Pun icuayaclaiae =e OF eAInENE seo AGROZOOTECHNICAL | AND INDUSTRIAL DaceEnglish version performed by Design Institute of Buildings (institutul. de Proiectari pentru Constructii —1.P.C.) under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Liviu CRAINIC and Dr. Horea SANDI. Contracting party: Ministry of Public Works and Territory Planning - No. 2020/ 9248. t2 ao CONTENTS F Ae x - x \ Ae KAO 4. General’ 2. Principles for aseismic design 3. Planning and location of buildings 4. Layout of buildings 5, Structural analysis for seismic action 6. Specific aspects of structural analysis for seismic actions 7. Provisions for reinforced concrete structures 8. Provisions for steel structures 9. Provisions for masonry structures 10. Aseismic design of installations and equipment 1. Provisions concerning the assessment of the protection level of existing buildings 12. Provisions concerning the intervention on existing buildings 43. Provisions concerning the construction Appendix A - Seismic zonation of Romania from the view point of design parameters Appendix B - Simplified methods for calculation of the natural periods and vibration shapes and of seismic loads for structures with small appendices Appendix C - Use of modal analysis taking into account the 3D deformation Appendix D - Provisions concerning reinforced concrete structures Appendix E - Provisions concerning steel structures Appendix F - Examples for categorization of various mechanical systems and equipment. 12 14 24 45 53 60 7 77 89 99 106 110 112 119 130 143Authors Chapters 1, 2, 4, 6, 7: Chapter 3: Chapter 5: Chapter 8: Chapter 10: Chapter 11, 12: Chapter 9, 13: Appendices A, B, C: Appendix D: Appendix E: Appendix F Consultants: Coordinators: Prof. Dr. Tudor POSTELNICU Dr. Horea SANDI Prof. Dr. Tudor POSTELNICU. Dr. Horea SANDI Prof. Dr. Constantin DALBAN Dr. Teodor TERETEAN Prof. Dr. Liviu CRAINIG From P100 - 81 Dr. Horea SANDI Prof. Dr. Tudor POSTELNICU Prof. Dr. Constantin DALBAN Dr. Theodor TERETEAN Dr. Horea SANDI- Emilian TITARU Prof. Dr. Constantin PAVEL Prof . Dr. Dan LUNGU Viastar APOSTOLESCU Mircea MIRONESCU Gheorghe DRUGEA Dr. Radu PETROVIC! Dan STANCIULESCUCode for Aseismic Design of Residential Buildings, Agrozootechnical and Industrial Structures (P100-92) 1.. GENERAL i. residential, public, agricultural and industrial » This code provides the aseismic design specifications for ldings. The chapters 1...10 refer to the design of new buildings and the chapters 11 and 12 introduce principles to be used in estimating g the protection level of the existing buildings and in determini future intervention measures. These specifications are minimal and not restrictive. 1.2. Specific regulations will be used in the design of the following types of structures: - bridges, viaducts, tunnels; ~ dams, dykes and other hydrotechnical structures; - buildings used for producing or storing highly dangerous materials (explosives, highly toxic, a.s.o.); - nuclear power plants;~ offshore platforms; - historical and architectural monuments. 1.3. The aseismic design is aimed to limit damage, as well as to avoid the failures of structural and non-structural members, equipment and systems, so as: - to avoid human losses or injures; = to avoid interruption of essential activities and services, so that social and economic life may be carried on during and immediately after an earthquake; = to avoid damage or degradation of highly valuable cultural and artistic goods; - to avoid highly dangerous leakage (toxic, explosive, a.8.0.); - to limit material losses. The aseismic protection of buildings is performed as follows 1.4.1. In aseismic design, by: - selection of favorable locations in terms of earthquake response and avoiding inadequate foundation ground; if an inadequate location cannot be avoided, the provisions at item 3.2. will be observed; - adoption of a layout leading to a favorable behavior under seismic action; - providing the structure with strength, stability, stiffness and ductility properties, according to the specifications of this code. 1.4.2. In construction, bi - use of materials which comply with the design specifications, providing a quality control in agreement with legal provisions; - use of proper construction technologies; - complying in construction works with detailing specifications of the design. 1.4.3. In building maintenance, by: — adopting use and maintenance measures in order to conserve the initial resistance capacity of the structure; 6= continuous survey of the building in order to detect early the possible damage and to eliminate its causes; = rehabilitation of the buildings whenever required. 1.5. In order to achieve an adequate aseismic protection level taking into account technical and economic criteria, the specifications of this code are differentiated according to following criteria: - the seismicity of the zone (maximum ground acceleration spectral contents of the seismic motion); = local conditions (geological, geotechnical, and hydro-geological) ; - importance of building; - building occupancy rate; - type and characteristics of the load bearing structure. 1.6. The modeling of seismic action for analysis and the calibration of the seismic forces, depending on the building location, are presented in chapter 5. In order to take into account the influence of the other factors mentioned at item 1.5 in determining the code seismic forces, the a and W coefficients (see items 5.3.3. and 5.3.6.) are used. 1.7. For the design of buildings raising special technical and/or economic problems (very important buildings, highly repetitive buildings, buildings with special dimensions and/or characteristics) it is recommended to perform theoretical and experimental studies aimed to investigate in depth, according to the specific needs, the following aspects: - influence of the local conditions on the seismic action and on the structural response; - the determination, by tests on low scale or on full-size models, of strength and stiffness characteristics, in various response stages, of structural members and of the structure as a whole; - the development and use of advanced analysis methods, which 7should properly reflect the structural response, emphasizing the different behavior stages during an earthquake. 1.8. In the aseismic design based on the specifications of this code it is accepted that the earthquake motions considered (defined by the ground peak acceleration according to the macro zoning map in fig.5.1.) may produce the following effects on the building: ~ for structural members: controlled local damage, which can be repaired after earthquake, associated to previsible post-elastic deformation; - for non-structural members: more extended damage, but without causing human injuries or losses, or important material losses. 1.9. The time interval at which earthquakes occur, their action, as well as their effects on buildings, cannot be accurately foreseen and are highly random. Therefore, the efficiency aseismic protection measures can be evaluated only statistically, keeping in view the way in which an earthquake ranges among the expected events within certain periods of time, including intensity, as well as the proportion of buildings damaged at different levels, and whose response has a significant social and economic impact. This is why the responsibility for the aseismic protection of buildings should be estimated keeping in view the way in which the design, construction and service specifications are observed and not from the occurrence of eventual special effects on certain individual buildings.2. PRINCIPLES FOR ASEISMIC DESIGN 2.1. The design of structures to resist earthquakes, with an intensity corresponding to the aseismic protection level provided by this code, accepts a seis: response with plastic incursions which produce specific damage. 2.2. The building aseismic design has the following objectives: (i) to achieve a favorable layout of the building This implies: ~ selection of favorable horizontal and vertical shapes of the building (item 4.1.); - proper layout and detailing of the structure as a whole, as well as of non-structural components and of equipment and systems inside the building (item 4.3.); - avoiding of uncontrolled interactions, with possible unfavorable effects, between adjoining building parts, between structural and non-structural members (e.g. between frame structural members and infill masonry, between structure and stored material); (ii) to provide a lateral displacement stiffness able to limit both absolute and relative displacements to admissible values; (iii) to provide a favorable energy dissipation structural mechanism (with post-elastic incursions) under high intensity seismic motions. This objective implies: - imposing potential plastic zones (potential plastic hinges) mainly whose failure will not endanger the structural general stability and that may be repaired with minimum technical efforts and costs); - whenever the incursions in the post-elastic range cannot be avoided, they should be limited, so as to avoid the risk of collapse or high repair expenses; anyway, the vertical structural members must be able to take over the corresponding 9gravity loads; - the plastic hinges should be distributed such that the structural post-elastic deformation capacity should be as high as possible and the ductility demands as low as possible; the cu.ccntration of plastic deformations in few zones will be avoided, because it involves high ductility demands; - avoiding of premature brittle failures through members design and detailing; — the potential plastic zones will be detailed such as to provide a sufficient post-elastic deformation capacity and an as stable as possible hysteretic behavior; (iv) to provide, in certain cases, energy dissipating devices, which may have a favorable influence on the seismic response of the structure. 2.3. The methods of earthquake resistant structural design are classified, according to the seismic action model, to the fidelity of the analysis model as compared to the type of structural response -spatial, dynamic and post-elastic- as well as to the practical way of the verification of earthquake resistant layout and detailing requirements, and of seismic performance, into two main categories: (a) Common Design Method (Method "A") This method is compulsory for all the structures this code refers to. It considers, implicitly, and in a simplified way, the aspects of the dynamic and post-elastic response of the structure, put does not emphasize directly the mechanism of structural plastic deformation during the high intensity earthquakes. The use of this method implies the following main operations: (i) Determination of the design seismic force value, according to item 5.3.7 (ii) Linear structural analysis taking into account seismic loads and other loads in the special loads combinations, as well as the determination of envelopes of internal forces at the ends of the structural members; (iii) Correction of bending moments at the ends of the 10tructural members, in order to obtain a favorable energy dissipating mechanism. Determination, for the structural members, of the envelopes of nternal forces, associated with the occurrence of potential plastic hinges, according to the provisions of the codes concerned with various categories of structures; (iv) Design and detailing of significant sections; (v) Checking the drift and ductility conditions and correction, if necessary, of cross section size and reinforcement. In certain cases (items 5.3.10. and 5.8.1.) it may be suitable to use the linear dynamic analysis method for estimating the internal forces induced by the seismic motion (which are reduced according to the code seismic force -item 5.3. (b) Design Method Based on Consideration of Post-Elastic ") The most advanced version of this method is the post-elastic Deformation of Structures (Method " dynamic analysis (item 5.8.2.). The method determines, with a certain degree of idealization, the seismic response at each time step to the seismic excitation, represented by accelerograms. Obtaining the desired structural plastic mechanism, by successive corrections of the member strengths and stiffness, as well as the checking of the deformation capacity against the corresponding demand, are explicit. The post-elastic static analysis may alternative be used in order to identify significant characteristics of the structural response in the post-elastic range (item 5.8.3.). The method “B" is recommended to be used in the design of very important and/or highly repetitive buildings with reinforced concrete or steel structure. The main characteristics of the two earthquake resistant design methods are summarized in table 6.1. 113. PLANNING AND LOCATION OF BUILDINGS 3.1. Building Activity Planning The basic principles of building activity planning are: (i) Including of new buildings in the natural environment and in the built environment both shall avoid an increase of the risk involved by the direct or indirect potential effects of future strong earthquakes. Therefore, building density and long-term high occupancy shall be limited in residential buildings: this usually means to limit the height of such buildings; (it may also generate favorable economic effects). An appropriate number of emergency exits and communication possibilities have to be provided, in order to limit the effects of possible strong earthquakes. (ii) Limiting of duration of transient situations that may occur during the building erection, for which the structural protection level is usually lower and increases the risk of severe effects during high intensity seismic motions. (iii) Correlation of construction activities with the replacing or strengthening of the existing building stock having a low aseismic protection level. Building Location 3.2.1. Building location will be selected so as to allow the earthquake protection to be achieved under economic conditions. 3.2.2. Building locations like banks, ravines or other sites, that may be subjected to slides or subsidence, shall be avoided. If such locations cannot be avoided, soil stabilization is necessary. 3.2.3. If building locations on unproper soils (highly loose, noncohesive, liquefiable sands, silts, unstrengthened backfills, a.s.o.) cannot be avoided, soil stabilization is necessary, so as to grant a proper earthquake performance of structures. 3.2.4. For buildings whose potential damages leads to 12particularly severe consequences, specific criteria of excluding certa types of locations will be stated, depending on the building characteristics and on the technological processes.4. LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS 4.1, Shape in plan and in elevation 4.1.1. When selecting the shape and the layout of buildings, plan regular, compact and symmetrical shapes will be suitable (fig. 4.1.); strongly non-symmetrical distributions of volume, stiffness and mass will be avoided in the same building section, in order to control general torsional effects caused by seismic motions. Irregular plan layouts and discontinuities will be avoided in zones where considerable additional stresses may occur (fig. 4.2.a). tg due to functional and aesthetic reasons the horizontal shape is irregular, the setbacks dimensions should not exceed 1/4 of the building overall dimension in that direction (fig.4.3.)- If these specifications cannot be fully observed, the building should be divided by aseismic joints; each section will finally acquire a proper shape as well as volume, mass and stiffness distribution (fig.4.2.b). If the previous specifications cannot be observed the analysis models and methods should properly reflect the spatial behavior of structures. The shapes which can generate, for certain directions of the seismic motion, overstresses in certain vertical members and unfavorable loading of the foundation system, should be avoided. The horizontal dimensions of high rise buildings located in A,B, and C seismic zones, should not exceed 40 m, in order tc restrict the unfavorable effects of the non-synchronous excitatior of ground-structure interface. 4.1.2. Multistory buildings requiring setbacks at the upper stories will have continuous vertical bearing elements (see iten 4.3.1.) avoiding a strong dissymmetry of the overall structure. 4.1.3. The height of buildings is determined according tc functional, planning, as well as economic criteria corresponding tc the structural system adopted (frames, reinforced structura 14Fig. 4.1.- Favourable plan layouts 8 Fig. 4.2(a) - Unfavourable plan layouts (b) - Butldings separated by aseismic jointswalls, a.s.0.). Reduced height will be preferred, if such solutions do not contradict other criteria, mainly for buildings with high dead and live loads. 4.2. Building mass limitation In order to reduce the seismic forces the mass of the building will be as low as possible. Therefore: 4.2.1. The non-structural elements (roofing, heat insulation, coping, partitions, balcony banisters, a.s.o.) will use mainly light-weight materials. The thickness of plaster, equalizing coping and grade layers will be reduced as well as the weight of ornaments, when these are required. 4.2.2. For high rise and/or massive buildings, high strength concrete will be used in structural members, mainly in columns and structural walls. 4.2.3. For the roofs (including skylights and deflectors) of large span single storey structures, light-weight materials will be used, as a rule. 4.2.4. The activities involving high live loads should be located at low stories. General structural layout provisions 4.3.1. The structural members distribution has to provide a direct transfer of gravity loads to the ground. Columns supported on beams will be usually avoided, except for the columns of the upper 1-2 light stories of buildings with setbacks. The indirect transfer of strong forces by “beam on beam" supporting should also be avoided. cantilevered horizontal members with large spans and/or high loads will be avoided. 4.3.2. The vertical structural system components will be inter-connected at the level of inter-storey floor and roofs by stiff and strong horizontal diaphragms or bracing elements. The shapes of floors and the openings for staircases, elevators and installations have not to overweaken the floors 16oe ere boo @ @ ae > 2 Aly ES @ B -_ MA oe L fear tat L at 2 < 0,25 Lax Ba aa es = oaagad P ° verree| Lx lay ly 0,25 x 9 25 Tx 0.25 Fig. 4.3-Recommendations on plan setbacks dimensionsavoiding their failures during high intensity earthquakes (fig.4.4.). 4.3.3. For the multistorey buildings, high stiffness solutions are recommended, using structural walls all over the building, whenever free spaces are not necessary or the building shape does not hinder their inserting. The selection of the structural system based on stiffness criteria will take into account the type of partitioning as well as the connections of non-structural and structural members, the extend to which the first ones hinder the free deformation of the latter ones. 4.3.4. The members size and distribution in the structural system have to take into account the following aspects: (i) The overall lateral stiffness along the two main axes, as the fundamental oscillation periods, should be as close as possible; (ii) For multi-span buildings the proper dimensioning of members stiffness has to avoid the overloads in certain zones of the horizontal diaphragms; (iii) The position of partitioning and facades should not alter the structural behavior considered in the structural model. For instance, the connection between facades and structural system for single storey buildings has to allow the free deformation of the structure; (iv) For the multistorey buildings, the lateral stiffness will have a continuous variation, without sudden changes from one storey to another. 4.3.5. To obtain a favorable post-elastic structural behavior it is recommended to avoid sudden changes of the bearing capacity for structural members along the height of the building. 4.3.6. The position in plan of high stiffness elements (e.g. structural walls) will be adopted so as to avoid important stresses due to general torsional effects. It is recommended, in this connection to adopt, for at least one direction, a long interval between these elements. 4.3.7. The members subjected to strong horizontal forces should have a sufficient gravity load, in order to provide them with proper conditions to transfer the horizontal forces to 18Fig. 4.4.- Inadequate plan position of the hollows A Fig. 4.5.-Staggered building sections AL 220mm: ~ Fig. 4.6.- Minimum width of aseismic — jointfoundation. 4.3.8. Through layout, proportioning and detailing, the structural members and the whole structure have to be provided with sufficient ductility so as to obtain a proper response under strong seismic motions (without brittle failures, stability losses or other dangerous and not easily repairable damage). For the buildings or particular building parts, for which the post-elastic deformations due to earthquakes may endanger the environment (loss of tightness of tanks and pipes containing corrosive, inflammable or toxic liquids or gases), special protection measures will be taken, based on specific criteria including the granting of an elastic seismic response of certain menbers. 4.3.9. The multistorey buildings higher than 25 m (H>25m) should be provided witn foundation systems of stiff box type, consisting of a two directions wall system with slabs and foundations. For framed structures with H>25m the column foundations will be inter-connected by properly designed beams or slabs. The whole foundation system, as well as the foundation ground, should be able to take over the forces transmitted by the superstructure, without significant post-elastic deformations. + Aseismic joints 4.4.1, The aseismic joints are aimed to separate building sections with different dynamic characteristics, so as to allow them to oscillate independently, when subjected to seismic ground motions. 4.4.2, When the joints separate building sections with similar dynamic characteristics, their dimensions may be determined by the expansion-shrinkage joint condition. Special measures will be applied to limit damage in zones of potential pounding. The sections at the ends of a building, separated by joints, which support the strongest impact, should have a bigger mass as compared to middle sections (by providing a greater number of spans than the middle section) and/or a higher strength capacity in order 20to limit the additional negative effects in these building sections. 4.4.3. If adjoining building sections have: - different dynamic characteristics (mass, height and/or stiffness); - floors at different levels (heights); - eccentric positions one against the other (the main vertical planes which are perpendicular with respect to the joint are relatively spaced - fig.4.5.) which may cause serious negative effects due to collision; the joint width will be proportioned so as to avoid the potential collision between the sections, due to phase lag of oscillations. 4.4.4. The required width of the joints, defined in item 4.4.3., will be determined using the following relation: (4.1.) where (fig.4.6.)+ d = required joint width; 6,, 6; = maximum displacement of the two sections, subjected to horizontal seismic loads, at the top level of the lower building section, calculated according to item 6.2.4. 4.4.5, In the situations defined by item 4.4.3., the joints widths may be lower than those required by relation (4.1.), under the following conditions: (a) a dynamic analysis will be used in determining the impact forces to be taken into account in proportioning the two sections of structures; (b) if the impact forces cannot be taken over under economical conditions, damping devices (buffers, springs) are to be provided; their characteristics and positions will be determined by a dynamic analysis. 4.4.6. The joints widths determined according to item 4.4.4. are also valid for plasters. 4.4.7. In order to avoid excessive building dividing by joints, the number of joints should be limited at the minimum 21required; therefore, the maximum allowable dimensions of the building parts should be adopted. 4.4.8. Whenever joints masking units are used, they have not to influence significantly the oscillations of the neighboring building parts; if the masking units are damaged the risk of breaking and falling down of certain building parts hazardous for people or for some important parts of structures, service systems, etc., should be avoided. Non-structural members and subsystems 2+Non-structural members and subsystems 4.5.1, In the design of partitioning and facades (partitions, external walls) one of the following solutions will be adopted: (a) their design and detailing as structural members included in the overall structural system; (b) to provide, for flexible structures, connections between the structural and the non-structural members allowing free relative displacements such as to avoid unsuitable interaction between them; the non-structural members should not be subjected to significant intensity loads; (c) to accept the interaction between structural and non-structural elements; the structural stiffness have to be selected so that the post-elastic deformations, cracks, a.s.o. due to the seismic oscillations in non-structural elements, should be limited. Solution 4.5.1.(b) will be preferred whenever other solutions may have negative influences on the structural response (appendix D). 4.5.2. In the design of light-weight appendices (chimneys, attics, a.s.o.) there should be granted the possibilities to take over and transfer the inertia forces corresponding to the accelerations of these components, which may be strongly amplified as compared to the accelerations of the ground or of the structural components. It must be taken into account that usually, these appendices cannot be provided with a high ductility, and that their possible failure and falling down may endanger human lives. 4.5.3, In the design of equipment and its connections withvaildings its performance should be preserved within the elastic range or, alternative, it should be provided with a sufficient ductility, especially at the level of connections with building components.5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR SEISMIC ACTIONS .l. Modeling of seismic action 5.1.1. The engineering analysis will take into account the following types of seismic actions on buildings: (a) inertia forces, generated by the oscillations of elevated parts of structures, due to the ground-structure interface accelerations produced by the seismic motion; (b) internal forces, generated by differential displacements imposed to the embedded parts of structures, due to the propagation of seismic waves; (c) overpressures caused by inertia forces, generated in liquids, padding, or other materials stored or retained inside the building; (a) forces transferred by bearing and connection systems of the equipment, installations, a.s.o. This code includes provisions for determining the inertia forces, as well as some specifications concerning the type (d) of modeling for seismic action. In order to perform engineering analysis taking into account other types of seismic actions, not enough detailed in this code, other specifications or/and analysis methods developed in literature (endorsed by decision factors) will be used. 5.1.2. The seismic forces (conventional inertia forces), taken into account in determining the internal forces and displacements by common design methods (method A - item 2.3.), are determined according to the specifications at items 5.3. and 5.4. 5.1.3. The dynamic analysis methods (elastic and post-elastic) rely on recorded and/or artificial accelerograms. Provisions concerning the selection, calibration and use of the accelerograms, as well as the results interpretation, are to be found in specific codes. 24odeling of structural behavior 5.2.1. Properly idealized analysis models, adequate to the real structural behavior, will be used to determine the seismic motion effects upon structures. These models will reflect the general layout of structures, mass and stiffness distribution, stiffness characteristics, links with the environment, as well as the distribution of strengths and deformation capacities for the post-elastic analysis methods. The models referred to will also take into account the non-structural members that may have a significant influence on the structural response. 5.2.2. The following approximations are usually accepted in structural modeling: (i) The actual mass distribution may be replaced by a simplified one in order to reduce the calculation work without considerably altering of the results. Therefore, the following idealizations are usually accepted: for multistorey buildings - mass concentration at floor level; for stack-like structures with distributed mass (stacks, towers, a.s.o.) - mass concentration at enough levels, usually equally spaced. The seismic loads will be considered to act at the concentrated masses. In order to take into account the overall torsional effects, provisions at item 5.7. will be considered. (ii) For buildings the reinforced concrete floors designed using the provisions of this code may be considered as stiff diaphragms; the calculation of the vertical structural members displacements is based on this hypotheses. For other types of floors (e.g. of braced steel members, wood or large reinforced concrete elements with numerous openings), these elements will be characterized by their stiffness, which may be considered negligible at limit. (iii) For structures whose number of spans and stories exceeds the usable limits of the computer programs, or for structures whose calculations working time, implied by a full model analysis (considering all bars and joints), is excessive, condensed 25structural models may be used. In such cases, the equivalent values of equivalent masses, stiffness and strengths will be determined by homologated techniques. 5.2.3. The three dimensional nature of seismic action is taken into account in the engineering analysis as follows: (a) The reference system consists of three orthogonal axes, one vertical and two horizontal, selected as follows: - for buildings whose structural elements are placed in two orthogonal horizontal directions, these horizontal directions will be considered; - for other buildings, the main axes directions of the structure as a whole will be selected. (b) If the simplified analysis method described at item 5.3. is used, separate analysis will be performed, considering that the direction of seismic motion is alternative that of the two horizontal axes. The two hypotheses of seismic action are considered separately and the corresponding stresses are not superposed. For flexible structures (single-storey or multistorey frame bui. acting along a direction oriented at 45° direction as against the dings, a.s.o.) the hypotheses of horizontal seismic motions, reference horizontal axes, will be considered; in this case the seismic loads will be reduced by multiplying by factor 0.7. The simplified method described at item 5.7. will be used in considering the overall torsion effects. The three dimensional nature of the seismic action and of its effects is implicitly taken into account when the three dimensional analysis method, presented in appendix C, is used. 5.2.4. In the common design method (method A), the dynamic nature of the seismic action is idealized by accepting an equivalent static load distribution, which takes into account the modal vibration shapes and their relative influence on the overall response of the structure. The dynamic properties of the seismic response are directly reflected by the methods based on the direct integrating of the motion equations (item 5.8.). 5.2.5. In calculating the structure stresses and displacements under code seismic forces, the structure is considered to work in 26an elastic range. The sectional stiffness modules provided by the design specifications will be used. If the post-elastic dynamic analysis is used, hysteretic response rules, specific to the structural members response, will be used. 5.2.6. The structural modeling will take into account both of the elevated parts of structures and the foundation ground - the active zone adjoining the building. For foundation massive, the elasticity module corresponding to the seismic waves propagation velocities will be considered. For the analysis methods taking into account the ground post-elastic deformation properties, the constitutive laws described in literature will be used. 5.3. Basic relations for determining horizontal seismic loads to be used in structural analysis 5.3.1. The relations further provided will be used in determining the equivalent static loads, used in engineering analyses, required by the common design method. These loads take into account, in a simplified and implicit way, the effects of dynamic behavior and post-elastic deformation phenomena. 5.3.2. The horizontal seismic loads, acting on a structure, are determined for each natural mode of vibration. If the natural vibrations occur in one plane, the resultant of horizontal seismic loads (base shear force), corresponding to the ground motion direction and to the “r"-th vibration mode, is determined using relations 5.1. and 5.2. 5,=0,6 (5.1.4) where: C,=0K,B Ve, (5.2.4) 27where: ¢, ~ overall seismic coefficient, corresponding to the "r vibration mode; G - resultant of gravity loads for the whole building, determined according to item 6.1.3 a - importance coefficient of the building, according to the classes of importance in table 5.1. (item 5.3.3.); K, ~ coefficient depending on the seismic zone (item 5.3.4.); 8, — dynamic amplification coefficient in the “r“-th vibration mode, depending on the site spectral composition of the seismic motion (item 5.3.5.); WV - coefficient of reduction seismic effects, taking into account the structural ductility, the stresses re-distribution capacity, the contribution of strength reserve not considered in the analysis, the vibration damping effects (item 5.3.6.); €, — coefficient of equivalence between the actual system and a system with a Single degree of freedom, corresponding to the "r"-th natural vibration mode (item 5.3.7.); this procedure is valid for plane oscillations; for the three dimensional analysis e¢, will have a more complex significance, as described in appendix D. The resultant of horizontal seismic loads is the main parameter correlating the strength capacity of the superstructure, foundation system and foundation ground, used in estimating the strength capacity under horizontal forces of the soil-structure system. The vertical distribution of the equivalent seismic force ("S,") will take into account the specifications at item 5.3.8. 5.3.3. The “a" coefficients provide differences between buildings aseismic protection level according to the classes of importance they belong to. Starting from the criteria mentioned by item 1.5., the buildings are divided into 4 classes of importance as in table 5.1., with importance coefficients ("a") mentioned in table 5.2. 28Table 5.1. Classes of importance of the buildings: Class I - Buildings of vital social importance, whose functionality during and immediately after earthquakes should be fully granted - hospitals, ambulance services, fire-stations; - administration buildings of great importance in organizing the emergency post-earthquake activity; - communication buildings of national or country level importance; - power plants belonging to the national system; - buildings hosting museums of national importance. Class II - Very important buildings requiring a limitation of damage, keeping in view its potential consequences: — other health protection buildings; - schools, creches, kindergartens, boarding-houses for children, handicapped, old people; ~ high occupancy buildings: sports and performance halls, churches, important shopping centers; - buildings sheltering special artistic, historic, scientific values; - industrial buildings and plants where fire or toxic gases leakage may occur; - industrial buildings with equipment of high economic importance; stores for highly necessary products to be used ii of emergency. case Class III - Normal importance buildings (not falling into classes I,II or Iv): - residential buildings, hotels, boarding-houses (except those in class II); - common industrial and agrozootechnical buildings. 29Class IV - Reduced importance buildings - agrozootechnical structures of reduced importance (e.g. greenhouses, various single storey buildings for animal and poultry breeding, a.s.o.); - one- or two-storey residential buildings; - other civil and industrial buildings sheltering goods of low importance and reduced staff. Remarks: (a) The above buildings classification in classes of importance is not the same as that provided by STAS 10100/75; (b) The types of buildings which are not explicitly mentioned in the table, will fall into the four classes, based on a technical argumentation provided by the design theme; (c) In certain cases, some components of the buildings including installations and equipment, may fall into different classes of importance than the other parts of the building (see also chapter 10); (d) The decision on the classes of importance the buildings fall into, will be made by the owner, who will be advised by the technical authorities in charge. Table 5.2. Importance coefficients "a": + Classes of importance I It Ill Iv 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 5.3.4. The "K," coefficient represents the ratio between the peak ground acceleration of the seismic motion (with an average recurrence period of about 50 years), corresponding to the seismic zone, and the gravity acceleration. The "K," coefficients are supplied in table 5.3. according to the seismic zones described on the map (fig.5.1.). 30SINFIWISION VW NOLLWNOZ-VINYHOY=L 5 81 3.nyy ABA \a/ SS says_— ‘oupiody Gab Waieeaead a ug 452104 nog oe 7 ” eee oe SEAL / (oe ae wnt ee 74 afin ys 4 7 ge a oer a unanng LO>L sige oN u Baw & Ruste” ewe Nur SOOWId YINIOI AL, HOI \ US eh S aVH NOILWNOZ- VINYHOY=Z Sty \ 81)Te=1,5sec Te=10sec_ Tee O,7sec_ ‘ ; | Tr (sec) or — yl = Fig. 5.3.-The “Pr -Tr" diagrams ISk le=e-e2 masses | stiffness “centroid ~ a onoel 7 stitfness centroid ~ oo ¢ MOSSES *eote, * centroid © &2% B ' ‘Fig 5.4(a)-The eccentricities used in overall torsion analysis stiffness centroid a __ Skx=0,7Sk eyseyy *0,7eo “s 7 OY Sky=0,7Sk ex=byx “Greg” Fig.5.4(b)-The eccentricities dr, overall torsicn = analysis farina = into. account the simultaneous seismic acthen on both directicnsTable 5.3.- The coefficient " Seismic zone K, A 0.32 B 0.25 . c 0.20 D 0.16 E 0.12 7 F 0.08 5.3.5. The amplification factor ("f,") is determined according to the natural oscillation periods ("T,") of the building and to the local seismic conditions, characterized by corner periods ("T,"-fig.5.2.), using the following relations (fig.5.3 B. = 2.5 for T, < T, (5.3.) B= 2.5 -(%-T) 21 for T, > T, (5.4.) 5.3.6. The coefficient of reduction of seismic forces ("¥") is provided in table 5.4. Table 5.4, - The coefficient "¥": Structural type A.Reinforced concrete structures 1. Multistorey frame structures: - with infill walls designed as structural members: 0.25 - the infill walls are not considered structural members:0.20 2. Industrial halls and other one storey structures: - with stiff beams-columns joints: 0.15 - with hinged joints: 0.20 343. Buildings with structural walls: 0.25 4. Structures made of walls, columns and flat-slabs (no beams): 0.30 5. High stack-like structures: *) 6. Elevated tanks: 0.35 7. Silos: jasonry structures 1, Structures made of masonry structural walls with reii concrete boundary elements (spandrel beams and columns): 0.25 2, Structures with plain masonry structural walls: 0.30 C.Steel structures 1. Imdustrial buildings and other one storey structures (fig. 8.1.a. and 8.1.b.): - for unbraced vertical frames: * with one span 0.20 * with several spans 0.17 The above mentioned "¥" values (0.20 and 0.17) to be used for one storey structures are valid for hingeless columns base and stiff beam-column joints in the unbraced direction (fig.8.1.a). For inged beam-column joints (fig.8.1.b) the above mentioned values ill be increased by multiplying by 1.7 factor. - for braced vertical frames: - portals with centric bracing: * with "V"-shaped bracing 0.40 * with tensioned bracing 0.20 - portals with eccentric bracing 0.20 2. Multistorey frame structures (fig. 8.2.): 0.17 3. Structures with stiff vertical members with centric bracing: - tensioned bracing (fig.8.3.a) 0.25 - "Vv" shaped bracing (fig 8.3.b) 0.50 4. Structures with stiff vertical members and eccentric bracing (fig.8.4.): 0.20 5. Cantilever vertical structures (fig.8.5.): - solid section mast 0.50 — latticed mast 0.65 *) according to specific regulations 356. Dual structures made of frames and stiff vertical members with stiff horizontal connections (bracings, c.aphragms, a.s.o.): - vertical members with centric tensioned bracing (fig.8.3.a.) when they take over: * 0.5 at the most 0.20 * the whole 0.25 of the overall seismic force; ~ vertical members with "Vv" shaped bracing (fig.8.3.b) subjected to compression when they take over: * 0.5 at the most 0.40 * the whole 0.45 of the overall seismic force; - for other values, ranged between 0.5 and 1.0, the “¥* coefficients will be determined by linear interpolation (between 0.20 and 0.25, or between 0.40 and 0.45 respectively). Remark: (a) The "W" values are determined assuming that the structural ductility capacity is granted on the basis of layout and detailing rules. (b) The "YW" values, provided by table 5.4, are to be used for general structural analysis. In the cases mentioned at item 6.2.2., increased values will be used for certain structural members and zones. (c) The coefficients, referring to steel components, are valid if the structure grants an energy dissipating mechanism, which provides a real post~elastic behavior of these elements. (d) Different "W" values can be prescribed for some categories of structures by specific regulations. 5.3.7. The “e," coefficient is determined using the followi relation: (YM Guy)? ei OR tee 36where: uy, = the "r"-th eigen vector component corresponding to the "k"-th freedom degree; G, = resultant of gravity loads at "k" level (G The “u," eigen-vectors, as well as the “T," natural periods, will be determined using structural dynamics methods. The simplified methods, provided by appendix B, may be alternative used in the previously described cases. 5.3.8. The seismic load, acting at the "k"-th level on the D direction, corresponding to the “r“-th vibration mode, is determined using the following relation: Sir Chr Ge (5.6) where: Cur =O XB PN cr (8.7) The above symbol 7m, means the seismic forces distribution coefficient, corresponding to the "k"-th level and the "r"-th vibration mode: The ° the "S," resultant, determined according to item 5.3.2., w: ." Values may also be obtained using the distribution of g the relation: (5.9)5.3.9, If three-dimensional analysis models are used, the and (5.6 relations (5.5. will be accordingly generalized (appendix C). 5.3.10. The internal forces, displacements, a.s.o., are calculated separately for each natural vibration mode. If the oscillations analysis can be made independently, it is usually sufficient to take into account the first three natural vibration modes. The overall stress ("N") at a certain member section is determined using the relation: N = (2 N21? (5.10) Whenever the differences between the natural periods are lower than 10%, more general composition rules will be applied, according to the specifications in appendix C. For stack-like structures ~except the highest importance ones- the combined effect of different natural vibration modes may be considered by the simplified method described in appendix B. 5.3.11. For crane bridge working inside a one storey building braced in the longitudinal direction by ductile frames, special measures will be applied for an eventual bracing system collapse. Therefore, the structure without bracing system will be designed for a seismic coefficient over than 0.3 K, 2 0.05. «The designed energy dissipating mechanism has to induce plastic deformations at the columns bottom, as well as under the covering beams; the structure should be stiffened by bracings placed above the covering beams. Determination of vertical seismic loads 5.4.1. The analysis under vertical seismic actions is required by the following structural elements: - members with prevailing axial internal forces (columns, masonry columns between window spans, tensioned bars, suspended structures, a.5.0.). = beams and cantilevers with high shear forces due to high 38vertical loads and/or important spans; - flat slabs directly supported by columns (without beams). 5.4.2. The vertical seismic loads are determined by multiplying the gravity loads of the members by the “c," factor, provided in table 5.5. The resultant loads are superposed, according to the table, with the gravity loads or directly with the corresponding internal forces. Table 5.5. - The "c," coefficients: Type of member Load or internal force c, modified Members with prevailing Axial force of the member +k, axial forces Frame beams with high Shear force due to shear forces gravity loads, in £1.5k, sections close to the columns Beams with high concentrated vertical Concentrated loads £1.5k, loads Slabs floors directly Shear force at bearings bearing on columns zones (for punching #2.0k, (without beams) verification) Large span cantilevers Overall gravity load #1.5k, 5.5. Determination of seismic loads for non-structural members 5.5.1. The non-structural members which should not preserve their integrity after an earthquake, should be checked essentially such as to provide them with appropriate connections to the structure in order to avoid their collapse. 5.5.2. For such members the overall seismic load is determined using the following relation:8, = c, Gy (5.11) where: . = overall seismic coefficient (table 5.6.); G, = member gravity load. Table 5.6. specifies the directions of these seismic loads. Table 5.6. - The * elements seismic coefficient for non-structural Type of member The direction of the seismic load "Ss. Non-structural walls normal to member surface Parapets, cantilever 3k, normal to member walls surface Suspended ceilings k, normal to member surface Internal and external ornaments, statues, low 4k, any direction towers and chimneys Cornices and other low importance cantilevers, 2.5 k, any direction tanks placed on buildings Remark The values mentioned in table 5.6. are valid for common members. For members with unfavorable vibration characteristics, when local resonance effects may occur, increased “c," coefficients are accepted, if properly justified. 5.5.3. In the structural analysis, the loads provided by item 5.5.2. will not be superposed to those determined at items 5.3. and 5.4, 405.6. Determination of the seismic loads for industrial equipment and installations 5.6.1. From the point of view of seismic analysis, the industrial equipment and installations are classified into following categories: — self-supporting systems (including those designed only for gravity loads, stiffened by a framework to take over horizontal forces); - non-bearing installations supported by bearing frameworks. 5.6.2. For self-supporting systems, the seismic loads are determined accé¥ding to the items 5.3. and 5.4.; corresponding values of "a" and “¥" coefficients should be specified. 5.6.3. For highly important non-bearing industrial installations and equipment, the seismic loads are determined starting from the floor response spectrum or the floor dynamic factor, in supporting zones (chapter 10). For non-bearing industrial equipment and installations of low importance, their anchorage to structure will be verified against a load provided by the relation (5.11.) where: Cy=20K, (5.12.) 5.7. General torsional effect The torsional effect induced by the seismic action has to be taken into account by using a proper three-dimensional structural model, that makes it possible to consider the coupling of torsional and translation oscillations. For regular structures with the following characteristics: (i) the stiffness centers of different levels are placed approximately on the same vertical axis and (ii) the mass centers at different levels are approximately one above the other, an approximate analysis method of the general torsional effect, based on plane structural models, may be used. In this frame, at each level, the resultant of the horizontal seismic alloads acts at the following distance from the stiffness center (fig.5.4 e=ete, (5.13) where: e, = the mass center eccentricity as against the stiffness center; e, = conventional additional eccentricity, inducing the non-synchronous characteristics of the seismic motion for the building under analysis along the direction considered; the following values will be accepted for "e," eccentricity: 0.05 B - for common buildings with regular plan distribution of structural members and 0.075 B - for buildings with an unfavorable plan distribution of structural members to take over the general torsion (e.g. structures with a central stiff tube made of structural walls or with reduced stiffness walls at the front of the building); B = maximum building plan dimension (the largest side). The eccentricity “e" determined in this way will be considered for the horizontal seismic loads resultants acting separately along the reference directions (item 5.2.3.a) and at 45° with respect to these directions (item 5.2.3.b). A three-dimensional analysis model, which considers the torsional oscillations, should be used in the case of buildings higher than 5 stories or/and with special shapes (e, > 0.1 B). In case of great eccentricities (e, 2 0.15 B), aseismic j nts aimed to reduce them should be provided. High complexity analysis methods Whenever additional data are required for the code seismic loads, determined according to item 5.3., compared to the equivalent static method (common in structural analysis), one or several analysis methods mentioned at item 2.3 and in table 6.1., may be used. 5.8.1. The elastic dynamic analysis method This method is based on the numerical integration of the 42differential equations, which express the instantaneous dynamic equilibrium, and leads to the obtaining of the elastic seismic response at each moment of the seismic action. The seismic action is vrepresented by local recorded accelerograms or by ac’. .erograms, complying site characteristics from the view point of spectral contents. In structural design, the maximum internal forces will be reduced using the ratio between the code seismic force (determined according to item 5.3.) and the base shear force, recorded at those moments. . 5.8.2. The post-elastic dynamic analysis method This method, like that of item 5.8.3., is a verification method to be used for those structures whose strength and deformation capacities may be estimated. ‘These estimates use material strengths close to the average values (e.g. the values for reinforced concrete are to be found in STAS 10107/0-90). The method of post-elastic dynamic analysis, based on the integration of the dynamic equilibrium equations, expressed at sufficiently close time steps takes into account the changes of the structural stiffness characteristics from one time step to another according to the development of plastic deformations and structural damages; this method accepts the structural stiffness characteristics as constant during an elementary time interval. The use of this method requires the force-displacement relation for each structural member (members constitutive laws), as well as the base motion law. Special provisions for specifying these basic data are given in corresponding instructions. Using the post-elastic dynamic analysis method, one can determine the main characteristics of the structural seismic response during the seismic action (time-history response), including the structural ductility demands. The method represents a tool to design a favorable plastic structural mechanism (item ErsEnis 5.8.3. Post-elastic static analysis method This method is of an intermediate complexity between the equivalent static analysis method and the post-elastic dynamic analysis. 43This method is complementary to the common design method (Method A) for unfavorable structural layout or structures higher than usual. The use of this method is recommended in case of structures that are rather irregular, or taller than usual, to complete the mandatory analysis involved by the common design method (method A, according to the categories of item 2.3.). This method consists of a "biographical" analysis under constant gravity loads and monotonically increasing horizontal loads distributed according to several possible laws, which take into account different contributions of the natural vibration modes. The method exhibits for such loading hypotheses the successive occurrence of the plastic hinges (plastic zones), the capable lateral displacements, the horizontal forces. A variant of this method is that, in which the ultimate equilibrium is analyzed (considering the values of plastic moments at the critical sections) for a structure as a whole or for parts of it. 16. SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS FOR SEISMIC ACTIONS ions and lo: ng_schemes 6 act in special combinations, according to STAS 10101/01. .1, The seismic loads are exceptional loads, therefore they 6.1.2. The other loads included in the special combinations, together with the seismic ones, are only the dead loads and other quasi-permanent static loads, due to the technological process (pressures in pipes and tanks, conveyor tightening horizontal forces, a.s.o.). Consequently, the horizontal loads produced by wind, traveling cranes (braking or buffer collisions of cranes or of their trucks, inertia forces corresponding to the live loads of flexible hanger traveling cranes), by constrained deformations or imposed displacements (due to temperature variations, concrete shrinkage, a.s.0.), are not usually included. The structures with such loads, explicitly mentioned by special provisions or design themes, are excepted. The non-seismic loads are used multiplied by special load combination factors. 6.1.3. The gravity loads, used to calculate the horizontal seismic loads (according to item 5.3.), will be determined taking into account he following aspects: - gravity loads (including those produced by transportation engines in industrial buildings, such as traveling cranes) are involved only by their long duration component; the analysis is usually limited to a single hypotheses of non-permanent vertical loads on floors, namely the highest intensity one, uniformly distributed all over the structure; in the special case of structures where these loads resultant exceeds 25% of all vertical loads resultant, for each direction of horizontal seismic loads, an additional hypotheses of asymmetrical 45dis ibution of non-permanent vertical loads will be considered; this hypotheses is determined so as to reach a maximum moment of the seismic loads resultant as against the structural stiffness g.6.1.). 6.1.4. The cases mentioned at item 5.4. require a structural center lysis for vertical seismic loads too and the corresponding tern, 1 forces are not superposed with those produced by the horizontal seismic loads. 2. Analysis requirements A. The Common Design Method (Method A) 6.2.1. The structural analysis under seismic actions is performed for limit states, according to the general principles, which ensure the structural safety (provided by STAS 10100/0-75). 6.2.2. The ultimate strength and stability limit state analysis should be performed for all structural categories. All the structural members, as well as the non-structural elements (whose damage may cause serious consequences), should be analyzed. The loads used for non-structural members are provided by the item 5.5. or structures with unfavorable stress concentrations, due to the seismic action or when the ductility capacity under certain loads is not granted, the internal forces resulting from the seismic action analysis, will be multiplied by the above-unit factors given in table 6.1. 46Table 6.1. The increasing factors of internal forces for members with stress concentration or reduced ductility Efforts Type of member increasing factor Joints between prefabricated elarents with transmission of internal forces through welding Brick masonry or reinforced concrete structural walls, except their coupling bears (for shear force analysis) 15 Floors over ground floor for stiff structures with flexible ground floor Abutrent_anchor ing and fixing bolts Prestressed joints between reinforced concrete 2.0 prefabricated elerents Colums at the flexible level of stiff structures (colums of silo unit bottom cross-cut, colums support ing 3.0 structural walls) 6.2.3. The structural post-elastic deformation capacity is indirectly granted, by observing the sections and members detailing rules, given by design specifications, related to different materials or structures. 6.2.4. The deformation limit state analysis is performed in order to: - avoid over-damaging of certain non-structural members (including installations components) subjected to deformations caused by structural seismic oscillations; - avoid too large structural lateral displacements, mainly at upper stories; - avoid collisions of adjoining building sections; - avoid great amplifications of seismic effects of free level liquids in highly placed tanks; - limit deformation or damaging of special equipment installed inside the building. The rift limitation conditions (A, /H,) are the following: (a) For the framed structures with masonry infill panels, madeof ceramic blocks, light-weight concrete or autoclaved light-weight concrete: A,/H_s0.0635 (6 (b) For the structures with infill panels, made of deformable materials which do not impede the structural deformations, as well as for structures with no infills (open multistorey parking, stands, a.s.o.): A,/H,s0.007 (6.2) (c) For one storey structures whose wall panels satisfy the conditions at item (b): A,/H,s0.01 (6.3) In other cases the displacements are limited according to the functional and structural characteristics of buildings. The following symbols are used in relations (6.1) - (6.3): A, - the lateral displacement, calculated without considering the contribution of the infilled walls; H, - the height of a storey. Remarks: (i) Tf various constructive solutions (materials, connections with the structure) are adopted for non-structural walls (partitions and facades), the most severe of the conditions (6.1)- (6.3) will be used, in order to limit the drift values (A, /H,). (ii) The horizontal displacements, involved in the drift analysis (A), represent the structural maximum displacements including the post-elastic components. These displacements may be obtained by multiplying the elastic deflections (determined using the code seismic loads) by 1/¥. (iii) The deformation module used in displacements analysis are provided by the design specifications concerning structural members made of various materials. 48(iv) The relative displacement, used in relations (6.1)-(6-3), corresponds to the angular variation of the initially normal angle of the panel corner (fig.6.2.). 6.2.5. In special cases, further requirements may be applied (e.g. concerning the cracking limit state), if properly justified and accepted. B. The method based on the post-elastic dynamic analysis (Method "B") This method allows an explicit control on the structura plastic mechanism. The damage control for structural members for the design earthquake (defined by the "k,” coefficient corresponding to the seismic zone) is performed by estimating the post-elastic deformations, or by the emphasizing of the degree of stiffness and strength degradation, by using certain computer programs. The non-structural members damage assessment is based on the drift values calculated by using the maximum deflection (including post-elastic components). This analysis method also allows to prove, whether the structure loaded by an earthquake whose intensity is lower than the code value, but with a shorter return period, has an elastic response or is subjected to small post-elastic deformations; the method may also emphasize if the structure subjected to an earthquake whose intensity is higher than the code value (possibly the maximum credible earthquake) preserves its stability (the ductility demands, in the essential members and zones, are less than their deformation capacity granted by design). The internal forces in the infrastructure and in the foundation system as well as the pressure on the foundation ground and their distribution, are determined using the torces developed at the superstructure base, associated to the superstructure plastic mechanism. The materials strengths should be close to the average values, in order to correlate the strength capacities of the superstructure, of the foundation system and of the foundation ground.ld anos aiwsias uBisap ayy of uIpuodsalJod SENjDA ayy) V4UN paonpau aq }714] Ajayiondxa pay22y2 aq jouuns] sisAjouD joUNyINYS aUy} y})2wouAy WsiUDYIaW UOIJDIIJ14SD}d ayy] Aq papiaaud sysoysa ayy: (7) sau! sawos6osaj223D Jpaury] Zz San} JDUJajUT au wsiuDy3| _ 4 Burpsor20 suolj39s ssoJ2 ayy] - aw uoiyory1ysD]d ayy Buruse2u02 suoijjpucr Guninjap} 04 payDiz0ssD aq yIM YBnowyy parsasgo aq IM 4T ‘Suequaw ]OUN4INI4S} }DuoIsuaUW fuawaunbas 411143 (q] yo swouBoip s4uoyja ayy sau aigis ~ !WPD Byj UD Jamo} aq OY BADY] 04 sisA}DUD yoUNyINI4S| yawaroydsip yo sanypa uBisap ayy ( 8suodsas 3404s poyjauy| juawayinbas ssausjiys(D} ays oy JDU!} JO} $32J04} uBisap} SpaAlasqo aq DI4JBU! SD YaLNqidysip|(S 7) 24Dys} uoW WOD} 04 @ADY SuOIY!PUCI BuIMO}]OJ BY] f[ouNJINYs 4D s}iojja ayy. (7) sDeuly] saavoy youoljusnuo}) ~— JDaUI 7 }y poyyayy| 1 g a € 4 4 0 uolysy[ [Disejow PUN, MYSPIWSIES J 40 MOL | Yoysy dWwsiag juoyoyns}0 ubIsa ubisap 104 yo ad AL Juajsturaypauingyssuc:,| 4 ae s a ce a DJWSIaSD Jo UOIyEIJIs9A $83J0} JDUJaYUT Japow |oanyanps yf Bulapoy poyyay | Pousay| $0 S21ysiJa420sDY3 asDg spoyjay ubiseg Jwsiasy jo uoljoziuajaDUDY) - “79 a}qny8d sjuawazojdsip . }ouajo) joyuawa.ou pasodwi JO SPO} }DJGyD) DyuaWauu| days -Aq- days D yBnouwys sisfyouD ,, ;DIAydouBoig,, D yo sysisuod poyyaw ayy (Z ,2iwoukp = opnasd, pawdu si siskjDUD yDuNyInd4s ayy AYM SI siyJ (S@N0J Diyyaul ayy 4O sanjDA WnwIxDW | AYf) SDIJSWA} IDIDYD UOIYDIGIA JOUNJINYS BY4 Of PuodsaJod }]IM SBIJoj YAwslas joyuozJoy uBisap ay4 Jo uvoyNquysID auy (| SHaVW3Y saBuy 24)s0}d ui spupwap (ae) Aynyanp ud aunyanys auy | DUoIsUaWIpI jo syuawainbau juawarnjdsip(q = BBIUNG wslUDYI3W uowDaijysojd yeungonys auyto ‘papa os0 SUOYPIOD Buoy 3 (1g) sDUDKd(o} )2kupu {CNWO3U!)-Uo} sebuy ayspjd u spuowap np pee ANYINS ayy jo Sai as juawarDj|dsip(q usiupy3aul vo1paijysod Jounyanys aya paypay2 @UD SuoipuoI BuiMo}}o4 ay] - aay ( 2suodsal awsias' ‘Joy sa20J (id)s0u0idunloaded _ \ cells Fig. 6.1-Symmetrical and asymmetrical loading for a silo tower cell Fig. 6.2-The‘A “drift used in relations (6.1) +(6.3.)7. PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 7.1. General 7.1.1. The design of reinforced concrete structures will be made according to STAS 10107/0-90 (Analysis and design of concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structural members), as well as other specifications concerning different types of structures (e.g. The P85 Instruction for structural walls buildings, the P101 Instruction for large panel structures, the design specifications for reinforced concrete stacks, frame joints design specifications, a.s.o.). The provisions of this chapter are complementary to those previously mentioned, providing additional data concerning the aseismic design. 7.1.2. The specifications of this chapter are valid for cast-in-place, precast or mixed structures, mentioned at item 1.1. The aseismic design of prestressed concrete structures will be made using special provisions. 7.2. Conditions of applying structural design principles The items 7.2.1. and 7.2.2. provide the generai design principles, described in chapter 2, as applied to reinforced concrete structures. 7.2.1. Conditions concerning the ultimate limit state These basic requirements imply that the following conditions to be simultaneously observed: 7.2.1.1. Local strength cS The seismic action (including short term post-elastic incursions) does not considerably reduce the strength capacity in any critical zone of the structure (zones under the most unfavorable loads combinations). 53If specific experimental data and/or proper analysis models are not available, the strength demand in a certain section is accepted to be fulfilled if the strength capacity design value (determined according to STAS 10107/0-90) is higher or equal to the maximum design internal forces in that section. 7.2.1.2. Overall ductility (energy dissipating capacity) (i) Structural energy dissipating mechanism (plastic mechanism) In the case of reinforced concrete structures, a proper use of the energy dissipating mechanism mobilized by high intensity earthquakes (item 2.3.), depends on the following conditions: (a) The potential plastic hinges should be rather uniformly distributed all over the structure and should have limited ductility demands; the plastic deformations concentration in several "weak" zones should be avoided; (b) For multistorey frame structures, the post-elastic deformations have to occur first at the beam ends and only after that they may occur (or not), with reduced values, in columns. The joint (beam-column connections), as well as the horizontal diaphragms, are usually loaded only within the elastic range. (c) For structural walls, the post-elastic deformations have to occur in coupling beams (when they exist) and at walls bases. In such cases the diaphragms shall be actually loaded only within the elastic range. For other types of structures, favorable plastic mechanisms have to be imposed. An elastic seismic response may also be imposed in certain special cases. The post-elastic deformation concentrations will be avoided in "weak" zones, determined by the existing hollows. For instance, in case of tower-like structures, the plastic deformations will be concentrated above the bottom hollowed zone (which include stack flues in case of chimneys and doors in case of elevated tanks and other similar structures). A controlled energy dissipating mechanism may be achieved by using the dynamic post-elastic analysis or the envelopes of internal forces as specific for various types of structures. In the last variant, the design internal forces are obtained by the 54equilibrium condition for the selected plastic mechanism, expressed locally (e.g.: the beams equilibrium for frame structures) or for the whole structure (e.g.: structural walls equilibrium); the plastic moments shall take into account the over strength effects (appendix D). The members ends internal forces will be multiplied by dynamic factors, determined by parametric analyses based on post-elastic dynamic analysis, under accelerograms sets specific to the local seismic zone. The zones where elastic response is required are designed so as to grant a greater resistance than the potential plastic zones (see item 2.3.); (d) The lateral displacements, associated to the ductility demands, are sufficiently reduced to cause neither stability losses nor great overloading due to "P-A" effects. (ii) Local ductility The reinforced concrete structural members design shall grant a substantial and stable energy dissipating capacity in potential plastic zones, without a significant ;stiffness and/or strength degradation. The common design method accepts to replace the explicit ductility demands in plastic zones (concerning plastic hinge post-elastic rotation capacity) by a criterion of limiting the compressed zone relative height (STAS 10107/0-90). For the structural walls, the equivalent criterion of limiting the average compression stress, is accepted (Technical Provisions P85/82). In order to increase the local ductility, one or several of the following measures may be used: - cross-section increasing, namely the width of the compressed zone; ~ for compressed members, diminishing of the main compression stress by an increasing of the cross section size; - increasing of the reinforcement in the compressed zone of the cross section; - the reinforcement reducing in the tensioned zone of the cross section; - enhancing the concrete class; 55- the concrete confinement in the compressed zone, by proper web reinforcement. The development of the post-elastic deformation capacity in potential plastic zones requires to avoid the reinforcement kling in the compressed zone;this demand will be observed by providing stirrups/hoops and closely spaced ties. The structural detailing rules of common reinforced concrete structures, granting the minimum ductility conditions, are mentioned in STAS 10107/0-90 ,for beams and columns, and in P85/82 for structural walls; these rules are supplemented by the specifications given in the appendix D. (iii) Avoiding of brittle failures The structural reinforced concrete elements should be designed so as to avoid premature brittle failures, which may impede the mobilization of the designed energy dissipating mechanism. The following cases will be avoided: (a) Failures caused by shear force action; (b) Dislocations produced by sliding forces along the pre-cracked planes, such as construction joints of cast-in-place elements or joints between prefabricated members; (c) Reinforcement anchorage loss and bond damaging between concrete and steel reinforcement in joining zones; (d) Failure of tensioned zones, under-reinforced; The safety level against these types of failure will be higher than the one corresponding to the bending moment failures with or without axial force. The design values of shear and sliding forces are those corresponding to the structural plastic mechanism and include possible over strength effects (appendix D). In order to avoid failures in concrete tensioned zones, proper reinforcement ratios will be provided so as to observe the minimum requirements mentioned in STAS 10107/0-90. In certain cases, such as frame beams interacting with large floor zones, the cracking moment may be higher than the plastic moment; this hypothesis shall be considered in estimating the design shear force for web reinforcement. (iv) Non-structural mechanism of seismic energy dissipation The non-structural members, mainly infill masonry panels, 56which are not taken into account in the structural analysis, may contribute to seismic energy dissipation. Therefore, the membe will be distributed rather uniformly all over the structure and proper measures will be adopted in order to avoid unfavorable local effects caused by interaction with the structure (appendix D). In certain cases the infill masonry walls can be designed as energy dissipators providing also appropriate measures in order to assure that their failure will precede the structural damaging during the earthquakes. 7.2.1.3. Additional measures These measures have to “cover” possible uncertainties due to the analysis model and the hypotheses concerning structural members behavior. They refer to: (a) Structural layout The structural layout will be as regular as possible (item 4.1.). An irregular structural outline requires more complicated analysis methods and performance scenarios concerning structural behavior than the ones used for regular structures. (b) Structural strength capacity uncertainties The structural members dimensions shall be designed so as, the construction errors, ranging within admissible values, have not a considerable influence on structural response and/or not over-increase the “P-A" effects. The following items will be considered in additionally to common reinforcing provisions (STAS 10107/0-90): — a minimum reinforcement ratio shall be provided along the beams top, so as to cover the differences between the actual distribution of bending moments and their analysis diagram; - a minimum reinforcement ratio at the beams bottom at support, in order to develop the strength capacity required by the positive moments (with high probability of occurring in these sections due to the seismic action); (c) Uncertainties concerning plastic zones location The structural members detailing shall grant minimum deformation capacities at all sections, so as to ensure covering limited ductility demands outside potential plastic zones as well. 7.2.2. Requirements concerning the limiting of structural and 57non-structural damage The damage of structural members, caused by ear. hquakes, is considered to be limited if the local strength demands, mentioned by item 7.2.1.1., are observed. The damage to non-structural members, mainly infill masonry panels, is considered to be limited if the walls angular distortions, caused by structural deformations, are smaller than the corresponding ultimate deformations (for maximum sliding forces). In common situations, it is assumed that these requirements are achieved by observing the drift limitation conditions (item 6.2.4.). The specifications at item 4.4. about the vertical joints design and structural members detailing in joints zones will also be observed. Requirements concerning materials 7.3.1. Concrete quality The lowest concrete class, used for structural members overtaking seismic actions, is Bc 15. The lowest concrete class recommended for vertical structural members, mainly at the lowest stories of multistorey buildings and at the base of tower-type structures (stacks, water towers, a.s.0.), is Bc 20. 7.3.2. Steel quality 7.3.2.1. The reinforcing steel, used in potential plastic zones, will meet the following conditions: - the minimum failure elongation 12%; - the ratio between the ultimate stress and the yielding stress will not exceed 1.55; ~ the variability of yielding stresses will be less than that corresponding to a coefficient of variation of 10%. . 7.3.2.2. Except the closed hoops, the potential plastic zones reinforcement will be made by deformed bars. 7.3.2.3. The use of welded wire meshes is not usually allowed in potential plastic zones. 58The web reinforcement is exempt when it proves an elastic response against shear force provided by a high safety level.8. PROVISIONS CONCERNING STEEL STRUCTURES 8.1. General provisi. 8.1.1. The aseismic design of steel structures sh. be made according to specific codes supplemented with the provisions specified by this code. The appendix = provides some detailing rules. 8.1.2. The aseismic steel structures are designed so that, during high intensity seismic actions, certain parts may dissipate seismic energy by post-elastic deformation. These structural parts are called potential plastic zones. 8.2. Classification of aseismic steel structures 8.2.1. The aseismic steel structures are classified depending upon their structural system and upon their behavior during seismic actions: (a) One storey or multistorey frame structures, where seismic actions are taken over by members bending (fig.8.1. and 8.2.); the plastic hinges usually occur near the "beam-column” joints, so the seismic energy is dissipated by post-elastic deformation. (b) Structures made of steel trussed vertical members with centric bracing; the horizontal forces are taken over by axial forces and partially, due to stiff joints, by bending effects. The following structures belong to this category: - structures made of stiff vertical trusses (fig.8.3.a.); the horizontal forces are overtaken by tensioned diagonal bars (the compressed diagonal bars contribution is neglected); - structures with "Vv" shaped trusses (fig.8.3.b.); the horizontal forces will be taken over by tensioned and by compressed diagonal bars as well; the structural members including the bar crosses will be continuous and will be fixed in stiff horizontal structures (bracing, decking, floor slabs, a.s.o.). 60(9 [ Fig. 8.1-Industrial buildings and other one storey structures: (a) with rigid “beam - column’ joints (b) with hinged “beam - column’ joints a Fig. 8.2-Multistorey frame structures are — Structures, with rigid vertical components with centric — bracing (a}with tension diagonal bars (b) structures with "V" shaped bracing aU(c) Structures made of stiff eccentrically braced vertical trusses with members (fig.8.4.); the horizontal forces are usually taken over by axial effects and by bending moments produced by fixing eccentricity; seismic energy may be absorbed by post-elastic deformation of the bending beams and/or by shear deformation of the beams webs. To this category pertain only those structures where beams bending capacity and/or webs shear capacity are reached prior to the tension and/or compression capacity of the other bars (diagonal bars and vertical members). (a) Cantilever-type structures, with vertical axis (such as high rise structures), fixed in foundations or in other stiff structures, subjected to compression and bending moments (fig.8.5.). (e) Structures made of frames and of vertical components (£ig.8.6.); the horizontal forces are taken over both by frames and by vertical trusses (mixed structures), Three dimensional interaction is granted by stiff horizontal diaphragms. 8.3. Materials used for aseismic steel structures 8.3.1. The steels, welding materials and bolts, used for aseismic steel structures, will fulfil their specific provisions and the requirements mentioned at items 8.3.2.-8.3.7., as well. 8.3.2. The ratio between the failure strength ("R,") and the yield limit ("R.") will be at least 1.25 and the failure elongation ("A") will be at least 158. The steels used in potential plastic zones will have a well-defined yield plateau (the last specific elongation of this zone will be greater than or equal to 1.5%). 8.3.3. The steel quality class, used for aseismic steel structures, will be according to STAS R8542-79. 8.3.4. The members made of steel sheet, whose thickness is greater than or equal to 15 mm, subjected to tensile stresses normal to their plane, the steel sheets will be ultrasonically tested. The rolled sheets will be subjected to this control and, if necessary, the other sheet parts used in steel members 62Fig.8.4-Structures made of shff vertical components. with members eccentrically braced Fig. 8.5-Cantilever type structures with vertical axis ER case (a ER c Y > ER case (b R Fig. 8.6-Structures made of frames (C) and vertical braced frames (ER) (a)-with tensioned diagenal bars (b)-with "V" shaped — bracingconstruction. 8.3.5. The welded joints will belong to the first quality class, for members sub cted mainly to tensile stresses, and to the second quality class, for members subjected mainly to compression stresses. 8.3.6. The high strength bolts, used in joints working by friction, will belong to 8.8. and 10.9. quality classes (STAS 8796/0,1,2,3-77). The high strength bolts, where tensile stresses may occur (flanged joints), will fulfil the conditions provided by the 8.8. quality class. They will be subjected to a prestressing effort of at least 50% of the one recommended for the bolts working by friction. 8.3.7. The anchorage bolts, used for column bases, will be made of steel corresponding to 4.6., 5.8. and 6.6. quality classes. When, because of strength and/or other toughness requirements, bolts with high mechanical characteristics are required, they will be made of steel alloys subjected to a heat treatment. The quality class of these steels will be 8.8. 8.4.Conditions of slenderness for the structural members webs in_potential plastic zones The following conditions will be observed depending on the coefficient values: 0.17 < ¥ < 0.25 class 1 0.25 < ¥ < 0.50 class 2 > 0.50 class 3 The conditions corresponding to the above mentioned sses are to be found in tables 8.1. and 8.2. For structures characterized by ¥ 2 0.50, where plastic zones caused by seismic actions may occur, the conditions corresponding to class 2 may be accepted. 8.5. Structural members analysis and detailing 8.5.1. Connections 64Table 8.1. Maximum — permissible sienderness values for the waiis of the steel structural members fia) Webs bending axis _ [Secon Bending | Compression |, ,GOmBrESsION class isa Stresses [=] distribution = Stresses distribution for 3 | hi, ath Fe = = (20. Re 240 290 360 LV Re = | 1 | 0% 0,82 tension + 3; compression - ; f=web_ thickness pene Teroay OP rigs ece0-FNERTatle 8. [tb) Flanges framed by webs axis bending f L 1. tcont'd —— class Section } Performin | procedure Bending iu other Stress i it Hl ' distribution it i! I i u ti i iL ti i b--— i Rolled sechon | (b-3ij, «33° (b- 3typese = sections jk bj 233 ¢ by sA2 = Rolled E other Rolled section {b- 34), $38 ¢. + (b= 3t)p 3422 2.1 “other “sections by = 38 | bh 42 2 fl TT Stress a T distribution i section (b-3ty = sections bes (b-3hy = We ‘ SBE | 20 Re 20 | 290 | 360 | i Re é 1 0,97 Q22 tension + compression - ; t= web thicknessTable 8.1. ( cont'd (c) canter ) flanges C Section | Performin Compression + _bendin class ee Compression oH c Stress iE i] Te distribution ot | | Ae #4 co. cee [i cs Rolled section | C/y<10% WE | a other sectony cy <9 ge Rolled section other sections| Cy SNE Cy S10E Stress distri bution |r Rolied section | cy <15¢ cy < 234 Vke 3. \ other sections} cy <1h Cys 21e VkKe j {fer _ky see table 8.2 (Fie. Re | 240 | 290, 360 Rc = 1 091 fe fension + compression — + t= web thicknessTable 3.1. (cont'd (d) Angle irens ia . 4 ¥ No vaiid for angle irons {see also item (c) ) © fixed on other _ y, Members Section T class aI i i i Stress distribution Compression je} Round pipes Section class va L i Eending ression and bending t= wall thickness380 jh l00+ALZ0-LS0 is‘0 jAusoraicduse e AVL ASL | OLE ; uo 6€2 | hOL'6+ 4679-187 suing uysip | joddns anid ssays | 30 adAL $]uai31yja02 Ay ayy=Z°8 B1GDL ate o> b>8.5 The connections performed by butt welding (end to end) will meet the conditions at item 8.3.5. 8.5.1. . The connections performed by lap welding or by bolts in potential plastic zones will be designed for forces obtained by multiplying the highest capable forces of members connected by a factor 1.25. 8.5.1 yielding The connections by bolts will be designed so that the the joining members precede the bolts failure. 8.5.2. Stiff horizontal diaphragms 8.5.2.1. The stiff horizontal diaphragms (bracing, floor-plates, a.s.o.) will be designed according to the stresses produced by exterior loads multiplied by 1.5. 8.5.3, Framed structures 8.5.3.1. General design conditions The aseismic steel structures will be designed so that, during high intensity seismic actions, the plastic hinges occur first at the beams ends (near the “beam-column" joint) and only thereafter, possibly, in columns. At the highest storey of the multistorey frame structures, as well as for one storey structures, plastic hinges are accepted to occur first in columns. In the frame base zones, the plastic hinges will be designed to occur in columns. Their occurrence in anchorage members is absolutely forbidden. Plastic hinges shall not occur in structural members joints. 8.5.3.2. Beams The specifications concerning the beams detailing in potential plastic zones refer to the parts where both flanges and web yield. The beams with potential plastic hinges will be designed against overall stability loss phenomena by joining them to stiff horizontal structures (bracing, floor-plates, floor slabs, @.5.0.), whenever they exist, or by proper transverse joints; the “1\" spaces between them should respond to the following relation: (8.1)where: i, = beam gyration radius in the stability loss potential plane; & = coefficient whose values are provided by table 25 in STAS 10108/0-78. The "1," spaces between the first transverse joint and the column supporting the beams will meet the condition: d,sb/4 ae where L is the beam span. The members joining transversely the compressed flanges to the horizontal structures will be designed so as to take over a "H" force meeting the relation: H20.02A,R (8.3) where: A, = compressed flange section; R = flange steel design strength. The compressed bottom flange joining members in supports zones will consist of pairs of stiffening transverse ribs carrying over the "H" force, by bending, to the joints at upper flange level. In the potential plastic zones the following relations will be met: N/AsO.01R (8.4) M,/WysR (8.5) T/A,s0.2R (8.6) where: N, T, M, = maximum axial force, shear force and bending moment in potential plastic zones; W, = section bending strength module; 7A, = web section area (A =h, t, , where h, = web height and t, = web thickness). Efforts higher than 0.2 R may be accepted in relation (8.6.) if the beam bending bearing capacity is not altered. The slenderness of steel structural members webs in potential plastic zones will meet the conditions in table 8.1. and 8.2. In potential plastic zones, hybrid beams or those whose web works within the post-elastic range, according to Code P108-80, are not accepted. In the other beams zones, strength and buckling verifications are performed using the relations provided by STAS 10108/0-78. 8.5.3.3. Columns The columns analysis, subjected to compression and bending, is carried out using the relations given by STAS 10108/0-78 (for the most unfavorable combination of internal forces N, ™, M). The verification against shear force action is performed using the relation: <0.2R (8.7) The columns with potential plastic zones at their ends require constructive measures to avoid bending-torsion buckling. The columns slenderness maximum coefficient will observe the relation: 40.704, (8.8) where: 7 Nz (8.9) The plastic hinges in the columns at the foundations join level and near the “beam-column" joints at the highest storey are accepted. In preliminary analysis, compression and biaxial bending 72analysis may be replaced by separate analyses on each of the two directions, using bending moments in one plane only, multiplied by 1.3. 8.5.3.4. “Beam-column" joints The stresses magnitude for "beam-column" joints will be ¥,S, where: S = stress produced in joint by code loads; ‘vy = multiplication factor, as follows: 1.2 - for joints placed in potential plastic zones, 1.0 - for other joints zones. 8.5.3.5, Column-foundation ancho: ng Columns foundations anchorages are designed using the forces produced by the code loads which produce the maximum tensional stresses. The internal forces produced by seismic action, will be multiplied by K = 1/¥ according to Appendix E, item £.1.2.4. 8.5.4, Structures with stiff vertical members, with centric bracing 8.5.4.1. Structures with stiff vertical members, with tensioned diagonal bars By a proper design the first plastic zone shall occur in tensioned diagonal bars. These plastic zones shall precede the post-elastic deformations or general/local beams and columns instability, as well as joints plastic hinges occurrence. The plastic zones in joints will be avoided except the cases when accurate experimental data certify acceptable post-elastic strength capacity. The stiff vertical members with tensioned diagonals will be placed so that the structural displacements induced by the seismic action, in both main directions, be as close as possible. Therefore, for each storey and for each of the main directions, the following conditions will be satisfied: (8.10) where:At and A are horizontal projections of the tensioned diagonals areas, when the actions are positive and negative respectively. The forces in diagonal bars will be determined neglecting the action of compressed diagonals. The diagonal bar slenderness coefficient will fulfil the condi, hel. Sh, (8.11) where: A. is provided by relation (8.9). 8.5.4.2. Structures with stiff vertical members, with “v" bracing For these structures, compression and bending verifications are performed according to the specifications provided by STAS 10108/0-78. The horizontal bars, where bracing bars are fixed, will be continuous at their intersections and will have stiff ends joints with columns. When the diagonal bar intersections are placed under the horizontal bar axis, the bar will be designed under non-seismic loads without considering their intermediate supports on diagonal bars. The cases when special analyses for horizontal bars bearing capacity are performed and the analysis takes into account all the loads and joints are excepted. The "v" bracing slenderness coefficient will not exceed the value: 420.75), (8.12) where: dX is provided by the relation (8.9). The diagonal bars will have proper detailing to avoid bending-torsion buckling. 8.5.5. Structures with stiff vertical members with eccentric bracing These structures will be analyzed and designed using specific provisions. 74