B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

1
Cu 1.(3)
Trnh by s khc nhau gia thut ton v thut gii Heuristics. Hy nu 1 v d v
thut gii Heuristics
Cu 2.(7)
a. Trnh by thut gii Robinson.
b. p dng thut gii Robinson, chng minh bi ton sau:
p q , (s q) (r s) , p u r, u
c. Hy xy dng cy nh danh v tm lut theo phng php vector c trng ca
Quinlan xc nh mt loi qu c hay khng c theo bng s liu sau.
Tn
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

V
Ngt
Cay
Chua
Cay
Ngt
Chua
Ngt
Cay

Mu

Vng
Vng
Tm
Vng
Tm
Tm

V
Nhn
Nhn
C gai
c gai
C gai
Nhn
Nhn
c gai

c
khng
khng
Khng
c
Khng
Khng
Khng
c

2 (c gii) trang 13)

Cu 1(3 )
Trnh by khi nim hm heuristics.: Xy dng hm nh gi h cho bi ton bng
1 gii bi ton TACI sau:
3
2
6
1
2
3
1
5
4
8
4
7
8
7
6
5
Ti
TG
Bng 1
Cu 2(7 )
a. Trnh by thut gii A*.
b. Gii bi ton tm ng i ngn nht t A n B trong th khng gian trng
thi Hnh 1 theo thut gii A*. (Gi tr cnh cc nh l hm nh gi h(T), cnh cc
cung l di cung).
3

1
7

Hnh 1

2
5

12

1
6H

1
0
1
1

A0

12

2
0 D

I
E
K
1G
H
4K

18

20

15

1
2

9
1
I3

1
0
5
8

2
F2

2
E4

6
7

16
1
0

1
3

G7

N 1

B
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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

3
Cu 1 (3)
a. Trnh by thut gii Vng Ho.
b. p dng thut ton Vng ho, chng minh bi ton sau:

p q , (s q) (r s) , p u r u
Cu 2 : (7)
a. Trnh by thut gii A KT .
b. Dng thut ton A KT gii bi ton TACI sau:

E Y
O U
Q D N
Trng thi ban u

L E
Q U Y
D O N
Trng thi kt thc

4
Cu 1: (4)
C 6 i bng thi u vng trn (lt i). Bit rng :
- i A u vi di B v i D.
- i C u vi di D v i F
- i D u vi di A v i F.
- i B u vi di E v i F.
A B
C
D
E
F
A
AB AC AD AE AF
B
BC BD BE BF
C
CD CE CF
D
DE DF
E
EF
F
Mi i ch c c thi u 1 trn trong 1 tun.
Ch c 2 i thamgia 1 trn u.
Hy xp lch thi u sao cho s tun din ra cc trn u cn li l t nht ? (Dng thut
ton t mu)
Cu 2: (6) Cho bng quan st :
STT
Quang cnh
Nhit
Gi
Picnic
1
Nng
Cao
Nh
Khng
2
Ma
Thp
Mnh
Khng
3
Rm mt
TB
Nh
c
4
Nng
TB
Mnh
Khng
5
Ma
Cao
Mnh
Khng
6
Rm mt
Thp
Mnh
c
7
Ma
TB
Nh
Khng
8
Nng
TB
Nh
c
9
Ma
Thp
Nh
Khng

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Xc nh iu kin nh th no t chc c hay Khng bui picnic ?(Dng thut
ton Quinlan)

5:
BAI 1:(3 IEM)
Gia s co 9 cuoc minting a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i c to chc.
Moi cuoc mitting c to chc trong mot buoi. Cac cuoc
mitting
sau
khong
c
dien
ra
ong
thi:
ae,bc,cd,ed,abd,ahi,bhi,dfi,dhi,fgh. Hay s dung thuat toan
to mau toi u e bo tr cac cuoc mitting vao cac buoi
sao cho so buoi dien ra la t nhat.
BAI 2: (3 IEM)
Cho o th co ma tran chi ph nh sau
1
1
2
3
4
5

2
2
0

3
4
2
1
6

4
3
0
7

5
6

6
25

1
33 19
2
2 14 9
2 5
3
8
31 15
1 9 2
2
4
Hay s dung
thuat giai

1
7
2
1
45
GTS2 e tm
hanh trnh tot
4
1 5
nhat vi p = 4
(v1=1, v2=2,

6
3 1 1 5 20
v3=4, v4=6.
6 5 6
5
BAI 3:(4
IEM)
S dung thuat toan QuinLan e giai quyet bai
toan sau:
e xac nh ngi chau A hay ngi chau Au khi
xem xet mot nhom ngi can c tren hnh dang,
chieu cao va gii tnh theo bang sau:
a
c ie
m
Ng
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Da
ng

Chie
u cao

To
Nho
Nho
To
Nho
Nho
Nho
To

Trung bnh
Tha
p
Trung bnh
Cao
Trung bnh
Cao
Cao
Trung bnh

Gi
i tnh

Thuo
c cha
u

Nam
Nam
Nam
Nam
N
Nam
N
N

Cha
u A
Cha
u A
Cha
u A
Cha
u A
u
Cha
u A
u
Cha
u A
u
Cha
u A
u
Cha
u A
u

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

6
BAI 1.:(3 IEM)
S dung Thuat giai AKT Tm kiem vi tri thc bo sung
(Algorthm for Knowled geable Tree Search) e giai bai toan
Taci theo cac trang thai:
2
1
7
1
8
7

8
6
2
6

3
4
5
4
5
3

Trang thai au
Trang thai ch
BAI 2.:(3 IEM)
Hay s dung thuat giai A* e tm ng i ngan nhat
t thanh pho A en thanh pho B biet khoang cach
c lng t cac thanh pho en thanh pho B c cho
nh sau:
nh
khoang cach c lng
Z
374
70
O
A
366
Z
151
T
329
F
75
C
160
140
S
99
A
R
193
120
118
P
98
80
B
0
T
R
B
F
178
97
S
253
100
146
110
O
380
60

BAI 3.:(4 IEM)

C
S dung phng phap o o hon loan e giai bai toan
sau:
Theo bang d lieu xac nh hieu qua cua viec s
dung kem chay nang

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Te
n
1. Sarah
2. Dana
3. Alex
4. Annie
5. Emily
6. Pete
7. John
8. Katie

Ma
u to
c
Va
ng
Va
ng
Na
u
Va
ng
o
Na
u
Na
u
Va
ng

Chie
u cao
Trung bnh
Cao
Lu
n
Lu
n
Trung bnh
Cao
Trung bnh
Lu
n

Ca
n na
ng
Nhe
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Na
ng
Na
ng
Na
ng
Nhe

Du
ng kem
Kho
ng
Co
Co
Kho
ng
Kho
ng
Kho
ng
Kho
ng
Co

Ke
t qua
Cha
y na
ng
Kho
ng cha
y na
ng
Kho
ng cha
y na
ng
Cha
y na
ng
Cha
y na
ng
Kho
ng cha
y na
ng
Kho
ng cha
y na
ng
Kho
ng cha
y na
ng

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

7
BAI 1:(3 IEM)
S dung thuat toan A* cho bai toan thap Ha
Noi:
Cho 3 coc A,B,C. coc A ban au co n a sap xep
theo th t co kch thc ln dan t tren xuong.
Hay dch chuyen n a o sang coc C sao cho:
-Moi lan ch c di chuyen ch 1 a.
-Trong moi coc khong cho phep a co kch thc ln
tren a co kch thc nho hn.
BAI 2: (3 IEM)
S dung Thuat toan Vng Hao giai bai toan sau:
V du: Chng minh rang: Minh la sinh vien cua
HKHTN. Biet:
- Minh la sinh vien nganh cong nghe thong
tin.
- Cong nghe thong tin la mot nganh cua
khoa tin hoc.
- Khoa tin hoc la mot bo phan cua HKHTN.
BAI 3:(4 IEM)
S dung thuat toan QuinLan e giai quyet bai
toan sau:
Quyet nh mua hang hay khong mua theo bang
sau:
STT

Kch c

Mau sac

Hnh
dang

Quyet
nh

Trung bnh

Cau

Mua

Ln

Vang

Hop

Trung bnh

Xanh

Tru

Mua
Khong
mua

Nho

Xanh

Cau

Mua

Trung bnh

Xanh

Non

Khong
mua

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

6

Nho

Xanh

Non

Khong
mua

Trung bnh

Tru

Mua

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

BAI 1.:(3 IEM)

S dung Thuat giai AKT Tm kiem vi tri thc
bo sung (Algorthm for Knowled geable Tree Search)
e giai bai toan Taci theo cac trang thai:
1
4
7
1
5
Trang thai au

2
5
2
7
4

3
6
8
3
6
8
Trang thai ch

BAI 2.:(3 IEM)

Hay s dung thuat toan Robinson chng minh bai
toan sau:
(i) {p->q,q->r,r->s,p}
Hoi: p^s?
(ii) {a^b->c,b^c->d,a^b}
Hoi d?
BAI 3.:(4 IEM)
S dung phng phap o o hon loan e giai bai
toan sau:
Theo bang d lieu xac nh hieu qua cua viec s
dung kem chay nang

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Ten
1. Sarah
2. Dana
3. Alex
4. Annie
5. Emily
6. Pete
7. John
8. Katie

Mau toc
Vang
Vang
Nau
Vang
o
Nau
Nau
Vang

Chieu cao Can nang Dung kem

Trung bnh
Nhe
Khong
Cao
Trung bnh
Co
Lun
Trung bnh
Co
Lun
Trung bnh Khong
Trung bnh
Nang
Khong
Cao
Nang
Khong
Trung bnh
Nang
Khong
Lun
Nhe
Co

Ketqua
Chay nang
Khong chay nang
Khong chay nang
Chay nang
Chay nang
Khong chay nang
Khong chay nang
Khong chay nang

9
BAI 1:(3 IEM)
(1)Phan cong, lch cong tac, lch thi au:
- Co mot cuoc hoi thao khoa hoc vi 9 chu e
khac nhau, moi chu e dien ra trong mot buoi.
- Cac chu e sau khong c ong thi: AE, BC, CD,
ED, ABD, AHI, BHI, DFI, DHI, FGH.
- Xay dng lch sao cho so buoi dien ra la t nhat.
Gi y: so mau = so buoi.

BAI 2: (3 IEM)
S dung Thuat toan Vng Hao giai bai toan sau:
V du: Chng minh rang: Minh la sinh vien cua
HKHTN. Biet:
- Minh la sinh vien nganh cong nghe thong
tin.
- Cong nghe thong tin la mot nganh cua
khoa tin hoc.
- Khoa tin hoc la mot bo phan cua HKHTN.
BAI 3:(4 IEM)
S dung thuat toan QuinLan e giai quyet bai
toan sau:

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

e xac nh ngi chau A hay ngi chau Au
khi xem xet mot nhom ngi can c tren hnh
dang, chieu cao va gii tnh theo bang sau:
a
c ie
m
Ng
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Da
ng

Chie
u cao

To
Nho
Nho
To
Nho
Nho
Nho
To

Trung bnh
Tha
p
Trung bnh
Cao
Trung bnh
Cao
Cao
Trung bnh

Gi
i tnh

Thuo
c cha
u

Nam
Nam
Nam
Nam
N
Nam
N
N

Cha
u A
Cha
u A
Cha
u A
Cha
u A
u
Cha
u A
u
Cha
u A
u
Cha
u A
u
Cha
u A
u

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

B B SUNG
1(c gii trang 9)
Cu 1.
a. Trnh by s khc nhau gia thut ton v thut gii Heuristics.
b. p dng nguyn l th t ca k thut heuristics trnh by t tng ca bi ton
chia N vt c khi lng khc nhau thnh M nhm u nhau. Gii bi ton chia 8 vt
thnh 3 nhm, cc vt c trng lng nh sau:
n1 = 28, n2 = 12, n3 = 36, n4 = 16, n5 = 23, n6 = 32, n7= 21, n8 = 15.
c. Trnh by t tng v m gi ca thut gii leo i.
A

15

d. Gii bi ton tm ng
i t im A n im B
trong th cho hnh 1
theo thut gii leo i dc
ng.

9
13

E
D
IE
K
G
H

11

10
K 14

G 12

H 8

Hnh 1

Cu 2.
a. Trnh by thut gii Robinson.
b. p dng thut gii Robinson, chng minh tp mnh sau:
p q , (s q) (r s) , p u r, u
c. Hy xy dng cy nh danh v tm lut theo phng php vector c trng ca
Quinlan xc nh mt loi qu c hay khng c theo bng s liu sau.
Tn
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

V
Ngt
Cay
Chua
Cay
Ngt
Chua
Ngt
Cay

Mu

Vng
Vng
Tm
Vng
Tm
Tm

V
Nhn
Nhn
C gai
c gai
C gai
Nhn
Nhn
c gai

c
khng
khng
Khng
c
Khng
Khng
Khng
c

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

Gii s 1
Cu 1. (3 im)
a. S khc nhau gia thut ton v thut gii Heuristics. (0,5 im)
Thut ton l dy hu hn cc bc, mi bc m t chnh xc cc php ton hoc
hnh ng cn thc hin gii quyt mt vn .
Trong thut ton, mi bc phi c m t mt cch chnh xc sao cho mt bc
ch c hiu theo mt ngha nht nh, mi bi ton ch c mt thut ton duy nht hoc
khng gii c bng thut ton.
Trong thc t, nhiu bi ton c th gii bng nhng cch gii chp nhn c
nhng khng p ng y cc tiu chun ca thut ton, cc cch gii ny gi l thut
gii. Thut gii c cp n nhiu trong khoa hc tr tu nhn to l thut gii
heuristics, l cc quy tc th, phng php, chin lc hay mo rt ra t kinh nghim
gii quyt mt vn . Gii bi ton bng thut gii heuristics d dng a ra li gii
nhng c th khng phi l li gii ti u.
b. Chia N vt c khi lng khc nhau thnh M nhm c khi lng u nhau bng
nguyn l th t. (1,0 im)
* T tng: ( 0,25im)
1. Sp xp N vt theo th t c khi lng gim dn;
2. Lp li cho n khi khng cn vt no
2.1. Chn nhm Mi c khi lng cc vt l nh nht
2.2. t vt Nj c khi lng ln nht vo nhm Mi.
2.3. Tnh li khi lng ca cc nhm.
* p dng: (0,75 im)
1. Sp xp cc vt theo th t trng lng gim dn.
n3=36, n6 = 32, n1 = 28, n5 =23, n7=21, n4=16, n8=15, n2=12.
2. Chn
Ln lp 1:
- Chn nhm M1, t n3 vo nhm M1
- Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:0, M3:0.
Ln lp 2:
- Chn nhm M2, t n6 vo nhm M2
- Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:32, M3:0.
Ln lp 3:
- Chn nhm M3, t n1 vo nhm M3
- Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:32, M3:28.
Ln lp 4:
- Chn nhm M3, t n5 vo nhm M3
- Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:32, M3:51.
Tip tc lp cho n ht cc vt ta c kt qu:
Nhm M1 gm cc vt n3, n4, n2 c khi lng:
64
Nhm M2 gm cc vt n6, n7 c khi lng:
53
Nhm M3 gm cc vt n1, n5, n8 c khi lng:
66

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

c. T tng, m gi thut gii leo i (1,0):
* T tng (0,5 im):
1. Nu trng thi u cng l trng thi kt thc th thot, thng bo tm c li
gii. Ngc li t trng thi hin hnh (Ti) l trng thi khi u.
2. Lp li cho n khi t n trng thi kt thc hoc cho n khi khng cn mt
trng thi tip theo hp l (Tk) ca trng thi hin hnh:
2.1. t Tk l trng thi tip theo hp l ca trng thi hin hnh Ti.
2.2. nh gi trng thi Tk mi:
2.2.1. Nu Tk l trng thi kt thc th tr v trng thi ny v thot.
2.2.2. Nu Tk khng phi l trng thi kt thc nhng tt hn trng thi
hin hnh th cp nht Tk thnh trng thi hin hnh.
2.2.3. Nu Tk khng tt hn trng thi hin hnh th tip tc vng lp.
* M gi (0,5 im):
Ti:= T0 ; stop:=false;
While stop = false do
Begin
If TiTG then Begin <tm c kt qu>; stop:=true; End
else
Begin
Better:=false;
While (Better=false) And (stop=false)
do
Begin
If <khng tn ti trng thi k tip hp l ca Ti> then
Begin <khng tm c kt qu>; stop:=true; End
else
Begin Tk:=<mt trn thi hp l k tip ca Ti>;
If <h(Tk) tt hn h(Ti)> then
Begin Ti :=Tk ; Better:=true; End;
End;
End; {while}
End;{else}
End;
A
d. Tm ng i t im A n im B theo
thut gii leo i dc ng (0,5).
Bc 1: t trng thi hin hnh l trng thi
15C
E 10
A, pht trin cc trng thi hp l ca A, l C,
9D
I
D, E. Trong cc trng thi trn D l trng thi
E
tt nht, chn D pht trin tip.
K
13 F
11
Bc 2. Pht trin D c cc trng thi F, I.
G I
Trong 2 trng thi trn, I l trng thi tt hn,
H
chn I pht trin tip,
Bc 3> Chn I pht tin c B, G. Trong
0 B
G 12
2 trng thi hp l ca I, B l trng thi tt
hn, ng thi B l tng thi ch nn thut
gii kt thc. Cy tm kim nh hnh bn.

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Cu 2 (2,0 im)
a. Pht biu thut gii Robinson. (0,5 im)
Thut gii Robinson hnh ng da trn phng php chng minh bng phn
chng.
b1: a vn v dng chun v pht biu gii thit v kt lun ca vn di
dng sau:
GT1, GT2, ...,GTn KL1, KL2,...,KLm
Trong cc GTi v KLj c xy dng t cc bin mnh v cc php logic:
,, .
b2: Nu GTi c php th thay bng du",". Nu KLj c php th thay bng du
",".
b3: Bin i dng chun b1 v dng sau:
GT1, GT2, ...,GTn , KL1, KL2,..., KLm
b4: Nu trong danh sch mnh b3 c mnh i ngu th mnh c
chng minh. Ngc li th chuyn sang b5.
b5: Xy dng mt mnh mi bng cch tuyn mt cp mnh trong danh sch
mnh . Nu mnh mi c cc bin mnh i ngu th loi b cc bin .
b6. Thay th hai mnh va tuyn trong danh sch mnh bng mnh mi.
b7. Nu khng xy dng c thm mt mnh mi no v trong danh sch mnh
khng c hai mnh no i ngu nhau th vn khng c chng minh. Nu
danh sch mnh khng cn mnh no (danh sch rng:), vn c chng
minh.
b. p dng thut gii, chng minh tp mnh sau: (0,5 im)
p q , (s q) (r s) , p u r, u
p q , s q, r s , p , u r, u
p q , s q, r s , p , u, r, u
(p q , s q), r s , p , u, r, u
(p s, r s) , p , u, r, u
(p r , p) , u, r, u
(r r), u, u
u, u =
Danh sch mnh tr thnh danh sch rng, vn c chmg minh.
c. Tnh vector c trng cho cc thuc tnh dn xut (1 im):
Thuc tnh mc tiu ca bi ton l qu c c ta chn thuc tnh dn xut phn
hoch:
- Thuc tnh v:
VV(Ngt) = (T(ngt, c), T(ngt, khng c)) = (0/3, 3/3).
VV(Cay) = (T(cay, c), T(cay, khng c)) = (2/3, 1/3).
VV(Chua) = (T(Chua, c), T(Chua, khng c)) = (0/2, 2/2).
- Thuc tnh mu:
VMu() = (T(, c), T(, khng c)) = (0/2, 2/2).
VMu(vng) = (T(vng, c), T(vng, khng c)) = (1/3, 2/3).
VMu(tm) = (T(tm, c), T(tm, khng c)) = (2/3, 1/3).
- Thuc tnh v:

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B Tng Hp - Mn Tr Tu Nhn To K2CN4

VV(nhn)=(T(nhn, c), T(nhn, khng c)) = (0/4, 4/4).
VV(gai)=(T(gai, c), T(gai, khng c)) = (3/4, 1/4).
Cc thuc tnh v, thuc tnh mu c 1 vector n v, thuc tnh v c 2 vector n
v vy ta chn thuc tnh v l thc tnh phn hoch, qu gch chn l qu c c (hnh a).
Ngt

Hnh 1

A, E, G

v
Chua
cay
B, D, H C, F

Cn li tp PCay cn ln ln qu c v khng c, tip tc phn hoch thnh cc

tp con theo hai thuc tnh mu v v:
- Thuc tnh mu:
VMu() = (T(, c), T(, khng c)) = (0/1, 1/1).
VMu(vng) = (T(vng, c), T(vng, khng c)) = (1/1,
0/1).
VMu(tm) = (T(tm, c), T(tm, khng c)) = (1/1, 0/1).
- Thuc tnh v: VV(C gai)=(T(C gai, c), T(C gai , khng c)=(2/2, 0/2)
VV(Nhn)=(T(Nhn, c), T(nhn , khng c)=(0/1, 1/1)
Thuc tnh v c 2 vector n v, vy ta chon thuc tnh ny lm vector phn hoch
tip c cy nh danh nh (hnh b).
T cy inh danh ta c th suy ra h lut nh sau:
1. Qu c v ngt v qu c v chua khng c;
2. Qu c v cay v nhn khng c;
3. Qu c v cay v c gai c.

Ngt
A, E, G

v
Chua

cay
v

Nhn
B

C, F

Hnh 2

C gai
D, H

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Gii s 2(trang 2)
Cu 1. (3 im)
a. Trnh by khi nim hm heuristics. Xy dng hm nh gi cho bi ton Ta canh
(bi ton 8 s). (1 im)
Hm heuristics (k hiu h) l mt c lng v kh nng dn n li gii ca bi
ton. Vi mi tng thi Ti bt k trong khng gian trng thi, xc nh mt gii tr h(T i) l
s o s nh gi v trng thi Ti, hay chi ph i t trng thi T0 n trng thi ch TG.
Hm h(Ti) l hm thc dng, trong qu trnh tm kim gi tr hm h(T i) s gim dn. Ti
trng thi ch h(TG) = 0.
Trong bi ton Tacanh (8 s) c 2 cch xy dng hm nh ga h(Ti).
3
1
7

2
5
8
Ti

6
4

1
8
7

2
6
TG

3
4
5

Hm h1: vi mi trng thi Ti, h(Ti) l s qun khng nm ng v tr ca n trong

trng thi ch. h1(Ti) = 5.
Hm h2: tnh theo tng cc dch chuyn ca cc qun nm sai v tr v v tr ca n
trong trng thi ch.
h2(Ti)= 1 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 5 + 3 + 0 + 2 = 13.
b. Trnh by thut gii A* (1 im).
1. t OPEN ch cha T0 ; t g(T0)=0; h(T0)=0; f(T0)=0; t CLOSE l tp rng.
2. Lp li cc bc sau cho n khi gp iu kin ng.
2.1. Nu OPEN rng, bi ton v nghim: thot.
2.2. Ngc li chn Tmax trong OPEN sao cho f(Tmax) l nh nht.
2.2.1. Ly Tmax ra khi OPEN v a Tmax vo CLOSE.
2.2.2. Nu Tmax l TG th thot, thng bo li gii l Tmax
2.2.3. Nu Tmax khng phi TG, to danh sch tt c cc trng thi k tip ca
Tmax. Gi mt trng thi ny l Tk. vi mi Tk thc hin cc bc sau:
2.2.3.1. Tnh g(Tk)=g(Tmax) + cost(Tmax, Tk).
2.2.3.2. Nu tn ti Tk' trong OPEN trng Tk
Nu g(Tk)<g(Tk') th
t g(Tk')=g(Tk)
Tnh li f(Tk')
t Cha(Tk') = Tmax
2.2.3.3. Nu tn ti Tk' trong CLOSE trng Tk
Nu g(Tk)<g(Tk') th
t g(Tk')=g(Tk)
Tnh li f(Tk')
t Cha(Tk') = Tmax
Lan truyn s thay i gi tr g, f cho tt c cc trng thi
k tip ca Ti ( tt c cc cp) c lu tr trong
CLOSE v OPEN.

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2.3.3.4. Nu Tk cha xut hin trong c OPEN v CLOSE th
Thm Tk vo OPEN
Tnh: f(Tk) = g(Tk) + h(Tk).

c. Tm ng i t A n B theo thut gii A* (1 im)

B1: OPEN ={(A, g=0, h=0, f=0)}
CLOSE ={}
ly A ra khi OPEN t vo CLOSE
OPEN ={}
CLOSE ={(A, g=0, h=0, f=0)}
Pht trin A, c cc nh C, D, E, F. t 4 nh vo OPEN, tnh ga tr hm f:
f(C) = 42; f(D) =32; f(E) = 39; f(F) = 42;
OPEN = {(D, 12, 20, 32 ), (E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42))
B2: Chn D tt nht trong OPEN t vo CLOSE v loi D khi OPEN
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42))
CLOSE = {(A, g=0, h=0, f=0), (D, 12, 20, 32 ) cha(D)= A}
Pht trin D c cc nh H, E t vo OPEN, tnh f. V E c g(E)=20 >g(E)
OPEN nn ta khng cp nht li nh E trong OPEN
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42), (H, 22, 16, 38)}
B3: H l nh tt nht trong OPEN, H khng c trong CLOSE, t H vo CLOSE
v loi H khi OPEN.
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42)}
CLOSE = {(A, g=0, h=0, f=0), (D, 12, 20, 32 ), (H, 22, 16, 38) cha(H) = D }
Pht trin H c cc nh K, B t vo OPEN, tnh f:
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42), (E, 20, 24, 44), (K, 33,
14,47), (B,31,0, 31)}
B4: Trong OPEN B l nh tt nht, nn t B vo CLOSE, loi B khi OPEN.
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42), (E, 20, 24, 44), (K, 33,
14,47)}
CLOSE = {(A, g=0, h=0, f=0), (D, 12, 20, 32 ), (H, 22, 16, 38), (B,31,0, 31) cha(B)
=H}
Vy ng i ngn nht t A n B tm c l A DHB vi g(B) = 31.
Cy tm kim c dng nh sau:
A

42

3
2 D

38 H
31 B

E
K
E
G
H
K 14

3
E9

42
F

44

Cu 2. (2im)

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a. Thut gii Vng Ho (0,5 im).
b1: Pht biu li gi thit v kt lun ca vn theo dng chun sau:
GT1, GT2, ...,GTn KL1, KL2,...,KLm
Trong cc GTi v KLj c xy dng t cc bin mnh v cc php logic:
,, .
b2: Chuyn v cc GTi v KLj l cc mnh c dng ph nh.
b3: Nu GTi c php th thay bng du",". Nu KLj c du th thay bng du
",".
b4: Nu GTi c php th tch thnh 2 dng con. Nu KLj c php th tch thnh
2 dng con.
b5: Mt dng c chng minh nu tn ti chung mt mnh c hai pha.
b6a: Nu mt dng khng cn php ni hoc php hoc c hai v v c hai
v khng c chung mt bin mnh , th dng khng c chng minh.
b6b: mt vn c chng minh nu tt c cc dng dn xut t dng chun ban
u u c chng minh.
b. Chng minh tp mnh : (0,5 im)
p q , (s q) (r s) , p u r u
p q , s q, r s , p , u r, u
p q , s q, r s , u r , u, p
p q , s q, r s , u r , u, p
Tch php : (p q) thnh 2 dng con
1: p, s q, r s , u r , u, p (cm v c mnh p hai pha)
2:q , s q, r s , u r , u, p s q, r s , u r , u, p, q
Tch php : s q thnh 2 dng con
2.1: q, r s , u r , u, p, q (cm v c mnh q hai pha)
2.2: s , r s , u r , u, p, q r s , u r , u, p, q, s
Tch php : r s thnh 2 dng con
2.2.1: s , u r , u, p, q, s (cm v c s, u c hai pha)
2.2.2: r , u r , u, p, q, s (cm v c r, u c hai pha)
Cc dng dn xut t dng chun ban u u c chng minh , vy vn c
chng minh.
c. Phng php phn hoch theo Quinlan xy dng cy nh danh (0,5 im).
Quinlan chn thuc tnh phn hoch bng cch xy dng cc vector c trng cho
mi gi tr ca tng thuc tnh dn xut v thuc tnh mc tiu. Cch tnh nh sau:
Vi mi thuc tnh dn xut A cn c th s dng phn hoch, tnh:
VA(j) = (T(j,r1), T(j,r2),..., T(j,rn))
Trong :
(tng s phn t trong phn hoch c gi tr thuc tnh dn xut
A l j v c gi tr thuc tnh mc tiu l ri)

T(j,ri)=
(tng s phn t trong phn hoch c gi tr thuc tnh dn xut A l j)
r1, r2, rn l cc gi tr ca thuc tnh mc tiu.

T(j,r ) 1
i

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Mt vc t VA(j) c gi l vector n v nu n ch c duy nht mt thnh phn
c gi tr 1 v cc thnh phn khc c gi tr 0.
Thuc tnh c chn phn hoch l thuc tnh c nhiu vector n v nht.
Sau khi phn hoch xong, ta xy dng cy nh danh. Cn c vo cy nh danh,
pht sinh v i u tp lut.

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Lut Morgan
Ph nh ca ph nh (P) P
(PQ) (P Q)
Tng phn
(PQ) ( P Q)
De Morgan
(P Q) (P Q)
(P Q) (P Q)
Giao hon
(P Q) (Q P)
(P Q) (Q P)
Kt hp
(P Q) R (P (Q R))
(P Q) R (P (Q R))
Phn phi
P ( Q R) (P Q) (P R)
P ( Q R) (P Q) (P R)
PPP
PPP
P P 1
P P 0

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