.

: )(

. )(
)Measures of Dispersion (Variation
) (-:

.
.
.

) ( .
.
:

60
59, 61, 62, 58, 60
------------------------------------

60
50, 60, 66, 54, 70
----------------------------------
60
60 ) (
. )
( .
) ( .
.

- -

: )(

.
.
.

.

. :
.Range :
. Semi-Inter-quartile Range
.Variance :

. Standard Deviation :
. ) (Coefficient of Variation :

) (-Range :

. :
Range = Xmax Xmin
:
Xmax

= ) ( = ) (

= Xmin ) ( = ) (
):(-

)(

25, 30, 40, 45, 35, 55, 50

):(-

Xmax = 55
Xmin = 25
)( Range = Xmax Xmin = 55 25 = 30

).(-
- -

: )(

f
= 18.45 = Xmax
= 13.45 = Xmin
Range = Xmax Xmin
= 18.45 13.45
= 5.00

3
5
15
16
10
1

x
13.45
14.45
15.45
16.45
17.45
18.45

12.95 13.95
13.9 5 14.95
14. 95 15.95
15. 95 16.95
16. 95 17.95
17. 95 18.95

:
. .

. .

. .
.
.
) (- : Semi-Inter-quartile Range
.
. .

) (25% ). (25%
n =25%
n= 25%
-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-|----------------|----------------|-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/ Q1
Q2
Q3
Q :
- -

: )(

Q 3 Q1
2

=Q

Q1 Q3
.
):(-

) (-:
)(
)(

:
)( :

0
3

n
= 12.5
4
3n
R * = = 37.5
4
= R

12.95

13.9 5

8 = F1

14. 95= A

23 = F2
= F*1
39 = F*2

*15. 95= A

16. 95

49

17. 95

50

18.95

Q1
Q3

: Q1

n 50
= =12.5 , A= 14.95, L = 1.00, F1 = 8 , F2 = 23
4 4
R F1
12.5 8
L = 14.95 +
1.00 =15.25
Q1 = A +
F
F
2
3
8

2
1

=R

: Q3

3n 3 50
=
= 37.5 , A*= 15.95, L* = 1.00, F*1 = 23 , F*2 = 39
4
4

- -

= *R

: )(

37.5 23

1.00 =16.86
39

23

* * R * F1
L = 15.95 +
* Q 3 = A +
*

F
F
2
1

)( :

Q 3 Q1 16.86 15.25
=
=1.61
2
2

Q 3 Q1 16.86 15.25
=
=1.61
2
2

: .

: .

:
.

- -

=Q

=Q

: )(

) (- ) (Variance ): (Standard Deviation

.
Variance :

.
.
. S2

xn

x2

(xn x )2
)(

x1

(x2 x )2

(x1 x )2

xn

x2

x1

xn x
(xn x )2

x2 x
(x2 x )2

x1 x
(x1 x )2

:
.

. .

. S
:

: ) (:
x1, x2, , xn n x
:
- -

: )(

(x i x ) 2
n 1

i =1

) (x1 x ) + (x 2 x ) + L + (x n x
n 1

= S2

:
n

(x i x ) 2
n 1

i =1

= S = S2

:
) S2 0 .( ) S 0(.
S = 0 S2 = 0 . ) (.
. S2 .
. S .

. :
2

n x2

xi

i =1

n 1

n
x i
i =1
n
n 1

xi

S2 = i = 1

= . n

xi

i =1

x i2

i =1

:
. .

- -

: )(

.
.

):(-

)( :
7.1, 2.5, 2.5, 5.4, 8.3
:
:
n=5

(x i x ) 2

50.41
6.25
6.25
29.16
68.89

3.7636
7.0756
7.0756
0.0576
9.8596

x i = 25.8

i =1
n

(x i x ) 2 = 27.832

i =1
n

x i2 = 160.96

i =1

x i2 = 160.96

i =1

) (x i x

xi
7.1
2.5
2.5
5.4
8.3

1.94
2.66
2.66
0.24
3.14

(x i x ) 2 = 27.832

i =1

x i = 25.8

0.00

i =1

:
n

25.8
) ( = 5.16
5

xi

i =1

=x

:
)( :
n

27.832
) ( = 6.958
5 1

(x i x ) 2
n 1

S2 = i = 1

)( :
2

n
x i
(25.8) 2
i =1
160.96
160.96 133.128
n
5
=
=
= 6.958
n 1
5 1
4
:
- -

xi

S2 = i = 1

: )(

) ( = S = 6.958 = 2.6378

(x i x ) 2
n 1

i =1

= S = S2

:
. :

x1, x2, , xn
x1b , x2b , , xnb
ax1 , ax2 , , axn
ax1b , ax2b , , axnb
:

:x
: x+5
: 3x
: 3x +5

2, 6, 4, 3, 5
7, 11, 9, 8, 10
6, 18, 12, 9, 15
11, 23, 17, 14, 20

S
S
|a| S
|a| S

S = 1.581
1.581
|3|1.581=4.743
|3|1.581=4.743

S2
S2
a2 S2
a2 S2

S2= 2.5
2.5
92.5=22.5
92.5=22.5

36
x1, x2, , xn



2

x 10
x 10 x 2 10
36
1
1 36 = = 9
,
, ..., n
4
2
2
2
2
. 9 =3
. n1
x1 S12 n2 x 2

S22 ) x1 = x 2 (

:
(n 1 1) S 12 + (n 2 1) S 22
= S
n1 + n 2 1
2

:
- -

 : )(

n1 = 4

n2 = 6

x1 = 5

x2 = 5

S12 = 3

S22 = 3.5

:
(n 1 1) S 12 + (n 2 1) S 22
n1 + n 2 1
) ( 4 1)( 3 ) + ( 6 1)( 3 . 5
= 2 . 944
4 + 6 1

= S2
=

: :
n :

k
x1, x2, , xk
f1, f2, , fk

:
k

f i (x i x) 2
:

n 1

S2 = i =1

k
xf
xf ,
= n = fi , x
=
n
f
i =1
:

k
x i f i
2

k
k

x i f i
x 2i f i i =1

k
1
n
i =1
= S 2 = i =1
2
= S2

x i fi
n 1 i =1
n
n 1

- -

: )(

:
xf
x2 f
f (x x )2

f1 (x1 x )2

x12 f1

x1 f1

f
f1

x
x1

f2 (x2 x )2

x22 f2

x2 f2

f2

x2

:
:
fk (xk x )2

:
:

:
:

xk2 fk

xk fk

:
:
fk

:
:
xk

x 2f

xf

f = n

f i (x i x) 2

1
2
:
:
k

i =1

):(-

).(-
:

f (x x )2
f (x 16.01)2

x2 f

xf

542.708
19.6608
40.35
12.1680
72.25 1044.013
4.7040
231.75 3580.538
3.0976
263.20 4329.640
20.7360
174.50 3045.025
5.9536
340.403
18.45
k
x f x 2f
f i (x i x) 2
= 800.5 =12882.33 i =1
= 66.320

f
3
5
15
16
10
1
f
= 50

x
13.45
14.45
15.45
16.45
17.45
18.45

12.95 13.95
13.9 5 14.95
14. 95 15.95
15. 95 16.95
16. 95 17.95
17. 95 18.95

800 . 5
xf
xf
=
=
= 16 . 01
n
50
f

= x

:
k

66.320
= 1.3535
50 1
- -

f i (x i x) 2
n 1

S2 = i =1

: )(

:
2

x i f i

1 k 2
1
(800.5) 2
i =1

2
= S
=
x fi
12882.33 50
n 1 i =1 i
n
50

66.325
1
= )= (12882.33 12816.005
= 1.3536
49
49
:

S = S2 = 1.3536 = 1.163

) (- )(: Coefficient of Variation :

.
.

.

:
. .

.
.
.
.

.
. x

S :

S
x

= C.V.

- -

: )(

):(-

)( )( . ) (

69

59

65

67

65

164

162

155

165

158

:
x S

. :

65.0 kg

3.7417 kg

S
= C.V.
x
0.0576

160.8 cm

4.2071 cm

0.026

.
.
) (- )( : Chebychev Inequality


. :
x S
1
) ( x - kS , x + kS 1 - 2 . k>1

- -

: )(

--|-------------------------|------------------------|---x - kS
x
x + kS
1 4 4 4 4 442 4 4 4 4 4 43

1 - 2
k

:
. )( .
. ) :( k
- )( .
- .

):(-

x = 7 S=5

) (4 , 18
:

) (4 , 18 x = 7

.:
x + kS =18

7 + k (5) = 18
5k = 11
k = 11/5

1
1

1 - 2 = 1 k
)(11/5

1 - 2 = 0.7934
k

)( x - kS , x + kS) =( 4 , 18

) (4 , 18 . 79.34%
):(-

x = 7 S=5

75% .

- -

: )(

:
1
=1 0.75
2
k
1
= 0.25
k2
1
=k
0.25

1 - 2 = 0.75
k

k=2
75% :
)( x - kS , x + kS) = (7 25 , 7+ 25
)= (7 10 , 7+ 10
)= (3 , 17
) (- )( :
x1, x2, , xn n x . S
)( xi :

i =1, 2, , n

x ix
S

=z i

x1, x2, , xn:

x 1 x
x x
x x
, z 2= 2
, , z n = n
S
S
S

=z1

x ix
.
S

= z i . xi

. zi . x i = x + S z i
.
.

. = . 0

. = . 1

):(-

x = 7 S=5:
. . x = 9
- -

: )(

. . z = 0.1
:
. x = 9:

xx
97 2
=
= = 0 .4
S
5
5

=z

. z = 0.1:
x = x + S z = 7 + 50.1 = 7 + 0.5 = 7.5
):(-
82
89 75
10 81 16

:

75

10

82

81

16

89

xx
S
8 27 5
=z
= 0 .7
10
8 9 81
=z
= 0 .5
16
=z

0.7 0.5

.

- -