diagram, logic diagram, flowchart, or electrical schematic

is developed from it. This schematic is translated or coded

into the appropriate PLC language, cross-referencing I/O
with PLC designator tags. The piping and instrument diagram
is also cross-referenced with PLC designators. In this
way, future cross-referencing of system drawings and PLC
codes is facilitated.
As the code is entered, a memory map or register index
is kept by the programmer (Table 5.4cc). This map is useful
for organizing program data in logical arrangements and will
prove invaluable during start-up, when the programmer may
need to locate available blocks of memory quickly for program
revisions. Most PLC programming software can generate
a cross-reference; however, certain types of instructions
are difficult for the program to cross-reference, so a list is
still desirable.
The use and understanding of PLC programming depends
on knowledge of the process to be controlled, an understanding
of electrical schematics, and an appreciation for logic
operations and for various types of logic and relay devices.
Other sections of this chapter provide information on each
of these topics. A review of those topics might be useful at
this point.
Although the programming style and language used is,
to some extent, dictated by the size of the PLC used, there
are fundamental programming elements, including logic
operations, timers, counters, and arithmetic capabilities, that
are provided in all models. Some of the characteristics of
these important elements are briefly discussed below (see
Sections 5.5 and 5.6 for more information). Ladder logic