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Symmetrical Faults PDF
Symmetrical Faults PDF
EE 340
Symmetrical Faults
Introduction
Introduction
If one, or two, or all three phases break or
if insulators break due to fatigue or
inclement weather This fault is called a
permanent fault since it will remain after a
quick power removing.
Approximately 75% of all faults in power
systems are transient in nature.
Selecting an appropriate circuit breaker
(type, size, etc.) is important
z
z
The AC current flowing in the generator during the subtransient period is called the sub-transient current and is
denoted by I. The time constant of the sub-transient current is
denoted by T and it can be determined from the slope. This
current may be 10 times the steady-state fault current.
The AC current flowing in the generator during the transient
period is called the transient current and is denoted by I. The
time constant of the transient current is denoted by T. This
current is often as much as 5 times the steady-state fault
current.
After the transient period, the fault current reaches a steadystate condition Iss. This current is obtained by dividing the
induced voltage by the synchronous reactance:
EA
I ss =
Xs
EA
X "=
I"
EA
X '=
I'
EA
Xs =
Is
X s = 1.00
X ' = 0.25
X " = 0.12
T ' = 1.10 s
T " = 0.04 s
10
I L ,base =
Sbase
3VL ,base
The subtransient, transient, and steady-state currents are (per-unit and Amps)
EA
1.0
I"=
=
= 8.333 pu = 34,900 A
X " 0.12
E A 1.0
=
= 4 pu = 16, 700 A
I'=
X ' 0.25
E
1.0
I ss = A =
= 1 pu = 4,184 A
X s 1.0
11
I ( t ) = ( I " I ') e
t
T"
+ ( I ' Iss ) e
t
T'
+ Iss =18,200 e
t
0.04
+12,516 e
1
I = 7,910 + 12,142 + 4,184 = 24, 236 A
30
At 5 s, the current reduces to
t
1.1
+ 4,184 A
12
13
Vgiven S new
= Z given
Vnew S given
2
Z new
Therefore:
The reactance of the transformer is already given on the system base, it will not
change
X T = 0.08 pu
14
V pu =
15
Voc 1.0440
=
= 2.61 90
I sc =
Z th
j 04
The
equivalent
circuit
16
I F = V1 ( j12.5 ) = 3.729 90 pu
Since the base current at the high-voltage side of the transformer is
I base =
S3 ,base
3VLL ,base
17
18
E A"1 = 10 pu
E A" 2 = 10 pu
19
20
21
Ybus
j 5.0
0
j 6.667
j16.212
j 5.0
j
12.5
j
5.0
j
2.5
0
j 5.0 j13.333
j 5.0
j
6.667
j
2.5
j
5.0
j
14.167
Ybus V = I
22
23
Y11
Y
21
Y31
Y41
=
Y32 Y33 Y34 V3 0
where V1, V3, and V4 are the changes in the voltages at those
busses due to the current If injected at bus 2 by the fault.
The solution to is found as
-1
V = Ybus
I = Zbus I
24
V1 Z11
V Z
f = 21
V3 Z 31
4 Z 41
Z12
Z 22
Z13
Z 23
Z 32
Z 42
Z 33
Z 43
Z14 0
Z 24 I "f
Z 34 0
Z 44 0
where Zbus = Ybus-1. Since only bus 2 has current injected at it, the
system reduces to