netohydrodynamic Power generation heat The basic Principle of MED electrical generator ie. the motion Uces an emf. in it. In ste arr Hinto mechanical enerpy by rm $ converted into g s me as that of f ictor through a magnetic J by the fuel is an nergy h the heat to mect ficiency. Also, the rotating mach: tor is a heat engi Of gas directly “Converting heat energ mal electric generator MHD generator, c erature is tion of ting electrical By ied’ from les placed on the opposite Fig. 6.1. The is direct current d. erte ing an inverter “CATHODE ‘ YALL,vorki fter doing useful work (gener, ele system, the working fluid after i work ( fe is discharged to the atmosphere through a stack while in a closed stem the working fluid is recycled to the heat source and thus used again and ‘The operation of MHD generators directly on combustion products is an open Gystem using air as working fluid. In closed cycle systems gases used ou the fluid are helium or. argon. —_—— gh temperature of about and pressure of about 12 atmosphere with preheated air to form the plasm Seeding material, such as potassium carbs , is injected to the plasma i © increase the electrical conductivity. The re g mixture having an electrical stivity Of dbout 10 siemens/m, is expanded through a: nozzle, so as to hale locity, and then passed through the strong magnetic field of about 5-7T of the erator. During the expansion of gas at high temperature, the positive afd move to the electrodes and so constitute an electric current. This cul an inverter is employed for its conversion into a.c. The gas leaving or is still very hf. The heat from the exhaust gases of the MHD gen preheating the air supplied to the combustor. The seed mat the gas for successive use and harmful emissions (such as removed from the gas, for pollution control, and the gas is fi al re through a stack. fem is not suitable for commercial use. For c the MHD unit withF weisks GHW e149 uedo Auowera SeSEEE ulv GASSSHdWOO YSLIWSH-Sud lv sassv9 ASNWHXaith cesium and passed This d.c. output is cor n supplied to the grid. This is the loop 1 and loop. For further Fecovery of heat from the one fui speed and then this fluid is passed through the heat exchanger changer HX,, the fluid imparts it heat to water and so generates Stet, m is used partly for driving a steam turbine operating the compressor alternator. The working! hen returned back i 2 team loop. The closed cycle liquid metal MHD syst +. The super Sd metallic Vapour is expanded through a st into the drift OF mixer. Atomized subcooled liquid droplet © Yapours also condense on the liquid drop Generator is essentially a liquid. The re 150 m/s. re are following advantages anc the vapour entering the fluid is more lim system, 1. This system can use nuclear energy perature is not the 2 Tequirement of this system as in case of the inverter. Mean easily provide ac power supply directly, while is almost impossible to do so in a plasma system, i of the system including that of magnets is comparatively smaller is because of high power dens ty. mic vapours are poor electrical conductors. onversion efficiencies obtainable with liquid metal system,NOU NOILOSPNI 330 XH. 4 waDNVHOXa | HOINEENSO ‘v3H Wa NODUV ee JANOVN 4onaoud NOILSNBWOOwer generation conversion process depends upon Faraday’s law of induction, which states that when a conductor and a magnetic field ve to each other, a voltage is induced in the conductor. This induced “produces an electric current The conductor may be solid, liquid or gas generator solid conductors are replaced by hot ionized gas. The hot ionized is passed through the MHD duct across which a strong magnetic field Since the gases are hot and ionised they form an elecrically conducting moving in a magnetic field, thus a voltage is gene ated. The power generated D generator is in the direct current form Now if the electrodes are placed in position then generated current can be extracted WLLL d ® _ Vv Fig. 6.5. ards right with velocity and. @ particle, having a charge q moving (to applied. A magnetic force F ¢ magnetic field with flux density B is particle and given by EF = av x B) by ionised gas molecules, moving with velocity towards plate ?, and negative ions Wo d through a resist (el), the ejected gas is at a higher velocity than the ink sh the MHD engine in negative x direction. Now the electric ou engine with following spe Plate area = 0.2 m” Distance between plates = 0.4 m Flux den: 2 Wb/m? Average gas velocity = 1000 m/s Conductivity of the gas= 10 mho/m Solution. d oA ' eT) ohm 10x02 = BVd = 0.2 x 1000 x 0.4 = 800 V Generator resistance R, Open circuit voltage E, Maximum poweraversion of heat into electrical energy results in elimination of (compared with a gas turbine power plant) and both the boi the amount of heat discharged to ater requirements are reduced Capital costs of the MHD plants are estimated to be competitive with Of coal fired steam power plants Overall costs of the MHD power eration are also estimated to be wer plants. This is because fuel utilization, offer additional economic and social benefits and ourc oil, gas, solar and nuclear can be of heat sources such as coal ith MHD generators ‘generators have low specific weight, rapid start, high power density Several inherent advantages the MHD system has not been accepted numerous technological advancements are needed prior to its Most of these are related to material problems caused by high ighly corrosive and abrasive environment. The MHD channel conditions of temperature. ; programmes has been undertaken by different c n India also considerable snes have b it