Solar Energy System

Solar Energy
Sun emits : 3.94 * 10^26 watts
Earth receives around 174 PW, 30% is reflected back to
space, some is lost to atmosphere. Net = 89 PW
Albedo or reflection coefficient = 0.3 or 30%
Solar constant = 1367 W/m2 (extra terrestrial).
At earth surface and noon , solar constant = 1000 W/m2
2008 : 143851 TWh or 16.4 TW. Energ used for
electricity = 5 TW and total energy used = 15 TW
Solar energy available is 5000 times than energy
required

Venus
Venus (224.4 days)
Surface temp 467 C
Co2
Day and night same temp : No axial tilt + Co2(96%)
Albedo 65%

Atmosphere
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% other gases
Co2 0.03-0.04%

Atmosphere
Troposphere : 0-11 (6-20 poles to
equiter) km (80% atmospheric
mass and 99% water vapors and
aerosols)

Lowest portion
Temperature decreases linearly -52 C
Flights
Weather

Stratosphere 11-50 Km Ozone O3

Temperature increases
Upper layers of ozone absorbs UV
At top (50 km) temp = 270 K

Atmosphere
Meospehere 50-87 km
Temp decreases ~ -73 C

Thermosphere 87-690
2000C

Exp sphere : 690 1000 KM

2500 C : low density you will not
feel it!

Space at Karman line ~ 100 km

from earth . Low density

Atmosphere

Aerosol
Anaerosolis a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid
droplets in air or another gas.

Green hoarse gases

Green hoarse gases

H2O = 36-72%
Co2 = 9-26%
CH4 = 4-9%
Ozone O3 = 3-7%

Ozone layer
At around 50 km from earth
Blocks mid range UV (97%) 280 nm 315 nm , n = 10^9
Short wave UV are blocked by oxygen

Direction map

Earth and Sun

Earth moves from west
to east
Sun rises from east, sun
set in west

Longitude and latitude

Earth moves from
west to east
Sun rises from east,
sun set in west

Longitude and latitude

Longitude : lines crossing NP and
SP
Longitude 0 to +180 eastwards, 0
to -180 westwards
Longitude is measured from
meridian plane to the required
longitude location
One hour = 15 deg long
Latitude ; Lines parallel to equator.
90 deg N, 90 Deg S
Islamabad : 33.7 deg, 73.06

Axial tilt of Earth

Axial Tilt of
23.5

Air mass, Zenith , Zenith angle

Assignment 3
Total no of moles of air in atmosphere
Co2 PPM