Outline

Source: Lakervi & Holmes

The substation

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

From generator to customer

The substation
Substation equipment
Overhead lines

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

Substation functions
Voltage transformation (reduction)
Power transformer

Generation
|
Transmission
|
Distribution
|
Consumption

Connection point for local networks

Switchyard for network configuration
Bus bars, circuit breakers, disconnectors

Monitoring point for control center

Potential and current transformers

Source: vattenfall.se

stra mottagningsstationen, Lund

At the city limit
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

Fuses and other protection

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

Substation equipment
ENGLISH
Busbar
Generator
Two-wdg transformer
Line
Circuit breaker
Disconnector
Surge arrester
Current transformer
Potential transformer

Substation layout

SVENSKA
Samlingsskena
Transformator
Ledning
Effektbrytare
Frnskiljare
Ventilavledare
Strmtransformator
Spnningstransformator

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

Circuit breaker
Sweden

Disconnector / Isolator
USA

Open Closed
Interrupts large current
Several kA
Short-circuit current
Hidden contacts

Interrupts small current

Load current

Visible interruption
Very manual control
Design challenge: Weather

Sweden

USA
Open Closed

Source:ABB

Control
Protection systems
Manual remote

Open

Closed

Design challenge
Speed and current

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

Source: Nicklasson

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

Current transformer

Voltage/potential transformer

Reduces current
Typically 1000/2 A

Current monitored
Source:ABB

Control center
Protection equipment
P, Q transducers

Reduces voltage
Typically x kV/110 V

Voltage monitored

Source:ABB

Control center
Protection equipment
P, Q transducers

Also C voltage divider

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

Surge / lightning arrester

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

10

GIS - Gas Isolated Switchgear

SF6

Air

Overvoltage trap
Alternative to air gap
Short-circuit to ground
Source: Lakervi

SF6 gas
Isolates much better than air - reduces size
Greenhouse gas
Source: ABB

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

11

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

12

Line conductor

Source: Nicklasson

Transmission towers

400 kV

750 kV

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

13

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

Supporting structure

14

Insulator disks

Voltage level
Source:Glover & Sarma

Flashover distance

Number of disks

Air humidity
Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

15

Electric Power Systems - Olof Samuelsson

16