနုိင္ငံျဖစ္နုိင္သည္။

If a single fibred of cotton, of silk, or of hemp is strained, it can easily be broken, but if a number of these
slight fibres are got together and twisted into a rope, they become very strong and it will be difficult to
break it. In exactly the same way we must realise that a united community has great strength.

ခ်ည္မွ်င္,ပုိးမွ်င္,ေလွ်ာ္မွ်င္တစ္ခုတည္းကုိ ဆြဲ၍ျဖတ္လွ်င္ အလြယ္တကူျပတ္သည္။ ဤခ်ည္မွ်င္, ပုိးမွ်င္,

ေလွ်ာ္မွ်င္ငယ္ အမ်ားတုိ႔ကုိ အတင္းအေလ်ာ့ညီေအာင္ ေပါင္းစု၍ က်စ္ေသာႀကိဳးသည္ အေပါင္းအစုမ်ား၍

ႀကီးမားခုိင္ခံ့ေလ၊အဆြဲအျဖတ္ခက္ေလ ျဖစ္သကဲ့သုိ႔ ညီညြတ္ေသာအစည္းအေ၀း အေပါင္းအစုမ်ားေလ

ခုိင္ခံ့ျခင္းအားႀကီးေလ ျဖစ္သည္ကုိလည္းသိသာ၏။
 24

The way in which the treasury system is set up in western countries is this: all the tax money that comes
in from the country as well as such of the wealth of the king and his ministers as may be suitable is kept
all together in a large and strongly made building. Only from this building are issued funds that may be
needed for expenses.

အေနာက္တုိင္းျပည္ သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံမ်ားမွာ ေငြတုိက္တည္လုပ္ပုံကား နုိင္ငံကထြက္သမွ်အခြန္ကုိလည္း

ေကာင္း၊မင္း,မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔အထုိက္အေလွ်ာက္ရေသာဥစၥာပစၥည္းတုိ႔ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ႀကီးက်ယ္ေကာင္းမြန္စြာ

အခုိင္အလုံတုိက္ႀကီးတည္၍ ဤတုိက္ႀကီး၌ ေပါင္းစုထားၿပီးလွ်င္ အသုံးရွိသမွ်ကုိ္ ဤတုိက္မွသာ ထုတ္ယူ

သုံးရသည္။

Money in excess of expenses may be issued as loans, large or small, to traders who help in the business of
agriculture, according to the needs of the farmer by trading in grain, so that the rule of sammāpāsa is
confirmed.

အသုံးျပင္ပုိမိုသည့္ေငြကုိလည္း လယ္ယာလုပ္ေဆာင္၊ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္သည့္ကုန္သည္၊လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔က

အလုိရွိလွ်င္အတုိးအနည္းအငယ္ႏွင့္ သမၼာပါသတရားျဖစ္ပြါးေအာင္ ထုတ္ေခ်းငွားသည္ျဖစ္၍

When goods and valuables over and above what is kept in the house is placed in the treasury, since the
king and his ministers have only one place to watch and guard, there is none of the difficulty and loss like
that from having to guard many places where valuables are deposited.- they can be guarded in perfect
security.

မိမိအိမ္မွာထားသည္ထက္ေငြတုိက္မွာပစၥည္းဥစၥာတုိ႔ုကုိထားလွ်င္ မင္း, မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ ေနရာတစ္ခုတည္း၀ုိင္း၍

ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရေသာေၾကာင့္ ေနရာအမ်ားမွာထားေသာပစၥည္းဥစၥာကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရသကဲ့သုိ႔ အေစာင့္

အေရွာက္ခက္ျခင္း၊ ေပ်ာက္ပ်က္ျခင္းမရွိ လုံၿခဳံေအာင္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္နုိင္သည္။

In fact, in case any loss is incurred, the government accepts responsibility for making it good.

အကယ္၍ပ်က္စီးတိမ္းပါးရွိလွ်င္ မင္း,မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔က စု၍ေပးေလ်ာ္သည္။

 25

Since the people of the country realise the benefits of the system, whatever bullion and valuables they
have, they deposit in the treasury, so that the people suffer no losses of their valuables.

ဤသုိ႔ေသာအက်ိဳးကုိနုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔ သိျမင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ မိမိ္တုိ႔၍ရွိေသာ ေရႊ,ေငြ, ဥစၥာ,ပစၥည္းတုိ႔ကုိလည္း

ဤေငြတုိက္ႏႈိက္စုရုံးထားၾကသျဖင့္ နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔ ေရႊ,ေငြ,ဥစၥာ, ပစၥည္း အေပ်ာက္အပ်က္မရွိ။

Since their well-being increases from one day to another, the government and people, in their concern for
their valuable possessions, increase their mettā (loving-kindness), karu¼ā (compassion), muditā
(sympathy) and brahmacariya (morality).

တစ္ေန႔ထက္တစ္ေန႔ စီးပြါးခ်မ္းသာတုိးတက္ၾကေသာေၾကာင့္ မင္း,မွဴးမတ္,နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔သည္ စီးပြါးခ်မ္းသာ

ပစၥည္း,ဥစၥာကုိအေၾကာင္းျပဳသျဖင့္ ေမတၱာ,ကရုဏာ,မုဒိတာ ျဗဟၼစုိရ္တရားတုိးပြါး၍

No single one can bear that even one other should be ruined and their desire is only that each other's
prosperity should grow.

တစ္ဦးပ်က္စီးမည္ကုိ တစ္ဦးမခံနုိင္၊ အခ်င္းခ်င္းခ်မ္းသာျခင္းကုိသာအလုိရွိၾက၍

No enemy in a foreign country can oppress a single one of their lands.

မျခားနုိင္ငံသားရန္သူတုိ႔ တစ္ဦးတစ္ေယာက္ကုိမွ် မႏွိပ္စက္နုိင္။

In fact, if such an incident should occur, they may put together the power of their money and the power of
their men to put down and attack the oppressor.

အကယ္၍ႏွိပ္စက္လွ်င္လည္း ဤသုိ႔ေပါင္းစုၿပီးေသာေငြအား,လူအားႏွင့္ ဖိစီး တုိက္ခုိက္နုိင္သည္။

If ambassadors from a foreign country should visit, western governments will stage a demonstration of
their wealth and strength, which are a part of the five royal values .
 26

အျခားတုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံကသံတမန္ႀကီးတုိ႔လာေရာက္လွ်င္လည္းမင္းတုိ႔၏အားငါးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ေဘာဂဗလအားကုိ

ျပနုိင္သည္။

The establishment of this treasury system, which is just one of the country's "limbs" that is called kosa,
brings these advantages.

ဤသုိ႔အက်ိဳးမ်ားစြာရွိေသာနုိင္ငံ၏အဂၤါတစ္ပါးျဖစ္ေသာေကာသမည္ေသာေငြတုိက္ကုိလုပ္ေဆာင္ၾကသည္

ျဖစ္၍

Their sannipāta and samagga from among the aparihāniya laws are made strong and the country becomes
very stable.

ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာသႏၷိပါတ,သမဂၢဟူေသာအပရိဟာနိယတရား, ျဗဟၼစရ
ုိ ္တရားတုိးပြါးသည္ျဖစ္၍ အလြန္ခုိင္လုံ

ေသာ နုိင္ငံျဖစ္နုိင္သည္။

If a treasury system is set up in the world on the lines of that in the West, the benefits that have been
described will certainly result.

ဤသုိ႔သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံမ်ားမွာ တည္ေထာင္ေသာေငြတုိက္ကဲ့သုိ႔ ကမၻာမွာလည္း ေငြတုိက္တည္လုပ္ရလွ်င္

ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအက်ိဳးမ်ားကုိရမည္ ဧကန္ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္

It is therefore right that the government should adopt a policy of making this their special aim, and devote
their efforts to establishing a treasury system.

ဤေငြတုိက္တည္လုပ္ျခင္းကုိအထူးသျဖင့္ႏွလုံးသြင္း၍ေငြတုိက္တည္လုပ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ကုိမင္း,မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔သည္

လြန္စြာအားထုတ္လုပ္ေဆာင္သင့္သည္။

This particular "limb" of the country brings many advantages and we must be warned that without it all
these advantages are lost.
 27

ဤသုိ႔ေကာသမည္ေသာနုိင္ငံ၏အဂၤါသည္ နုိင္ငံ၍မ်ားစြာအက်ိဳးေပးေသာေၾကာင့္ ဤအဂၤါတစ္ပါးခ်ိဳ႕တဲ့လွ်င္

နုိင္ငံ၏အက်ိဳးမ်ားစြာဆုတ္ယုတ္မည္ကုိ သတိထား အပ္သတည္း။

က်မ္းကုိး ...

သီလကၡန္အ႒ကထာ၊ ၃။ကူဋဒႏၱသုတ္၊ ႏွာ-၁-၂၆၄

အဂၤုတၱရနိကာယအ႒ကထာ၊ ၄။ရာဇ၀ဂၢ၊ ႏွာ-၃-၄၈

မဟာနိေဒၵသအ႒ကထာ၊ ၁။ကာမသုတ္၊ ႏွာ-၁

ဥဒါနအ႒ကထာ၊ ၁။မုစလိႏၵ၀ဂၢ၊ ႏွာ-၉၁

အ႒သာလိနီ၊ ႏွာ-၂၃၇

၀ိသုဒၶိမဂၢ၊ႏွာ-၃၁၄-၅

သီလကၡႏၶ၀ဂၢပါဠိ၊ ၁၃။ေတ၀ိဇၨသုတ္၊ ႏွာ-၁-၂၃၄

သုတ္မဟာ၀ါပါဠိ၊ ၄။မဟာသုဒႆနသုတ္၊ ႏွာ-၂-၁၅၂

7. Six types of military arms, called “the Force” (Bala)

၇။ ဗလဟူေသာ စစ္သည္ရဲမက္,လက္နက္ကုိင္ ေျခာက္မ်ိဳး

The books say, in dealing with military force, that there are six types of armed soldiery:

ဗလဟူေသာရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္ဟူသည္ကား ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိင္ေျခာက္မ်ိဳးရွိသည္ကုိ ကာမႏၵကိစေသာ

နီတိက်မ္း၌ ဤသုိ႔ဆုိ၏။

Molam bhatam seni sakhā,

ripuvā tavikam balam;
pubbam pubbam gāravo tu,
balānam byasanam tathā.
 28

That is to say: These are the six types of soldier - the soldier from an elite suyin (corps of indigenous
troops serving the Myanmar monarch) unit, serving for his food; the soldier who serves for pay; the
soldier enrolled in a group to deal with a cause that concerns his own district; the soldier of an allied
country; the soldier of an enemy country who has been taken in battle and enrolled in the captor's army;
wild men, forest hunters of the native (Chin and Karen) enrolled to bear arms. Soldiers out of these six
types may be expended in the reverse of the order given.

အစုရင္းေက်းကၽြန္ရင္းျဖစ္ေသာစစ္သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ အခစားစစ္သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ၿမိဳ႕ရြာတုိ႔၌အ

ေၾကာင္းရွိလွ်င္ရေအာင္စည္းၾကပ္၍ထားေသာ သင္း စစ္သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ မဟာမိတ္နုိင္ငံသားစစ္သည္

လည္းေကာင္း၊တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူထားေသာ နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔ကုိ စည္းၾကပ္ေသာရန္သူလက္နက္ကိုင္လည္း

ေကာင္း၊ ခ်င္း၊ကရင္၊ အရုိင္း၊ေတာသားမုဆုိးတုိ႔ကုိ စည္းၾကပ္ထားေသာလက္နက္ကုိင္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤသုိ႔

စစ္သည္သည္ေျခာက္မ်ိဳးရွိ၏။ ထုိမွတစ္ပါးစစ္သည္ေျခာက္မ်ိဳးတုိ႔တြင္ပ်က္စီးျခင္းကုိ အစဥ္အတုိင္းေရွးရႈကာ

စင္စစ္ အေလးျပဳအပ္ကုန္၏။

Explaining this:
First is the soldier of a service unit by hereditary descent, a classified by (hereditary) duty, a loyal and
assured servant of the king. Such soldiers are referred to as mola.

အဓိပၸါယ္ကား- ၁။အစဥ္အဆက္အမႈထမ္းမ်ိဳးမွလာေသာအမႈထမ္း၊ယုံၾကည္စိတ္ခ်ရေသာေက်းရင္း ကၽြန္ရင္း

အမႈထမ္း၊ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာအမႈထမ္းမ်ားသည္ `ေမာလ`မည္၏။

Second, in Burma there are some people to be found who are more than usually strong, and like the elite
suyin service men among the six ranks of the government employee of the sugyi (Legion comprising of
indigenous and foreign troops). These are given greater importance and must be held in reserve.

၂။ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံတြင္စုႀကီးေျခာက္ေၾကာင္းစသည္တုိ႔တြင္စုရင္းအမႈထမ္းမ်ားကဲ့သုိ႔ အလြန္မာသည္ ခုိင္ခံ့သည္

ျဖစ္၍ အလြန္အေလးျပဳအပ္ ၾကည့္ရႈေစာင္မအပ္၏။

 29

Such people can be armed and salaried to fight against their own people in their own country and they are
referred to as bhata.

မည္သည့္ၿမိဳ႕ရြာကမဆုိ ကုိယ့္နုိင္ငံအတြင္း မိမိအမ်ိဳးသားတုိ႔ကုိ စစ္တုိက္ေစရန္အခေၾကးေငြေပးထားေသာ

လက္နက္ကုိင္လူဟူသမွ်တုိ႔သည္ `ဘတ`မည္၏။ အခစားလက္နက္ကုိင္ဆုိလုိသည္။

Third, there are people who can be enrolled as armed guards on an occasional basis when trouble arises in
their own country. The word for these is se¼i. They are called "an armed group".

၃။ ကုိယ့္နုိင္ငံအတြင္း ၿမိဳ႕ရြာတုိ႔တြင္ အေရးအေၾကာင္းကိစၥရွိလွ်င္ ေကာင္ငင္ကာရေအာင္ အသင့္ျပင္ဆင္

စည္းၾကပ္ထားေသာလက္နက္ကုိင္သည္ `ေသဏိ`မည္၏။ သင္း လက္နက္ကုိင္ဆုိလုိသည္။

Fourth, there may be subjects of an allied kingdom available for hire in sufficient number who can be
properly enrolled into an armed unit, or an allied king may find circumstances calling for provision of
armed help. Such soldiers are referred to as sakhā, and should be called a friendly armed force.

၄။ မဟာမိတ္နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔ကုိ ေခၚယူငွားရမ္းၿပီးလွ်င္ အခေၾကးေငြေပး၍ အသင့္စည္းၾကပ္ထားေသာ

လက္နက္ကုိင္သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊မဟာမိတ္မင္းတုိ႔ကအေရးအေၾကာင္းကိစၥရွိ၍ စစ္ကူေသာလက္နက္ကုိင္

သည္လည္းေကာင္း၊ `သခါ`မည္၏။ မိတ္ေဆြလက္နက္ကုိင္ဆုိလုိသည္။

Fifth, there may be people of a race different from one's own, whose country has been attacked and
annexed, who will be properly employed and enrolled into an armed unit. Such people are referred to as
ripu and may be regarded as armed enemies.

၅။ မိမိက အျခားလူမ်ိဳးနုိင္ငံကုိ တုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူ၍ ရရွိလာေသာနုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔ကုိ သင့္ေလွ်ာ္ရာေစခုိင္းမည္

စည္းၾကပ္ထားေသာ လက္နက္ကုိင္သည္ `ရိပု`မည္၏။ ရန္သူလက္နက္ကုိင္ ဆုိလုိသည္။

(Among the Burmese, since the country of the Shans has been conquered and annexed, armed groups
enrolled and stationed in the Shan country must be regarded as "armed enemies".)
 30

The "serviceman" and "black foreigner" units enrolled in the territories annexed by the English in India,
Arakan, Thāwel and the Talaing country must be called "armed enemies".

အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔မွာလည္းတုိက္ခုိက္သိမ္းယူ၍ရေသာအိႏၵိယ၊ရခုိင္၊ထား၀ယ္၊တလုိင္းစေသာနုိင္ငံတုိ႔၌စည္းၾကပ္၍

ထားေသာ စစ္ဘာရီ၊ကုလားနက္စေသာ လက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔သည္ ရန္သူလက္နက္ကုိင္မည္ကုန္၏။

Sixth, for scouting ahead of the army in country fit for the birds, with forests and great mountains, people
of the Chin, Karen, Taungthu (cultivator), hunters who know the forests and mountains and are fit to be
set in the advance guard, may on occasion when there is an affair be enrolled as an armed a¥avika (forest)
unit. They may be called "armed foresters".

၆။ငွက္သင့္တတ္ေသာအရပ္၊ ေတာ၊ေတာင္ႀကီးမားရာအရပ္မ်ားကုိ တပ္ခ်ီတက္ရာတြင္တပ္ဦးကထား၍

ခ်ီတက္ေစသင့္ေသာ ေတာစဥ္၊ေတာင္စဥ္မ်ားကုိ သိကၽြမ္းနားလည္ေသာ ခ်င္း၊ကရင္၊ေတာင္သူ၊မုဆုိးတုိ႔ကုိ

ေရးေၾကာင္းကိစၥရွိလွ်င္ေကာက္ငင္ကာရေအာင္အသင့္စည္းၾကပ္၍ထားေသာလက္နက္ကုိင္သည္`အဋ၀ိက`

မည္၏။ ေတာသားလက္နက္ကုိင္ဆုိလုိသည္။

A digression - The people of the West dress such "armed forester" units in green, arm them with muskets
and use them as scouts in advance of the army.

စကားခ်ပ္။ ။ သုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔မွာ ဤေတာသားလက္နက္ကိုင္တုိ႔ကုိ အစိမ္း၀တ္ေစ၍ ေသနတ္တုိ႔ကုိ

ေပးအပ္ၿပီးလွ်င္ တပ္ဦးကခ်ီတပ္ေစသည္။

In the chaddanta Jætaka , it is written that out of sixty thousand Hillman hunters in Kāsi in the land of
varanasī, well acquainted with the mountains and forests, Queen Subhaddā chose the hunter So¼uttara,
guilty of eighteen crimes , to kill the Elephant King and send his tusks back to her.

This man had eighteen crimes upon his conscience and after considering and deciding to kill the Elephant
King without mercy, he did indeed slay the future Buddha, so the story is told.
 31

ဆဒၵန္ဆင္မင္းဇာတ္တြင္ဆဒၵန္ဆင္မင္းကုိသတ္၍အစြယ္ကုိအယူေစလႊတ္မည္ရွိရာေတာဆင္း၊ေတာင္ဆင္းကုိ

သိေသာ ကာသိတုိင္း ဗာရာဏသီျပည္၌ ေတာသားမုဆုိးလက္နက္ကုိင္ လူမ်ိဳးေျခာက္ေသာင္းရွိ သည့္အနက္

ေယာက်ၤားအျပစ္တစ္ဆယ့္ရွစ္ပါးရွိေသာ ေသာနဳတၱရမည္ေသာမုဆုိးကုိ သုဘဒၵါမိဖုရား ေရြးခ်ယ္စိစစ္ကာ

ဤသူကား ေယာက်ၤားအျပစ္တစ္ဆယ့္ရွစ္ပါးရွိသည္၊ ဆဒၵန္ဆင္မင္းကုိ မညွာမတာဧကန္သတ္မည္ဟု

စဥ္းစားဆင္ျခင္ႏႈတ္ယူၿပီးလွ်င္ဘုရားေလာင္းဆဒၵန္ဆင္မင္းကုိအသတ္ေစလႊတ္ေၾကာင္းႏွင့္လာ သည္။

Out of these six types of soldiers, in a battle the Hillman and hunters may be expended first; the
protection of the armed ex-enemy forces against loss should be given weight;

ဤလက္နက္ကုိင္ေျခာက္မ်ိဳးတို႔တြင္ စစ္မက္တုိက္ရာ ေတာသား၊မုဆုိးလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ကုိ ေသေၾကပ်က္စီး

မည္ထက္ ရန္သူလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ ေသေၾကပ်က္စီးမည္ကုိ အေလးျပဳအပ္ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္အပ္သည္။

next after them the men of the friendly armed force should be carefully protected against loss;

ရန္သူလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ေသေၾကပ်က္စီးမည္ထက္ အေဆြခင္ပြန္းလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ ေသေၾကပ်က္စီးမည္ကုိ

အေလးျပဳအပ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္အပ္၏။

next after them, men of the armed groups should be protected against loss;

အေဆြခင္ပြန္းလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ထက္သင္းလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ေသေၾကပ်က္စီးမည္ကုိအေလးျပဳအပ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္

အပ္၏။

next after them, men serving for pay should be protected against loss;

သင္းလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ထက္အခစားလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ေသေၾကပ်က္စီးမည္ကုိအေလးျပဳအပ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္အပ္၏

even more than them, the king's servants, the men of the asuyin must be carefully protected against loss.
 32

အခစားလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ထက္ကၽြန္ေတာ္ရင္း၊အစုရင္းျဖစ္ေသာလက္နက္ကုိင္တုိ႔ေသေၾကပ်က္စီးမည္ကုိ

အေလးျပဳအပ္ေစာင့္ေရွာက္အပ္၏။

As is said in this sattaka nipāta of a³guttara nikāya scripture, there should be thirteen skills of soldiers in
each group.

ဤသတၱကနိပါတ္၊အဂၤုတၱရနိကယ္တြင္ေဟာေတာ္မူသည့္အတုိင္းဤလက္နက္ကုိေျခာက္မ်ိဳးတို႔တြင္တစ္မ်ိဳးတစ္

မ်ိဳးလွ်င္ သူရဲမ်ိဳးတစ္ဆယ့္သုံးမ်ိဳးစီ ရွိသင့္သည္။

This totality of armed men is the bala (force) which is one of the limbs of the state. If this one, armed,
"limb" is lacking, the state cannot be stable.

ဤလက္နက္ကုိင္ဟူေသာ`ဗလ`သည္နုိင္ငံ၏အဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္တစ္ပါးအပါအ၀င္ျဖစ္၍ဤလက္နက္ကုိင္

`ဗလ` ဟူေသာ အဂၤါတစ္ပါးမရွိလွ်င္ နုိင္ငံသည္ေကာင္းမြန္ခုိင္ခံ့စြာ မျဖစ္နုိင္။

က်မ္းကုိး ...

အဘိဓါနပၸဒီပိကာ ဋီကာ၊ ၂။ဘူက႑။ ႏွာ-၂၄၄

ဇာတကအ႒ကထာ၊ ၁၆။တိ ံသနိပါတ္၊ ၄။ဆဒၵႏၱဇာတက၊ ႏွာ-၄-၄၂

အဂၤုတၱရနိကာယ၊ သတၱကနိပါတ၊ ၇။မဟာ၀ဂၢ၊ ၃။နဂေရာပမသုတ္၊ ႏွာ-၂-၄၇၈

၈။ အေကၡာဘိဏီတုိင္ေအာင္ တပ္ကုိးမ်ိဳးစည္းၾကပ္ဖြဲ႕စည္းျခင္း

8.Nine types of army grouping up to the akkhobinī

The methods that, according to the books, were used for uniting this mass of armed men which formed
the bala and ordering them as an army are not generally known in our time and I shall therefore give some
account of this matter so that it may be understood.
 33

ဤ`ဗလ`ဟူေသာ ရဲမက္လက္နက္ကုိ္င္တုိ႔ကုိအေပါင္းအစုဖြဲ႕၍တပ္စည္းၾကပ္ရာ၌ စာေပက်မ္းဂန္တုိ႔တြင္လာ

သည့္အတုိင္း စည္းၾကပ္နည္းကုိ ယခုထက္တုိင္မသိၾကေသး၍ တပ္စည္းၾကပ္နည္းကုိ သိကၽြမ္း နားလည္

ေအာင္ ဤအရာ၌ထည့္သြင္းေရးသားေပအံ့။

Out of the books that give accounts of the "four limbs" of an army, the book says

စာေပက်မ္းဂန္တုိ႔တြင္လာေသာ တပ္၏အဂၤါေလးပါးရွိသည္ကုိ အမရေကာသက်မ္း၌ဤသို႔ဆုိ၏။

Hatthi assa ratha patti,Sena ca chaturangini.

That is: elephants, cavalry, chariot and infantry - these four are the limbs of an army; they are called the
"four limbs".

ဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အားျဖင့္ ေလးခုအေပါင္းသည္ တပ္၏အဂၤါမည္၏။စစ္အဂၤါေလးပါးဟုလည္းေခၚသည္။

The "Amarakosa" says also that there are nine ways of organising an army;

တပ္ကုိးမ်ိဳးစည္းၾကပ္နည္းကုိ အမရေကာသက်မ္း၌ ဤသုိ႔ဆုိ၏။

“Ekakebha rathā tayassā,

patti pañca padātikā;

Pattayangehi tigunehi,

kamā saññā yathottaram.

Senāmukham gumva ganā,

vāhinī putanā camū;

anīkinī ca tasantu,

dasa akkhobhini matan”ti.

That is to say:
 34

One elephant, one chariot, three horsemen and five infantrymen make up the section called patti. Units
above the patti in their order all consist of the four "limbs", elephant, chariot, cavalry and infantry, each
larger group having three times the numbers of the group below it.

ဆင္တစ္စီး၊ရထားတစ္ဆူတုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း၊ျမင္းသုံးစီးတုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း၊ေျခသည္ငါးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္လည္း

ေကာင္း၊ ပတၱိမည္ေသာတပ္မည္၏။ပတၱိတပ္မွ အထက္အထက္တပ္စုတုိ႔သည္ အစဥ္အတုိင္းပတၱိတပ္၌ပါေသာ

ဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္ဟူေသာ အဂၤါေလးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ သုံးခုႏွင့္ေျမွာက္အပ္ေသာ္ အမည္တုိ႔ျဖစ္ကုန္၏။

The next group above the patti is called senāmukha, the next is the gumva, then there come the gana, the
vāhinī, the putanā, the samū, the anīkinī, and the ten anøkinø is called akkhobhinī.

ေသနာမုခတပ္၊ ဂုမၻဂဏတပ္၊ ၀ါဟိနီတပ္၊ ပုတနာတပ္၊ စမူတပ္၊ အနီကိနီတပ္၊ အနီကိနီတပ္ ဆယ္တပ္သည္

အေကၡာဘိဏီတပ္မည္၏။

Sena næma hatthi assæ ratha patti. Dvadasa puriso hatthø, ti puriso asso, chatu puriso ratho, chattaro
sarahattha patti.

Anikam nama hatthanikam assanikam rathanikam pattanikam. Tayo hatthi pacchimaµm hatthanikam,
tayo assa pacchimam assanikam, tayo ratha pacchimam rathanikaµm chattaro purisa sarahattha patti
pacchimam pattanikam.

In the Pācittiyapāli book of the Vinaya there appears: The elephant men, the charioteers the cavalry and
the infantry are called "the military".

၀ိနည္း၊ ဘိကၡဳပါစိတ္၊ပါဠိေတာ္၌ ဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္တုိ႔သည္ စစ္သည္ မည္ကုန္၏။

The elephant riders with the men that follow at the elephant's foot making twelve - the elephant, its rider
and the spearman make three; the horse, its rider, its driver and the four men who are the flank guards
make up the chariot unit; four men with their arms make up the infantry section.

ဆင္စီး၊ ဆင္ေျခဖုံးေယာကၤ်ားတစ္ဆယ့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ရွိေသာ ဆင္စစ္သည္, စီးသူ၊လွံကုိင္ေယာကၤ်ားသုံးေယာက္

ပါရွိေသာျမင္းစစ္သည္,စီးသူ၊ေမာင္းႏွင္သူ၊နားပန္းေစာင့္ဟူေသာေယာကၤ်ားေလးေယာက္ပါရွိေသာရထားစစ္

သည္, လက္နက္ ကုိင္ ေယာကၤ်ားေလးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္ ေျခလွ်င္စစ္သည္မည္၏။

 35

In any army there will be an elephant section, a cavalry section, a chariot section and an infantry section.

တပ္မည္သည္ကား။ ဆင္တပ္၊ ျမင္းတပ္၊ ရထားတပ္၊ေျခသည္တပ္ ဟူသည္တည္း။

There must be at least three elephants to be called an elephant unit; there must be at least three horses to
be called a cavalry unit; there must be at least three chariots to be called a chariot unit; there must be at
least four armed men to be called an infantry unit.

အနည္းဆုံးဆင္သုံးစီးသည္ဆင္တပ္မည္၏။အနည္းဆုံးျမင္းသုံးစီးသည္ ျမင္းတပ္မည္၏။အနည္းဆုံး ရထား

သုံးဆူတုိ႔သည္ရထားတပ္မည္၏။အနည္းဆုံးလက္နက္ကုိင္ေယာကၤ်ားေလးေယာက္တုိ႔သည္ေျခသည္တပ္မည္

၏။ ဟုဆုိ၏။

Comparing these statements from the Amarakosa and from the Pācittiya, the composition of an army can
be calculated thus - the elephant has three riders; there are two tusks, two ears, four legs and the tail and
these nine limbs must be guarded, making nine men by the elephant's feet - a total of twelve men as the
complement for each war elephant unit.

ဤသုိ႔ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအမရေကာသက်မ္း၊ဘိကၡဳပါစိတ္ပါဠိေတာ္တုိ႔ကုိႏွီးေႏွာ၍တပ္စည္းၾကပ္ပုံးကား

ဆင္စီးလူသုံးေယာက္။ ။အစြယ္ႏွစ္ေခ်ာင္း၊ နားရြက္ႏွစ္ဖက္၊ ေျခေလးေခ်ာင္း၊အၿမွီး၊ ဤအဂၤါကုိးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ

ေစာင့္ေရွာက္သည္။ ဆင္ေျခဖုံးလူကုိးေယာက္၊ ႏွစ္စု ေယာကၤ်ားတစ္ဆယ့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ႏွင့္တကြေသာ တုိက္ဆင္

တစ္စီး။

The commentary on the Pācittiya has four elephant riders and two men at each of the four legs, or eight
men, making the same complement of twelve men for each war elephant.

ဘိကၡဳပါစိတ္အ႒ကထာ၌ကားဆင္စီးလူေလးေယာက္။ေျခေလးေခ်ာင္း၌ ႏွစ္ေယာက္စီထား၍ ဆင္ေျခဖုံးလူရွစ္

ေယာက္၊ ဤသုိ႔တုိက္ဆင္တစ္စီး၌ လူတစ္ဆယ့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ဟုဆုိ၏။

For the cavalry, each horse would have one rider with two spearmen, one on each side. This complement
of three men would go with each of the three horses in the group.

ျမင္းစီးသူရဲတစ္ေယာက္၊ ၀ဲယာလွံကုိင္ႏွစ္ေယာက္၊ဤေယာကၤ်ားသုံးေယာက္ႏွင့္တကြေသာ ျမင္းသုံးစီး။

 36

For the chariots, there would be one charioteer with a driver and two flank guards, one on each side, so
that each war chariot would have a complement of four men.

ရထားစီးသူတစ္ေယာက္၊ ရထားေမာင္းႏွင္သူတစ္ေယာက္၊ ၀ဲယာနားပန္းေစာင့္ႏွစ္ေယာက္၊ ဤေယာကၤ်ား

ေလးေယာက္ႏွင့္တကြေသာ စစ္တုိက္ရထားတစ္ဆူ။

There would be five infantry men with their weapons.

လက္နက္ႏွင္တကြေသာ ေျခသည္သူရဲငါးေယာက္။

As we have said, the elephants, horses, chariots and footmen, the riders and guards would make up the
minimum army unit called the patti.

ဤသုိ႔ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာစီးနင္း၊ၿခံရံသူႏွင့္တကြေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္စုစုေပါင္းသည္ပတၱိမည္ေသာအနည္း

ဆုံး တပ္တစ္တပ္ျဖစ္၏။

Tripling the numbers in this patti unit of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen made up the unit called
senāmukha.

ဤပတၱိတပ္၌ပါသမွ်ေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အေရအတြက္တုိ႔၏သုံးဆတက္သည္`ေသနာမုခ`မည္

ေသာ တပ္ျဖစ္၏။

Tripling the numbers again of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen makes the unit called the gumva.

ဤေသနာမုခတပ္၌ပါသမွ်ေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အေရအတြက္တုိ႔၏သုံးဆတက္သည္`ဂုမၻ`မည္ေသာ

တပ္ျဖစ္၏။

In the same way, tripling the gumva produces the ga¼a and successively the vāhinī, the putanā, the samū,
and the anīkinī.

ဤနည္းအတုိင္း သုံးဆစီအထက္ထက္သုိ႔တက္၍ `ဂဏ`တပ္၊ `၀ါဟိနီ`တပ္၊ `ပုတန`တပ္၊ `စမူ`တပ္၊

`အနီကိနီ`မည္ေသာတပ္တုိ႔ျဖစ္ၾကကုန္၏။
 37

Multiplying the numbers of elephants, horses, chariots and footmen in the anīkinī by ten we finally reach
the great army which was the akkhobhinī.

ဤအနီကိနီတပ္၌ပါသမွ်ေသာဆင္၊ျမင္း၊ရထား၊ေျခသည္အေရအတြက္တုိ႔၏ဆယ္ဆတက္သည္`အေကၡာဘိဏီ

` မည္ ေသာတပ္ႀကီးတစ္တပ္ျဖစ္၏။

က်မ္းကုိး ...

ပဋိသမၻိဒါမဂၢအ႒ကထာ၊ ၂။ ဣဒၶိကထာ၊ ႏွာ-၂-၂၉၂

သီလကၡန္အ႒ကထာ၊ ႏွာ-၁-၂၆၄

အပါဒါနပါဠိ၊ ၁။ဗုဒၶ၀ဂ္၊ ႏွာ-၁-၂၄

ဇာတကပါဠိ၊ ဂါထာ-၇၇၁ ႏွာ-၂-၂၁၉

အဘိဓါနပၸဒီပိကာဋီကာ၊ ၂။ဘူက႑၊ ႏွာ-၂၆၈-၉

၀ိနည္း၊ပါစိတၱိယပါဠိ၊ ၈။ဥယ်ဳတၱေသနာသိကၡာပဒ၊ ႏွာ-၁၄၀ ႒-၁၂၅ ၁၀။ ဥေယ်ာဓိကသိကၡာပဒ၊ ႏွာ-၁၄၃

9. Power from alliances

၉။ မဟာမိတ္အင္အား

When there is a need for naval action, an ally who will be associated with and give help in it becomes one
of the seven "limbs" of the state.

ေရးေၾကာင္းကိစၥရွိလွ်င္ ကူညီဘက္ရေသာမဟာမိတ္ဟူသည္လည္း နုိင္ငံ၏အဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ တစ္ပါးအပါ

အ၀င္ ျဖစ္သည္။

Even though your own territory is small and has no great revenue resources, if you can place sufficient
reliance on kings of large states with strong revenues and ally yourself with them so that they will regard
 38

aid given as their own defence in naval matters, enemy rulers of foreign states with power greater than
your own will not be able to get the better of you.

မိမိပုိင္ေသာနုိင္ငံရင္းေသးငယ္၍ အားခြန္ဗလမရွိေသာ္လည္း အားခြန္ဗလႀကီးမားေသာနုိင္ငံႀကီးမင္းတုိ႔ႏွင့္

ယုံၾကည္စိတ္ခ်ေလာက္ေအာင္ ေရးေၾကာင္းကိစၥရွိလွ်င္ ကုိယ္မႈကဲ့သုိ႔ ကူညီေစာင္မၾကည့္ရႈေအာင္ေပါင္းသင္း၍

ထားလွ်င္ ရန္သူျဖစ္ေသာ မိမိထက္အားႀကီးေသာအျခားေသာနုိင္ငံမင္းတုိ႔ မႏွိပ္စက္နုိင္။

Further, if your merchants and traders have only their own country, whatever it is, to function in, their
profits will not be large and they will not be able to operate on a wide scale.

တစ္ေၾကာင္းလည္း၊ ကုန္စည္ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္ျခင္းတုိ႔မည္သည္ ကုိယ့္နုိင္ငံအတြင္း၌သာ ကူးသန္း ေရာင္း

၀ယ္ျခင္းျပဳေနလွ်င္ အျမတ္အစြန္းမ်ားစြာ မျဖစ္နုိင္။ ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္ျခင္း အႀကီးအက်ယ္မျဖစ္နုိင္။

If your commerce is not on large scale, you will never be in a position to collect substantial revenues from
it.

ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္ျခင္း အႀကီးအက်ယ္မျဖစ္ကလည္း အေကာက္ေတာ္၊အခြန္ေတာ္ မ်ားစြာရရန္မရွိ။

If your economy is integrated with that of a more extensive territory through an alliance, your people will
be able to make good profits and, because of this, your revenues will increase.

ႀကီးက်ယ္ျပန္႔ေျပာေသာနုိင္ငံႀကီးတုိ႔ႏွင့္မဟာမိတ္အျဖစ္ဆက္လက္ေရႊလမ္းေငြလမ္းေဖာက္ၿပီးလွ်င္ကူးသန္း

ေရာင္း၀ယ္ရ၍ နုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔လည္း အျမတ္အစြန္းမ်ားစြာရသည္။ အေကာက္ေတာ္၊ အခြန္ေတာ္လည္း မ်ားစြာ

ရသည္။

Because of the benefits so derived, if an alliance, which is the seventh "limb" of this state, is made, the
state will grow and be strong. If not, it will remain feeble and easily destroyed.

ဤသုိ႔ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအက်ိဳးအျပစ္မ်ားေၾကာင့္ ခုနစ္ခုေျမာက္ေသာ ဤနုိင္ငံ၏အဂၤါျဖစ္ေသာ မဟာမိတ္ မင္းရွိလွ်င္

နုိင္ငံႀကီးက်ယ္ခုိင္ခံ့သည္။ မရွိလွ်င္ေသးသိမ္ပ်က္စီးလြယ္ရန္ရွိသည္။

As we have said, the authors of the books could see the benefits arising to states where the rulers, kings or
others were fully involved in their alliances and cherished the seven "limbs" of the state; they could also
 39

see the detriments when they were not and concluded that when the seven "limbs" were cultivated the
state grew and was strong.

ဤသုိ႔ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးသည့္အတုိင္း နုိင္ငံရွင္မင္းအစ မဟာမိတ္အဆုံးရွိေသာ နုိင္ငံ၏အဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးတုိ႔သည္ ေကာင္းမြန္စြာ

ျပည့္စုံရာ၌ ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအက်ိဳး၊ မၿပည့္စုံရာ၌ ဆုိခဲ့ၿပီးေသာအျပစ္တုိ႔ကုိျမင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ နီတိ က်မ္းဆရာတုိ႔

သည္ နိုင္ငံဟူသည္- ဤအဂၤါခုနစ္ပါးႏွင့္ ေကာင္းမြန္စြာျပည့္စုံမွ ႀကီးက်ယ္ခုိင္ခံ့နုိင္သည္။

If, however, one or other of them was damaged, the result would be that the state would be like a man
with a crippled arm or leg and would never be able to be extensive or sound.

တစ္ပါးပါးခ်ိဳ႕တဲ့လွ်င္ပင္ေျခလက္စေသာအဂၤါတစ္ပါးပါးခ်ိဳ႕တဲ့ေသာသူကဲ့သုိ႔ နုိင္ငံသည္ ႀကီးက်ယ္ေကာင္းမြန္စြာ

မခုိင္ခံ့နုိင္ဟုဆုိေလသည္။

က်မ္းကုိး ...

အဘိဓါနပၸဒီပိကာ ဋီကာ၊ ႏွာ-၂၄၃-၄