‘evident ta tnceputul dscutel parugenfaal reapootyy In seopal kadtarile exnyale alo rence sl Ge uyara,eocepeotaten. Teteroccliei ea earacter aromatic aint trata In nell ‘cunongtert problemelor fandsmentate ale domenialui, Aw font ‘li nceste capitole uni colorant, medicamente, pteeum si wait Littl inele hetrocictce. ‘aural si proteinele, draft deearbon st eltera lase (erpenoide, earotinode steroid) snt yrezemta sub “centile, de autooontrot al insuirit materataul, a sista fecd- a fost formulate o serie de intrebe recapitulative bazate po uprins in text. Alp itrebiri au fost formulate im seopul a Audits gi imaginati, Pentru uncle Intrebie,cousierate mat ‘au fost date gt rispunstrie eorecte i fire cit. “Taoaren fost indi, coneeputh al redactats ea in tot unitar, te publica inten singur volun. Nessie des tpt dud ‘aproximativ egale a impos tmpiyivn materilul im dou Tn volumul 1 nu fost meroduseeaptolle intreduetive,hidrocarbu- comput ale vor geape fonctions contin mama Iesitot simple oxigen). ste capabil si Tormexe legitush mip (ent, aot) le eror grape funcHonale contin earbon (comps Shoei et); de ascmenca aw fost ineluse capitlele tratind. despre Jou earcter aromatic unit pray natural, it mulfumeso celor ce mau sprint a realizar acestetn- rind adwe tnljraetcolegua meu a tng. The G. Dinu ‘ajutoral dat la definitivaren manusesiutoy devenarea igt- fl mat ales pentru observatile ute & competente, ‘rol dr. ing. Tain Pogany, cont. de. ing. Aurelia Ghen ‘ng, ocian Enescu le maljamese penta sugestie date 9 ‘ere tu contetbult ba elaeBientea text. Hana Birbuleen st eunmatet mele dr, lena Avram, limatal de tnfeegere si afectune pe éare Lou. eu ‘oestel cre. cUPRINS 1. an Maroc ae epee 2) Hire cen Segoe - Traut 2 stmt samp nal (2 ST parte i act 23. Kane eats GD. 33. Towa coated ; 24. tert coment 4) 35. blare oa aestte ace ()- Tana). >= Rapti na ee a nan SS Uh a agrmears a sy see Ree 4 ar cartes pena inate ae mete as Pagers sarees om oor soa anes Ste Sear Semin pe eb ten, rhe iene @ ora aaataa'bo ‘5A. Strucard, Proprielttcarnctercce ae leghtrlorstple (9). er ae Gerearmas cab eee em Be 45, Ppl ee 10, 6 Re tle hon a ae, Ite Gt(00, ear. Nemes (30 Ppt ratte (50 ven esha (39) eS SE Dinaae_ 69) lel, EL "tf 038 Fm Ayn ac cna (61. Tact pon ant tame! erect (2). ae ence Be sae 0 use coc Qe. Pea de abate» yon Citar. Somnath 2) Sours Propet rcs Sito ce snes nat 0) etn ri rc eas W'Sare au Mani nsmirate pes cinren sts 19. A Popeater). Act al sn 7) L le kad uy contami cx mete CD) eas ttt 2 ‘Ame 9 moe 2. (pests eerestn un. ica a Stein ther QM, Mata de ‘ia ropa! ce 20, Rts a> eet 0. ne 9 peo os eae tet cote ‘Guster. None Strat: aa cesta 8) ae Sr tte st ase ous (2) Mriede de Bete 020 NGS itunes pote ire Yataen tree GE) Prope tae q nna abe gta cols 0) ae anes pelinatars Scot out inten (60 Cae oy, Pagar destin en ete 307 Moe pre NOM Bete. sen en Temp amare, 08, Potene cates ea uel ent aarp C2. iss ate Os Int 0. 4 {deat mee mone 20) Bo Aico meter mao 37. 13% Ime Salen ater Ie Gets 1 Vase wpe eto eeu a mann pcr 0) Seis Ton emere all nie mole 5 YEE Dene ste tema a ec petther 88) ranae 98- 1 Coulee mt Saiee “AE ole = promt 980) SE, amples oot) TE Inter (7). (orem. ent, Atria 8 tT cna meet. Ensen. Diels OH.pues 0, ee mainte le G7. “ptr news scarier (3, } reuseable oil “Goats: Dutra 2. a G00. if Mn ces ttt ai | oso de cop tla ae "Sth lab Meee spn Se computer mga (2) SEEN hg, Ronan sme tga recite ermal tl spa abst (8). ci SE (48) S40); eis SLM ELM rent Frat a ah = Mt cero str 0, et ost csr sent (9 rs ee, Pot ae are “One Nomenoatrt AS) Ppt cect (2. ste (8) Met 8 ote ses fetes oo tri, Meee ue emant prrna " ‘ic 3 te toe eee ARS, nont ana rete tie nt ponte “amet er oo oot (4STRUCTURA COMPUSILOR oRGANICL ree pi fatal return com Inoeputurite ini despre coxa ce nurnim. nica organic ine a Frnt eubostelor epee Respective eu pine ka legaturte ante ator tears struct comapusitor enganiel ma pot fr desparite for chime. ‘Trebue remareae ful ch totugt cimisti sits formlee Sugiat cavecte prvi sructura majo “ryanictcaniwcat, en tad line We9 jumdtate de serol lagerenataritiogaturior chimee ce uoese stent ‘Teorit din perie anterioard dein rit conceptubut de ean. La finial “secoltat at XVITIa, Lavoisier” conaldert eubsta f'n formate din tadicall"compusi™ adieh din grup (6,9 sau unger Cente Se tratsterh nechimbate 1 urate put © nti esr dedicat compet” de exeimplu radiata bens ECO vallyO, ldsonrete In aoca epoch se attibuia carbonulal ren routsten stomieh 8) in eomprsul nnit {HO (lal din mngdte nate), in lotunt {i avaial boraniy Cyl COOH’ (volat din “ae adeuieneny pein. tans re exist {Hf umire teats asta ‘eat, inotivele espe mal sus) im alcool tiie, (OH, clorurs Ge ell, CE, —Cl ete. Descoperrle din domenial electroehiniel, de ta inceputal scot ula) NIX ten (olfinerea metaelor aeaie prin eleieains, Davy, 1807), di ps In evidef existent ee ion posite # Soni negntivi, Aceste real fais eluate de chile orgenied a inspeat primele eoneepti despre natura forfelar ee nese atu inte ei. Aste a lu aete teria le reeeiadel Sau ore aatiod (Herzl, 161M). Potsvie neestel ort serail tmp * it tras ate et pin forte elettostatie us (1834) ek un stom de hideogen (leer fox deer (elector fe te aba) ongamieg 28 desta TUE tiara {Geshard, Tamrent, 1818). Nowe tele considers deja ub ‘Mantel organiee eu mite consttuc(lindividuale (aoleeal) $1 ate to FRuLint ajay into vom ordne sun rigid tere, Tria on Garson ae Tete bts ia natura forjelor eimice care uese atom molec. Than oa mat 0m ft progree pie inc pies ine ‘organic, bagate pe fenomennt sufetitiel.ompusll otgunil obi eat ente tutfgst incadrat it amuate ipare ern Huron, Ges ord, 1852), in care un yradiea compas” inlocnieste un atom de dro dentin nniecntcie de WTO, NH HC, Teoma tipuloe Introd ‘Sills organic ues defunct ebiod sat_grapaSuncfonal 8 de “Teri diy perioada entenfei. Tn deceniul dee ijn) seculula a XEXten fan predeat ourle de oneepht Doi hate pe observa Speen Ee day omnia to ea ie ‘Mlebiltate sh pastrat pins ta lele neasie, Se reeunoagte importa “Napacttifiidesaturaie aa atnniltatea”, adil wea eoulerior sa num Yaltoi cao. ruprietote fundamental, atomior (Frankland, 18 Give dot mal Gg (Cmigauro, 1858) se sabieste masa atomic ar ‘atu tn 12 4 a oxigenafal la 16) nu 6 2 8 eum se credes ianite eens gt Segara ant at sora Binp ecapronpo jumbtate de secl. to aeclagi an chimistl germ vc elulé sabileyt.teewvalenia tomb de carbon, iat ehimlstal waster pack algmilor de carbon dea seh Couper atrage atcha asupt capaci Inte esi forms de Lanjut sau een, Aig legstur nro in nity in chil, dat soso fae {Up veal mal iain (Simba nae de valent ‘Shorganiy find insh wllzat in mod eronat Itc a struturt O-line lar Dosinnil de structu 3.2 im plist ei asaya propmetaqion rubstanjolor a fost dati de Built {Eich amo op inane ot deere ctdetraetuen at inves, stetura oswlna propel e eeConfan noi teor srwetars: chimes este deft de fell, tnirul ‘Sireintite reciproce nie atomit moleeuel en alte euvinte, de wods de eeare'alstontior intre ek Teoria trustait nu foee refer Ia nara Fegitwnlor cc unese atom ier chy dar Te wcordS o Important czas cu CEN ineas atomor componen(t at moteculel ‘Teoria structarit preizeaxS eX molecule formate din acclas fe om de-atomt (eu seceng formals moleeulary v3.1. ¢) Th cate Huaflte reproce Iatre Atom sine acleag, slat Menice. Molectele fora eT: mer parte i in ini chime dient tee eu propia Hee Mdfttes Naeto kz prev ian de nmi teore wa iia pin asta. ‘Teoria ease m rruetart ne Refomen imma ks Womeril ce au n= in inrma ing dierte 8 ator Sateen cadr une moleeate, eat dear on li lswoyeriteunor forme de omer (¥-izomerie optic) ere au, fexpicate de teora reructutl Inform ef easiest 1a ga uli nse spatial af atemaulut de carbon. chinistul olsndex Mois inependent ehinistul tracer be Rell” tu anal 1874, a jira atonal a cava tetra ‘aleute sale orientate i cot ma os om, aes, ie sod weeometie al hel relat avind stomni de ear in entrul sia, Atal edn atone varbon st la aga wlreochiet (ster = pa “sn Unb greaet na cia epetide, en eaptol a totied dst ce ne reer structural react itaten compile in futic anjaren in spat atomilor meen Primele deeenit ale secoluad al XXden marched ineeputal eel ior descoperiss priving structure stoner. eaultatele acest des iviroice leg ait ewtild pentru ingelegerea fenomenelor eimice, dest sab am ete, incompletty erte wtizatscurent in chia orgies vp sprue sc ciel tt cot tcc sc ‘ ma hie sg ys Hain etn! rk ‘Teor electron strveti Prima imagine despre stoma de hidrogen,cempus dintr-un nuclew gy eu hrc post gun electron cu sare negativk, a fort Whit hi sstemat planeta (utherford, 1811). Se coosidort ek electro pte cu arent neat, se rotate in Jura! ncleul, parti Matin posits peo obit cieenar en ragn y. BI este mening 1 a - echilibr, i migenrea sa pe orbit pe forta eentitug, egi en forks rr cunt ocuoal Gauss Someltar SHEER. snlyate (eae TepaPARStromalut entem -t (in care m este mas eleetromulu,¢ este ‘itezay raga orbit create); pentru intreaga orbits cieulats UiSher, Conform legion eletzodinamici elanee, ea orice particu co Sneiasicteeh in migcare, electromul a tre i emt radii Imsgueticr, plein energie, so roteanch pe orbite eu raze fn ce mat tales, eoutopkndys final en nucle. ial atamulai de badgogen (N. Boke, 1913) pos tpleat Ct ronal pe ont fo aa pipe chile perm ae ‘Grormmnmentehetice int” taultipt male cotstantel Tar "Planck, Ke Gemre— nin ce m eptexinth numéral cane printpa, un OU Ineeg Cu yalinle 1,23 ete. iar-h ave valuaren 6020-402" ergrs sa fe as itil Gu age 2 9 te. a ae Tasch orbitlor permite, pe care ponte eveua ectronul, Pentru ston Le hedrogeny ruse aecstor orbite sluts ry o= 0330-403 Fy = 22 Hot cary ty = Ao1G-10-* cm clens raporlal- MerPerry este 1 24": eer 1e> (5a, Beeare obit corespund, taal anit mee de ner ‘Fes car valour eet proporytoualt cu) Eleetront, Targets Pe Shr ene go abate, cee. cals ea ‘anu elton de pen hive! de shetyle inferior peu alvel superior fe eideten aa feveninenleetohal de pe wn aivel fnferioe are loc eu emise(raditie) le energic. Trani peta aint permise nial daca se asoarbe sau se emi ‘aaumnita camtiate de eninge (o eames de energie, ho) a cite Yaloa ‘rebule sé conespandlt cu diferenta de energie ntze‘ele douk nivele AP pnt contr in edn eral neon Ht ‘in freceufle strane pt cal el dye vl in Papo en tvlalcal mat irae in energy nuit laren fundamentals BU modeluai atonal de Biasogen Tul Hobe, fort efeuute ‘cotaie orbiter, raza sh freevenfle spectral aft, care ovine ee SUishte deermincte experimental ‘ta omit cu wumst atone Z mat ‘move vind del ma ta leteoal hu pot ft obinate date cantitative ‘teorin electronic tnind seuma de orindutea,clementelor in sistema peioie(Menlelcer, 1804-1871) td ein chimieh @ raglor ‘ie suufeste, pe ze empire, unee eter eave st kx buen ordi TShvomtor in'dhara fovea de eeetront a atomior mus gre. Con form geese! for ekectroni egvese pe mal mle ivee a einer energie fe deter do antral tal can etoile SRE gar in uo eetron) ge (Got cet!) ocupa prim SEPP de devine complet in hella; cotiquatia sabi pent per soa int eos dubltl de ectrout Eee Semen {Patented pesodi,eeetoni se ores st tna doles ay eau enrgie mat mare dest primal Aceta oe eompleleash succes eia 2, Strectura compusiior organict ‘ite un eletoony pink La pt eetroni, fn elemental ak ecules canal (We,"Cu‘propriedate de oe mrt fell, Penta eementle inp {hah pom contigarfia elects stabi estate eletronh epiod Cu slomenta st mixprezscle, soi, Incepe completes nivel He euersie superioans, Ay ane ingot Are opt electron, ba ntl wnt, weep aa nti oe 8 2, Teor bi, llc hain Hab cli ome a nit goal ee rack ia emir fa be ci ia. ieee en er cadena Ra On ae eS a SO car ato cde i Hiv kr celilalt accept electeouii si debe configura wee wd sit sink trap inte ol prin forte eletrstaton; in magtre o eletane- ide aod props pega ecteoraenta sone") ‘ea det dow eale est in com cite aul dee tron aa fiscare atu portigpaee elon}; fa naytereo gitar de Alot lect at lg event ‘ tn eo do atom care partilp 1a formarea eovalengel a i avvonfigurtie election de gaz ere (dublet pent valu, le exenplu). Logue eval formats fn jurul drogen, wet. 2, Structure compugilororgoniet 28 ast Zee en mar nga Sansa erp eet pea ini ‘at a nein esa ener ag enna en ia hoy eet Bind tens sen de mes Gah £210 oct + AOD, Fe a ea arMtzoste NS! sh tant oto ‘iat aah ‘Aci al tare * Dash tne — Ald sb v5 coeent ta a ened at (teen Gea "rete MO, sede wei, elcy 2. Structiira compusitor organict ge a ee ae oa 1. Bern napartcipant Ait ace Tai apt’ corn tice, "Beorin ehectroniek defiteyte sub mumele de electront nepartteMyaah ersten aves aa int re og, fame see ww rea Tan parte inapatipanlt poe hun parte Ia formaren de Igaturt dovatente ea atom eu defi de eet {eon (peoton sau molec eu atomt ca octet ineomplet) "Teoria clectronied (N. G. Lewis, 1823) ‘as 0 definite al larg & notion de ald st Ina, Cin aol esto define ex nt campus eapabil st aceepte 0 pereche Ue elestontlaro bath compu eapabil se doneze o' pecehe. de ec tfont Hste event cio bazd hw's te i fa Troe, ceea ce ‘Ste vali @ pentru scat (Acta Lewis not Eni oat, de ex A Gi," con otecie eu Stor} custet inoomplet ea BPy AICI, BAC). ogra covalent format ine bad un acid Lewiy ut legate ‘i se deoneette fisie de alte covalenfe ea dirk USrprcinedst anierl Ge nae st perce de letron os formes ‘ovale 1 ro ape { jonul HE ifn jonel BFy Tegitaite dintre atom sint echiva- Jente ita ele. In primal eva donor de cletront (Dasa Laws) este n0~ hhseul'iar inal deal dolla ca, ional de Paneat. Legtuleconrdina tive wreararterdipolat. le s0 noteagh wert aat= ieptat spre ton eteptor. Act tema art m3 tt me Lae ein Spe Uo 0 ot pent 2 Structura compugilor organict taketh nepeeepnet 80", W's > I EnCOO 14h, in Syren te isrton en maces e EPeageef came ar scores Polaritatea une Iegituni covalente_se_exprimprin_momente! decries tipslomentid Tegatur (ea il male) Maman cere el ae ca, abel min nt ss pent ea a i panies alse 4, Potritatee motroueor eovalente, Yn. moleculele-nepolats ‘mate din atom diferith central areiilor positive eatespande et eel ‘Sreinllor agave. bx imleette pore, aceste centre ny ra ees 9 Inoleenla aren moment leciie permaent, molecule devine polar. Mo ene lr melvin teptesisama Veto momen igg ale legitunlor alt mnleeult. St depinde de factor! geomet. In Imoleule ch tetricorura de carbon, Oy, datonth-simetrct molecu, 109 io CH,—U1 poluitaten logitur’CH,Cl na este nalhilatt 9) Inala are moment lecrie, = ,88 D. be Ae “a A ea a us ox ©os 2, Structure. computor orgie rat soled sa ses a moment de feta Aste, bn ‘ anata determinate lett epertpnis a a0. arta mtncctan sens econ legatartor Nitya 248, D. fh setument In ae en efcte muses contra; ese compensa feet tee ee (o> 38) iE ounces leghtanur_eslente in molecu engine sponte ai ate capone cis. Se uaa pentru acvania Fee ears sro sla ere Atom poate pa {iva oP Tsp hades © jwotonul apes de exemple: pets nr et en potartate negate vor fa G43 go — oxo + % 6 eps de dectron to egitar covaene, Sarto oat ante etn et ign eon Ine agai int teal pre Sena aE Peat monte hae ieee rn gt de eB Matt atom de eatbon. Deplasaressletronor wel Teg coat pee uaa Stunt ce tueyte fet induce we notes eu Z Pfc PBiletiad exatcnad in rupare afoul de hidrgen Tet covalent Iigatur #0 Bee Sah [Ati sau grupele de atomi cate contin elemente electrogatece i cary nt mal atfightor de electron det idrogenal 4 nuDeNe ge Sedigtonre de etron’s foetal ateigttarde'electroot se natetsk & coat erate cigeathcal cane vet indrepiat spre ato aeigaor “edome Ato stu rupee de ston care sine nal putin atagator ‘letrontoeit hidrogeml {loa eo refer) reer ect Rept ene “s KF, Stedgttor de electron, engte eu mnieea eleetronegtl ‘Mai In pesiguda aa efoetul-—Tereste cu mrites oumsrulst ato witanoaata fe et sncina lear positied crest, electron int i paterie tray spre acted respect). Gh Nigconicr In cul yet supe, de exemple tect —T ene ati mi Ie eet muaigel atomic ste mal mie (eu maven yolumulu, atrsetin nucle (eitegorass deonreee strate intermestiate seeutie at nucle Grape ea tart porch intteag, 2, Sinctune compusitr orgenit » XR, vor aves efvet —J, de atragere de electroni, puternice. Bfcete nes ngs aa grape a varin pid een {inal RO" (arupe OH are cfc) grape seh (etl tl n gene fal tet, Hy Becta indetiv ae transite in eaten int 1a postinatis fei atm de eaebot, de estempl eaten ‘f. Legions wutipe, Logics dubs este format, coutora to ei elton, die dg pease We eletronl oe Tete rip in re ‘perce de ection Th tno ete be Raprenntd prin dow, respect ret linge de venga subneloginduete ent repent lee ‘om xe nptennts prin pute numa electron epartelpan Dx De os X ge Deplanir de eectroni tn togitar dude 9 triple. Teoria electronic proved ponte hgaturle mulipe (mater de efctal indactv) post ‘tea deplaskit te pereeh de eleeroni spre nul din ech dou etomt Jogiturt (efect 2). Trebuie aubliiat it et teorla eleetrouel nu Tac ‘lferengies ine ole dou ty tre peeweht do. electront at legit rnnitipte. Se diting dont tipor ve deplas Depla trea total de ceetro pre gta, de oblee, eel mat ectrontgatly poor Bimele de deplasre de sectront dénamioh sn fet retromersl se noteat sub, Ho" Atorl eave pimeste eletroni capt 0 sarc eg ‘ie Intrenga fr celal atom, mas ex an sextet de electron, dee de ‘tar fn electron, va ave o sircink poativa, Deplasares eletromerh dis ‘nies are foc mumok in cal ane eft eh, tn poze, Unt rea int care delerming scessts deplinare totals [ie eererePractanty), Un exemplu cask teoustituie Tene ional de cian, “CN leitura dubia carbon gxigen di eraparet. carbon. Pixaresfonului Nt era car af omy cu eo oe el font ai duble rgituri C0 spre atom! de oxigen, mit eet ulterior are le fxarentnud proton cedat le HEN (ot etre de deplasare de clcttoni in logitari dubs saw tripe: const into deledere periatsn clettonon spre nul atorok. Neasth dep ne ote permanent test hn molerult nse el faamnentay ‘Shona ul reactant Ha pnts ume de deplasre de eectront sateda0 2, Structura compusitor onpanil fn formularen curentd, deplasinen sali de nobuten’,yrapele CH, respingitonte de electroml,produe o goer feplamre, Ui) a electautitor Tegetue able spre fuparesmargala Cie Depwlsates ‘totals aloe ln prezenja anal eactant, de exenpla lt ficaies nul provn ta stom polaaat negate. algae de 0 fa steme cu nae legituel dale tre omitting deplastele de electron st mi promimjace, Electron ‘cues pani inermesiae, age mu mai corespund en formule prin care ce Mabotacant moteulele. Ck asifel de elect nuit irk mecomer mt ect te congener dat aa lar i er C"tarenl despite, postive al nezatve, earespunain de lamice de vleeieoal. Dupd cam ea ardtat, deplasarcs ike coretea tol 2eactat, fv enevalrectil strue Sorespauaitaare acestor formule (ormeturd Hmia) nit exist Ine. {nolo reat parti electron ete intermedia inte cele ‘camtate prin formes moleeula are Meter mesomerd_(aie20 i mies, mee —- pate in limb reac) Etre formule se pine sem- ful unel gai eu Geek espete on simbolalimezomeret (Fe Amity 1821). cacao Giyct= or-d, e+ diy ‘Conjuguten este un fenomen general in ssteme en, mal multe logitur evens legiturd ble satel eu electron neparticipar ccnp apo eta erbotit ptf repeentn pin smn ‘Faomenul conjugate ileal octal profunde gi va th dtiventat pe lang tn expatolele ummabtoare. sich Inve compas x oudulatoie pi tiuaitatar portion und prin celeree ecu yeah me: \ 2, Structure compugitor organi a taming se cmt atm nal ae poe es ‘pn Seen pn ea 3 Sanpete epee cn i at forma oe wi saree te vas sw aug ne opera una (BA Sprarne ‘Duane rasp enti tate um de mp nga). at tem Fria seta ied acs angie Sohn a es aha oan pr es fala Sie pc cua rt te mal areang ‘oa wc at aia we eeu maa mar lengli de nd devine npr cou ar Beas nat te Hi ra fe ins mace on a ay, be Sern re tan aac ae a da, new SOS se ma Sito gue comle reni miare con, arpa tr moe ner anemone Ete escaping a weer lyin conan So LA WE ig eon es fn sistems mneroscopicelinitate, de exempta 0 era de view, ‘ibeaile sin refletate Ta inrgiie sistema, #1 pein inairen dou Tnde (a eator ungine de dl > indeplineste condiia, wi — 2% ne esto an nude titre in seria Ty 28 ete ar, Tange sitert fr mater unde stafionatee Vibratia crespunaifoare pentri » — 1 se umgte ibrefie fundamental; celelatc Vibro se nunwse ermonie heram punete de emerge iaximd (antinodurt eorespmmzia nit alin ‘punched energie neo din eauzaSnterteren(l (uur). Numarul nok fude'penirnovitrajio le orintt este egal eu xt (i. 2.} 2 Strvtury computor roti iN Panien clectron, un sistem vibrtoru siroular en raza 7, conform i ontalatort extn condita ex pernnetrul orbit ie utr tte Fu ane t S euatla de’ ee saat aeons oman eagles i eter comet arc eater ae ene Spi mtd omone Sep! Sees ne eee pee ht nb ean cat a at apd ans eee et eens split Sta ceca a Ronn es Seeds eee earn ar i EB a SSS fire cotespamte tin nore elroy a steal densitate inane este expr Considering electronal in migcare cx mnt stationar tvdimensi Tepestuts anplitudiven hel electronice, Kevolvaten eta as, prim integrate, duce la valorl semnificalive ale fune(iet de und, pen aie ale ae erate ft lor peopl, leterminte de smmeree enentice principale mn ete). Ateasth caracteristiesinelde conceplsa euamtcae (in eee tree Ih ite purines veleriate pinto wminith ener vomit, in Gare esial-caw nit ace probable Wee Ett ele TBVWattinee dec, fecate, cite» stnre w electron i aTome 2, Structura compuyttor organiet - or rnaLeatiee ale coyote! de und ste determinat “Pentru n= exint sigur venisth pat ea dee, umarl sol de nul annem lee al ae deen ingur obitaly pente n Grbtal pentma n= 3 ext 9 orbtal te : | | 2 | 3 | 4 silos aumewieeea |r| 4s __ Hungate somos scpansod_ele ind ae hekcogen Wt orbital i, aceasi m au energie. xn 3 en quo a1, hal i ae mena enh 2 lal alae ert pmtere tee Race teen oes | BoC sae tet er tania mee aes aoa 2 ‘simbolurile 2, p, d, uate din spectroscopie si cu literele alfabetatui, een Ty Bet rai oy a oon el ov cunt aac thse tgs Q@@ee9 § ef ® © ® Ee @® ® 1@ ihe tei Simavineritaler atomic, Opal + aa, sutse erie cu onli aie facut Were Orbntl are deste, lotro ucla atomic in cmt do nA, demi cu ta‘Stractura compuslior organic! se cet cama ras GLY ei tn ls ie a ae sea ies la ly eta et fe ee ae eer cia A {i reprezentathinfunctie de distanja Ping de auclen pein curb din fg Be, (* Ox Pie 2 ~ Hepmntaren erate Simetra orbital p este diferits de cea a’orbitalilr ‘Orbital int formula de obice co. dous ors de Juma apts etre kas ae Sia Sree nol ‘ "| i’ | if bre 26 — patra emt i mae “ea eet Orbital p sit orienta in spa in ditetia celor tel axe de coor: donate, Se dating orbital pq py Pentru claritete vor fi reprezentat fiecareseporat decarece i 86 strain eu orbital» (ig. 21) ve a a a Limitele orbitalilor nu pot fi trasate exact. Orbital im, oar spat in care oxat cau nl mare probate dew gas letra 2, Structura computor organi % 4 . Ragt tn cuperen cu eodroni a orbital alot ‘rin oSapatta cf lets! arial ntl e formeasd elementals stench pete, Aaa re le eypetarea uo regal ana ‘un orbital poate fi ecupat de tas i i (Prinepiut do exefudere at Tut Pau, 1025) opengl orbite- oan ame gece epee aige erates eas sabetias fy deck orbital p gd) se cup tal tleare orbital al ee ees eee cE Faas wet sot mm SEETTH | fetttl sttt puoroepee= s¢¢he¢eeet thttetet 34, — Ontos eile esr seit st 1, Orhitalt molecular’. Legiturt eovalente Intro reprezentare simplifica s¢ poate imagina formaren une ua ie ca Sm ace ly Un electro, print-o apropere lr I pati iru apropiert a dv atoms, lao anazivh datanl,nueele fier ato fap sh exTe anne os » 12 Structura compusitor orgenit ‘ite atzactis aspen norutui de estrous celualt atom sonal tr hese Intrepttewd Gin ein ce mak woul, Mail Hvtrepitrundert ieeMtctermnat de rasira nuctelor. Se aj ase tao distant £ ae, 29. — Nagai ete ie Shanken te Ce ‘ni ups care incep sk ae maniteste resplugerle intne nucle. Aces duhanty(dstanta Ingerauclers) corespunde Tung! legituri coven {er (in molecula de hidrogen ea eate de 0,74 A) Curba variate emerge in Tiport cu ditanta intenstoule pentru hidrogen este redat in fhe. 29. ‘Poult unes regull generate, yan intrepatrundes oM oe antes oy traci det Tezaro prin Oi on gt ere heal o fare de resplngere rg. 210,~ siwle eo a {he de anogtand sno "set lente prin inerepitrunderes a dol orbital atomic (egiturto,). 8 mnet frbital eu im obital p(legitark og) sow 8 dol oAalt p legit zy, sh Togturt =) — “Leplture oun Orbital stomied s a simeteie seri. Prin iniceps- Arunderee acento result an orbital moleeuTar > alungit (ex cin dru) don langul axel care uneste co} dol tom, Orta do antler ‘re fori pain tutes (Cg. 2.1) 2, Struct compusilr organil a ‘a intrepitrumlereo orbital atomic, in coral format te aun, eR es, a cape e sit ma ma ee bea caer ehitabor ent ml avant (le val, Q Oe orem rst oem 0 tng 1931), 0 fegaturs covalent exe ali mat egbis eit catiaten de daetyic ea ices in formar et energia de formers lpr ca SaeTtge-"Hste evant ed leguurive In mehr formar 80 del ‘es energie sine in nrc im enengl, eet mai sable, verge were Era petra cs giana meri et Taree cape sa cate egals cu ener co oe eben friars fecaturc Chverl de formate legatuat in moteeta de hidrosen etka Ae a a ‘gtan o'rayy Orbitalilp ax dali dia spain, Us fngcopitnderes fun tals peels al wal dn ob asi, ieedte de Tengu ane de Topi la celllelt we mieynensS. Orbit de anulegitursy din ces respinger, are wpa dn Hot In forms tori i. 2 ae 2h — na de etn yf eon oy ntropitrunderen doi orbital p-de-a lungul axel formesz. Loa are 2d gen teks hem ite Toi use rene antihegarsig. 213)“ 2, Structura compupilor organics Lagitari x. 0 a gene a ttl! p viento parse), so pot ntrepltrande la alto hgatu Pe anata ge 2), 38 ae gets penre scuparra ox lara enitalilormentrt sta vs uti ep etna ea ier, ‘Peau Ora de ntiegtar 9 un > repent spleen Malina cae of seupte cu lero in ede mnt le moe “Oraparce eu eieetfont x ofall de legadura. urmeastaeeleagt tiie, in acest ear Ins graviterd tn jarula dou nce Cet dot q final cre caph ca oc molecular oot ssp fy {ty "Densiatce esronshnmstn ipl ne ote ook Mio cn pret pe exer fren Cea ma avorabit be atnge prin contopires all 3p. Orbit safe! fora Crd ine aria ues” rbital ibid fennel este dealt 3 c"Riner! Mat). Orblal hiilsal ne i a frineags inte et unghurt de 90" (a “ipat ste sod de hie ‘Orbital macular hibridivel ai earbownta. Yn atonal ber de eae bn. cet patsu-alteunt ue lena ae af evpartisal satel dr eee (et apt ops In-ota 20h os eleteoa obi pee una In eS 2, Structura compusitor organict A ‘hears eu spin parse. Su influent atnilor eu ea econ eoyate Ridroges rat Ata ese por contop a ain ee el 98, at Aes Ee eens | wee | ee f et eet er a Bat ie a i r sus de cautan ier st im diesite sei ae ‘ioritsare sp? (traci). La formanen molecule de CH orb cata a ata earn ee a oe or tale Postial dp (eu energle ma are) x forma impred seer inte Gh energetic gr geomet, numeri brio ta ee hidare opt tdewareceprovin dinc-an ort «(ol ori pielan UA compouent vx ouenta Porta ea hibridire Sys hit mt sarc In ener ia are dest ‘Stunt pentru aren [eit energie te promonare sent fara Ie ae trateres oritaito, Tx Tornasea, Weston eovalente (e Bia ae formar leit se oie, 2.16 ane repnezenta cite uno din co pate bial Bn sigh PE akon in gare C“HL gape th OC 9 PP ra 21 oni tet item oT) OAD e etna CI ah, 8 td —€ ei pote onal hibrizal apa atonal de estbon sn ore tation sel mat metre od pon Aceulta eorexpue He 2a cP unui tetrgedr segulat tA ceal entra eas ete ese dear itr) Coen tize axel a dca 9p? (Lats The inte ele) ete de 107 (105). Teria mera nani ade at Eh muport tortie seta telradie al ttm de earn, propos fe wun Hot ach In anal U8TO (7. § 2A gitura covatenté simpli CH fe spry dot a speap, dort siete Stina orton sp em? ea Sota Hrs tar anu adel Teedtarle au hangin definite earaetensie a umtnesrveae Oer ex birearbune saturate CH car ae Oot Kiar OG, 1H a eensHimtttt nrtidpet we stata hv ae opt We 218 — Gonna etal Hg 218. — tears 9 Cg tt Sana ‘Ribridiare sp (eigoml), Prin coatopitea orbital 2x al atoms: I de carbon ex doc orbital 3p fa nagere tet orbital brainy. Aco ‘aso names orbital ibiizayi ap deoarece a formarea Lot ait parti mal do orbital pun orbital p rime nehibeid- BAe, Orbiter Hint mal sarac in energie dest oma op (ig. 2.15). ‘Bian staan seal plan fans lor fanmea Inte ole unghie de ‘Lor, Orbitalal nobidiantp (mal bogat io energi) oat ite-un pla Jerpendicalar pe lanl eslorlalf rel orbital, ex un lob deasupen gt unl ‘edboudtal ase plan lg. 2.10 Un atom de sarbon hibridin pt apace tn grup metil, Oy care ‘ae tol agar OH o spe gym orbial 73 acebta ponte f vacant (ato: ‘ttion) sn oeapat oa wn feston (rai ber) tm compan at alr ele ‘ate dont carbons, hibidznren p* ete carctorticb entra IH Hodritivare op (igoosls. Prin cootopiren orbialulul 22 cu wn ‘ingur orbital p tau mayere dot orbialthibvidizat sp (i. 2.20) tana Aovorbtall p edie (6g. 2:15). Orbital brief ep sn clin, fungal diate a iad de 180° On dot oetallp nelibidiatt formes CED ae eS Gaal ne ‘mtr of unghlust de 90" (cle din oritaitatomici). La compasit carbon uh ws atom do carbon ca hibridizare ap aparo in metilenn triplet (©. ‘up. compast halozena) ta cago atomal do carbon op are douk legivurl G=H colioore gi dol orbitalt nehibidizat orientagt ortogonal, ov fo olte un electron (ig. 2.21). z 2, Siructura compusilor organil a Bnergit de dimetere Teoria mecanie cuantleh a leghturlor cov. Jente demonetreaah oo frmaea tune lgitur covalente ttre do atom ‘lps ser Ot nap beg ots mes, per “ia molecule biatomice nergia de diocire a logstuit este eg eu cenengia do disocire molecull (tabel 2.3). En piss (i ver mele Materiel) mpd cae alm 21a)2, Structura compugilor organics SoN onto 1188 piel ns sg tebatcrene rants eters Le nt i et a tet a cn cena teat nh i er diet ae i pre ache pe oo Son eee oe eas pets we ear cet t woe et teem oder sie epee gael anaes seater i at Roti a Hydra (Despey nodal de determinate al energior de legturk v, Tertno- REE an Led cnt prineipalelor sa esrme: vowyens be AeMACHE Ror: MOLLE Porte dere fate moto aon nepolre inn gener lore eve pal rior sy dr ann emo rats a aren ity saten soe ind tan ne oleae devin it ae uoost,moloase im mize rp se ase 1s i ma iy mast anee de lee faunal Feapree sat mie. 2, Structura compusilor orgonict 8 Porte intermolecular de tip van der Waals exist intre molecule ptr aaron test ale tt tat re tiarireswuprafeloe de eontaet ponbite re molecule, De atwrs panetale ie feehere le seator subntange crese eu eimea, molecule respeecy (tnt moleclara. De-ex- meteaul CH, eu, mash molertlart 16, a2 PLL 161 lar bata! Ci, eu hase mien. 98, flere ls 0” Porjle de atratie Yat der Waals mein # eperiunea nize molec tale co compan rele eristaline molecure’ lo find tlabe Hi energile Aeron tnt mich De nen punetele de tape le aeetor: vee erste ‘molecular sine weizutes de es. CH are pat. ~ 18, butanl ~ 158" et IMajoritaten substanfln? organiceflerb gt ae topese pint Ia 360" (Pesto cet eraperaturt aloe descompuner). lee irscie tntre mateo cu moment elesrie permanent (moleenie polar) sit mal puternice, fd de tipulforfelar de frac “ipo. Punctele de frbere ale acestor molecule tnt mai Tiieale ‘deci sie tniet Mdrocarior en mast molenlart egal, im eare-atrctile ‘int numa de tip van der Waals. De exempla, aeetaha CH,COCHy ea fase tolecalar 58, flere lo 50 iar Duta cu aceeas! mash molecular, Herve kn 0 kite! cde pe fara (nrg ree) te ears ere no 00S tt a bet cen Ieee me Tele Sn pn ma ges cm ae PR ee eos ee eee ane eae ica Soh ea nea gee cece {tell aor de ulroge din grapele funcional stn one eee es eae ee eee ieee ame naan eet salle GOW Here te Ve lar omer sty dnetieteray CHOC aa Inerenard oy iis tia ee 8 Mrwth Expl emer preston“ 2 Structure compusilor organict SN aS, ee ee eel ‘eC rier some nl de cov? a sri ea te a ee eee on ape ee ea ose ToT an ae ee ae ma LOBONS, (CHOyeOy, CHOON, CHLOE, cen in tai tomato his mae spe are Ty ‘ yaa nee tac ep x~crt=ct +1? aout, +11? 46 24 Gare it soma care an ta ter mecmicranee suit Sat et pealngs © ms sata ‘evocation Sey cars ot ARS SSI pete cecvonte eat az Be cnt et sens a et nt a St i a mitra aed wi ite? = EMapemenat seb prenbe £0 alam dl ssa pet, tm fede de ea (2EE cele eel mea lege Se gu i a nie tat epee» dt fe 2a Gos nctan ge ie 9 ar cae Ps iE ga tt apo cho SG RMA veut tetrad mace CEN, CCl, mC 0, CaM, OME, CHG, Cetra? 3, MERODE DE CERCETARE IN CHIMIA ORGANIEN, Chino oni tot pram, deb inspite deg anor ean detain pate pers bjntea intra Hefei i fails dette ntacers abalone marae co Tinind de concepfiile fundamentale ale teoriei strueti potrivid it tuestevubtanel determi propre fice Bilge deren ale seman sompeor anzit SRE tt xs so eoptse fate eae essa prism or Sleni. ioe ea a deer eat Fenrds WU stabiitesgrudulsl de pate al ubatanjel se fa Itnor proprets fisce msurable exac,eare pot fl exprimte prin val Imumetica Aces valont numeri represiaeh opustane fisice le sls pe buea eitora un individ ehimfe poate ft distin de oneare aul ‘Tle eanstante frie a la bax ca fenomen fe, existenja un one de atmayieintermoleeaiar, do ex. punt de Clerbere, ponctul {opie tolubivate ee a ‘irioo ox la bia modificisttemporate (ub dite forme) tle energie legitusior distro ‘omit component al molec Ute! ale Torfelor iatramoleclare. le Tepresintd. inegistrares fori uct propel lectromaguetica (spectral intraros mu vib} oe prope maguetioe (apectrul de reronan mast duct espa), aul electric (dipole) sat opt ((otapia planalus lamanit polanzate) ete. Acest grup de constant fx ‘aructerution ae substanfeh, whee dae Hind conser ‘Paine arent” loos (U0 ex petal infra) "y Bardicarn, Suetonjele organ. pute pris {nid}, eine (lide of eromatoerteros in uneloazun ek Se "pea ou Pare pris ere na zat po deren ex presiuale de vapor! ale componentaior unt amestoc Thi "Teuperutea de fiebere sau punctul de Tirbere (pt) ropresi ‘temperature In cate presume da vapor! Ueda este egal eu pres hes amblanta ba fierberen uns sabstante pur sub prostine Coastal“ 3. Metode de corcetare in chimia organica se aboarbe «dara fri x temperature sistemulul xh yarieae, CHldune ‘thorbit (aldara laenth de vaporizae) reprints emerge e en [pentru invinge forte de wtractie diate molecule cata ta treet. Instore de vapor sa eorepunde ew diferente incre ennsin citi (de mire) a moleutor fn sage ich 3 ea hn sare gael ‘Parifcarea prin crnalisre se sea pe diferenta de sotubiitate ‘substantia cad i rece, ntran amumat dzolvant pe propretten farcieristiety ersatelor ie nu htlude rabstente tai th momenta {rma or Qh eeateren ui rsa pe fede sale xe dey meee de ‘eeagt fel, Impurtifile se indeparteaes ta fanetie de slubitate tr fn Aicotvantel ater ek Impurities mat grew soit det cust ‘le se indepirteart prin fitrarea solujiet cade; Wack sint nal alae, lo Fini aiznvate tn ichidul de ertslizare aio tum). dupl tl? frarea substan ersallaates La ental faction acete pur Ui prods ecundart de resetc, Dob presets neo importa na mare chiar deett produc majortaz: Operate de purieany pia crt ‘ave se repetd de obit de tat multe or, png end tele constants tice, ae'ex, punetal de opie, spectrle TH, HM ete, ale sabtanfet nu tal ‘ora "Temperatara de topte sau punctl de topie (pepe. ne mature care ovubstanta cristata ne tanstonnd bras a near, Hi. La substanfete pure, ea conespande eu Panett a sla ‘Punetal de topes a substaitelor impure este de oblel tat sehaut deci al subwanfed pure: Punctal de topire mist nre cantiie yale do fbstang care au edlasi pat de taper, dar snk aiferte ine He ete fe patin 10" tat acizat dest st ubatanget pe, Panetal de topire mint inte un preparat puri un preparat de cola fe dar par feu punet de topine mal actaut dest petal va ‘ven vali internediaze ti elo crete pe min ee n rms opera Ate puniteae, subsianfa devine tal anlar "a topitea ne substan se coum eldunt(cdura Intent de topire) ‘care femizead.toleeueloe vat hail Wintto rea erst ‘eervin sietiednecoats penta ivinge forele de rei (ehergn poten {init fete), adiakfortle de atrcte tiermoleclare fat teFonce {ier fin"putieae in posite fixe, ordonate ule reel! ral Parifcaren prin cromatografie eae utiliza, sub diterte variate, peniru isolates 3 purifcane mibasaglr lehide 1 slide fete eroangraice oar prinepil ausorbfe anwestee aos 4 substanfe peu adsorbant(colid sa Heh 6 desrbti feee! eat onentey separat Logratia lchid solid (cromatogratiopo_eolognd)_ conti tn ears eom{ive amestcul de sta po elon impute fn abeorbont sols dex, onid de aluminiy mau bigaid de aca mort 3. Melode de eercetare tx chimia organicd e {oat ei muni rm fe wae sua ematograti dy gave, se nse pe repartit mogile sg salotat a ine o tar etn stayionaiy opin e-o oa, ea supa e Ugh ee purr ste exe oral clean fam mtn deit olouna se mentine Vefmonatat tao saul tempera ot separare componencelbr. Componente tm vty st be nt os {ster pent fe tar, one pated ual prt a fepeda i ut trenate epee lesies a ennand Prevent stan Iesirn cto, 46 eeunongte eu detcetore de difeteUlpurs poss ‘a lgaturk race de inplifenre x inegitrae auton, care sri caste ale ctor vapaftte int proportionale eu antittes dosent {Gn promente mofue). Metoda seep entry dost aie pent fepanan preparative Stetodct de eromatograte in tral subir eronmogrtie pe hei, folosec dept fut stajonart In pitt eda tn sara ndaorbnt goed slum at siieage de elternfeutiuat de mlimetrt, dept pe pled ae nat den cia a sa iia filtro). Americal de substanfe se depune tun pune star) sv estrone {ute 8 ple (au hirie), apot plagh cau hirtn ne inte Ie Scope coninind 9 canta mick do eluent: Bizet nntrensad, prt Caplaitate, en vite diferieycomponentele sinetecuas des sor Ja thtodele cromatogatice cate caracteriae tpl te, Flint (fe) Bldepindede loan, tempera, mal putin despa lal {chide ear) de even tented neha onen intotdcou rnd se Aescre 0 astfel de eromatogtnmg. Metadele eromatogratcy testes ‘uod eoreat in pictienLaboetiaareor de chime ongaey presi ava Sseporie eantative st doz tii emit! foure' mie! de substang Sables competes et-sudatante pare: Compsita uni sub stant ow determin prin ince amaliiee be pe ‘dere tals ‘tanatin produ de-anter Analise cementaréeanttated, push a punet de Justus von Liebig A830) 4 perfostimath pentru nical de ¥: Pre U0i5 pecan cterminntesconfautahil ih catbon Hl hidrogen. Meta cutie, : ‘abstan pars (3 mn) {i care tree un earn de oxigen si cate se i azent oxidant (oxide eupray eromat de phim} ell ty r-utelo meted nat nn tubal ate gol teste ills late electri, 1a 800 In uceste candi, extbon st hidrogentl dssubsfee Sngaee st transtrmateeanttativ in oxide earbon septa aifesnt cape in vate de advo ittite a prea. Uiah dn van tie ahorbqle este ump are con ha dn va fae it oer aera pa le pe ‘cron. Aroini be dovcust dupé metods Dumas (1851) prin amdetes xu stantet in presen de oxid de expr, Un enrent de blonsd de caren neat naotal degut su fr ‘ada (azatometeay, np strojine bios deeashors Din vol ‘cunts ni