Animal Model & Its Ethical

Aspects
Sylvia Rianissa Putri
9 Januari 2014

ANIMAL MODEL

Animal Model
Animal = soul/spirit
living organisms that are animated
Model = object of imitation
Animal Model = animated object of imitation

Animal Model is.

A living organism in which normative biology
or behavior can be studied, or in which a
spontaneous or induced pathological process
can be investigated, and in which the
phenomenon in one or more respects
resembles the same phenomenon in humans
or other species of animal. Wessler

Animal Model is.

A living organism in which normative biology
or behavior can be studied, or in which a
spontaneous or induced pathological process
can be investigated, and in which the
phenomenon in one or more respects
resembles the same phenomenon in humans
or other species of animal. Wessler
analogue

Classified into.
Exploratory
Explanatory
Predictive

Another Classification
Induced (experimental) animal model
Spontaneous (genetic, mutant) animal model
Transgenic (genetically modified) animal
model
Negative animal model
Orphan animal model

How to extrapolate from animals to

humans.
Taking a plurispecies approach
Metabolic patterns and speech and body size
must match between species
Experimental design and the life situation of
the target species must correspond

ETHICAL ASPECTS OF ANIMAL

MODEL

Basic Principles of Medical Researches

Respect
Beneficiary
Justice

Principles of Animal Use in Research

Replacement
Reduction
Refinement

Five Freedoms in Animal Handling

Freedom from Hunger and Thirst

Freedom from Physical Discomfort and Pain
Freedom from Injury and Disease
Freedom from Fear and Distress
Freedom to Conform to Essential Behaviour
Patterns

Factors to be considered.

Research factors
Animal care factors
Physical and environmental factors
Animal-related factors

Research Factors

Appropriateness as an analogue
Transferability of information
Generalizability of the results
Ethical implications
Numbers needed
Customary practice within a particular
discipline

Research Factors
Existing body of knowledge of the problem
under consideration
Natural vs experimentally produced models

Animal Care Factors

Cost and availability

Housing availability
Husbandry expertise
Stress factors

Physical and Enviromental Factors

Ecological consequences
Hazardous components
Environmental influences

Animal-related Factors
Genetic aspects
Background knowledge of biological
properties
Ease of and adaptability to experimental
manipulation
Size of the animal
Life span and age
Sex

Animal-related Factors
Progeny needed
Diseases or conditions that might complicate
results
Special features of the animal such as unique
responses or microflora

Description of Animal Models

Genetic strain and substrain using correct
international nomenclature
Special genetic features
Microbial status of the animal
Age
Housing standards

Description of Animal Models

Maintenance procedures:
Handling
Restraining
Administration
Specimen collection
Euthanasia

Diet

Description of Animal Models

For infectious disease studies:
Strain of the organism
Method of inoculum preparation
Route of inoculation

Requirements in making proposal

involving animals
1. Obtained informations before working with
animal laboratory (biology, behavior, handling
and restraint technique, etc.)
2. Do not be afraid and make stress to the
animals used in the experiment.
3. Handling the animal with a calm, earnest,
carefully without doubt, love and ware
according to the animal research ethics.

Requirements in making proposal

involving animals
4. Avoid actions that cause damage or
otherwise injure the animal researchers.
5. Do not take any action before the animal
calm and ready to receive treatment.