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    Sec 11 Underground Transport

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    19 views24 pages

    Sec 11 Underground Transport

    Uploaded by

    Omar Alex Meléndez Huamán
    Sec 11 Underground Transport

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    u-A42 GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING i fan Bat at ts 90 wea, ne ee # By ftniaMtly twas wth ae vn co tne ne Warn Daws hn, PW te Wt te he i SEL grt Ray wins ees PW tn oe FEE Pra ayy mtn ae Pera LEER A rot n0 ar aan ug ey gain hoe eh es ig apes f Elctrca osog fhe famine ira hae ty eae almost ‘Garp, Houston, tex Cut ieee Ss rls Da ethan, Dae "EERE gS garan ttc a Pogson iawn Mee." "WU na a 2B wtih Cae eae ly wel Fig a ee eM ET Tet B Goleeal Rene eta, Sit nd Uae Selig ais Bo etait Gad Bea Mel Fault Ot cease Phen, A THC stay me & tng ar A pecs Ypres Tone 9 Damn tm Rosie Dar rt Ms - 2. Dacre a Getta Gea In Olahona i. Meena has hae 2% Reonchle Tito serine ewuremeota is Dill Hol. 2. G. Lemardon. Gon ne te Soar peg Cop Cred nd Grp ta 90, Temperate Meanzement Os Wels Mi Sitar HG. Bal and APA Perebisar gio a Deeceammrenrys a a ite a Peo le sie BERS Ta ites treo nog, Goyal eit Meine st Potomac a Wg a ‘Geophysical Union, 1959 ‘in a aa SECTION 11 UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT EDWIN C. HOLDEN TF Genes Conidetins. 2 Pétuve Trempart Midiods & his cy ‘i ie | 22 tosmotve testa | if Bereta ‘Gar Detail 298 | 18 Compramot Locmaiv If, Biccuttrley-Loconetiven 8 taping Oa “Cros 2 | He Roe Ba “a E BmetcdGa ion. BA Metre en Se ue f Hasna Car Dus. 30 | BU Hasta Reldecia & 1h Asian Hauge 28] attoeraniy. c “ ote Number in parentheca (atop? sumbre of etna) re to ibogy a od af laiesetion AL01 UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT 1, GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Underground transport of manera, waste and supplee is a vital fonction fn mine gperatson. Report from 41 metal mines using Vaious ndardsaning medhode (0) Soe ‘dat underground tranaport costs averaged S1-44¢ or 17.20% of taal unergrout sort, Yarying from 11.9¢ to 89.9¢ per ton hoisted, oF 12.77% to 200% of total, depending 9% ining methods (Art 20 and correspondence). In many tines if Bret oat and oe ‘tesnnce of workings sed primarily for transport ware co charged, the total eos of Ua port would be ahown to extee! al other mining castes [Centclizaton. Ifthe output ean bo brougt to one level or gang, transport my fomotimes be vo concentrated that hand trunmiag ean profitably bs replaced ty wel aulage, oF the latter by mmedhaaial haulage. ven in that mines where, due to chape ‘ot Sepost or dation of workings the output of svete lovee fe lomered ta one eae Ibaulareway, dhe increased cost of holsting may be more that oct by tne saving feta 2 cantralived haulage astm. ‘ranaport method is dovided by comparing the total capital and operating cote of systema considered. If thea involve chang im mine deveiopment, itis nesemacy to determine what anving in development aud msintenaicerovts may Teult fom lofeing ' centralized aysta, which reduces the number, length or nee of sablevaie eee shuft stations and trackage otherwise requted; ‘Such soving must be balatvod ages cost of instlling and maintaining the proposal hsulasn ste General formulas, “Let D ~ usefl duty per ai, mineral: ton-mils; @ = grom duty Der sift, tonsils; d = distance sineral ie to be moved. fl. am aeer opel Sie Moving ft permaln; t= time loading and discharging por taip, mis T= incre eames Der ep, tone: "= tare er trp, tons; C'= tine off campite cycle, mia m= nota ‘working timo per sit min. oa ier eer moar mar tary 5200" baa" 4 O- D+ Soa" See Useful. duty D vaties directly with ditanoe, epued and wt of mineral per tip, sad Snveroly oe th time require at trina. “Ifthe gros tty init hes boen cease ‘seh day wil vary inveroly aa (P" 2). ‘These pincsples apply to al His of are ort from shoveling to looomative haslage. Desplte the tle that cost pot const ‘thor things being equal, varios inversly aa the tnt load, underground sondions decal require amellscale equipment, But many large-tonnaee insalacons exist i toa, aoe ‘nul copper mies, varying from the most primitive to standard t Tt eguipascas, 2 PRIMITIVE TRANSPORT METHODS (jo) Bets wally 0 fo lilo bee he Orin ont aed ones ay mee e"iely mare enon, bu i thse Bui vais widely, but pprosnat 12lo'1t mate er te Sllag 20010 760 by ander hy ot tate Stoveling (Se 2). Transport hy cartying ur eastng with shovla i proper only ana lt resort. "One man ean mova 1 ton 100 ft in abot 25 hr equivalent te 138 00 100 rans per tone. Tongrhandle, round-point No ® shovela ae rlandaed for under round sucking; 1038 price, 812-814 per dow, “Mucaino Yeu comunon tor for solo ‘round shoveling In stapes, widhshter 30 ft spurt, tho lanacd ety coments 30 aes (17 19 20 ton) por eile including sedging or lect bling lamps aad wowing slog chutes are advantagrousy placed, shovelets have time to aeust incre, but i aah sorting is done, their output may be greatly seduced.” "The stoping method grealy esta ie cost of shoveling MINE CARS 11-03 feral shoveling floors and skies ave an important as chute wading, (or zsvekng in connection with trating, soe 8) ‘Wheelbarrow transport (See 8), ex tonsil and ie yucied only ta ent ie not warranted the only allarnatles i shoveling, arth ‘Bast mlsing baszow by lume of Toning, costs wt least 1 man-cift per temporary work, oF wher ist vost of trac nt pee Short exploratory workiner aad nal, ireriat somes ‘only proper elds for the barsow in minins Weak a3 ot ft capacity, No id to 18 B &'S gate pemoel eal tae, undies, frame, and whecluard of sea pe: mae belghe ee Pe SDM per doe fob factory.” Ror surface work in very her sold dae? Be Inandles are preferable, For Sin mamas a shoveling if pe care Mo. Ne fore dees cnt a i ‘ontenc, 30°32 for sospsiacn With esac lad eee eee ‘Standard design. 7 3. MINE of "flat baetow without log is uae in tb later res, comparative cts of 105 75 ted Fe hana ig dae ani Nona Berre, Mont (Linton). Cluifcnion and amon Ian npn 1g ae ee ie ede eben Sa, Ta a et on Be mahi anton 2823 fon nt CARS (1 to 11) the underground ca juice great car in design srlaton, IC pomablo,w trate deuign alte to Toa condions et ese “his cansiot be done where han ira telly hauled inva or ait ar ae fe: are employed, "But, it compromia desig i eushke mance ‘tageous in simplifying repairs and the stock of repair parts, “ te body i of wood se! ot compete , topeling or sub level cre andlaner nec ll used, and in larg miseemeveral tesigns ned Son, ae eo ty, perme ry i fering Come ion cot the body ahaa bo entered et eee seidatl Bead-on dumping, Bl Waa nee Rigi-body, at-bottom cars ar simpler and usualy lower thn others of equal capa ix. Advantage: ceo ‘f londing become of tha low cee mange” of tal eas: re Fit eee Fle. Alltel Low-via™ Car bleh ratio of capacity fo wt, Dinndvantage: they ean be damped only at tpples or on ‘ack dompe wt fed place Most cl Pe ae a cr Towovein” ear (B) of 100-00 lo years a of this type. Fig I shows tale vol eapacty, with bottom below the axles shes a Lae UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT ne doors ued with rotary dump at Lynch ooltsy: approx wt, 4.000 Ib. Fig 2 ia standard car of Connellovile, Pa distit: wt, 200 by capaciy AO'ee te, ESA ‘open car used in eub-levels inthe Mesabi iron range: siuple abeap nsd ey ieee ‘This eub-lovel car has boa discontinued by Oliver lacs Mining Cota di Gat skeet saat Fig 4. Trinowntain Copperiine Ca luce; erapee now wedi badng oe frm working faces to wines, where it is dropped toa zninchauage love and trammed to shalt. "Therg ie very ite obocal ake et {9 tro of ducher hoists and serapors (See 27). Fig te car 8 long, ope oy ae ec Te has wooden or eel stringer 2m wood bottom with 8 in pate lier outedere net wh 2600 Th, capacity, 8 100 Is AW stations of inlined nts itis lumped by a erie direely ints ship.” Fig isan al-eteeh Toca fe Figtdcboy, cubvdvel ear of w desig Iitgely eupplanting Fie k Tt me semble the revolving eatin oft Tine, but is shout bit lower ‘Hinged-body ear (Vie) dumps fn one direction only: “For camp Funding by tea, ite body ehould bo hinged not over 2, in forward load contr line. Big 7 ich copes dou fh Sidedamp et, Fig 8 ‘early reufraed, for taking 24 lump from sant Anya Rae eae eS ‘Supported on trusaions say be wale or double ddedumpng (Fig 8). Tile le ted ee YigS. Alltel, Subtevel Car (Lak Shore Eogoe Werks) MINE CARS 11-05 ‘Fmad bat for lt foe or, gachrend atthe ade t may bo better than the revolving type, Fhe Va te meds igh and anton ot ancen, The no doomsand sen sealy bem sun oe of eH ned together wth eaten ae oh 87 eae Tae tas by Ocver Irn’ Mining Go Gs, Revolving domp-car can dump in any direction, and henes is usta for metal mines Body must be hh esovgh forthe bottom to cleat the wheels when nde dsoplage hs void danger of overturning, the ear body thould tot excel ong whee beccked ho 4 zaan, “The ear ie therfore rather high sad short. Wheels re sldora over 1 12, Hig 10% a typical Butte ear; wt, O05 bi eapac, 1700 to 1 600 Ib. Fig It inn 30 aut et for both hand tramaning and train haulage: Sooop eae (Fig 32) i usually of tke nt “= wee yt Vig ©. Standard Hingetody Car revolving dump type Like the V-body en, i simplied by omitting th door, and en ‘then be mado watertight." It is good for discharging into m chute, but nay fesaig ‘learanoe below track level, and it fs more Uable fo upset when aide ducing Hlopper-bottom ears are unusual underground it are good fr transfer service, argo unit Jonds and motor haslage. In the Sanford-Day ear, betta doors ae nstomedieny sucecsively released me they ranch th storage hin, ad ace clued nd latched by sect ‘overs ouckle on the ext aide, the train dumping withowe stor SSedle-back ears, holding 1.5 to 6 tans, ae ctutnon on mek leva in motor bealags Discharging fom both cides they esp track, clean and Til pookess erent @-t eur of 2.76ton capac, with Tin wheels and pocket couplers, ued by Olle ‘Opewend Dumping Cat (Mich Capone Dist) yon Mining Co with the V:body car of sume capue (Fig 00). Fig M4 shows end of a shies 45-00 fk ear, et Miami, Aris it has an improved door latch.” This fo tow (1008) replaced ly tear of similar desig, of 86 eu Tt capac ‘Spodnl ion ae wired fr dvnking mater tlt and. man ear Standatd erste with gol reese ‘eat for sl stn, werd powder, ad nth ade eon on ibe ‘Eile aed ree sole Steel ears eontinue to displace wooden and compote care (Fig 2, 16) which, howe vet, wll Jog be used, especially whan they hve antifecion beatings Wha nowy igiity of steel eara often cnuses darlinents, ifthe beatings are not celt-lining and 0 without springs. ‘Sizes of colliery ears: up to 220. ft lol eapaclty and Ii I one Hig oe ise Pittsburgh Coal Co alltel ea, for 40a trae, of 170 eu capac, Late wheels with Tyaon rollebearings and inade wpring journals (le i Young, 1033) inet a ee 4 11-06 UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT ‘Can rmooxs, Whosl,asls, bestings und frame make over 0.5 the wt and #/ the costo Yost mine cars." The frame may bo the stcingers (Pig 8, 4), & bulleup steattrvce (Fig 0, 9, 10, 12, or single fer bottom its (Fig 1,2), peit af wooden ile shape ‘umalyu chanel, forged into a U (Fig 1). The design in Tig tosures perfect linemen? ‘asl whew a wooden car bottom carries journal hoxen, On th othe band earaate Me ffon mine havo the aslo boxos carried enuly by light dlagooalsteapa, and tis ame {het one whoe wil limb over ain obstacle on th track without deraliments Dovasas ‘hee cat may be used for largo Toude: ie reduos tho lod per whoa fr Heke ‘ila tad'cat run om sharper eurves than a ear of ame cajue With Hail whed Reet Fig, Sidedunp Cn, 10x, Grashy Mining Co, Asyox, BC 8 124on car. Largo nit loads are economie, std tho use of doubletrick cats oane (ee HE MJ Vol 95, p 376: 06, p 117d). "Wurat pase For the share girves of mine tzack the wheel base mast be short rarely more that Uke wet ae Exceptions: losamotives, because thei divers are of large diam, ad ears for overed ope htlage, nce Jong wheelbase tonds to prowont derienonta For seation of wal ‘hae to rau of outer rll om exrven ore Track gages Anes ig a is an leteet, Gen yd doubletriee coal car; wt § $00 1h wsing dumping cplinder (Fig 170) which 'retirns to ates position by gravity. Bach pale of wheels (umning on rare rall) swivels about a Ling pot for taking curver Wheels have eat lay ob ing post for uneven tack, Fig Ife has exblobotin for eleky feadalivor ee ‘8 4500 Ib, 67 eu ft, with double truck, allowing minanuse-radiva track eucve of 20 fi, MINE CARS Fae La 11-07 ig Ga, bation, Sdedamp Cat, 46 oa fe Capa (Olver Tron Mixing Co) 11-08 UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT Fig 11, Mined (st) Mae Car 4. MINE CAR DETAILS (2,5, 6,7, 10, 11) Draw-ber, coupling, and bumper. When cars are to renin train, the frame or body ‘uct transit and withstand bots tractive and inpact ete, For light care, wera meet end thrusts, McCaskill truck (Fig 19) bas a ear continuous il ory trou between hearings, ad a slid ade, with I tight aa 1 loose wheel. The Ton thet gives diferentiat travel op curves that hub went ie ngigtl, or prow lor y bushing. Covad roller bearings forthe are (3) and 0 selfing foose whch, wou Ive an ideal combination to minnie tnctvevesiance Tiubrieation of wheels (25,27). "Thorough lubtcation ip owential for low tractive sistance. An ol bath on a standard R Te ale seduces fitton from 10 to 15% of what n with oiled wast on one side ofthe journal. Open, unprotected padestal besos aa? MINE CAR DETAILS 11-13 require lubrication every trip, and, when used, ther rhoald tw il resevoirs beside or etree rails wth Yevtving brushes or eams fo or eotse the axon wcvomtclly they pass Pain covered beavings should be ofed once or twee each sift. Salalig. dus proof beatings (seo above) may not seguir attention ono a week. Dist role be ings fun 8 4012 montho with one charge of eremo, nod maskers lain u seving of 80% ta Fig 108, SCF Bathboning Pig 18. "Type of llr abd Bal-bentngs cst of Iubricant over plain bearings (27). Bearings are lubricated by & grease su; ‘téscod to th grease plug hole: srensn in foreed im hy &serew paton disping ta od ‘reuse. Hand guns are customary, but for Inrge mines & grease tak mith 100 lb alr pres ‘ire aad presire howe lines to bath sides of trace ie butter. Mod of lubrication ea bo ‘advantageounly vatied with sao of wheel, eindiated by Fig SIb fem the itesburgh toes (46). "Non-hardening’ cup grease should be uae, snd llr beatings dhould theo be clo sparingly at intervals wit food enroll, In winter tne sro-tost Si For offct of lubeiention on faetion, eon Art 8 Takes.” The slmplect brake is 1 hardwood eprag, trust between Spokes and forcing the whet tose eminent whtele and i usual ‘applied fo but" T wheal at a time ‘lover with wood block between ‘whoa broke 2 wheols oa one sda. ‘ASimplersteol:bar beak sx shown in Tig a. Drake shoce of wood ot Mor, in halts, with fogulo ear tro sonneeted under boty ten. {age alld wets, aro bat (3g 1, 2) [Brakes should have erated lth fof countorweight. to set or hold them. Fig 20 shows bru aystem om a Gon Flot Go's trolley Iecometive. For losomotiven om seep track t special all brake iv ome limes provided to grip beth aldes ofa third beaker to eonteel tain (Lig 23). Lt eed {his brake wl stop within 100 0's 100-ton train nad locomotive runging @ miles por Br down 89% grade ‘Making vs buying cars, Special ears, na for dilate, tier, wate, toilet or men, can advantageotaly bo mado in the mine shope during dl pti, af notinal labor coe Pig 20, Vertol Sa Brake da-14 UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT ht for standard cars, only lags mines with goo shops exn compete with mine ear saker, thor in coe or gua of product Fret tte on masala es ae ‘Stolp Viger dia on libro Enoiad-ownent rt, Preset tendencies, "Wamanaged. mince ate dandardiing eat dais, ‘Tho ‘wrote roller and ball beatings ato prope reiacng plan and bushel betcha Te'dows aot pay to, neal epenaee sifiedon tarts fora shades ne : oor track Mine ue reprd cat sec Foledstel gad manganeso-stec! wheal H {ee more alstactory for motor bales ‘hr hod ron whee Welding i now 40 realy dose, come Sine, te teolaite wooden tole tod Undead by lated contruction” Co {oe tain taulage sre become larger; es, Semoun oe ig Wet ea gd Citen ort aie a ive "Geen supe “by tston cre Borie boy yeni, ih ‘pling izance of doar cars and grow in favor. Callery cara holding 18 tone ee ohne Sf cnn morn he cle aiky Gen tao sid pf botee foas Foeed iebottome are Prelrbl, Vig 21. Lovomotve Thins Brae 5, MINE TRACK (12 to 24) [Fooden rs 2 by 9 rns, ate omnes tn mst mins, for aml o temporary rorkegind ions for tneh irae to roms or treann Bisons meets tee rte ewvy grado le guste! co olen te Penis etecheaercch al oe, [n'dap att tw (Mg 2). "Fusiog mousey rela wih ee ou ncrecer toe Ms, bat telat aiding ioe a say to that of tbe Trail ‘Sica are os yh, {artened by eoustertak sien er Seete rT A$ ‘Steel rate aro made nS etandaed eeriee of wostions, the Amer S00 C B, and A'and B eeios of Aer Ty Arson also in many’ special shapes, Tor tine tack thick web and broad fuse are tet beens af uso of light tos, and frequency of sorrocva water. Amer Soe © B astions most neatly snack ‘hero roqurements. “RT rallsare cold hy the ong tom, spaconionswaeliy cling for 90 Table 1, Rall Sections (Amer Soe Civ Fag Standard) Fig22, Wooden Rats MINE TRACK 11-15 Sr 324 length, with not over 10% of shorts down to 248, Shortr lengths (18 to 27 1) Hig often necosary for mine track, epecily ne xhaftetalion. Relagine ie, etary) Fonvier, rw unually on the market et reduced prices Spacing of bole nein and ace bare vu shoul betpeeied whan ordatan hr, ow at foe apt eb all Loe Oe ‘outa, for 70 tb and bear pith decent masher frre below 4h aed (refer Fie. = 3 Fy = By Ye Weight of rai, For srmmom: Fig 24 shows minimum wt of ral and max sine rel load reeexumended for 1 js and Sf the spacings, t9 give reasonably low stress Heavier rails than indented for siven lots will raduoe track reelatance and ainlenanre fost, while lghtar ruil should bo used ony for temporary work. Yor locomotives, as lighter than 26'1 wil not Keep alinibent, and ehould not be wsed on main linen. Fou ooxpucriviry: ails for heavy tafe are avally any larse for rauen crane let hnslage, but with leht equiproent the nian of rail for soonainie wontecaie one ee fe, wel loads, ray be’ the limiting factor in determining we of nal eines ae 8.26% Cu avo seported by J. 0. Greenan (18) a8 being teu Limes mine reg sine water than non-ouprous mil Flg28, Rai Section wad Spi Bare Bonding. The otal ravsiance of ordinary all jini nwo creat mt bo eatvaon to an STR Reena wed der ws a a a soa Sr tion,” (Ber rll bonds so Soo 16) ‘ ee ae Hal joins shoal hove aealy av eaible th sn sirngth and sew a heed ra Expansion i allowed fo by Iaving span between ral toy wing sane ee ena a Fee ete ee ee th Sees hae 24 Mand 1 ae alle for al up to Abby, bl for aloe 35 ths ted a ee le Kener, "Benorme wea tthe bet moderated of honing se Neen rae for miine Was, Yor beth onde ad int “etc spikes, to have tho greatest holding power, shouldbe etenght, smooth of unie form erose-seo, and with n sharp cutting edge beveled beck 2 dam Spikes of ent ‘akers vary over 10% in wt: number por lg should be vetifel wien at et ‘llewance made for extras. “Spikes ae staged on opponty dee of te oa ‘stagger revermd for the other ra, the c {nid spikes boing near the mune aide of fle "TE ties aro frst tored wth, holes 3pm smaier than the epi, the holt Dower is greater, but to follow the hole tles mite be pinted instead of boveed, Screw spikes increas life of tees ae amore efective, but cast tore. Though ‘uch used abroed, and alone. fade Denatble for trpieal ardwoods the aco j Tone | ; a 2ay seo 28 | 1 x Lettre to Fg. 28, "Few lari hin sine. 1 Hever all apt 160 Tosa Yolo ‘ot yet common in U 8 but ae repel ddiven spikes on mone Iti tines Holes ‘must be hored for thew ‘Wood tes fo stavlard-age track are 8 to 9ft long, not low than 6 in thick, 7H fated to a lar in face o,f awed Fie 24 Weight of Ra for 1g and aft Tie minimum erowsaes is 8 by a ee nee ‘sp Rarrowaeage track, length of ton should be tree the gage, at lear ain thicker tha pl length, and 1% tines spike length'in width, fk for Heh cf fonts ork, or prospecting, les aro often no thicker than the eke lengthy wath 4 ne than aveance between outside spike, Steel tes of pred nad rolled soa, have the ndvantags of lghtnes, strength, dur bite (here nine wate fe not ac), and of requiring lew depth oy Meadiooet ey should have Aangse along all egos, extending isto the rnited to bolt dee fa eee Fall are fasoned to them by bolts, or dips and wedge, or combinations at tieee”” Fag ob shows some ofthe numerous design Scag of tie. Average for standard gage is tin center. Uadereround ten are peced from Toxin, on aume main haulage waye with cit bel, od anda Oi ee or UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT Table 2 Rut Joints (Cambria Steel Co) No of Joints | tency, ete Te = were 2ee | | oa [Re Tele ze no te 35.00/ 25.86|¥a x1] 952 ote Hae Bie 8 Fie 25, Ost Fisbslate ga] eai)va ciel des | ao] & | 4st Bool Sstlveaae| 8 itt ove Ita ee? Sateen RANE ay ad geht NS gene ental Ta aca phi tat jooee SSR E aL tees eee te al St tne ft Seite Ste om main to branch track, apecil flat bias ad bail Se eed da ™ 3. Track Sikes Feast Titec] sondern, | Sb [pk] ap | Poe Nee (Siten | eae tee | eae | ef pave] ae | ES [abe] ‘drete| snes ‘nee | Tac caer | Ue ies ae Taser | te Taxa! | whee rane eS! 8 | Be] Pg [wee 3 iss facie | Se | 2] ms] Bae pea Dee aie Judge] | BR) eee chs ta oom or stope tracks, spacing to wt of rail to be used oe Fig 30 Track stringers, Fou sof roadbwda, bros, dewnepaced ter aro oted Eu Ip soe if, ‘ulsietony ck ade by wing sony wie Soy de Boy ion the at under nala atapite le" They arom wed Seon Ba fee gate er Banyo ih Seach vite for high-speed haulage: Life of ties, In RR service, hemlock, tamartel and white pine ten aver a least 9 cypress, chestnut white cake and eases te 18"yr. Gonerally, the tbr most chesnly obtained fowaly is dood for tee as thei Iie fxcept where animal haulage ee, surly Toager than that of the tine working: Pag servaive treatment i economical onlin mn entcos or long ait m0 | 1230 | 3:00 | 38.2 top {At etceniva span, with cht rallsor heavy whee loads, great Increaes resistance, end the bending Fs gana spec alt ag ey et eae or relation of to i seniors lh hk i Fig 20, Stet tie ad oi atenagy Soft tes are oftaner worm out by eetcr-ensivo and rai-euting than by decay a hatnow ones week Geis LAYING OUT CURVES, SWITCHES, AND cRossiNcs 11-17 ‘wall to use long ties, that they may be sifted longitudinally when relaying, to afford few places for spiking lying, avin foam work, wood em ate ape led in from 1"to 8 valyings: sto Wes baring corrosion or accident, lst indent, ‘rack ballast may be of broken stone, gravely tailing, waste caer or slag. Ths standard of Amer iy Bngs & Maintenance of Way Amoo, for Class © RRs s 0 bin layer of gravel and chort under ®t Us, with 3 40 slopes tayond the ende'and filed to the tope at center; or, with ties at 24in center 1 180 any pelle Special ballast fs rarely noted for ming tuck, Tho Moot le gonsrally bad, end cate of tho drainegs ches wil usually ramedy soft spots. Ballast wll aot help a smeling or heaving foo, ‘With animal having, roadbed and tes aro worn by the hoofe and rouize ore frequen renetral dha for other haulage eye “Teac gage should not bo les tha half the extreme width of cr or locomotive, Max ‘ge in limited ly tho roadway clearance and sbarpor curve A. cradecmpivol rule, where whoe-tuse doa not grey anced ens, ie: Gage < VET E, hire testa radian Gao ten gn smi, Sonny dom to iS a mu Eine spnety ar loner etl eat of allogatick endows opening at yr lone Aaya Hous orator ahem lower ect fens ted uc, Dad the tercerai carves heh ‘fede pombie. "Gaon ox conyas mat be eesae, to frevat ining of whe tanga in Bie pmeree er each 2" over af surratre th gate niente tat Ices lo teat eins Bor sharp carves of suraweaage ack nhl ay ree ach at lo te IH slat a eal lig” Th nereaond gage obtained By tang te ere of one nal bdo te pei of carve ia encod Sr 11h 6. LAYING OUT CURVES, SWITCHES, AND CROSSINGS (12, 13, 14, 23, 26) Track carves. Simple circular eurves Ml ll epaed requirements of underground tracks, and eanemont or transition curves are unheoatary. Drones oF comvattee Dit the angio at the center subtended hy a chord af 100 fe but curves of lew than 200-f¢ radius are best designated by longth of radius R. Trigonometse ‘elations botwoon the ‘lemont of ccular curves, ad modes of nying thm ot a given Soe T7 ‘Layout of curves is dons by tran method or in varous wa’ tequiing no fatrament work, ‘Thay should not bo lat as they ofan ace, 9 the Uogvided judgment of tackmen, reasonably” acsurate carve layout enn be ‘nade without a teunat by mean of of, by Tinga vod eb (Pig 27) 10°F long nod with @ right-ange ellos dent crnter dof length = 1A, as given in Table 4 for curve of required dius, "Tho curve is ntrted. with the tod [nid in peolongstion of the tancent fem the YC (Gor 17, Art 32} in the postion ai Olaet ae will thou inate the fest point © on the ‘ueve., Subsequent points wil be indicated by Polat wen Tod ain Id Snide the curve When the P C and P'7 ar within ht of wash other, the male and quartor-ornate method {timost convenient. When porns are deen by dieectiona frum’ tho engines offen, Blues Dina should te furahed for racing tmbering find track a tndicatl in ig 29, 89, with & Inti of lastest work ‘Misiseam-radiae carve i imiad by length of wheel base, diam of rhea snd fangs ler ftnoe. Fig 30, from an empirical formula Gialdwin Locomotive Wha data}, gives ale values for curves of same gage ce‘on trnicht track, With liberal epread for gngs on ‘curves, 1010 25% may he nde to whos base dimensions fending rail. ‘The common rall bender, the Jim Crow ” (Fig 91a), sites for difornt wt ofr, the epan between claws being 16 to 24 jn f convenient modifeaton, and hydraule or pedmate benderw ig 31, 8) Hheavy els. Tells are Dont fo Zt curves of given radius bythe mide and quarter: ‘ordinate method (ave abo; on for abort sin ‘halon tho abop floor, th Yaluo of AY for sama length of ral being gremta for the aer Fig 27. Laying Out Carve by Ofote mest ete i 11-18 UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT LAYING OUT CURVES, SWITCHES, AND cRossINs 11-19 rail (Tablo 4.” If bent in the shop, the max length ofa curved ral ia inited by size of Table 4 Middle Ordinate shaft compartment.” Difference ia length of inner and outsr rll D = gags X lengtaat | ———__—_"* fourve rads of curve AM, in Taehes, of 10-4¢ Chords Correction, for iner ~ for oar an ® | # | sn [eo [ee ew wey amie coe sey 8 For eenaes of 104 rll cords, not for chords taken radially from OW {p both directions and lvel tis, euard rails and dow apes ate the compromise, ‘ig 51a shoe tte, se tn Filing tac for temporary mark withont culting il. For being of track gape, lose ‘il ll ot sid along Taner nde of ech tack va, Ieee Leg ay Bee Fig28. Carve Layout lone ral Sie ne oa te ee taal Saperotevaion of outer rai, to balance centrifugal force, lo e = 2¥4-+ eB, where £,7.slovaion of cuter valk in: dS distance fetween centers af ralla int VP een He perso g = aceleration of gravity, fe pee eee por see = 322; He = rwitusal cares aura Pan oTeta @ Fig 30, Misiniseradiwe Curve Fie 31. Ral endine Switches (10), Standard point and stub enitchee and many other devices are ussd ‘2 mines to transfor ears fom one track U another. The point or slitamity (Ble a ‘coosist of 2 "points or latches, fend and lellower turnout tll, and fog sate eet ‘ ‘Fig 20. Layout for Double Turnout " rails onposite frog. On blunt switches the toes of the fog ad heel of the point raila ‘On grades, these slvations should bo reduced. With rope haulage the ences pull of ‘eet otherwise flr rail Ingthe aee incerted.” Pacing mitch ie race tne ‘the rope on crv modes conditions, and may evan requve tha te anes sal eee Bola end; tang, from tho frog end, Standard formule for amitees aad turnouts se (Gre 18)." On selecting plane, tack on curves cant saiaty roquetsonte ted ‘8ven by American Mining Congress, May, 1002 (13). ner 11-20 UNDERGROUND TRANSPORT ‘Frogs. Tho rail crosing may be # single casting (Fig 99), preferably of manganese steel oF be built up of rail. Fixed frogs may be filled and bull. for hour teach ot veted om pe for light track (Fig 34). ‘Sprine-rall from have one wing rll moval, but hd by a pring against the frog point to that whe om the mala task pass ove no gap. Standard [rogs have steught seis, but, for Iartow pago blunt turnouts, enrved ops are better, tough they are not interchangeable fr Aight and let! hand tarmovts, anda turmoct gusrd-ell should be poe Wided. "oo wesc le th distance (Pig 98) trom ths Doin of frog to any polnt nt which the sprood between {age Ines mensured, aided by that sprend: oF He Fie, Cut Frog the tla longth of fog G divided by tial spend Af B Fs cred ag ht sored paar fo aes {rom the frog point. Grade frogs may be nvoided hy ticng tho laa! rl, ad cartieg ‘the wheisiange over the unbroken tala ral by @ latch (Fig 30), The sharp she of he lead vail, wd the latch closing the mala ral are objections. “Sean mings e's roverabie ‘og block to fil the fangeway of te cloma track mall. it fe elective, hat cater de rallmente if misplaced und should bo unnosreety with proper design.” Fig 3a thows “oiler es Care Fig 384, Proto Swish, N J Zine Ce (2) fp ingenious arrangement of a pin-riveled pia of rail taking the place ofa teack fro. Fig 49 is simple sation track layout Switch gout (10). Ta Pig 2, let F be frog anglo, 1 frog mummber, (track gogo inf, ZB radius of cota ine of switch carve in te and Lite lead in fe ‘Tho lead te the Ui tance parallel to main line Trom switch poi to fog point, aid iat be it to feats Fig 35, Grade Frog with Latch fbettoe propery, Assuming » switch with curved point and fog rail, o a eitoular eure from paint of switch a pain of row: Na Meet lyh = b+ 2G= +L VESEO [—# a nse ae averen = sh one Da 20¥ = Rew te 080 ant @ VICE Re N= 18426~ 20M» + sin?) 050 “otal ent of ed tl fo pn faith to pint of og = wing rl on LAYING OUT CURVES, SWITCHES, AND cRossINGs 11-21 fall filer = eB UF + 150). With stright fog and point rails vals of Ld Faro ‘odie

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