I HC S PHM HU

KHOA TON

------
BI KIM TRA
Mn : Rn luyn nghip v s phm thng xuyn 3

CC MI QUAN H TRONG TAM GIC THEO

SCH GEOMETRY

Ging vin hng dn: Nguyn ng Minh Phc

Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Th Nh Trc
Lp : Ton 3A
Hu , thng 11 nm 2013

MC LC
LI M U ........................................................................................................................... 3
GII THIU CHUNG V TC GI V CUN SCH ............................................................ 4
I. NG PHN GIC, NG TRUNG TUYN, V NG CAO. ............................... 5
II. BT NG THC V TAM GIC ....................................................................................... 9
III. CHNG MINH GIN TIP ............................................................................................... 12
IV. BT NG THC TRONG TAM GIC ........................................................................... 14
V. MI QUAN H GIA BT NG THC TRONG HAI TAM GIC .................................. 16
NHN XT V NH GI .................................................................................................... 20

LI M U
ng cao, ng trung tuyn , ng phn gic l mt trong nhng gi thit c bit
gii ton hinh hc. Ngoi ra chng ta cn s nhng cng c gii ton nh : bt ng thc
trong tam gic, quan h gia cnh v gc trong tam gic, chng minh phn chng Nhng
ni dung ny c tn gi chung l cc mi quan h trong tam gic.

Cun sch Geometry Glencoe c bit l chng 5 s gip bn c hiu k hn v cc

mi quan h gia ng cao, ng trung tuyn v ng phn gic , mi quan h gia cnh
v gc v cc ng dng ca n trong cuc sng. Hy vng qua chng ny cc bn s thy
hng th hn khi lm cc bi ton v cc mi quan h trong tam gic.
Hu , thng 11 nm 2013
Ngi thc hin

GII THIU CHUNG V TC GI V CUN SCH

Cun sch Geometry c vit bi nm gio s ca cc trng i hc M

Cindy J.Boyd

Jerry Cummins

John Carter

Carol Malloy

lfinio Flores, Ph.D.

Cun sch Geometry vit v cc vn ca hnh hc gm 13 chng:

Chng 1: im, ng thng, mt phng v gc
Chng 2: L lun v chng minh
Chng 3: ng thng song song v ng thng vung gc
Chng 4: Tam gic bng nhau
Chng 5: Cc mi quan h trong tam gic
Chng 6: T l v tng t
Chng 7: Tam gic vung v lng gic
Chng 8:T gic
Chng 9: Php bin i
Chng 10: ng trn
Chng 11: Din tch ca a gic v ng trn
Chng 12: Din tch
Chng 13: Th tch
4

I. NG PHN GIC, NG TRUNG TUYN, V NG CAO.

Din vin nho ln cn phi gi thng bng trong khi trnh
din. H cn phi kho lo trng tm ca vt hc trung tm ca c
th gi thng bng. Trng tm ca tam gic chnh l giao im
ca ba ng trung tuyn.
ng trung trc v gc phn gic: ng trung trc ca
mt cnh bt k ca tam gic l mt ng thng, mt cnh hay
mt tia i qua trung im ca cnh v vung gc vi cnh .
nh l:
1. Mt im bt k nm trn ng trung trc ca mt on
thng u cch u hai u mt ca on thng .
V d 1: Nu AB vung gc CD v AB i qua trung im ca
CD th AC = AD v BC = BD.
2. Mt im bt k cch u hai u mt ca on thng th nm trn ng trung
trc ca on thng .
V d 2: Nu AC = AD th A nm trn ng trung trc ca CD
Nu BC = BD th B nm trn ng trung trc ca CD
Nh bit qu tch l tp hp tt c cc im tha mn nhng iu kin nht nh. T
rt ra ng trung trc l tp hp nhng im nm trong mt phng, cch u hai u mt
ca on thng cho trc. Trong tam gic, ba ng trung trc ct nhau ti im chung th ba
ng c gi l ng ng quy, v im chung gi l im ng quy.
3. nh l tm ng trn ngoi tip: tm ng
trn ngoi tip tam gic cch u ba nh tam gic
V d 3: Nu J l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic
ABC th JA = JB = JC
Chng minh nh l:
Gi l, m, n ln lt l ng trung trc ca AB, AC, BC. Khi
J nm trn ng trung trc ca AB th J cch u hai im A v
B hay AJ = BJ. Mt khc J cng nm trn ng trung trc ca
BC th JB = JC.
Suy ra AJ = BJ = CJ
V d 4: PX l phn gic gc QPR, XY vung gc PQ, XZ vung gc PR. Chng minh:
XY = XZ

 YPX = ZPX v PYX = PZX = 90 PX = PX

Suy ra PYX = PZX => XY = XZ
4. Mt im bt k nm trn ng phn gic ca gc
th cch u hai cnh ca gc .
5. Mt im bt k cch u hai cnh ca gc th nm
trn ng phn gic ca gc .
Cng nh ng trung trc, trong mt tam gic th c ba ng phn gic trong, b
ng phn gic ny ng quy ti mt im, im l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic.
nh l (tm ng trn ni tip)
Tm ng trn ni tip tam gic cch u ba cnh ca
tam gic.
V d 5: Nu K l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic th KP =
KQ = KR.
ng trung tuyn v ng cao: ng trung tuyn l on thng xut pht t nh ca
tam gic v i qua trung im ca cnh i din. Trong mt tam gic c ba ng trung
tuyn.
Cc ng trung tuyn ca tam gic ng quy ti mt im. im ng quy gi lag
trng tm ca tam gic. Trng tm l im cch u ba cnh tam gic.
nh l( trng tm tam gic)
Trng tm tam gic nm v tr bng hai phn ba
khong cch tnh t nh n trung im ca cnh i
din.
!

V d 6: Nu L l trng tm th AL=!AE,
!

BL=!BF, CL=!CD
V d 7: S, T, U ln lt l trung im DE,
EF, DF. Tm x, y, z
Tm x ?
DT = DA + AT
= 6 + (2x 5)
= 2x + 1

DA = !DT
!

6 = !(2x + 1)
x=4
Tng t tm ra y = 5,8 ; z = 0,575
ng cao ca tam gic l on thng xut pht t nh n
on thng i din v vung gc vi on thng . Mi tam gic
c ba ng cao. Ba ng cao ny ng quy ti mt im gi l
trc tm tam gic
Chng ta c th s dng phng trnh ta tm ta ca cc nh.
V d 8: Cho tam gic IJK vi J(1,3), K(2.-1), L(-1,0). Tm ta trong tm tam gic
dc ca KL l

!!
!

, dc ca ng cao l 3

(y y1) = m(x x1)

(y 3) = 3(x 1)
y = 3x (1)
!

dc ca JL l ! nn dc ca ng cao l

!!
!

(y y1) = m(x x1)

(y + 1) =
y=

!!
!

!!
!

(x 2)

x + ! (2)
!

Giai (1) & (2) x = !! y = !!

!

Ta trc tm tam gic JKL l ( !! ; !! )

Vn dng
1. So snh v i chiu mt ng trung trc v trung tuyn ca mt tam gic.
2. V tam gic v ng trn ngoi tip tam gic .
3. Cc nh ca tam gic ABC l A ( 3, 3), B (3, 2), v C (1, 4). Tm ta ca tm
ng trn ngoi tip.

4. Cho l, m, n ln lt l cc ng trung trc ca tam gic ABC, 3 ng ny ct nhau

ti T. Nu TQ = 2x PT = 3y 1 TR = 8. Tm x, y, z
5. Cho tam gic DEF vi D(4,0) E(-2,4) F(0,6). Tm ta trng tm, trc tm, tm
ng trn ngoi tip ca tam gic DEF

6. Cho CD l ng trung trc ca AB, E thuc

CD. Chng minh EB = EA
7. Tm x nu PS l ng trung tuyn tam gic
PQR

8. Tm x nu AD l ng cao tam gic ABC

9. Cho R(3,3) S(-1,6) T(1,8) l ba nh ca tam gic RST v
RX l ng trung tuyn
a. Tm ta ca X
b. Tm RX
c. RX c phi l ng cao tam gic RST ? Gii thch.
10. Cho CA = CB AD = BD. Chng minh C v D nm trn ng
trung trc ca AB

11. Orienteering l mt cuc thi v th dc th thao, c

ngun gc Thy in, kim tra cc k nng c bn v
chy xuyn quc gia. Cc i th chy ua qua mt khu vc
cha bit n cc trm kim sot khc nhau ch s dng mt la
bnv bn a hnh. Trong bn cy irit l bao quanh l c
u tin
L c cch xa Grand Tower tnh t li vo cng vin.
Nu bn chy t ng Stearns ng n l c hoct
ng Amesbury n l c, bn s chy cng mt khong cch.
M t lm th no tm thy nhng l c u tin.

12 Stacey ci t mt thanh rm trn cc bc tng pha trnca s. m bo rng

cc thanh song song vi trn nh, c thc hin nh du 6 inch bn di trn nh mt vi
ni. Nu c y ci t thanh ti nhng im tm pha trn ca s, lm th no c bit cc
thanh s song song vi trn nh?

II. BT NG THC V TAM GIC

Sam c cung cp hai cy trong chu c s dng trn
mtsn. Cc hng dn ni cho cy c t hai gc ln nht
ca sn. Tt c Sam c l mt s ca sn tam gic cho o
c 45 feet, 48 feet v 51 feet. Sam c th tm gc ln nht
bng cch o cc gc i din.
Trong i s, bn hc bt ng thc v mi quan h ca
hai s thc.(nu 6 = 4 + 2 th 6 > 4 v 6>2)
V d 1: So snh 3 vi 1 v 2
Li gii: 3 = 1 + 2. S dng nh ngha v bt
ng thc p dng cho 2 s thc => g 3 > 1 3 > 2.
Suy ra 3 l gc ln nht
nh l: Trong mt tam gic s o gc ngoi lun ln hn tng s o ca hai gc trong
khng k vi n
V d 2 : 4 > 1 4 > 2
Mi quan h gia gc v cnh: Nu hai cnh ca tam gic bng
nhau th hai gc i din vi hai cnh cng bng nhau. Trong
phn ny bn s kho st mi quan h gia cnh v gc khi chng
khng bng nhau.
nh l : Nu mt gc ca tam gic ln hn gc kia, th cnh i din vi gc ln hn
l ln hn, cnh i din vi gc nh hn l nh hn.
Chng minh:
Cho PQR PQ < PR PN = PQ Ta cn chng minh R < PQR
Ta c 1 = 2; R < 1; 2 + 3 = PQR
2 < PQR; 1 < PQR
R < PQR
V d 3: So snh
a. ADB v DBA
Ta c AB > AD => ADB < DBA
b. CDA v CBA
9

 DBA < ADB; CBD < CDB

DBA + CBD < ADB + CDB
CBA < CDA
V d 4:TREEHOUSE : ng Jackson ang xy dng sn nh cy cho con gi ca ng
y.
ng dng tr chng nh hnh v. iu gi gip ng lm
c iu
Theo nh l trn cnh i din vi gc ln hn l ln
hn, cnh i din vi gc nh hn l nh hn. V vy ng
dng tr ln hn ti A v tr nh hn ti B
Vn dng
1. Tm li sai trong hnh v ca Hector v Grace v gii thch

2. Xc nh gc ln nht
a. 1, 2, 4
b. 2, 3, 5
c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3. So snh gc
a. WXY, XYW
b. XZY, XYZ
c. WYZ, XWY
4. So snh cc cnh
a. AE, EB
b. CE, CD
c. BC, EC
5. BNG CHY: Trong sut cuc chi, vn ng vin nh
qu bng n ngi th 3 v bt u chy hng v ngi th
nht. Ti thi im ny ngi th nht chy hng v ngi th
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2. Nu ngi th 3 mun bt qu bng gn nht th phi bt nh th no? Gii thch

6. Cho KLM vi K(3,2), L(-1,5), M(-3,-7). Xc nh gc nh nht
7. Nu AB > AC> BC trong ABC , AM, BN, CO l ng trung tuyn ca tam gic .
Sp xp AM, BN, CO t nh n ln

8. Mt my bay i t Des Moines n Phoenix trn

Atlanta v quay tr li Des Moines nh hnh v. Tm
qung ng di nht v ngn nht
9. Tm gi tr ca n. Sp xp cc cnh ca PQR t
nh n ln vi cc gc o c nh sau:
m P = 9n + 29, m Q = 93 5n, m R = 10n + 2
m P = 12n - 9, m Q = 62 3n, m R = 16n + 2
m P = 9n - 4, m Q = 4n - 16, m R = 68 2n
m P = 3n + 20, m Q = 2n + 37, m R = 4n + 15
m P = 4n + 61, m Q = 67 3n, m R = n + 74
10. Mt ci nm c m t nh hnh v, hy tm x, y
(inches)
11. Chng minh rng: Nu mt tam gic khng phi
tam gic cn th ng trung tuyn lun ln hn ng cao
12. Vit bt ng thc trong tam gic v tm x

13. Cho hnh bn tm p theo m v n

14. Cho hai nh ca ABC A(3,8) , B(9,12). AD l dng trung tuyn vi D(12,3)
a. Tm ta ca C
b. AD c phi l ng cao ca ABC khng . Gii
thc

11

!" !"

c. Cho E(6,6), EF BD = F. Nu F( ! , ! ) th EF l ng trung rc ca BD. Ti

sao?
15. Tm x nu AD l ng trung tuyn ABC. Tm y nu AD l ng cao ABC

III. CHNG MINH GIN TIP

Trong cuc thm him ca cc ch lnh, Sherlock Holmes din t k nng ca mnh
bng cch pht biu: phng php bt u bng nhng gi thit khng th xy ra hay l loi
tr nhng iu tri vi gi thit. Sherlock Holmes s dng gi thit gin tip.
Cc bc chng minh gin tip:
Bc 1: Gi s iu cn chng minh l sai
Bc 2 : Cho rng gi nh ny dn n mu thun cc gi
thuyt, hoc mt s thc t khc, chng hn nh mt nh
ngha, nh , nh l hoc h qu tt yu
Bc 3 : Ch ra rng gi nh ban u tri vi pht biu.Do
lt lun gc phi ng
V d 1: 2x 3 > 7. Chng minh x > 5
Chng minh
Bc 1: Gi s x 5 tc x < 5 hoc x = 5
Bc 2 : Lp bng cho x < 5 hoc x = 5 th 2x 3 7
Bc 3: Nhn ra kt qu khng ng do gi nh x 5 l sai
nga l x > 5 ng
V d 2: Lawanda mua hai ci vy hn $60, mt tun sau bn ca c y Tiffany hi
gi ca mi ci. Lawanda khng th nh gi chnh xc. Hy chng minh t nht mt ci vy
tr gi hn $30
Gi s mt trong hai ci o c gi hn $30 ngha l x 30 v y 30
Nu x 30 v y 30 th x +y 60. iu ny tri vi gi thit gi ca hai ci vy hn
$60
Do x 30 v y 30 l sai . Nn t nht mt trong hai ci vy hn $30
V d 3: 1 l gc ngoi tam gic ABC. Chng minh m 1 > m 3 v m 1 > m 4
Gi s m 1 m 3 hoc m 1 m 4

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m 1 m 3 hoc l m 1 = m 3 hoc m 1 < m

3
Trng hp 1: m 1 = m 3
m 1 = m 3 + m 4
m 3 = m3 + m 4
0 = m 4
M s o ca gc lun ln hn hc bng khng nn m 1 < m 3
Trng hp 2: m 1 < m 3
p dng nh l gc ngoi tam gic , ta c m 1 = m 3 + m 4
M m 1 > m 3 v m 1 > m 4 nn gi nh l sai
Do m 1 > m 3 v m 1 > m 4
Vn dng
!

1. Cho a > 0 chng minh ! > 0

2. Cho n l chng minh n2 l
3. Cho tam gic ABC chng minh khng c nhiu hn mt gc t trong mt tam gic
4. Chng minh trong mt tam gic vung cnh huyn l cnh ln nht.
5. Trong cuc ua xe p vng quanh nc Php din ra trong mt vi tun. Trong hai
chng ng ca cuc ua nm 2002 mt ngi i c 270 dm . Chng minh rng mt
trong hai chng i c nhiu hn 135 dm.
!

6. Mt s hu t bt k u c biu din di dng ! a, b nguyn b 0. Chng minh 6

l s hu ti.
7. Chng minh trong tam gic cn ng trung tuyn cng l ng cao
8. Chng minh ng phn xut pht t nh ca tam gic cn cng l ng cao
!

9. Cho ! < 0 chng minh a < 0

10. Cho n2 chn chng minh n2 chia ht cho 4
11. PQ = PR 1 2 chng minh PZ khng phi l
ng trung tuyn tam gic PQR
12. Cho ABC v ABD u, ACD khng u
13

chng minh BCD khng u

13. m A > m ABC chng minh BC > AC
14. Ramom i c 175 dm t Seattle Washington n Portland, Oregon. Anh y mt
3h hon thnh chuyn i. Chng minh tc trung bnh nh hn 60 dm/h
15. S hu t l s c th biu din di dng

!
!

a , b nguyn v khng c c chung, b

0. Chng minh 2 l s v t
16.Mt hp c 6 bi xanh 8 bi v 2 bi trng . Nu di chuyn ba vin bi bt k th xc
sut chn c ba bin bi l bao nhiu

IV. BT NG THC TRONG TAM GIC

Chuck Noland phi i li gia
Chicago,Indianapolis, v Columbus v l do cng vic.
ng Noland sng ti Chicago v mong mun n
Columbus mt cch nhanh chng. ng phi mt mt
chuyn bay it Chicago n Columbus, hoc mt
chuynbay m i t Chicago n Indianapolis, sau
n Columbus?
Trong v d trn, nu bn chn bay trc tip t Chicago n Columbus, bn c th
thy rng mt ng thng l ngn hn. y l mt v d v bt ng thc trong tam gic
nh l (Bt ng thc tam gic)
Trong mt tam gic tng di hai cnh bt k lun ln
hn cnh th ba
V d : AB + BC > AC
BC + AC > AB
AC +AB > BC

Bt ng thc tam gic c th c s dng xc nh ba on thng c th to thnh

mt tam gic
Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng
Nh li rng khong cch gia P v ng thng l o dc theo
mt on vung gc t im n ng thng. iu ny c
chp nhn m khng chng minh, PA l khong cch ngn nht t P
n ng thng. Mi quan h gia cc gc v cnh ca mt tam
gic by gi c th c s dng chng minh rng on vung
gc l khong cch ngn nht gia mt im v mt ng thng

14

nh l 1:
on vung gc t mt im n mt ng thng l
on ngn nht t im n ng thng
V d: PQ l on ngn nht t P n AB
Chng minh nh l:
PA l PB khng l khong cch t P n l . Chng minh PB >
PA
PA l, 1 v 3 l gc vung
m 1 > m 3 v m 2 > m 3
nn PB > PA
H qu :
Khong cch t mt im n mt mt phng l on ngn nht t im n mt
phng
V d : PQ l khong cch t P n mpM

Vn dng
1. Tm li sai Jameson v Anoki v tam gic EFG vi FG = 13 v EF = 5. H tm
cch v GE. Ai ng ? Gii thch

2.Tm 3 s m 3 s l di ba cnh tam gic v tm 3 s khng phi l s o 3 cnh

tam gic
3. Cho B = ACB chng minh AD + AB > CD

15

4. Cho HE = EG chng minh HE + FG >EF

5. Cho ABC chng minh AC + BC > AC
6. Carlota c mt s di trang tr c mun s dng nh mt hnh tam gic bin gii cho
mt
phn ca mt chn trang tr c y s lm. Cc di o 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm v 12 cm.
C bao nhiu hnh tam gic khc nhau Carlota c th lm vi cc di?
C bao nhiu hnh tam gic khc nhau Carlota c th lm c chu vi l chia ht cho 3?
7. Cho P l mt im khng nm trn l chng minh PQ l khong cch t P n l

8. Cho MO = ON, MP NP chng minh MOP NOP

9. Cho m ADC m ADB chng minh AD khng phi l ng cao ABC

V. MI QUAN H GIA BT NG THC TRONG HAI TAM GIC

Nhiu i tng, nh mt backhoe, c haicnh tay c
nh kt ni bi mt doanh hoc bn l.iu ny cho php
gc gia cnh tay tng v gim. Khi gc thay i, khong
cch gia cc thit b u cui ca nhng thay i
Mi quan h gia cnh tay v gc gia chng minh ha
cc nh l sau y.

16

nh l 1: Nu hai cnh ca tam gic ny bng hai cnh ca tam giac kia v gc gia
hai cnh ca tam gic ny ln hn gc gia hai cnh ca tam gic kia th cnh th 3 ca
tam gic ny ln hn cnh th 3 ca tam gic kia

Chng minh
Cho ABC v DEF AC = DF; BC =EF; m F > m C chng minh DE > AB

Xc nh Z sao cho m DFZ = m C s c hai trng hp

Trng hp 1:
Nu Z nm trn DE th FZD = CBA nn ZD = BA
Ta c DE = EZ + ZD
M DE > ZD nn DE > AB
Trng hp 2 : Z khng nm trn DE ; FZ ED = T ; v
FV sao cho V nm trn DE v EFV = VFZ
M FZ = BC ; BC = EF ; FZ = EF = > EFV = ZFV =>
EV = ZV
Ta cng c FZD = CBA => ZD = BA
Trong VZD c VD + ZV> ZD hay VD + EV > ZD => ED > ZD => ED > BA
V d 1: Cho YZ = XZ, Z l trung im ca AC, m CZY > m AZX chng minh BC
> BA
Ta c ZA = ZC, CY > AX, BY = BX
M BC = CY + BY ; AB = AX + BX
BC > BA

17

nh l 2:
Nu hai cnh ca tam gic ny bng hai cnh ca tam
gic kia gc to bi hai cnh ca tam gic ny ln hn gc to
bi hai cnh ca tam gic kia th cnh th ba ca tam gic
ny ln hn cnh th ba ca tam gic kia
V d 2: Cho AB = PQ; AC = PR. Nu BC > QR th m 1
> m2
Vn dng
1 T.m mi quan h gia cc cnh v cc gc
a AB ,AC

b m PQS, m RQS

2. Tm gi tr ca x

3. Cho PQ = SQ chng minh PR > SR

4. Cho TU = US; US = SV chng minh ST > UV

5. Tm mi quan h gia cc cnh v cc gc
a AB, FD

b m BDC, m FDB

c m FBA, m DBF

18

6. Tm mi quan h gia cnh v gc

a AD, DC

b OC, OA

c m AOD, m AOB

7. Tm gi tr ca x

8. Cho AM = MB; AC > BC m 1 = 5x + 20 v m 2 = 8x 100. Tm gi tr ca x

9. Cho m RVS = 15 + 5x, m SVT = 10x 20; RS < ST v RTV = TRV. Tm

gi tr ca x

10. Cho ABC, AB = CD chng minh BC > AD

11. Cho PQ = RS; QR < PS chng minh m 3 < m 1

19

12. Cho PR = PQ; SQ > SR chng minh m 1 < m 2

13. Cho ED = DF ; m 1 > m 2; D l trung im ca CB; AE = AF chng minh AC >

AB
14. Cho RS = UW; ST = WV, RT > UV chng minh m S > m
W
15. M mt cnh ca mt cht.o gc gia cnh ca v khung
ca. o khong cch t khung ca n im dng ca cac. M ca
rng hn, v tip tc thc hin nh c. So snh gia cc ln thc
hin
16. Khi nhng ngi trng hoa trng cy mi, h thng s dng
buc nhng cc vo thn cy. S dng bt ng thc tam gic gii thch
l do ti sao y l mt phng php hiu qu h tr mt cy trng
mi.
17. Mt sinh vin mua bn sch gio khoa i hc chi ph $ 99,50, $ 88,95,$ 95,90 v
$ 102,45. C tr mt na tng s tin bn thn v vay phn cn li t m. C tr m trong 4
thng bng nhau. Hi mi thng c y phi tr bao nhiu?
18. Cho OM l phn gic LMN, LM = MN chng minh MOL = MON.

NHN XT V NH GI
Ni dung kin thc
Nhn chung ni dung kin thc l ging vi kin thc hnh hc chng trnh trung hc
c s Vit Nam.
Cun sch c ni dung phong ph, lng bi tp t d n kh, nhiu bi ton thc t
rn lun kh nng t duy ca hc sinh v gip cho hc sinh bit vn dng kin thc hc
vo cuc sng.
Hinh thc trnh by
20

Hnh thc trnh by p, bt mt , c nhiu hnh nh minh ha sinh ng.

B cc r rng cht ch mi inh l hay mnh u c bi tp ng dng.
Kin thc c trnh by mt cch c h thng v logic, ni dung kin thc mi phn
lin kt cht ch vi nhau. Xen k trong mi phn l thuyt l cc v d thc hnh.

21