ARM

Architecture, Programming
and
Development Tools

Lesson 1

ARM CPUs

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

Outline

ARM Processors

Features

of a RISC architecture

ARM Family and ARM many variant
architectures

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

Examples of Systems needing highperformance precise- computing

Image processing,

Video games,

Robotics and

Adaptive control

Mobile Devices

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

ARM Applications in
Mobile Systems

PDA

Multimedia
Phone

Network
Walkman

Pocket
PC

Robot With
Distributed
Sensors

Vending
Machine
with Wireless
Support

Pocket
PC with
VOIP

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

Mobile Device CPUs/MCUs
CPUs

ARM-7 and ARM-9

(More than 50% devices)

CPUs PowerPC 750,ColdFire,
TigerSHARC

MCUs ST72x, LPC21xx,
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

Embedded RISC Core ARM7TDMI

(http://www.arm.com/news/5135.html)

ARM

family of general-purpose
32-bit microprocessors offers
high performance and very low
MIPS/watt power consumption

32-bit RISC architecture


Design

centers around and

concentrate on simple
instructions

Smaller and simpler processor
circuit, Simpler decoding subunit.

Lower power more space for
other performing units
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

Outline..

ARM

Processors

Features of a RISC architecture

ARM Family and ARM many
variant architectures

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

RISC Features

Same

Length instructions

Single Cycle Execution

Hardwired implementation of
Instructions

Large Register Set(s)

Load and Store Architecture"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

10

Internal bus

Fetch
Decode
Execution

IR
ID
Hardwired
Circuits

Hardwired Implementation
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

11

Outline

ARM

Processors

Features of a RISC architecture

ARM family and ARM many
variant architectures

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

12

ARM CPUs options
Extensive

range of CPUs with

third-party adaptation and
application development tools

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

13

ARM Many Variant Architectures

ARM

Thumb (T) variants

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

14

v1 ARM 1

v3 full 32bit
addressing
v2 ARM 2, v2as for both data and code
-ARM 3, ARM250 ARM 6, ARM 7,
v3
ARM 8 and
ARM variants

Amulet 1
v3M - ARM 6, ARM 7
and ARM 8
v4 StrongARM,
v4

v5 - ARM10

ARM 9,
VFP1- ARM10 for high
floating-point performance

Some variants Single-precision

and double-precision floating
point arithmetic) on typical
graphics and DSP algorithms
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

15

ARM Special Features

Speed-critical

control signals
pipelining processing more than
one instruction at the fetching,
decoding and executing stages.

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

16

A three stage pipeline

STAGE 1

STAGE 2
STAGE 3

Instruction A
Execute

Instruction B Instruction C
Execute
Execute

Instruction B
Decode

Instruction C
Decode

Instruction D
Decode

Instruction C
Fetch

Instruction D
Fetch

Instruction E
Fetch

clock cycle n+1

clock cycle n+2

clock cycle n

Time
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

17

Contd

Three

stage Pipelining in
superscalar processor facilitating
each instruction fetch is in single
cycle, decoding in single cycle and
execute in the single cycle: Three
times execution speed boost up

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

18

Cond

ARM

7 common internal bus for

the address and data of 32-bit in32-bit Princeton architecture bus
and bus interface for 32-bit data
and instructions.

ARM9 - Harvard Architecture.
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

19

Memory Architecture
ARM 7

Address

ARM 9

Data and
Program,
constants,
stored tables
Common
Memory

Address

Address

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

Program,
constants and
stored tables
Memory

Data Memory

20

Performance

ARM

7 and ARM 9 support 300

MIPS (Million Instructions per
Second) when die size is 0.13 m.

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

21

ARM 7 architecture

Uses

0.25m and less die size

HCMOS technology, very small
die size facilitating low voltage
operations and low power
consumption, (very small power
consumption means very low
MIPS/Watt)
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

22

Cond

Processor

operation on the words

as per initialization. A word
alignment can then be in big
endian [least significant byte
stored as higher bits (address 3) of
a word] or little endian [least
significant byte stored as lower bits
(address 0) of a word].
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

23

A 32bit word
Address

Little Endian

Big Endian

Byte0 (LSB)
byte1
byte2
Byte3 (MSB)

Byte3 (MSB)
byte2
byte1
Byte0 (LSB)

Address0
Address1
Address2
Address3

Two Initialization options

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

24

Cond

Fully

static operation- MCU clock

can be reduced to 0 and since fully
MOSFETs based

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

25

Cond

Optimized

for fast interrupts and

DSP algorithms

There are two types of requests for
interrupts- Fast interrupt request
(FIQ) and interrupt request (IRQ).
Fast means high priority.

4 gigabytes of linear address space
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

26

Cond

32-bit

large set of 16 generalpurpose registers with program

counter as one of the register (r15)
plus CPSR and SPSR -are two
other registers.

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

27

ARM Family Programming

Model

16 general-purpose registers
with program counter as one of
the register (R15).

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

28

- Registers
R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Lo registers

R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 Hi registers

SP (R13) Stack Pointer
LR (R14) Link Register
PC (Rr15) Program Counter
CPSR
SPSR

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

29

CPSR and SPSR

CPSR

(Conditions and Processor

Status Register)

SPSR ( Saved Program Status
Register) Saves Program Status
Register from CPSR on branch and
link (routine call) and SPSR can be
stacked for each processor mode
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

30

Cond

32-bit

RALU and highperformance multiplier

Instructions have 8-, 16-, and 32bit data types

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

31

RALU
Temp 1
R0R15

CPSR

Temp 2

ALU

+, - ,
x

Multi-bit
shifter
Rotate

MAC

SPSR
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

32

Cond

Coprocessor

interface to connect
coprocessors, like DSP processors
and Java Accelerators

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

33

Cond

System

control functions
implemented in standard lowpower logic

Cost-effective, compact chip

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

34

ARM 7 T Variants

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

35

ARM TDMI instruction set

options1. High-performance 32-bit
instruction set2. High-code-density
Thumb16-bit instruction set
than 32-bit instruction
architecture
"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,
from Pearson Education, 2005

36

Summary

ARM family general-purpose

32-bit superscalar processors
Three stage Pipeline
High performance and very low
MIPS/watt power consumption
32-bit RISC architecture

32 bit Sixteen Registers plus CPSR and

SPSR

ARM 9 and ARM7 Harvard and
Princeton architectures

Initialized options: little or big endian
modes

32/16/8 bit data types

Two interrupts - Fast interrupt request (FIQ)

and interrupt request (IRQ)

- ARM has Many Variants

- T variants give alternate option of high
code density with 16-bit instructions

ARM

7 and ARM 9 popularly used

ARM applications

Mobile Devices,

PocketPC, PDA,

Control Systems,

DSP based applications

Speech and Image processing

Robotics

End of Lesson 1 on ARM CPUs

THANK YOU

"Microcontrollers....", Raj Kamal,

from Pearson Education, 2005

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