CE 40270: einforced Conerete Design Course Handouts HAPTER 6, ERVICEABILITY,Pee clichra of Ceich Wiclfis . Max. creick will a4 The. Aenshon pret of 2 geam Q Kay F butt. vos 0.076 2 f Yaa (12, Zrrasaeests pokes ) c. Frosch w = Avo Ele Gin ThousstaTh inches) E - Neutral - - AX. Jor creichad cS Yang. section i : b 1 - {Steel a i ot { centroid Effective tension de area of concrete (a) 2) FIGURE 6.1 ce Geometric basis of crack width calculations. ‘4 Stirrups whe, A> fe = Steel stress Lagi YN ch = Cane, cover from RrSion fice Ge of ae obsest A Prat force, centred beta" B= Pole, for dishes fom Pension face are cteel controict neutral eis Az Grae. ares Srreureling ove bar equal A Bs? clear effectie hensaa wren ofesee Lit) 1 de27" ambe- of bang 172" Cover oe : ae o Effective tension area of concrete (beam a bx spoiemy vith ive No, 1! Bars) Example fre insynmetic ba PhameatEXAMPLE ¢ eee o.c7e A f, VA bei New eviee® (882 hevn 7 TT g h- 23 . d+ 20.5" : Ast 4-48 tars = a(o77)+ BAL in he As/bd = 8.01268 L fi: Alea be bo kei L Ee: 57000 ( Acco) 6 B.bxto? beni n- B/ee: 4/ezer 8 fe ars 50.0128 K+ 0,202 ( bulbbook 7? 5 fren if (Table Ab) kd = 0.362 (20.5)2 T42 inches Cra clepth ) Comelked \ _ aL 2 Preinspye Mee, Iy° a(i2V22)) + 12167 in* ia 0 . Tete 4029 3.42) + (BY Se N(a0.8-742) = ee is My a( 3&2 ean) (205-742) 24.3" 6 ten, 2 \ A nAr)in ; x £960 me d.~ 235-205" = 2.5" h,+ 22-7420 nee) 21558 2 tag hy 20,5-7-42 + 13,08 18.08 2 (25°) C2") = (5 in® J bac As = 0.0073 ‘ A bars 2 WN = oore (119) 243) V Casisy = Td theseth126 CODE 10.6.2 — Distribution of flexural reinforcement in two- way slabs shall be as required by 13.3. 10.6.3 — Flexural tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within maximum flexural tension zones of a member cross section as required by 10.6.4. peenteee conker 10.6.4 — The’spacing of reinforcement closest to the tension face, s, shall not exceed that given by 2 = 16(400%) 260, (104 ohare Paci Cin. but nc not/areater than 12(40,000/f,), where ¢, is the fance from surface or reinforcement or pre- least’ stressing steel to the tension face. If there is only one bar or wite nearest to the extreme tension face, s used in Eq. (10-4) is the width of the extreme tension face Calculated stress f, in reinforcement closest to the tension face at service load shall be computed based. on the unfactored moment, It shall be permitted to take fas 234, 40.6.5 — Provisions of 10.6.4 are not sufficient for structures subject _to_very aggressive exposure_or designed fo be watertight. For such structures, special investigations and precautions are required. 10.6.6 — Where flanges of T-beam construction are in tension, part of the flexural tension reinforcement shall be distributed over an effective flange width as defined in 8.10, or a width equal to one-tenth the span, which- ever is smaller. If the effective flange width exceeds ‘one-tenth the span, some longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in the outer portions of the flange. 10.6.7 — Where f of a beam or joist exceeds 96 in,, longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uni formly distributed along both side faces of the mem- ber. Skin reinforcement shall extend for a distance ‘h/2 {rom the tension face. The spacing s shall be as provided in 10.6.4, where ¢, is the least distance from CHAPTER 10 COMMENTARY 10.6.3 — Several bars at moderate spacing ate much more effective in controlling cracking than one or two larger bars, of equivalent area. 10.6.4 — This section was updated in the 2005 edition to reflect the higher service stresses that occur in flexural rein. forcement with the use of the load combinations introduced in the 2002 code. The maximum bar spacing is specified directly to control cracking. ""!5!06:10.7 For che usual case of beams with Grade 60 reinforcement and 2 in. clear cover to the main reinforcement, with f, = 40,000 psi, the maxi- ‘mum bar spacing is 10 in, Crack widths in structures are highly variable. In codes before the 1999 edition, provisions were given for distribu- tion of reinforcement that were based on empirical equa- tions using a calculated maximum crack width of 0.016 in, ‘The current provisions for spacing are intended to limit sur- face cracks to a width that is generally acceptable in practice but may vary widely in a given structure. ‘The role of cracks in the corrosion of reinforcement is con- troversial. Research! "®!01 shows that corrasion is not clearly correlated with surface erack widths in the range normally found with reinforcement stresses at service load levels. For this reason, the former distinction between inte- rior and exterior exposure has been eliminated. 10.6.5 — Although a number of studies have been con- ducted, clear experimental evidence is not available regard- ing the crack width beyond which a corrosion danger exists. Exposure tests indicate that concrete quality, adequate com- paction, and ample concrete cover may be of greater impor- tance for corrosion protection than crack width at the concrete surface. 106.6 — In major Teams, distribution of the negative reinforcement for control of cracking should take into account two considerations: (1) wide spacing of the rein- forcement across the full effective width of flange may cause some wide cracks to form in the slab near the web and, (2) close spacing near the web leaves the outer regions of the flange unprotected. The one-tenth limitation is to guard against 100 wide a spacing, with some additional reinforce- ‘ment required to protect the outer portions of the flange, R10.6.7 — For relatively deep flexural members, some reinforcement should be placed near the vertical faces of the tension zone to control cracking in the web.!%% 1921 (Soe Fig. R10.6.7) Without such auxiliary steel, the width ofthe cracks in the web may exceed the crack widths atthe level | ofthe flexural tension reinforcement. This section was mod- ACI 318 Building Code and CommentaryEXAMPLE 6.1 FIGURE 63 ‘T beam for erack width determination in Example 6. Check erack control crterié, Figure 6.3 shows the main flexural reinforcement at mid span fora? girder ins high-rise building that caries a service load moment of 7760 in-kips. The clear cover onthe side and bottom of the beam stem is 2+ in. Determine ifthe beam meets the crack control criteria in the ACI Code. & SOLUTION. Since the depth ofthe web is less than 36 jin. skin reinforoement is not needed. ‘To check the bar spacing criteria the steel stress can be estimated closely by aking th inter- nal lever am equal o the distmeed—y/2: 79 need! 7 make 7S _ m0 gy SSS Bon Ald = fyJ2) 7.9 X 29.25 — oD * (Alternately, the ACI Code permits using f, beet, giving 266 ksi) Using fin Ea. (6:3) gives 15 Ligeew) 600,900 RL s - 25¢, 25% 225 = odin, AC/ Eg, Dol h 3.00 Y By inspection, it is clear that this requirement is satisfied for the beam. Ifthe results bad been unfavorable, a redesign using a larger number of smaller-diameter bars would have ‘been indicated. ce No. 8 (No. 25)DEFLECTION OF BEAMS UNDEL SERVICE LOADS © Bean -lefleching ore a ancen Cecaue of = Caickiog of walks ard parhtrons = Viste My odyectionwéle Ss. = misolignmert of Sensifice machinery = poneligg on roofs 2 Jos dppeacks ty olefbchrn conta! Je Uniting spon A olep he rar 2. companiso- of estimakt olflctsas: wi 7h otorwble Lots. 2 Dishaguish de Aveen 1 permprecbate ofl chons hit ocene af see unin oppliatin of beret 2. time clegerlot cleLlectons Cereap arnt shrinkage) Inmrectiote. Deflection Use ebache~ teary A eshrmk sevie had ce fle tions a—anmny wid Mooat 8.7 — Span length see oh er =e tt 8.7.1 — Span length of members not built integrally with supports shall be considered as the clear span ete et 128 Mowat 4g= is “H 18° H~ plus the depth of the member, but need not exceed distance between centers of supports. Wha 1, Mposte® [PETITES se- ah Se -4e- “9 © ——-9.7.2—In analysis of trames or continuous construc- for determination of moments, span length shall P be taken as the distance center-to-center of supports. i ee ee a fer mE aE 8.7.3 — For beams built integrally with supports, design on the basis of moments at faces of support shall be permitted. — Span length fe ee Commentary Beam moments calculated at support centers may be reduced to the moments at support faces for design of beams. Refer- ence 8.8 provides an acceptable method of reducing moments at support centers to those at support faces.| K Cffectve Mecneat of ner hia ow iia Pore -Maximum memeat = My Cracking mement * Mer Lo Hers te Toe ws modulus of rupture sae —— wane Waerneke d ste hen _ a. Cracked _sechen oa Lut oe Let |e deflection Ar, Swit B64EL Fela | Fel, ' of @ bit what is the valve ef I fom moment Aly © bepbre ermening # 9 ahr ermeking Dettectan 5 Det at cnck focation = Fut away tom ernese pr enrire.beam, . Tet > Le > Lee Je Afeetive mement of inertiaa Ausing egn bas been cevehpect en bas A prectict the ebfetve moment of inePoa. ° | (fe crm ply Suyporke beenas ) Tee( Me) Tap +t (Me) ] Ey Sap ohare M3 = Max manent on the beam Me= Vee hung roeenent Lyte L foc encracked frarsf. sectra Let = FT fir cwehed trang Ceation Nek: pent uses Ty inshacl af Tap Edy Ecley Ecleg Whiesi | // J~ Compufertion of deflections clue te Live hereof / / Z tse. fis Shep pocecure = First commute Aye elie Ware Weve tH 1 : Using Zea with Ma= Mare. We (3 = Then, compu. Age clue ro Wy wigs Zee with Mae Me - 4ee Aue de Load 5 2. Lesetiny sequence ds extremely haprchan te Fir example, if chat term constuction hacks aa be Bow resubeclin path 1-2-3, Then, fhe rvmar cleflectirn encle- cheered loacl oaly woul! be an Ad Cusing Leo ,oresponcliag hMheprevions Mak hresel reached). Ahh That colevlition vf Ue! requires one chp only. cee B- In porcfeulac, heaviest harels May be Dep Leet clring constuction Cbecaue sf Shoeing reshering, che), The carcrek 0 weatastat Tris (Aye, S Crichig; Mey fe quik extensive, pe-manerth, recteciag fleewal stiffness. Tras, tater fess! had ceflctiris wrovll howe fo be exnphel using This reclucet sh ffnese ‘sual lead 2 Time 4. In.sh ot Pe stifpess at any shoge of hascligg clgerls 0 fhe prie hoctog bishey,. Example Problem dead plus For the reinforced concrete beam shown below, compute the towing deflection upon first application of dead load; (2) deflection upon first application ofilive load; (3) deflection recovery that occurs upon complete removal of the live load; (4) estimated term ckflecfen uneler leat + live. ldels Wor = Wir = 2.12 Kips/inch Cincluding beam weight) O18 Kips/inch 2" fre cottt fe gsi Ty+ 12170 int an , a c Ler= $960 int I 8 (1a2") Mer = 500 In-k seen kgs DAL in. midspan deflection Az 5 w tt 384 EL Dore 3 M, + (ort oreyligz) + 128% ins “ 3 a =o (& None ot) , [ S ay] 5600 int = ELSA in Te \ ae 3 E - 870%0[ 4000]? = 3.2 «107% Ks Ree 4 , ee (oizeorey(g2) 2 2.24 2B4 acne 0254 4 ia “ HSE Q DL abla wmaet LL v se (os)Ge2 so.’ 2th Ne pe 8 Acero: Gravois) ot OM Bere veon ” Ares = 0. by -0.1y=9-10" oa Gove der 2) 0.10 OL enty = ft sep eatin — ee Mas p Cour em) (igz)7* 593 > Mer 21 Tes ( &Y%a0ds [HE "| emo = 8195 + 1955 = 10950 4 S Answen 4) A firstepplication 5 Corrdoary* 22Oke ther 0 7 rebound. An” 24 (Zome (0550) 4 ” will see c Snateh ou es Aebeinel =H This, | f _ vte a ose Youays ony = O, 234") next [. te Parceed RE uy 4‘ in cd OT yp ot| eres oo Es | Section Strsne Sueses Fig. 10.17. Strain and stress distributions at fist loading and after k mr leading in a fexural member subjected to creep of concrete. ( Fark ans Fadtlay) Concrete creap uncle & cnstant momert causes! 1. Signifreiot merease 1a extreme faber Compression Strain 2 cleeamenine/ movement 6f The Neutra) seis SL crease in shes Con rescive wrress, Y- clhecrease. in Oncrek eompresive Shes SL Sma/ mncrente 1 hel Kesion ress, fe Gecause af chtimemined movement of 0.2. ( momert arm rectus, So Sfress in Ans. rein, prectases} 7 tke da emprica! approach po prectict hag-hem cleffectins ciel cregp Lye AA; , Ape school lagg-hrn ole | chu h creeo fohrinlarye ee eet Ape nibs! elohe coflohun ns Aya ortea amlAple- L aes g62.5] D clepencts an the clueatso sf Tha cut timed Grad anw The, amount of compressisn hel , if acy. Comprecinn ghe/ recluces creep clflestin, Thus, emp che! ns Semehmes povioke gust That pupose. 1 i i |CHAPTER 9 CODE 9.5 — Control of deflections 9.5.1 — Reinforced concrete members subjected to flexure shall be designed to have adequate stifiness to limit deflections or any deformations that adversely affect strength or serviceability of a structure. Levies Corel Toso MeThocks 9.5.2 — One-way construction (nonprestressed) D Geaiting Span-h: fahos 9.5.2.1 — Minimum thickness stipulated in Table 9.5(a) shall apply for one-way construction_not_sup- porting or attached to partitions or ‘other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, unless com- Putation of deflection indicates a lesser thickness can be used without adverse effects. COMMENTARY In 19.3.2 and 21.2.5, the maximum specified yield strength ‘fy'8 60,000 psi in shells, folded plates, and structures gov- cerned by the special seismic provisions of Chapter 21 ‘The deflection provisions of 9.5 and the limitations on dis tribution of flexural reinforcement of 10.6 become invereas- ingly critical asf, increases. R9.5 — Control of deflections 9.5.1 — The provisions of 9.5 are concerned only with deflections or deformations that may occur at service load levels. When long-term deflections are computed, only the dead load and that portion of the live load that is sustained need be considered, ‘Two methods are given for controlling deflections." For nonprestressed beams and one-way slabs, and for composite ‘members, provision of a minimum overall thickness as required by Table 9.5(a) will satisfy the requirements of the code for members not supporting oF attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections. For nonprestressed two-way construction, minimum thick- ness a required by 95.3.1, 9.5.3.2, and 9.5.33 will satisty the requirements ofthe code. For nonprestressed members that do not meet these minimum thickness requirements, or that suppor or ae attached to part- tions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, and forall prestressed concrete flexural members, deflections should be calculated by the procedures described or referred to in the appropriate sections ofthe code, and are limited tothe values in Table 9.5(6). 9.5.2 — One-way construction (nonprestressed) 95.2.1 — The minimum thicknesses of Table 9.5(a) apply for nonprestressed beams and one-way slabs (see 9.5.2), and for composite members (see 9.5.5). These mini- ‘mum thicknesses apply only to members not supporting or attached to partitions and other construction likely t0 be damaged by deflection. ‘Values of minimum thickness should be modified if other than normalweight concrete and Grade 60 reinforcement are tused. The notes beneath the table are essential to its use for reinforced concrete members constructed with structural lightweight concrete or with reinforcement having a speci- fied yield strength, fy, other than 60,000 pai. If both of these conditions exist, the corrections in footnotes (a) and (b) should both be applied. ‘The modification for lightweight concrete in foomote (a) is ‘based on studies of the results and discussions in Reference 19.12. No correction is given for concretes weighing between 120 and 145 Ib/f? because the correction term would be close to unity in this range,112 CHAPTER 9 CODE TABLE 9.5(a)—MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE CALCULATED Simpy] One end | Both ends supparted | continuous | continuous | Cantilever ‘Members nat supporting oF attached fo garilions or other construction bkely to be damaged by large Seflections. Member Bolid one= way slabs | _ 4/20 era era en Beams or ; ribbed one- way slabe | 216 a al ba uted recy for members wth normalyaigt conc roa 1a SR ane Grade 2 mersemert: Eo: aba conan a uss Shél pe modtied as ve " " Aenea concrete having un weight we, inthe range 6.720 bts tha valu eat be mud by (1.65 ~ 8.00SH%,) Cl hol ss en 08 1} Fr Foe than 6,000 he values shale muted by (4+ 100,000), enes oy 9.5.2.2 — Where deflections are to be computed, deflections that occur immediately on application of load shall be computed by usual methods or formulas for elastic deflections, considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on member stiffness. 9.5.2.3 — Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis, immediate deflection shall be computed with the modulus of elasticity for concrete, E,, as specified in 8.5.1 (normalweight or lightweight concrete) and with the effective moment of inertia, J,, as follows, but not greater than Ig Cerf Ce 8 where: Mp = a (2-9) and for normalweight concrete, f= 78 /f) (9-10) ‘When lightweight aggregate concrete is used, one of the following modifications shall apply: (@) When fy is specified and concrete is propor- tioned in accordance with 5.2, f, shall be modified by substituting fa,/6.7 for ,/f,', but the value of f,/6.7 shall not exceed ,/f,' (b) When fg,is not specified, f, shall be multiplied by 0.75 for alllightweight concrete, and 0.85 for sand- COMMENTARY ‘The modification for f, in footnote (b) is approximate but should yield conservative results for the type of members considered in the table, for typical reinforcement ratios, and for values off, between 40,000 and 80,000 psi oDdiect cs leulition af-/mnectiste. plas sushainec olef leo tons 9.5.2.2 — For calculation of immediate deflections of uuncracked prismatic members, the usual methods or formu- las for elastic deflections may be used with a constant value of Elz along the length of the member. However, if the member is cracked at one or more sections, or if its depth varies along the span, a more exact calculation becomes necessary. R9.5.2.3 — The effective moment of inertia procedure described in the code and developed in Reference 9.13 was selected as being sufficiently accurate for use to control deflections.° "16 The effective moment of inertia I, was developed to provide a transition between the upper and ower bounds of Jy and J,, a8 a function of the ratio M,-/M,. For most cases J, will be less than J, ACI 318 Building Code and CommentaryCHAPTER 9 13 CODE lightweight concrete. Linear interpolation shall be permitted if partial sand replacement is used. 9.5.2.4 — For continuous members, /, shall be per- mitted to be taken as the average of values obtained from Eq. (9-8) for the critical positive and negative moment Sections. For prismatic members, / shall be permitted to be Taken as the value oblained from Ea, (g-8).at midspan for simple and continuous spans..and at support for cantilevers. Suspainee! Clogy- term) cleflec ons 9.5.2.5 — Unless Values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis, additional long-term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members (oormalweight or lightweight concrete) shall be deter- mined by multiplying the immediate deflection caused by the sustained load considered, by the factor 2, dy (o-11) = Trs0p where 7’ shall be the value at midsoan for simple and continuous spans, and at support for cantilevers. It shall be permitied to assume & the time-dependent factor for sustained loads, to be equal to: 2.0 14 12 1.0 5 years or more.. 12 months... 6 months 3 months COMMENTARY 9.5.2.4 — For continuous members, the code procedure suggests a simple averaging of J, values for the positive and negative moment sections. The use of the midspan section properties for continuous prismatic members is considered satisfactory in approximate calculations primarily because the midspan rigidity (including the effect of cracking) has the dominant effect on deflections, as shown by ACI Com- mittee 435°'79.18 ang sp.43.911 9.5.2.5 — Shrinkage and creep due to sustained loads cause additional long-term deflections over and above those which occur when loads are first placed on the structure. Such deflections are influenced by temperature, humidity, curing conditions, age at time of Ioading, quantity of com- pression reinforcement, and magnitude of the sustained load. The expression given in this section is considered sat- isfactory for use with the code procedures for the calcul tion of immediate deflections, and with the limits given in ‘Table 9.5(b). The deflection computed in accordance with this section is the additional long-term deflection due to the dead load and that portion of the live load that will be sus- tained for a sufficient period to cause significant time- dependent deflections, Eq, (9-11) was developed in Reference 9.19. In Eq. (9-11) the multiplier on £ accounts for the effect of compression reinforcement in reducing Jong-term deflections. £ = 2.0 represents a nominal time-dependent factor for 5 years dura- tion of loading. The curve in Fig. R9.5.2.5 may be used 10 estimate values of £ for loading periods less than five years. If it is desired to consider creep and shrinkage separately, approximate equations provided in References 9.13, 9.14, 9.19, and 9.20 may be used. 0136 12 18 24 3036 ©6648 60 Duration of load, months Fig. R9.5.2.5—Multipliers for long-term deflections ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary¢. Continuous Spans ¢ 4ex+bork) For continuous spans, ACI Code 9.5.2 calls for a simple average of values obtained from Eq. (6.8) for the critical positive- and negative-moment sections, i.e. Ty = 0.50lem + 0.25(le1 + Lea) (6.104) ‘where Tom is the effective moment of inertia for the midspan section and Jey and ep those for the negative-moment sections at the respective beam ends, each calculated from Eq, (6.8) using the applicable value of M,. Itis shown in Ref. 6.10 thata somewhat improved result can be had for continuous prismatic members using a weighted average for beams with both ends continuous of Te = 0.70 hem + 0.15(let + Ler) (6.105) and for beams with one end continuous and the other simply supported of Te = 0.85Tem + 0.15Te1 (6.10e) where J; is the effective moment of inertia atthe continuous end. The ACI Code, as an option, also permits use of J_ for continuous prismatic beams to be taken equal to the value obtained from Eg, (6.8) at midspan; for cantilevers, J_ calculated at the support section may be used. rect, Ether S aire ssa TSectiva ene ene! coat. one encl <5, 6 Cratinvevs ca114 CHAPTER 9 CODE 9.5.2.6 — Deflection computed in accordance with 9.5.2.2 through 9.5.2.5 shall not exceed limits stipu- lated in Table 9.5(b) é mite 3a Nees bes oer Cack Limite on cx “Clefbofons. 9.5.3 — Two-way construction (nonprestressed) 9.5.3.1 — Section 9.5.3 shall govern the minimum thickness of slabs or other two-way construction designed in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 18 and conforming with the requirements of 19.6.1.2. The thickness of slabs without interior beams spanning between the supports on all sides shall satisfy the requirements of 9.5.3.2 or 9.5.3.4. The thickness of slabs with beams spanning between the supports on all sides shall satisfy requirements of 9.5.8.9 or 9.5.9.4, 9.5.3.2 — For slabs without interior beams spanning between the supports and having a ratio of long to short ‘span not greater than 2, the minimum thickness shall be in accordance with the provisions of Table 9.5(c) and shall not be less than the following values: {a) Slabs without drop panels as | defined in 13.265. son BM (b) Slabs with drop panels as defined | in13.26.. esesossen : Ain, 9.5.3.3 — For slabs with beams spanning between the supports on all sides, the minimum thickness, fh, shall be as follows: (@) For am equal to or less than 0.2, the provisions 0f 9.5.8.2 shall apply; (b) For am greater than 0.2 but not greater than 2.0, Aashall not be less than ( 4, t,(0.8 +e m + mnt) 36+ Hp -0.2) (9-12) and not less than 5 in.; COMMENTARY 9.5.2.6 — It should be noted thatthe limitations given in this table relate only to supported or attached nonstruc- tural elements. For those structures in which structural members are likely to be affected by deflection or deforma- tion of members to which they are attached in such a man ner as to affect adversely the strength of the structure, these Geflections and the resulting forces should be considered explicily in che analysis and design of the structures as required by 9.5.1. (See Reference 9.16.) ‘Where long-term deflections are computed, the portion of the deflection before attachment of the nonstructural cle- ‘ments may be deducted. In making this correction use may be made of the curve in Fig. R9.5.2.5 for members of usual sizes and shapes. ROL — Two-way construction (nonprestressed) R9.5.3.2 —The minimum thicknesses in Table 9.5(¢) are those that have been developed through the years. Slabs conforming to those limits have not resulted in systematic problems related to stiffness for short- and long-term loads. ‘These limits apply (o only the domain of previous experi- cence in loads, environment, materials, boundary conditions, and spans. 9.5.3.3 — For panels having a ratio of long to short span greater than 2, the use of Eq. (9-12) and (9-13), which express the minimum thickness as a fraction of the long, span, may give unreasonable results. For such panels, the rules applying t0 one-way construction in 9.5.2 should be used. ‘The requirement in 9.5.3.3(a) for jy equal to 0.2 made it possible to eliminate Eq. (9-13) of the 1989 code. That jon gave values essentially the same as those in Table 9.5(c), as does Eq. (9-12) ata value of cj, equal t0 02. ACI 318 Building Code and CommentaryCnAPIEn’ CODE L COMMENTARY deteravnete Oniedl on pul gervice looted, pus 7 ft TABLE 9.5(b) — MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE compu DEFLECTIONS G've. bot "ype of member Detieaton tobe considered Datiection iitation Fiat aoRs nol upporing oratlached oron- | Vrmeate deflection due olive load L Fr cural elomants likaly to be damaged by 280" farge deflections _ “Fron nok eupporing oj atached fo nanstruc- | Immediate daflection due t Wve load L ‘alelomentsikely 10 be damaged by large caso Getlections _ _ ‘Foal or oor construction supporting or “That part ofthe Total defection occurring ater Fool o: feo nonetuctural slates ikely tobe | attachment of nonstrucural elements (sum of canoe Sgmaped by large detlactions feu eae Gaeta a sustained damenee e tlecions __1 ace anda mmorlate deflection dua to any | — Foo! or floor construction supporting of epe ool or ie eneuctural elaments not kaly to e2tonel lve loa) eo’ Se demaged oy Targe deflections i vd salen’ aoa pond, Poncing Saad be Gacy pale scaling of facing ee detectors o pended ri ta ended Sea i iB wena onde, comber, constuction eras, and reliably of provsons er erenage Lgl tec a a mount oi dition calested o our bolo tinct stan er eect al be eer hala ceterne on ass feted onginoatng cata ang 0 me-elecion cera manors Sm io hose boing conatdored So ne eee Cucnesed f adequate messures are token fo prevent damage to supported or alas oars S Lit sh oe ragaed or nonstuckral elmer. Ut may be excoodeé canbe sprevide so tal oe daiarson minus carbar coos nl oxcoud ti a TABLE 9.5(c)—MINIMUM THICKNESS OF SLABS 4 WITHOUT INTERIOR BEAMS* Loan'ts Aepend 00: wean’ [wma — 4) ay heer mennben 6 <1%hsched! xteriorpanels | paras | Exterior panels | panas Wirt Wiha wi A mactachien! e.lomenhs ‘ge | ase io" | caae soot tee] [eH _ a) sukether The conctrrchtes! cooco| 33 | 36 | 3 | 36 0 rerme (areas eve | a Ce ee Gkety % be. coo | % | & | 8 | 3% Bh @ | a |4 | & & eine geet, roo} 2 | at | t | # | | * For wor eonivvcon Z ate length of Gar span i he long direc ton moawured lage lace of supports iy labs witout Beams and facetar foes chbsame or cher supports mother eases Fer f betwoun the values given into taba, minimum tikness shal be tried by near ietorpalton. 1 Fro panes as defined in 13.25, | Sate wth beams beta coluns along exarioe edgss. The value of ey forthe edge beam shal not be les than 0. (©) For am greater than 2.0, f shall not be less than ) 1{08+ 28 * 500,000) (o-19) n 36+ 9B and not less than 3.5 in. (d) At discontinuous edges, an edge beam shall be provided with a stifiness ratio ay not less than 0.80 or the minimum thickness required by Eq. (2-12) or (2-13) shall be increased by at least 10 percent in the panel with a discontinuous edge. Term é, in (b) and (c) is length of clear span in long direction measured face-to-face of beams. Term in (b) and (c) is ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of slab. ‘ACI 318 Building Code and CommentaryTecthos ke Example 6.02 Deflection calculation. The beam shown in Fig. 6.9 isa patt of the floor system of an apartment house and is designed to cary calculated dead lead wy of 1.65 kips/t and a sex- ‘ice live load w; of 3.3 kpsift. OF the tol lve load, 20 percent i sustained in nature, while Operon wil be applied only ntl over ie Hof ie svete Unde fl ead And live loed, the moment diagram is as shown in Fig. 69¢. The bear will a ‘truetual partitions that would be damaged if large deflections were to occur, They will be installed shortly afer construction shoring is removed and dead Toads take eect, bu before ‘Significant creep occurs. Calculate that pari of the total deflection thal would adversely affect the paritions, te. che sum of long-time deflection due to dead and 00} | 2-Ne9iNo.20) — a-NoeNagm | | “/2-No.3tNe.28) 2-No.oiNe.28)\ | tenet gent | (No. 86) 2 ~ No.8 (No.28) 2=No.0 (No. 25) = ontiouous i + 25.00" | a Sur . amon seamen 12.25" aeeee | 18 a (0) {o) ——r— 7 py aay re A ee TT es oe i 5 ae Fpl Sma ig sige rae @) (eo) Sowwtion. For the specified materials, E, = 57,000 V4000 = 3.60 X 10° psi, and with E, = 29 10° pa the molar ao n = & The mods of upire f, = 75 414 pr Te elletve moment of inertia wl be excl fore mont dlgram shown in Fig 69 corespondng toe fl service on, on the ais hat he extent of eran Ve gverel bythe ful servigg To rer og at tent Tn pose IBomnt repo, the centroid nk of te untae Tsason of Fi. 09's foun ing mene toute top sac, to Be 7.66 1nd nd J = 35,160 i By ier | tei the conics of ts casks usage son sow nig. 694 lod | S5YER Sl meta of ean TS TURD RTT takng moet ine fond | bymean of (6: mb we 1 =f 2 5 ips ee: fs miclspan Meme Ty = JO : With Me, = ‘he cet, te tS ioe ain a te postive region is found from Ba, (8) 0 Be 1, = 0481 x 31,160 + (I~ 0.48) x 10,860 = 13,120 nt Tn the negative bending region, the gross moment of inertia will be based on the rectangu- lar section shown in Fig. 6.96. For this area, the centroid is 12.25 in. from the top surface and /, = 17,200 int, For the cracked transformed section shown in Fig, 6.9e, the centroidal axis is found, taking moments about the bottom surface, to be 8.65 in. frm that level, and 1, = 11,366 in! Then shoul have: mss 7p) URUK bending C4823] < fle Peete 78.5 6.906). ae diet $3160." /42 000 24H LE 26 if PreeSupport mmeental ving M, My = 555/298 = 0.247, Ths, forthe negative-moment - J, = 0.247 x 17,200 + (1 = 0.247") X 11,366 = 11,450 int ‘The everage vale ft be se in eleulation of detection is Ia = (13.100 11,480) = 12.285 it LIS24) Tt is next necessary to find the sustained-load deflection multiplier given by Eq. (6.11) and i Meee Tee i aioe winreccoprenten sniceemee Neeaea £96.25) conan nem the acecon of he nee wie fu ess ie a of 4g tiga sreyonting the momen dara of 8 il bs fone Making a ea ee 3 (23 sue B[2 wo sn en) none 7620 “Hn = 220178 agp —A2* (unit Conver tive ) ~~ 3600 X 12,26 nn hi gr ut edge ein ea efi (ny (fhe to hat oad fet the parions) igen banegus nN reg zz dese clea defi for dee 0898 25 200 = 0359 He 7495 ON hile the som of the immediate and ine-dependent deletion duc to the sustained portion ‘of the live load is St Bik ~~ GO OM 20h gushatned teow = 0298 x 22 x 005% 390" 01095, the CD41) olefl and he instantaneous deflstion dst pplication ofthe shone potion of thee load is ga gust awk, Sans = 0298 x 2255 680 013859 195" Gh insfentednesns “Tos the total defection hat wuld adversely afet the patos, fom te ime they ae insted ut al lonine and subsequent instantaneous defecons have occured, is, 4 = 0.199 + 0.119 + 0.159 = 0.477 in, i adele these. For comparison, he inition imposed by the AC Cade in such cicumstances i 1/480 = i 26% 12/80 = GSD in incating tha he ffs of the proposed members acest, _. awe rma be noted hat raively litle error would hve been inodused in the above sls sion ite crock secon moment of inera ad been used for both pie and negative sn pe rate th Siiiee savings in omputatonal eft woud he resi 1 MI, sles han {se of would almost lays be acepable Ie should be noted fae {he tat computation ofthe toment of inet for both unease and cracked sections is realy felted by design eke tote faclded In Raf. 615. Phebe bhi OCC a eA ae) Az o2b« 23 Linm. bine) +4 mee #8. p bienig Lt i ; 0.298x 33. =3 20 105-26. (Bustesinecd Lae) F aa 6.098 x 16S x20 bust _oltcict ) ial L i 4.98 ee ‘ a = 0.19F+0,0994+0.197 2 0.479 in. . Sage AS Pewee