CU TRC TINH TH

I. Mng li tinh th
1. Mng li tinh th:
Mng li tinh th l mng li khng gian ba chiu, trong cc nt mng l cc n v cu
trc (nguyn t, ion, phn t,)
Ty theo n v cu trc (tiu phn), ta c cc loi mng tinh th sau:
- Mng tinh th kim loi
- Mng tinh th ion
- Mng tinh th nguyn t (i vi hp cht c lin kt cng ha tr)
- Mng tinh th phn t
2. T bo n v:
T bo n v ( mng c s, t bo mng li, t bo mng) l khi a din b nht ca tinh th
m vn gi c tt c cc yu t i xng ca tinh th. Khi tnh tin t bo n v theo hng ca 3
trc trong khng gian ta thu c ton b tinh th.
Mi t bo n v c xc nh hon ton khi bit c cc yu t
sau:
(1) 3 cnh a, b, c
(2) 3 gc , ,
(3) Bn cht, s lng v v tr ca cc tiu phn trong t bo
Cc yu t trn c gi l thng s t bo mng.
3. S phi tr:
S tiu phn vy quanh v cch u mt tiu phn no gi l s phi tr.
II. Mt s kiu mng tinh th kim loi:
1. Mng lp phng n gin (simple cubic):
nh l cc nguyn t kim loi hoc ion kim loi.
S phi tr = 6
1
8. 1
8

S n v cu trc
2. Mng lp phng tm khi (body-centered cubic):
nh v tm khi hp lp phng l cc nguyn t hay ion dng
kim loi.
S phi tr = 8
1
1 8. 2
8

S n v cu trc
3. Mng lp phng tm din (face-centered cubic):
nh v tm cc mt khi hp lp phng l cc nguyn t hay ion
dng kim loi
S phi tr = 12

S n v cu trc

1
1
6. 8. 4
2
8

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III. c kht ca mng tinh th:

1. Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi

a
a 2
a 3 =4r
3

4r
64r 3
V1o a

3 3
3
3

Th tch 1 mng c s:
S qu cu = 2

4 3
8
r r3
3
3

V cau 2x

Tng th tch cc qu cu

8 3
r
3 3 68,02%
V1o 64r

V cau

3 3

c kht =
2. Mng lp phng tm din (lp phng cht kht):

a
a
a 2 = 4.r
4r

V1o a3

Th tch 1 mng c s:
S qu cu = 2

3
16r 2
2

4 3
16
r r3
3
3

V cau 4x

Tng th tch cc qu cu

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16 3
r
3
74,05%
V1o 16r 3 2

V cau

c kht =
IV. Khi lng ring ca kim loi:
n.M
D
NA.V1o
(g/cm3)
n: s nguyn t trong 1 mng
NA: s Avogadro
M: khi lng mol kim loi (g/mol)
V1: th tch 1 mng c s (cm3)
V. Mng tinh th ion
1. Mng tinh th CsCl:
Trong cu trc CsCl, ion Cs+ tm t bo lp phng, 8 ion Cl vy quanh ion Cs+ 8 nh, hay ngc li.
S ion Cs+ trong 1 mng c s: 1
1
8. 1
8
S ion Cl- trong 1 mng c s:
T l cc ion tri du l 1 : 1
Cng thc hp cht l CsCl
2. Mng tinh th NaCl:
Trong cu trc NaCl, ion Na+ nm cc nh v tm cc mt, ion
Cl- nm tm t bo v trung im cc cnh, hay ngc li.
1
1
8. 6. 4
8
2
S ion Na+ trong 1 mng c s:
1
1 12. 4
4
S ion Cl- trong 1 mng c s:
T l cc ion tri du l 1 : 1
Cng thc hp cht l NaCl
VI. Bi tp vn dng
1. Vanadi c cu trc tinh th lp phng tm khi. Tnh s nguyn t vanadi trong mt mng c s.
2. Kim loi canxi c cu trc lp phng tm din. Bit bn knh nguyn t ca canxi l 197 pm, khi
lng mol l 40,08 g/mol, hy tnh khi lng ring (g/cm3) ca canxi.
3. Dng cu trc ca ch l lp phng cht kht, c cnh t bo l 492pm. Tnh bn knh nguyn t v
khi lng ring ca ch (g/cm3). Cho MPb = 207,19 g/mol.
4. Xc nh khi lng ring ca st (theo g/cm3), bit iu kin thng st c cu trc lp phng
tm khi (bcc), di cnh ca 1 mng l 0,2866 nm, khi lng mol ca st l 55,847 g/mol.
5. Argon (M=39,95 g/mol) kt tinh vi cu trc lp phng tm din 40K. cho bn knh nguyn t
ca argon l 191 pm, hy tnh khi lng ring ca tinh th argon nhit ny.
6. Bn knh nguyn t ca volfram l 137 pm v khi lng ring ca kim loi ny l 19,3 g/cm 3. Vy
volfram tn ti vi cu trc lp phng tm din hay lp phng tm khi? Cho MW = 183,84 g/mol.
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7. T bo n v ca Niken c cu trc lp phng tm din. Khi lng ring ca Ni l 6,84 g/cm 3.

Tnh bn knh nguyn t ca Ni (theo ). Cho MNi = 58,69 g/mol.
8. Titan c cu trc lp phng tm khi, khi lng ring l 4,50 g/cm 3. Tnh di cnh t bo mng
v bn knh nguyn t ca titan (theo pm).
9. Nhm c cu trc tinh th lp phng tm din vi khi lng ring l 2,70 g/cm3.
a. C bao nhiu nguyn t nhm trong 1 t bo n v?
b. Tnh di cnh ca t bo n v v bn knh nguyn t nhm (theo ).
10. Kim loi bari (M=137,34 g/mol) kt tinh trong mng lp phng tm khi. Cho bit, di cnh t
bo mng l 502 pm, khi lng ring ca bari l 3,50 g/cm 3. T nhng thng tin ny, hy tnh hng s
Avogadro.
11. St kt tinh trong mng tinh th lp phng tm khi. Chiu di cnh mng thu c t thc
nghim l 286,7 pm. Cho khi lng ring ca st l 7,874 g/cm3, hy tnh hng s Avogadro.
12. Thc nghim cho bit pha rn, vng (Au) c khi lng ring l 19,4g/cm 3 v c mng li lp
phng tm din. di cnh ca mng n v l 4,070.10 -10m. Khi lng mol nguyn t ca Au l
196,97g/mol.
a. Tnh phn trm th tch khng gian trng trong mng li tinh th ca Au.
b. Xc nh tr s ca s Avogadro.
13. Mu trong c th ngi c mu v cha hemoglobin (cht vn chuyn oxi
cha st). Mu ca mt s ng vt nhuyn th khng c mu m c mu khc
v cha mt kim loi khc (X). T bo n v ( mng c s) lp phng tm din
ca tinh th X (hnh bn), c cnh bng 3,62.10-8 cm. Khi lng ring ca nguyn
t ny l 8920 kg/m3.
a. Tnh th tch ca cc nguyn t trong mt t bo v phn trm th tch ca t bo b chim bi
cc nguyn t.
b. Xc nh nguyn t X.

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