#1

Q.1:Explain the significance of following information about an instrument a) A balanced has a sensitivity of 1mg.
The instrument is Capable to measure or register the minimum of 1mg change in its input.
b) A thermometer has a range of - 20 oC to 60 oC with an accuracy of 0.3oC.
The thermometer is capable to measure the temperature between -20 C to 60 C with 0.3C
offset error.
Eg: If temperature is 30C the thermometer reading may vary between 29.7 C to 30.3C.
c) An ammeter has a range of 0 - 30 A and an accuracy of 1 % FS.
The Ammeter is capable to measure a current between 0 to 30 A with an offset error of 1% of
its Full Scale Deflection.
Eg:Ammeter reading may give a value between 19.7A to 20.3A while measuring a 20A current .
d) The total error due to non-linearity, hysteresis and weight in the range 50 kg 1000 kg is 0.1% of the reading indicated by the instrument.
The instrument is capable of giving an output reading with an accuracy of 0.1% while
measuring within the range of 50Kg to 1000Kg.

Q.2 A voltmeter with a range of 0 - 12 V gave the following data in a calibration test. What is the accuracy
of the instrument as a percentage of the full scale-deflection?
Instrument reading
(V)
Deviation (V)

10

12

- 0.1

- 0.2

- 0.1

+ 0.1

+ 0.3

Maximum recorded Error

= +0.3
ie, the offset error of instrument is lies in 0.3 of its full scale deflection
Full scale deflection of the meter
There for accuracy of the instrument in percentage

= 12 V
= (0.3/12)* 100
=2.5%

Q.3 An inverting amplifier has a resistance of 1 M in the inverting inputterminal and a feedback
resistance of 10 M. What is a) the gain of the amplifier b) the output for an input of 0.2 V?
Input Resistance of inverting amplifier, Rin
Feedback Resistance of inverting amplifier, Rf
Gain of an inverting amplifier (AV)

= 1M
= 10M
= -(RF/Rin)
= - (10M /1M)
= -10

Input Voltage, Vin

Output Voltage, Vout

= 0.2V
= Gain* Vin
= -10*0.2
= -2V.

Q.4. What is the output of DC Wheatstone bridge if R1=R2= 1 K and R3= 3 K and R4 = 2 K with
supply voltage 5 Volt? Can it be balanced?

R1= 1K
R2= 1 K
R3= 3K
R4= 2 K
Output of a Wheatstone bridge, Vout =Vc-Vd

Converting Wheatstone bridge to its equivalent circuit:

Output of a Wheatstone bridge, Vout

= Vc-Vd

Supply Voltage, Vs
Vc

= 5V
= Vs*Rc
=Vs*(R2/(R1+R2))
= 5*(1/(1+1))
=5*(1/2)
= 5/2
=2.5V

Vd

= Vs*Rd
=Vs*(R4/R3+R4))
= 5*(2/(2+3))
= 5*(2/5)
= 2V
=Vc- Vd

Vout

= 2.5- 2
=0.5V
IF R1/R2= R3/R4=1, then the wheat stone bridge is balanced. Provided wheat stone bridge can be balanced by
replacing R4 with a 3K resister.

Q.5. Calculate Vout at the critical frequency for Vin=10 Volt for following circuit-