Acid - Base cng, mm.

Acid cng: Cation hoc phn t c kch thc nh, mt in tch dng cao, kh b
bin dng.
Acid mm ngc li, c kch thc ln, d b phn cc, d nhn e.
VD: Acid cng: H+, Ca2+, Al3+
Acid mm: Cu+, Ag+, GaCl3.
Base cng: Ation hoc phn t c kch thc nh, kh b bin dng.
Base mm ngc li: Kch thc ln, d b phn cc, d cho e.
VD: Base cng: F-, Cl-, OH-, NH3.
Base mm: I-, CN-, C2H4.
? Cc acid hay base cng kh cho-nhn e v cng kh bin dng th cng cng ? C cc
acid base khng cng, khng mm.
Quy tc phn ng:
Cc acid cng d phn ng vi base cng to cc hp cht bn, tng t cho cc
acid/base mm.
Chn mt acid hoc mt base lm chun, xc nh bn cc hp cht to thnh ca n
v cc acid/base khc so snh cng.
VD: cng tng dn trong dy base sau:
Te2+
cng tng dn trong dy acid sau:
Ag+
nh gi kh nng t xy ra ca phn ng acid - base bng mnh acid - base ca cht
Nguyn tc nh gi: Tnh acid - base ca cc cht tham gia phn ng cng khc xa nhau,
phn ng cng d xy ra v xy ra cng hon ton.
mnh acid - base ca cht ph thuc vo:
- Bn cht ca nguyn t to acid hay base
- S oxy ha ca nguyn t to acid hay base
-Trng thi cu to ca cht.
- Mi trng xy ra phn ng.
nh gi mnh acid - base theo bn cht ca nguyn t to acid hay base
Nguyn t c tnh kim loi cng mnh th hp cht cng c tnh base, nguyn t c tnh
phi kim loi cng mnh th hp cht ca n cng c tnh acid.
nh gi mnh acid - base theo mc oxi ha ca nguyn t to acid hay base
i vi hp cht cng loi mt nguyn t, mc oxi ha ca nguyn t tng th tnh acid

ca hp cht tng.
V d: So snh tnh acid v tnh base ca dy:
MnO - Mn2O3 - MnO2 - Mn2O5 - MnO3 - Mn2O7
MnO :Oxit base, tan d dng trong acid long.
Mn2O3 v MnO2: Oxit lng tnh, tnh acid v tnh base u rt yu.
Mn2O7 : l anhidrit ca acid mnh (HMnO4 ; pK = -2,3).
Vit phn ng minh ha trn c s tnh acid - base
*V MnO c tnh base tri nn d tan trong dung dch acid long:
a) MnO(r) + 2HCl(dd) = MnCl2(dd) + H2O
*V MnO2 c tnh base rt yu nn ch tan chm trong acid c nng:
1b) MnO2(r) + 4HCl(c, nng) = MnCl4(dd) + H2O
Tuy nhin v ion Mn4+ l cht oxy ha rt mnh nn MnCl4 tip tc phn ng ni oxy
ha kh
2b) MnCl4(dd) = MnCl2 + Cl2(k)
Kt qu
b) MnO2(r) + 4HCl(c, nng) = MnCl2(dd) + Cl2(k) + H2O
*Mn2O7 l mt oxiacid mnh do n d dng phn ng vi nc cng nh vi dung
dch base long
c) Mn2O7(r) + H2O(lnh) = 2HMnO4 (dd)
d) Mn2O7(r) + 2NaOH(dd) = 2NaMnO4(dd) + H2O
nh gi mnh acid - base theo kh nng phn ng vi dung mi ca nguyn t to
acid hay base
V d:
Xt mnh ca Ca(OH)2 trong dung dch nc
Ca l kim lai kim th chu k 4, phn nhm IIA, l kim loi rt mnh, c m in
1,0, c th kh chun (?o) bng -2,76V, v vy c th d on Ca(OH)2 l mt base
mnh in ly hon ton trong nc.
Tuy nhin Ca(OH)2 bn vng (?Go298 = -898kJ/mol; ?Ho298 = -986 kJ/mo)l nn tan
trong nc ca Ca(OH)2 nh: 0,1620 v 0,14830, v vy thc t Ca(OH)2 l mt base ch
c mnh trung bnh. (Dung dch bo ha canxi hydroxit 30oC c pH ? 0,9)
nh gi mnh acid - base theo mi trng xy ra phn ng
So snh mc thy phn ca mui nhm sulfat khi khng c v c mt ion florua (ly
d)
T (Al(OH)3) = 1.10-32, Kkb([AlF6]3-) = 1.10-20,67, KHF = 1.10-3,18
Khi khng c ion F-:
Al3+.aq + 3H2O = Al(OH)3 ? + 3H+.aq
Kcb* = K3H2O/TAl(OH)3 = 1.10-10

Khi c mt ion F-:

[AlF6]3-.aq + 3H2O = Al(OH)3? + 3HF+ 6FKcb** = Kkb. K3H2O/TAl(OH)3.K3HF = 1. 10-21,13
Khi khng c ion F- , ion Al3+ thy phn gp :
Kcb*/Kc** = 1.10-10/1.10-21,13 = 1.1011,13 ln

 

Hard' applies to species which are small, have high charge states (tp trung) , and are weakly polarizable.
( phn cc)

   and    tend to have the following characteristics:

y
y
y
y
y

small atomic/ionic radius (bn knh)

high oxidation state (bc oxi ha cao)
low polarizability ( phn cc yu)
high electronegativity
hard bases have highest-occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) of low energy, and hard
acids have lowest-unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) of high energy.[7][8]

Examples of hard acids are: H+, light alkali ions (Li through K all have small ionic radius), Ti4+,
Cr3+, Cr6+, BF3. Examples of hard bases are: OH, F, Cl, NH3, CH3COO, CO32. The affinity
of hard acids and hard bases for each other is mainly ionic in nature.
'Soft' applies to species which are big, have low charge states and are strongly polarizable.

  and    tend to have the following characteristics:

y
y
y
y
y

large atomic/ionic radius

low or zero oxidation state
high polarizability
low electronegativity
soft bases have HOMO of higher energy than hard bases, and soft acids have LUMO of
lower energy than hard acids. (However the soft-base HOMO energies are still lower than
the soft-acid LUMO energies.)[7][8]

Examples of soft acids are: CH3Hg+, Pt2+, Pd2+, Ag+, Au+, Hg2+, Hg22+, Cd2+, BH3. Examples of
soft bases are: H, R3P, SCN, I. The affinity of soft acids and bases for each other is mainly
covalent in nature.

CH3Hg+,
Hydroxide OHHydride
Hg2+, Hg22+
Alkali metals Li+,Na+,K+ Platinum Pt2+
Alkoxide ROThiolate
4+
2+
Titanium
Ti
Palladium Pd
Halogens F ,Cl
Halogens
3+
6+
+
Chromium
Cr ,Cr
Silver
Ag
Ammonia NH3
Phosphine
Boron
BF3
borane
BH3
Carboxylate CH3COO- Thiocyanate
trifluoride
Pcarbon
Carbocation R3C+
Carbonate CO32chloranil
monoxide
bulk
M0
Hydrazine N2H4
Benzene
Metals
Gold
Au+
a
  
   


Hydronium

H+

Mercury

HRSIPR3
SCNCO
C6H6

Chemical hardness in electron volt

c 
 
+
Hydrogen
H infinite Fluoride
F- 7
Aluminum
Al3+ 45.8 Ammonia
NH3 6.8
+
Lithium
Li 35.1 hydride
H- 6.8
Scandium
Sc3+ 24.6 carbon monoxide CO 6.0
Sodium
Na+ 21.1 hydroxyl
OH- 5.6
Lanthanum
La3+ 15.4 cyanide
CN- 5.3
Zinc
Zn2+ 10.8 phosphane
PH3 5.0
Carbon dioxide CO2 10.8 nitrite
NO2- 4.5
Sulfur dioxide SO2 5.6
Hydrosulfide
SH- 4.1
Iodine
I2 3.4
Methane
CH3- 4.0
a
  
  [9]