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to c

(6 5)

Houwink, Mark
x zZKM

--

t
to

rel

sp
c

ln rel
c

IUPAC

rel

Viscosity ratio
Relative viscosity

sp
red

log

sp

) c o

ln rel
) c o
C

()

Specific viscosity

Reduced viscosity
Viscosity number

Logarithmic viscosity Logarithmic reduced
viscosity
number

Intrinsic viscosity
Limiting viscosity
number

K , k

kKJ

Narrow W
distribution

log klogmlog ( )

KJ slop

--

[ ]WJ

Random coils

sp

( r 2 ) 3
= 0.025 N A 4 / 3
C
M

( 6 6)

WRadius of gyration

r 2 o = b M

KFlexibility factorb

W(Viscosity number)
--

sp o t t o
=

= A + BC + C2
C
toC
o C

(6 7 )

KC, B
W(Huggins)
sp
C

= ( ) + k ' ( ) 2 C

{KJ {

W
ln / o
= ( ) k 2 ( ) 2 C
C

KZ

WJ

--

Polymer Fractionation and Molecular Weight Distribution

(Sublimation)

K
K

KJ

J K
K

Concepts of Molecular Weight Distribution

Kx {{{E
F

W(Number fraction)
nX =

(i)

(Wx)(x)

Wx = NxMx

--

NX
NT

(x) Mx
K

(Normal (Gaussian distribution)

(Logarithmic distribution)distribution)
K(Flury Distribution)
K

Fractional Precipitation
K
K

Classification of Polymer

Classification Based on Sources

Natural Polymers EF
W

Synthetic PolymersEF E
F

--

Modified Natural Polymers EF

(Cellulose Nitrate)(Cellulose Acetate)W

K

E F

K(Films)

Classification Based on the Chemical Nature of Polymer
W

Organic Polymer EF

F
Inorganic Polymers E

(Silicon Polymers)

(Poly Silicates)(Glass fibers)

KEF

--

Organic Inorganic Polymers EF

KK

--

Classification of Polymers Based on Technological Aspects
W
Thermoplastics EF

K
K K

W
K

KEF

Thermoset PolymersEF E
F

K
K

Elastomers EF
(Elongation)
(Resilience)

K
J
K(Tg)

--

Fibers EF

K K

E
F
KEF
Adhesives and CoatingsEF
K

--

EF

EF
E{{F

--

J
(Nitrile Rubber)
K J
(S.B Rubber)
J
(Butyl Rubber)

EF

J
(Butadiene rubber)
J

EJ {{{

E{F

W
K

K
(Arabic Gum)
KJ K

Acrylic Adhesives
Cellulose acetate, butyrate, Nitrate

Expoxides

Synthetic rubber

EF

Polyisocyanates

Metanoplast,

Phenoplast, Uroplast

Polyamides
Polyesters

Polyurethanes

Polyvinyls

Polysilicones

--

Classification Based on the Structural Shape of Molecules

Linear Polymers EF

K

(High density Polythylene)

(Ziegler-Natta Catalyst)
KJ

F
Branched Polymers E

KJ
(Tm)
K

EF

K(Low Density Polyethylene)

--

Crosslinked PolymersEF

(Degree of KEJ F

Crosslinking)

(Thermosetting resins)

Classification Based on the Homogenity of Polymers
Homopolymers EF
K


CH

K CH

--

CopolymersEFEF

KK

KK

(Copolymerization)
FKKK

W(Styrene Butadiene Copolymers

--

(Structural units)K(Homopolymer)
K(Terpolymer)

K(Impact strength)

(Copolymerization)

(Brittle) K

(Cradking solvents)
K

Styrene-butadiene Copolymer
K
Terpoiymerisation

Styrene-butadiene- ABS
Kacrylonitrile copolymer
K

K
--

K
Classification of Copolymers

(Condensation copolymers)(Condensation)

K(Step growth copolymerization)

(Addition

copolymers)

KChain growth copolymers

W

(Free radical copolymerization)WEF

(Anionic copolymerization)WEF

(Cationic copolymerization)WEF
(Classification based on structure)
K
W

Random copolymers EF

W B.A

A - A B A BB A A B A B B
K
Alternative CopolymersEF

W
. A B A B A - B A B A B
--

K
Block CopolymersEF
(Blocks)
K

Block

Anionic

block

copolymers

condensation copolymers
K

Graft copolymersEF

- A - A - A -A - A -A - A - A |
B
|
B
|
B
|
B

Composite polymers EF
K
(Heterogeneous)

--

K
W

(Dimentional (Strength)(Stiffness) J
Kstability)

K(Impact strength) J
K(Distortion temperature) J
K(Mechanical damping) J
K J

K J
K J

J
K(Glass Fiber)

K
W(additives)
KFillers J
K J

--

EF





{

x Tensile
strength
(N/m)L
Flexural strength
xELF
Flexural modulus
xL

LJ x{
Impact strength
EF
EKF

K J
Plasticizers J
K
K
J
K

--

J
(Fellers)
Composites
Fillers

Polystrene

Styrene-AcrylonitrleCopolymer
Polyethylene

Polyethylene
EF
(PVC)
Expoxy resins
Polyurthanes
Butyl Rubber

Ehtylene Propylene - Rubber

Polymer blends EF

K
K

K
K

--

(Chemical Classification of Polymers Based on the Reaction Mechanisim)

W
EF Step growth polymerization
(Condensation Polymerisation)

EF

KCondensation polymers)F

(Functional
(Step growth Kgroups)

Kmechanism)

EFChain growth Polymers E

F
(Chain reaction)

KEF

(Unsaturated)

(addition polymerization)
K(Addition polymers)
Nomenclature of Polymers

Nomenclature Based on Sources

KPoly

--

(Amidation)(Esterficatin)

(aromatic (Urethane forming)

E{FKsubstitution)
KEF

W
J

(Functional

(Linear polymer)groups)
K(Cross linked polymer)

Amino

acids

WKHydroxy carboxylic acid

Dicarboxylic acids
EDiolsDihydroxy-Compounds

--

Cyclic

-monomers

WCaprolactam

(Interlinkage groups) J
(Repeating units)

E{FKNHCO-

K
K(Addition polymers)

By J

Products
--

K
E{F

KPoly Urethanes

WDi isocyanates

(Reversible reactions)J

Pyridine
K

KTrimerDimer
K

HO R OH + HOOCR COOH
HO ROCO R COOH + HODimerK

W
--

HOR OCOR COOH

H(O ROCORCO) OH + HO

HOR OCOR COOH + HOCO R COOH

HOOCR COOCROCOR COOH HO

HO ROCOR COOH + HOROH

HO ROCOR COOH OH HOK

WM

M + M M (dimmer)

M + M M (tetramer)

M + M M (trimer)

M + M M (Pentamer)

M + M M

M + M M (Hexamer)

M + M M (heptamer)

M + M

M (Octamer)

M + M M

n- mer + m-mer (n + m) mer

K
--

EFChain growth PolymersW

(Chain growth mechanism)

EFK (Initiation)EFW

(Propagation Step)
(Termination Step)EFK

Characteristics of Chain Reactions

K(Step reactions)

KEJ F
K

(Active centers)

K(Initiator)

Life

K(Initiator)
time

Steady State

K
(Kinetics)
K(Induction period)

(Retardants)(Inhibitors)

--

WJ

Comparison between Addition and Condensation Polymerization

--

J
W

W
K

Polyethylene oxide
W

--

(Poly (-EF- amino caproic acid

Kaminocaproic acid)

K (co)

Terphthalic Ethylene glycol

EF
Poly (ethyleneglycol co terphthalic acid)

Wacid

FK
K

Poly (vinylalcohol)E

Poly (Vinylacetate)EF
KEF

Nomenclature Based on the Structure of Repeating Unit

E
FK
K

Sebasic acidHexamethylenediamine
W

--

E FW

Poly(hexamethylenesebasamide)
W

Poly(ethylene

EFW

Kerphthalate)
K

Trade and Known Names

Diamines
Nylon

Carothers

FE FK
K
E
- aminocaproic J Caprolactam

(Repeating unit)acid

K -ENylon F

--

(Phenolic resins)
K K(Phenoloplast)

(Polytetrafluroethylene)EF

K(Prespex) (Polyacrylonitrile)EF

--

(Homogeneity)

KHeterogeneous polymerizationHomogeneous polymerization

K

EF

Mass or Bulk Polymerization

K
K

KPoly ( methyl Methacrylate)E

F

VinylmonomerExothermic

EJ F
F Depolymerization

--

KEJ

WJ
K

--

J
K

K (Heat transfer)J

J
K

--

WJ
K

J %

oC

--

EoCFK
EFK(Conversion)

oC
(Extruders)

Continuous K

Kmass polymerization

K
K

J K
J

KBatch Polymerization Suspension Wise

--

WJ
K

--

W EF

W E
F

W EF

K
--

K
K

FE
F
E

(Autoaccelaration)K
K
Solution Polymerization
KHomogenous polymerization

KReflux

K
K

KK

(Precipitation)
K
--

CoatingAdhesive

applications

K K

K
K

K

Continuous system

oC K W
KHeat exchangers

Chain transfer to solvent
K

K

Stereoregularity

Dielectric constant
K

Suspension Polymerization
KSuspension

--

{Droplets

K(Suspension stabilizers)
(Suspending agent)

K
K

EFPoly (vinyl alcohol)EF

KMethyl cellulosePoly (acrylic acid)

Kaolin

Magnesium silicates

Ca(PO)

Poly(methylmethacrylates)

EF J

J
Polystyrene and rubber-modified polystyrene

J
Polyvinylchloride and its copolymers
--

J
Poly vinylidene chloride and vinylchloride copolymers
EF J
Syrene-acrylonitrile copolymers
(ABS)EF J
Rubber modified styrene acrylonitrile coplymers (ABS)

Batch E
F
Continuous systemsKsystems

KSemicontinuous systems
K

K

Glass lined

E
F {

oC oC

KJ

AntioxidantsStabilizersAdditives

ExtrudedPlasticizers
K
Emulsion polymerization
Heterogeneous polymerization

W

--

Micelles
K

EF

KAlkyl sulphonatesAlkyl sulphates

WJ
K
--

HydrophlicKCritical micelle concentration

KJ Hydrophobic

L-J

(Swelling)

(Dynamic equilibrium)
K

WJ

K J
J
K

--

J
K(Coating)

K

W

J
K

J
K

J
Redox initiator

K

(Buffer solution)
K

J K

--

{
{
{
{
{
{

Component
Styrene
Butadiene

Emulsifier
Mercaptan
NaOH
Cumene
hydroperoxide
FeSO
NaPO. HO

KE{F

KChain transfer

FructoseK
K

KLL (Ri)

K
--

K

K

K

K

(Micelles)

W

J
K

L L

--

Precipitation Polymerization

KGas-phase polymerization

--

K

EThermosetting resin)
ESoftening)
K

(Films)

K
K

Melt Index melt viscosity EF

(Melt Index)

K(Melt viscosity)
- -

(Molecular weight (Branching)(Crosslinking)

(Flow Kdistribution)
properties)
K(Rheology)

(Melt index)
K K

K

(Containers)(Pipes)(Films)

K
K

(Flow)

(Newtonian fluid)(Newtonian flow)

K J
(Flow Rate )J

K
K

- -

K
K

WJ
K EF
EF

(Melt Flow Indexer,

MFI)

KoC

Compression Molding

Phenol Formaldehyde(Buckelund)

KBakelite

K(Thermoset)

K
- -

K
(Mold)

(Molding powder)
K

KL

K
J K(Crosslinking)

(Cold molding)

K
(Fille)
(Binder)

WJ

(Thermosets)
(Alkide resins)

(Epoxy resins)
K
- -

Requirements of compression molding

W J
K

K
K

W J
(Curing times)

W J
W

K J

K J

J
K(Erosion)

K J
K W J

K
K

W J

K
Advantages and Disadvantages of Compression Molding

W
- -

EF
K

(Strain) E
F
K

K
K
W

K J
K(Cycle)

J oC

(oC)

oC K

EJ F
oC

- -

Injection molding
K

Plunger injection molding EF

Spiral Injection molding E

F

(Cyclical process)

K (runner)

K(Injection cycle time)

J
K
Plunger injection molding
EJ F
K(Hopper)
(Batches)

K(Heating chamber)

(Torpedo)

K (Nozzle)
- -

K
K
K

The screw injection molding

E
F
K

K

WJ

Processing by Extrusion

(Die)
(Pipes)(Sheets)EFW

EF(Coating)EF(Rods)
K(Cables)

- -

J
K(Screw)

K
(Screen)

(Die)
K

K E F

K(Hopper)
K(thermocouple)

K(Heat transfer area)J

(Feed region)

K(Metering region)(Compression region)

K
- -

(Metering
Kregion)
(Pressure valve)

(Screen)

K

K K
KJ

WJ
KDie

- -

(Co-extrusion)
K

K

K

K
K
Blow molding

W(Blow molding)K

(Softening) J

K(Parison)(Pre-form) J
K J
KJ

(Injection (Parison)
(Extrusion blow molding)

Kblow molding)

(Parison)

KJ K

- -

WJ

EFK EF
K

- -

Injection Blow Molding
Extrusion Blow Molding

K
K

K(Blowing pressure)

K (Parting line)
- -

K
K(Injection molding)

K K

K

K
K (Cycle time)

K(Multy cavity molds)

(Parison)

J K
(Parison)

KJ

- -

WJ
- -

Processing by rotational molding

K
K

- -

EF

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS