Timber Construction Birkhauser — Publishers for Architecture Basel - Boston - Berlin Edition Detail unic! HERZOG NATTERER SCHWEITZER VOLZ WINTER‘The original German ection ofthis book was conceived and developed by DETAIL, Review of Architecture. Authors: “Thomas Herzog, Prot, Dr. (Univ. Rome}, Dipl-ing,, architect Munich Technical University, D (Chapter 1, 2, 3, 8) Jllus Nattrer, Prot, Dipl-ing., stuctural engineer ‘Swiss Federal insttute of Technology, Lausanne, CH (Chapter 4,5) Rolanc Schweitzer, Pot. architect Ecole d’Architecture de Pari-Tolbiac, F (Chapter 1, 8) Michael Volz, Prof. Dipl-Ing., architect Franifurt Technical College, D (Chapter 1, 2,9, 6) ‘Wolfgang Winter, Prot, DDI, stuctural engineer Vienna Technical University, A (Chapter 4, 8) Editorial services: Friedemann Zetir Drawings: Kethrin Draeger Translators (GermarvEnalish) Gerd Softer, Pip Thrift; Hannover ‘ACIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA Bipiograpnic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche NNationalbibllografe: detalled bibliographic data is avalable on the Intemet at http. ddo.de. This work is subjact to copyright. All rights are reserved, whather the ‘whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the right of translation, reprinting, re-use of ilustations, recitation, broadcasting, Feproduction on microfims or in other ways, and storage in databases. For any kind of use, permission ofthe copyright owner must be obtained, ‘This book is also avallable n'a German language edition (SBN 3-7643-6984-1), (© 2004, English transtation of the fourth revised German edition Birkhauser ~ Publishers for Architecture, P.O. Box 123, CH.4010 Basel Switzerand Par of Springer Sciences Business Media Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-ree pulp. TOF Layout and production: Peter Gensmantel, Cornelia Kohn, Andrea Linke, Roswitha Siegler Printed in Germany ISBN 3-7643-7025-4 9a765as2% htp:dvawabiekhauser ch \Witn contributions by Gord Hauser, Prof. Dr-ing Kassel University, 0 Gerhard Wagner, Dipl.-Ing. Wiesbaden, 0 Gord Wegener, Prof. Dr Or. hab. Or. he. Munich Technical University, D ‘Tobias Wiegand, Dip.-Ing. Stuciengemeinschaft Holzleimbau 0.V., Wuppertal, O Helmut Zoiter, Dipl.-Ing. Wiesbaden, 0 Bomhard Zimmer, Or. Dipl-Fw, Hoiztechnikum Kuch/Salzturg, A Assistants: Inga von Gampenheusen, Yann Benoit, Johannes Natterer, Denis Pflug Plates: Verena Herzog-Loib! Editorial assistance: ‘Susanne Bender-Grotzeck, Manus! Zoller ‘CAD assistants: Bettina Brecht, Norbert Graeser, Marion Griese, Peter Lingentelser, Emase Készeq), Nicola Kolmann, Elisabeth Krammer, Andrea Saiko Assistants on previous German exltons: ‘Arbeltsgemainschatt Holz e. V., Dusseldor, D, Efrain Alonso Marbén, Marius Becker, Foland Czernawski, Michael Flac Elisabeth Krchn, Burkharct Niepet, Ronald Faust, Harsi Hormel, Ute Meierhdfer, Konrad Merz, Martin Pampus, Thomas Portman, Katrin Zwerch, Gerol Geisler, Jurgen Graser, Christiane Niepett, Claudia Ostermeler, Anton Pitiinger, Olver Schmidt, Claudia Schaler-Volz, studants from BiolTimber Construction Manual Part + Cultural dimensions + The material “Tradition and diversity + Wood as a building material ~ from the beginnings tothe 19th century Part 2 Fundamentals. + The anatomy of wood + Species of woad + Solid wood and solid ‘wood products + Wood:-based products + Building with wood is bbulding forthe future + Development of bulding components + Construction principles Part 3 Basis for planning * Grading and improvement of solid timber products + Protecting wood + Thermal performance of buildings + Sound insulation + Fre protection Prefabrication and erection Part 4 Timber engineering + The tasks of he architect + The tasks of the structural engineer + Material variations and cross- section forms for components + Connectors and methods ‘of connection + Stabilty elements Part § Built examples: structures Part 6 Built examples: facades + The diversity of tho modern age + Facades - built examples in detailContents Part 1 Cultural dimensions Tomes Hong ‘The moter “eaton and aivarsty Prats Feta Sotmotaer ‘Wood as buiing material ‘tom the boginnings tothe 19th century Prahatorytoreccaome ‘icancorasi sagan hing rove 26 2 2 Part 2 Fundamentals enoe vor ‘The matela The roe The ink Substances Sruchre Sructre of col walle ‘evetopy (van-ry donsiy (ter eensttnts “Thema aspects Maistre Species of wood Eertoode Hardwoods ‘Solid wood and ‘sold wood products rotating ne een Bing permission, standards and ‘approvals Behaviour intro Fund socio ‘San sold ter made rom hare (eH) and sted (NM) Sold gruel umber (KV) Sat tae MH) uo‘ beams, (Guod laminated ber (guar) Frofleg boards Wood-beced products ‘hvea- and fuel coe plywood Laminated vener lumber (VL) fn siruckral venger lune (SA) Phynood, Dockboard inboard Orlerted ston bom (058) Partclebowde Woedwoot abs iced rebosede iced tire neleting beards Psterboarde (Cement brave Gerd Veganay, Barnhae Zimmer Buling with wood Te bulling forth futuro eed the reader ‘ator rea Mn ae oats ‘woo the imetgent mate Using wood to protect te cm Buiegtor Petre Lie cyte essessmerts Fetenal fer saving energy and carbon dixie Usliong tte products at the ona ot ‘aw He oye sammary ‘Michael Vole Development of bung components Cconstrtion principles Bee eReeges ees ee 2888888 “0 0 5 Part 3 Basis of planning Totes Wegant (Greng and improvement of slid timber products comereion Moise conta! ane ying Machines edna (iued is Tinbr fr carpentry west, ‘fading condtons to DIN 68965 Features a wood according TO OINEN 2, dun 1998 Grading and abocaon of ‘heratersts values for cesion acing features er visual acing ‘scoarding to ha fut earn SIDINGS part ona vor Protecting wood Fs and risk asses CConsiconal measures Planning and production Transport stage and issn Preciation ane masts resuting Wom Usage condensation (Chapscal wood presonatves “ner components, appcatens (nd ia casens to DIN 60000 ot. 3 \Weps-tased product classes Yequred accerdng to Din 880 part 2 Prtectng tbr: itractio ‘actont on terra 10 mmochanial physica, io ‘bgeal and chemical actons ra Hausor ‘Thormal performance of buildings ‘Weighting nahi parameters equvererts of stary Insruments and standards Energy Econary Act, Loweneray bus ‘The nluences of vorous parometere ua tho axarplo Sra ow-eergy bung New aieconatonng syste fo erste ss s 58 58 58 50 58 86 2 a gar ee a Gears Wagner, Haut Zotar ‘Sound insulation Sound insaton n tribe srucuros Fandametals tints ‘Sound insult ecirements Acoust beravou' Of balan Netnods cf analysis or sound Fire protction| [Bldg mates classes Fe orotecton concepts uldng casses Design acice ‘Th behaviour of on re otgang vara Pretapication and erection ‘Advantages of prfabicaton Fatonalzaton measires ‘Archioci, contactors Flaming ‘arena retabrcstonin matsorey Dimensions sna aris Cennacters balween elements Erecien 1 a ” 5Part 4 Timber engineering hls Nato ‘The task ofthe structural engineer 76 ‘structural engineering ” Overon 7 The tt 7% Projet panning and oft design 7 Fropringemioion approve Planning of projects 6 Production of terder documents 60 Special servces o Festeron and arbehment metods o Material variations ane ‘cross-saction forms for ‘components fo our ectone % Logs anata resting eampeuna sactons. * Sauer 038 and the resting ‘ponpaurd scons ra (ued aminteatnber (alam) 100 uteok 105 Connectors and methods of ‘connection 108 cto tr dosing dats 106 Gratanansyoe comeciens an! connectors 108 Engneered connections no Stabitysloments 128 Voricalleadboanng systems 14 Verialeasoeaing ystems at 90" tthe pray Toadearng syiam 126 Horzona and diagonal ‘Sutra aytoms 10 ‘Stabiy coatd by frm and ‘emt, 16 ‘Subir dus fo tree-smensions ‘rural banawour 10 ‘outock 138 Part 5 Built examples: structures hus ator, Wotgang Winer ‘Sructures Gvanaewr Couns Singe ahd multoletrear marbers Simply-sunported beams Gontnueus beams ‘Seams win pind epics Canter Sngeontames Tworin ames Trewin anes Frames “wo-pin arches ‘Three pin ames ‘Siepencod shusnres ates ar slabs Beam gids Late beam rds Space romoe Foto late Barelvaute, {sti bret vats Latics domes Batrvauttmechos Latin domes Sade shoe Sspencod sale Towers Heavy sruchres Ligwoight stustres 10 482 18 1st 176 136 188 196 186 or 208 22 22 235 2a 2a Part 6 Built examples: facades Thomas Heng “The avers of the maser age Plates Thomas Herzog Michael Vote Facades~ bull examples in deta Overview “Gut Inerschwand ‘ea fanch Calflora, USA, Pate nose, rest, BA Holcay rome, Chin, J" Temporary cat, FIN? Tempera are cee, MnisrNeuporach, 02) Private house, Honor Noung, 2° ‘Senen ak St Peer, OF *Sio house, Lukas” Helay rome, Vateraggia, CH Private mouse Deion, ‘Conoetut, USA Detached nowee, Borst, D*) Housing and stusios pars. F* House an sto, Daisingon. D* odin cone, Knaett, Uboratores and otis, ‘Worzbure, 0" offen, Moric, 0) otdey nome, Breltruny, D Private house, Simvag, CH Fado ransmision station, Braunock O" | Sembdetached houses, Enerhausen, 0 ‘Youth contrenca canta, Mehorion, 0° Garsen rest, Mackerbauren, 0% Tee rouse on ile ‘Brugg, cH Parch hal Ebersberg, O° Prvate house, Sultgat.D® Comat, Eehing, DS Terrace houses, ring, 0° Semzdotaches houses Muncrsain, ‘sud house, Dartact D7 Private house, Aachen, Prvatenoveo, Brest F Groot" houses, Brin, D® Schen, Discingen, D Private have, ogenseurg- ‘Kurgan, ‘Youn oaeaten cane, Wneborg,D 9% Private house, Walcot, 0 Somdetached houses, Pulach, Cutnoves and equestrian ‘spor acy, Eeublers. CHS Pawion, Langerterg Aral Pak ‘anerau am Abs, 4° rate house, Camerige, UK ® Fesidontl complex, ‘union Poroch, D Furor education seeder, Heine, Yeutiage, Caw, auto Vienna, Fr Holiday heme, FubYoshia, J ® an 2 20 a 0 6 oor 200 a0 st an a 318 38 ar a8 30 220 21 322 a 224 225 wer a a2 cs a Private house, Brunswick, 9 MoculorPoue, Bea Tou, Sag House and sud, Taukuba. J? 341 Prvate house, Grund am Togernsee D*" se Frets roe, Gionn Hasina, 0° S43 Fivate house Alensbach D344 Forest ssten Turbontial, 4% 345 {seal goverment aeas Stabe. D2 6 Heme forthe ater, Nevonbure, O° or Gary, Mure, D* oe Univesy buidng, Wasbason, 0 34a Mut stray buldng, Irsbruck, A®) 350 Training soba er foes? wervars, Ls CH 361 Resident corplex Regonsburg, O° 62 Mut stray ex park Hebron, 0 959 iad oon eosrsidorta ‘bode Kassel, D® gst Higrise Deck Hannover, 08 355 Facery bulng, Gating, D356 Sper conto Bieiany. sor Facterybuling, Reuihe, A358 Factory bulmg, Bag Miner, D350 Giabiton past, ‘varios laestons 200 Speris stadium, Odo, J 81 Hoty nome God, H ee Ferest cultrerouse, sega, 4% 303 ‘aminstatn baling ‘serio ower and ‘su, Mkot, 6a succes: "Sold be sactons Edge glum olorerts 2 Grae omnated ter 4 Boxerareand paral constuction Poa and team coraructon "0 Tmoar kame constuction Wood plus ater mater: "rah masonry Sth caverstreintrced correte * Sih te ‘Reet constuction ‘Appendix Biography 206 Subjects 370 Index of wehiacts and engineers 373 Petre ers. 378Cultural dimensions Part1 Cultural dimensions The material ‘Thomas Herzog “The colour plates on the following pages are the author's subjective selection. Their intention isto give the reader an insight into the uni- versal applicabilty of wood for artistic and everyday uses, for sttuctures and buldings, all of ‘hich are designed and built by humans. The applications in build- Ing, otherwise the focal point of this book, have been deliberately broadened here in order to ilus- trate forms specif to the materiel ‘The aim ofthis isto stimulate new design and structural concepts vith a view to solving specific tasks. Textures and irameworks, cal ness and tension become appar cont in the details. Surfaces are fat ‘or curved, toroidal or faceted, small- of large-format, The sculpt- ed artistic forms, the body of the ‘ider and the ichly difterentiated marquetry works, which tke their form from their artists imaginations land can be accepted as artefacts in their own right, juxtaposed wth the objects determined to @ great ‘extant by function alone, show great exactitude and individuality. ‘The independent large-scale form cf the transmission mast with its ‘supreme elegance and lightness Is a sharp contrast to the small kite, which in its finely detailed, gent rounded sheath of burr wood fis snugly info the hand, Especially charming are those ‘objects with concave-convex forms that seam to form a unity with cur hands, arms and shoulders ~ ike 2 backrest, a yoke, aif Funeton and engineering common ‘sense bring a figurative type of ‘charm tothe foreground. When ‘comers, transitions and junctions, the transfer and redaction of forces become expressive fors of deta ‘and expose the constructional (grammar at the point of maximum concentration. Contact withthe body and fully developed, tied-and-tested pur. pposofulnass characterise cortain ‘objects. Their plastic quality inkses tham with if. Alongsice them are architectural jewels that express (great skils and have a long trad- tion in Europe and Gantral Asia in particular. Commodities, furniture ‘and implements made from wood exploit ideal features typical to tho ‘material through their ease of form- ality and the sympathetic Impression that awakens in us the need to touch them, ‘The scientiic qualities imoortant to.oullding design, the ergonomic [properties ofthe objecs, the cha- rismatic ageing of tis organic ‘material, robustness and elaganco tare characteristics that represent the pertect complement to the ‘geomarical-architectural rules ‘and principles ftom the classical peerless perfection ofthe Katsura Palace tothe possibilies of sole do-it-yourself construction, And in the presence of a superior design allow ths part ofthe material world tobecome a stimulating but also familiar encounter with wood Tradition and versity Pte 1 (acing p20e) xMathew ot Raiso (Masiarof Let), 526 omfigh =. 1340 Maraucty on ho choi als of Borgamo ‘aed ayTradition and civersity, plate 1 Cultural dimensions 25Cultural dimensions Tradition and diversity gl 10tion and diver Cultural dimensions 4 Borer clans 185%28 x20. cm, axe? uCultural dimensionsCultural dimensions Tradition and diversity, plateCultural dimensions radon andCultural dimensions KN YZALIx TN Lh KN errr Tree> ri i ee a 3 rm a VJ ) 7Cultural dimensionsCultural dimensionsCultural dimensions row oe 8 I Perry eer ery TT Tee yy eeCuttural dimensions Tradition and diversity, plate 14 STECultural dimensionsCultural dimensions Wood as a building material - from the beginnings to the 19th century Roland Schweitzer From prehistoric times to the start ‘ofthe industrial ago, wood always played an important rte in our rwiatonship wih the environment “The use of wood, the oldest ofall building materials, sew the inau {guration ofa form of construction from which all later forms teok thelr lead. Over mitennia, he know ledge about construction with ‘wood and the assaciated architec tural language spread throughout the world. it oveloped without regard to cultural, civlisationel or ‘geographical boundaries. Thus, the firs mothods of construction ‘evolved and the necessary know: ledge and skils for dealing with wood! as a building material were ‘gradually amassed. At first this ‘as in connection with simple housing, but later came to be Used for more complex internal ay- ‘ous. Witnesses to this rch store of ‘knowledge are sill around today. Despite their limited architactural vocabulary, prehistoric peoples were amazingly good at adapting their structures to suit tha most diverse conditions. This unity in variety created the foundation for the development of a consistent, regional architectural language, When used as a building materia, wood could respond to all requie- ments, seemingly as a matter of ‘course. No other material could be ‘employed in such diverse ways. Historical devetooments The following brief history of wood asa building material in Europe land Asia from prehistoric times to the 19th century ilustrates the ‘spread of cultual and technical Influences, In the knowledge of this cultural development it is our duty today, by way of designing contemporary architecture, to con tinue the creative process that has been evolving since the very dawn of humankind, This architecture rekindles the omnipresent relation: ship between people and wood and contributes to & respectful handling ofthe natural world that surrounds us.PrehistoryGreece/Foma Cultural dimensio: From prehistoric times tothe first Cconturies of our era we find ident Cal orms of housing throughout the world, sometimes lasting for Periods of up to 1000 years, Thes range from indeterminate terms. to the square house, which has cexisod for about 7000 years ~ from the Neolithic period ‘The structures ofthe ancient Greeks date as far back as the 2nd century BC (Bouleuterion — Couneil House ~ of Priene, with @ par of 15 m). The baslicas of St Peter and St Paul outside the city \walls of Rome (4th century AD) had a span of 24 m, Emperor Constantine's baslica in Trier, Germany, 27.5 m. The Palace of the Roman Emperor Domitian had ‘already spannad about 30 m at the end ofthe 1st century AD. Fe J, acing cage) 1 Bridge over eine or Case's legions. ator Albert eng £00 m ts pam) 2 Hous rom ie Neal perio, Coos 8 Typeal Pouse for fem the demon Pts, Uteuremia, ana, 2509 20 4 Soulstoron (Counc House Pane, dnc, 8D, span: 18m 5 Tivosiypes of oadoeatng rectus ‘g/ston. mean andiong spars, ster Virus 6 Basics oft Pau cue te city wallet ara aly ave, AB Virus, span etm 25‘Cultural dimensions In ica and Indonesia the nomadic tribes constructed countless difer- ‘ent forms of tents, However, dur ing the same period the sedentary tribes constructed simpla, soma- times complex, forms of housing from wood and bamboo, ll the structures were adapted to mect the functional naeds oftheir users in the respective regions and used ‘materials available locally 1 Tesna tent Moracco nen, 8x8, wooden posts, dba of pox 2 Ferepactve vow 3 Sidamonouse, Haga Salam, Font: a eynanea cansiveten, (o)roo" bur on te greund ack placed on cyindr ara seed win leaves tom bariboo plans, {Gl deta ot tnd, (ert deta, (9 Geta coverra (g) elevation, (hy lan sectons 4,5 Detached house in Lingga, Bot ‘Suireia:aneversa sat, tng ‘ain scion 8,7 Gran siren Tobaz. Saret- Suet ransvors saci, ng tudinal sector (cing pa B Inner sn (Naku cf ge Grane ‘Strre Japan, 682 AD, sdb elevation 9 Era eovaton 10 Horyin Buc Tempe mn Ns span, 76. AD) 11 Holy iorehouse otc), Hora Temple, saoan, E06, AD 12 Tosai) Tomlin Nov, span, AD 747-51, doctoyod in 12h ond 04h, rebut in 708 wih tee tts ofthe ‘gra gars height neg 480 Span in cena sncton 22 m 18 Temple of Heaven in Boling, Crna, 420, Ming dynasty, damair:cO m, hoi 8m 14 Hiro} Caste, pen, at 1, 00 trough eoven 2616 kee 15 Pagoda oft Tai Tamla Kyo, pan, AU 796, ebuitin 4, hatte 551m 10 Hoye Pagoda. Kyoto, Japan, 1178 17 Yoshimarowe n Takavera, Japon, ‘ebult aaro resin 1962 and 1905, xenomatic ew of eructre 18 Gran store on ate, Amami, Oshima prelactur of Kagoshira, Kyushu Atrica/Indonesia : ae WANE SH if AEJapan/china Cultural dimensions ‘Wood has been used as the pri- ‘mary building material in Japan since the Jomon period {3500- 300.80}. The knowledge thatthe seafaters from the provinces in Polynesia and indonesia brought wth them influenced the type of Construction and gave rise to Shinto architecture. The discover- 9s made in Toro, near Shizuoka, fre from the Yayoi period (300 86 10.300 AD), The structures were tho archetypes ofthe ise Grand ‘Shrine, which was frst builtin (692 AD and since then has been re-erectsd every 20 years, Chinese and Kerean influences brought ‘about ¢ second architectural form (Horyu Temple in Nara) that ‘evolved parallel with Buddhism, \which was introduced into Japan in the Gin century. nthe following Period this style was repeatedly Modified and adapted, In the 14th century he Japaneso marks intro- ‘duced Zen Buddhism and organic architecture. The adaptability of the modular system on whion this Was based wes intended to create 2 dialogue between the natural and the buit environment. China ie of special significance in the histoy of tmber engineering, Only a tw ofthe old monuments Femain today because, taditorally, every new dynasty, with rare exceptions, destroyed the palaces and vias of the previous one. The ‘most famous examples sil stand- ing incluce the imperial Palace, the Tempe of Heaven (38 m high) from the Ming dynasty (1420 AD), the Sumirer Palace (Yiheynan) in Beijing and the pagoda at Ying- ian, which was builtin 1056 AD ‘and reaches a height of 6731 m. 2Cultural dimensions: ‘The selection of European struc tures is limited! to all those in which timber plays the prmary roan the architectural concept ‘The Nonwegians probably copied ‘methods of construction from Western Eutope, absorbed by the Vikings during their invasions. Hand in hand with their conversion to Christanty they developed their timber siave churches and log Constructions, which can also be found in northesn Puss, In the Alpine region the geagraph- cal conaitons led to the develop. ‘ment of a heavyweight form of tim- ber construction employing logs and pianks. In contrast to this, the inhabitants ofthe plains of Ceriral Europe preferred timber-trame construction, primarily of oak, with the panels filed with straw, coo or clay bricks. Shipbuilding, from the longships of ‘he Vikings right up tothe war- ships of the 18th century, whose ‘compound masts were up to 50 m high and yards up to 30 m long, helped in the development of timber frames in particular. 1 Nomejantog ints: 1 haa Brock Schouler 4 treat S oten 2 Nerwegin tba sav const ton, the, comecten betwen {wos beams ang colin 3 Borgund Church, Nore, 1350, expioved vow 4 Church, Heritage of Ki Lake (nega, Russia, og constuction, hoight'36m icnghucina ction 5 Gran stain Boonigon, Suze tana, 1740 © Serratia n Busch, Switzaland, 1859 7510. Mourain tam n Clery, (rand Borrand, Fon Aips 11 French warship, 1, height of rnact 60m 12 Section rough Fron ship with ‘ascarnons, 18 & 18. Porspectve view fags smuctre EuropeEurope fe Cultural dimension ‘Since ancient times timber soat folding has contributed greatly to the development of carpentry techniques. The rotating timber scafoids for the Pantheon in ome were specially designed by ‘Carnpanarine forthe restoration of the dome in 1756. Philinert Delome presented a new load bearng system for the Palace de la Muette near Saint Germain en Layein 1848. This consisted of boards with a uniform length of 1.20m, connected together with hardwood dovetail joins, The ‘carpenter's imagination is ravealed vary slearly in bridge-bulding, ‘Switzerland provides plenty of {good examotes: the bridge over the Fiver Kandel (1757) and the first cssign by the brothers Jean and Hans Ulich Grusenmann for the Rhine bridge at Schaffhausen (1758, destroyed in 179), with a spanof 1191, The fist helt ofthe 19th century saw the following ew construction systems: + timber arches of curved boards (1825), + wood: metal composites (1820), in wich tne timber te was replaoad by astee! cable in tension, + three-dimensional timber frames, in which the timber parts are ‘rusoad witha mesh af see cables, In Koread Wachsmann’s opinion the 1851 Crystal Palace in London (exchtect Joseph Paxton) isthe deci- sive tuning-paintin construction This building covering 70 000 ar? ‘was buit fom prefabricated ele- ments of steel, cast iron, timber ‘and glass. A total of 17 000 m? of timber was used, principally for the construction ofthe central barrel aut 1 Rating scaring er the deme of the Panrecn in Aamo, lay, 1705, 2 hiber Delome’s aston, France, 18, easooaring stucture oe, conpaun sections 3 Biiige over River Kandl, Setzer lar 1757 4+ Bridge ovr Fiver frie nar Scat haus, Sizalan st design by theGruberrann brothers, ater Chon Mecha! 1803). Foun fae eaten of pao ‘amas onthe Champs Sse, ors, France, 1839, amt: 20, sovfect Ju Hier, wab-meta cars Foundry in Pom France, 1837; timber cares the compression son thotonson AR Ey Goyal Pa camal vaults talaFundamentals Part 2 Fundamentals ‘Tho materi The tree ‘The trunk Substances Structure Structure of cell walls Aaisotropy Over-dry density Other constituents Thermal aspects Moisture Species of wood Softwood Hardwoods Solid wood and solid wood products Protecting the wood Bulding permission, standards and approvals, Behaviour in fro Round sections ‘Sawn sold timber made from hardwood (LH) and softwood (NH) Sold structural timber (KWH®), Solid timber (MH®) Four-piece beams Duo’Trio beams Glued laminated fmber (glulam) Profiled boards Wood-based products ‘Three. and tive-ply core plywood Laminated veneer lumber (LVL} and structural veneer lumbar (SVL) Plywood, blockboard, laminboars Oriented strand board (OSB) Paricieboards Wood fibreboard Wood:-wool slabs ‘Wood fibre insulating boards Piasterboards (Cement freboards Content liding with wood is building for the future 47 ‘Wood, the renewable raw material from the Earth's forests ar Wood, the intaligent material a Using wood to protect the climate 48 Suilding for me future 48 Life cycle assessments 48 Potential for saving eneray and ‘carbon cioxide 9 Utiising mbar products atthe end of ther lie cycle 49 ‘Summary “9 Development of building components, 50 Construction principles 82 ‘Some one olowng sectors eal wth tecnica sbiects rove treatments ‘Sosy ed thereat tarda Asuch strdards con afer aredeably between courves te German sandarde ‘ost here should replaced byte Sauter standards of ater eats 35 snproprt‘Tha anatomy of wood The Material ‘Michaet Volz ‘The 108 “That living organism we call the ‘100 forms tha solid ana load: supporting structure known as ‘wood wat its multitude of advan tageous engineering properties. ‘Tees are characterised by the creat varety of species witn their different characteristics. They lve to considerably diferent ages and grow to considerably different ‘sizes, The eucalyptus trees of Ausirala can reach 135m. The largest trunk diameters known are those of the cypresses at 12m and the large-leaved lime at 9 m, Spruces and fire grow to 50m, ‘when they have a trunk diameter (of about 1.5 m, The oldest rees are the 8000 year-old brstlecone pines of California. Spruces and pines can lve for up to 200 years, ‘oaks and lime trees 1000 years and even longer. By contrast, the ‘wood we use inthe building indus ‘ty originates from much younger 1nee8, €.9. spruces or firs 60t0 120 years old, and oaks or beaches 80 to 140 years ol. (Of the 30.000 known species of wood, between 1500 and 3000 are Used for commercial or engineer- Ing purposes worldwide. About £500 are traded on intermatonal markets. The foresis of Central Europe contain about 25 diferent species, 15 of which play a signif- cant role inthe building industry. This last group is cescribed in ‘mare deta on the following pages. ‘Thetrunk ‘Trees have three organs: roots, stems (trunk, branches) and leaves ‘or needles. In the building industry itis primarily wood from the trunk that we use. In the majority of spe- clas a cross-section through the ‘trunk consists of pith, heartwood, sapwood, cambium, inner bark and outer bark. The longitudinal ‘growin of runk and branches takes place at their ip, the increase in diameter within the cambium, The bark protects the Cambium and the wood of the ‘unk trom mechanical damage and excessive drying, Trunks of dtferent species have cliforent structures, We distinguish ‘between sapwood, ripewood and heartwood trees, according to the allocation of functions within the trunk ofa living tree. In sapwood trees water and nutrients are transported throughout the entire cross-section. Limes and birches are in ths group. The ripewood ttees, e.g, spruce, fi, beech, transport water and nutrients pr marily in the outer growth rings. In both types, ripewood and Sap- ‘wood tees, there are nermally no colour variations or other ditfer- fences within the cross-section of the trunk. Conversely, heartwood ‘ees exhibit a distinct, noticeable difference in colour between heartwood and sapwood due to the storage of substances in the heartwood. Oak, pina, larch and robinia trees fal into this group. ‘Trees in geographical regions with pronounced seasons have growth rings consisting of early wood laid down inthe fst part ofthe annual {growth period and the subsequent late wood, In some species, 9, larch, the difference in colour betwaan early and late wood is characteristic of ts appearance. ‘Tis diference isnot visi in thar tro9s,0.g. beech, (S00 figures 1, 2 and 3), Substances We find the following elements in ‘ne wood of all species of tee: = 50% carbon ~ 44% oxygen ~ 6% hydrogen ‘The molecular components are 40-60% cellulose 20-30% hemicellulose 20-3086 lignin| (Other substances found in wood include pigments, ols, tanning Fundamentals Fig. Section trough Woe vu Fig. Wood and inner bare ofa decicuous toe (birch), ator Magdorau 1961 Fig. Wood and ier bat a confers Woe (orch,afor Megaetau. 1951 aFundamentals Fig. 4 Cellwall tute 123 4 a el >) tne Fig. 5:Sooton tough eal allayers Fig. 6: Longivdinal secten trough cll wal stuctie ‘agents and resins. These deter- ‘mine the smell, colour and degree of resistance in the sense of press vation of wood, and may account forupto 10%.” Structure The basic building block of wood is the cal, he smalest structure in the living organism. We distinguish ‘between different types of cell according to their functions within the living tre, e.g. support, con- duction and storage, ‘Most of the call nave an elongat- fd form. They are therefore also known as fibres and le almost exclusively in the longitudinal direction within the trunk cross- ‘section. The exceptions are the rays, whose cells lio in the radial direction. The older ~in evolutio- nary terms coniferous wood has a simpler structure. It consists ‘mainly of one type of cell, which ‘transports water and nutrients vile providing support. n the younger = in terms of evolution ~ deciduous wood the cels are more ‘specialised, and vessels form. The postion and direction of the calls ‘and vessels wit respect to each other, together with the growth rings, are responsible forgiving the wood its grain structure, that important characterising, distin: tivo feature of each species of wood. Tho olomentary structure of the cell walls is instrumental in deter: ‘mining the strength and elasticty ff the wood, The wails have four layers (s08 figures 4, 5 and 6), Essentially, the layers consist of lignin for withstanding compres sive forces and microfibrils for ‘withstanding tensile forces, The latter are chain-like cellulose and hemicelliose molecules whic lke tension reinforcemant, io in different directions ~ Ike a mesh in ‘he outer ayer (No.1 in the figures), ‘and at steopor and shallower angles in the other layers 2-4 “Together with the lignin these fer a fascinating composite structure, Ansotrepy ‘Wood consists of milione of such cells with their walls and cavilles (pores). For simplicity we can can- sider wood as a bundle of tubes offset fram each other inthe long tudinal direction. This givas wood its distinctly atferant properties in diferent directions, especially parallel or perpendicular to the grain. The abilty ofthe cals to ‘accommodate different directions ff growth under the same condi- tions is known as anisotropy. The consequence of anisotropy is the ‘completely alfarent appearance of the various sections (transverse, tangential, radial) and the eaually diverse behaviour of the wood parallel or perpendicular to the ‘grain, This affects, for examy permissible stosses, The permissible stresses for spruce paralle fo the grain are “compression upto 11 Nimmé + tension up to 9 Nimm? ‘but porpendicularto the grain only: * compression up 102.5 Ninné tension up to.0.05 Nim Directly related to this isthe very high abrasion resistance of the ‘wood on the surface ofa trans: verse section compared to that on the surfaces of racial and tangen- tial sections, This fact enables end ‘grain blocks to be used for very heavily used floors. Anottor con: sequence of anisotropy isthe ct- {erent swelling and shrinkage in the three sectional planes paraiat to the grain, and perpendicular to the grain in racial or tangential directions. In spruce the degree of ‘swelling and shrinkage for every 1% change in the moisture content of the wood is + longitudinaly < 0.01% + transversely in the radial direc: tion 0.18-0.199% + ‘transversely in the tangential direction 0.27-0.96% ‘Thermal conductivity also exhibits different values inthe aforemen tioned directions. However, this differance is essentialy ignored during design and constuction von-dry donity The density ofthe pure cell wall substance is about 1.5 g/em® for all apecies of wood. in contrast, the thickness ofthe cell wall and the size of the cal cavity varies {rom species to species, and also ‘within a species. Furthermore, the cols ofthe early wood generally have larger cavities than those of Ie late wood (508 figures 2 and 3) ‘The rato of cel wall to col cavity The anatomy of wood determines the oven-dry density ‘and ranges from over 90% cell cavites in balsa wood with an Coven-ry densiy of 0.1 giem to about 10% in ignum vitae with an oven-ry density of 1.3 glom?, The volume of call cavities in spruce ie 70%, the average oven-cry densi ty 45 lcm that of oak is less than 60%, its ovan-cry dansity cor- respondingly > €0 g/cm, Density has a considerable influence on the load-carrying capacity of the ‘Wood. itis established during machine grading, ‘otner constituents ‘According to the species of wood {and the growing conditions of the inaivdual tree, wood will have cother constituents and features in cifferent concentrations: knois, sloping grain, pith, wiath of grown rings, fissures, bark pockets, resin Dockets, crookedness, discolora- tion, compression wood and insect damage. These features load to a very wide scatter in the ‘grades of solid timber and they play a decisive role in the ques: tions of where and haw an indi dual piece of timber can be used ina structure, The properties of wood ara recerded during the grading process, as is described in detain "Grading and improve ment of solid tmper products" (0.55) “Thermal agpecte Owing to its porous structure, ‘Central European building timber vith its average donsity exhibits ‘very good thermal insulation proo- erties, The change in volume of the wood under the action of heat is extremely small and in practice only plays a role in very exceptio- nal circumstances. The coefficients of thermal exoansion depend on the species of wood. These are: + parallel tothe grain 2.55105 x 108K" + inthe radial direction 181045 x 108? + inthe tangential direction 8016 60x 108K? However, the increase in volume does not usually occur becauso as the temperature rises the wood starts to dry out, causing shrink- ‘age and hence a decrease in volume. The strength ofthe wood diminishes as the temperature‘The anatomy of wood limbs. In certain cases, 0. designing the fre protecton, tis ‘must be taken into account, but ctherwise it can be ignored in buildings with a normal range of ambient temperatures, Moisture The lving tree contains water in its coll walls (bound moisture) and col cavities (ree moisture). The moisture content of the wood can amount to around 70% of the rmase, At the maximum moisture ‘adsorption exclusively inthe cell ‘wails we talk of lore saturation; this isin the range 22-35%. The symbol for moisture content is u, the associated definition as follows: w= (mem) 100 (4) im, = mass of moist wood ‘m= mass of klr-dried wood (cell walls and cell cavities without water) \We distinguish between the follow. ing terms and average moisture contents (u,) when gracing the timber: * green ‘area of section < 200 om? n> 30% area of section >200 cm? Up > 359% + semi-dry area of saction < 200 em? 209% < Up 90% area of section > 200 em? 20% < Up, < 35% + dy Up 20% Regardless of its use, wood remains hygroscopic; ie. it Absorbs watar and relaases it again, depending on ambient humidity (see figure 7). The folow- ing equillorum moisture contents tend to become established intim- ber in uso: * heated structures anclosad on al sides 923% * unheated structures enclosed (on ll cides 1223% + roofed structures open on all sides 123% ‘constructions exposed to the weather on al sides 183% Fundamental: Inside the building, waod’s ability to absorb and release moisture can have a favourabla influance (onthe interior climate, Homever during design and construction this moisture absorption property ‘must be carefully considered ‘owing to its possible consequen- ces, The absorption and release of moisture leads to sweling and shrinkage of the wood respective- ly, Le. to dimensional changes (ee figure 8), The load-carrying capacity of wood decreases as its moisture content increases; the rik of damage by fungi and insects increases too. The disadvantages ‘can be ruled out by instaling the timber with a moisture content matching that expected in the long-term at a particular location. “The wood must be dried in odor toachiave the correct moisture Contant for processing and later se. This can be achiovad party through natural means. However, short drying times and low mois: ture contents are oniy possible by Using crying plant, and this involves energy. Al imber building components in wihich an alternating moisture con- tont isto be expected, e.g, com- ponents exposed to the weather, ‘must allow forthe inevitable asso- ciated dimansional changes. This ‘epplies, for example, tothe timber (outer leaves of facades exposed tothe changing offecs of sunshine and rain Rapid changes in moisture con- tent bring a great risk of spliting. ‘The dimensional changes asso- ciated with changing moisture Content and deformation behaviour are shown in figures 8 anc 9 S 8 2 Teparature of wood oa PO a a re a a) om 200 eth’ Boars sangental Parae- gn pcos parperdcula gran Boats "es (088 ar parsers th econ S-0h ore poo bath rections Proce both detion | Fig. 2 Amount of swolng and shrinkage or boxe planks and wood-based Products fora mcshiredferenca of 20% sarces BIN 1052, DN 4074 ‘Sal J: igerscaten una Kernen yon Hoar, ZurcryOothon, 1987: la Leakon, Stutgar, 1995.Fundamentals Species of wood ‘Softwoods ‘Common name, botanical name, DIN 4076 abbreviation Douglas ir Spruce ‘Scots pine (European redwood) European larch Pseudotsuga meres Picea abies * Pinus syivestis La decidua DGA AL KI wv Applications Highly stressed internal uses, tim- Important European building tim Important European bullding tir Highly sessed internal and ber preservative required exter- ber, internal uses, timber preser- ber, Internal uses, timber preser- extemal uses, furniture, lin- Nally floor coverings, shipbuilding, vative required externally, frames, _vative requirad externaly, windows, ings, itinge veneer for plywood, staves ‘core and veneer for plywood, furniture {solid and veneered), in- oles, crates, industrial uses ings, mining uses, industrial uses, floor coverings Colour of wood, sapwood/heartwood ‘yellowish white/redaish brown, early wood yellowish white, light yelowish whitereddish white, yolowishveddish brown, darken- darkening, late wood derk late wood redaish yellow, sap tuming 1 brown, late wood darker ing, late wood very dark brown ‘wood and heartwood not aistnet ‘Macroscopic-anatomical features: distribution of late and early wood, resin ducts _ Wide late wood, distinct cut-off, narrow but distinct late wood, distinct late wood, ‘wide, distinct late wood, resin ducts resin ducts ‘many resin ducts resin ducts, Macroscopie-anatomical features: grain orientation, texture, appearance plain to decorative plain to decorative plain to decerative Dain to decorative (iain sav section) (plain sawn section) {plain sav section) [plain sawn section) ‘Average density rN [g/em*] for a moisture content of 12-15% 051.058 0.48,.047 081.058 084..062 ‘Theoretical amount of ciferontial shrinkage in % per 1% moisture change, radial 018.019 0.15.,018 018.019 0.14..0.18 ‘Theoretical amount of ifferential shrinkage in % por 1% moisture change, tangential 7 024.081 027.038 0.28..0.38 0.28..08 Dimensional and form stability - — ‘good good ‘moderate to good good Resistance (of heartwood) to fungal attack - moderato, tom, tow tomoderate, moderate to low sapwood vulnerable to blue stain vulnerable to bie stain sapwood highiy winerable blue stain moderate tow low ~~ moderate to high seveees Growing regions att - west coast of North America, Europe Exrope, cerival Euope cutivated in Europe nortwest Asia Souroes Sel J: Egonschaon und Kewgrassen ven Hoare, Zieh Dlebhon, 1987: Hae Lenton, Stage, 190% nf Dinat Hel, 042000 38Species of wood Softwoods Fundamentals Pine Pinus palusts, P. niga, P. taeda ‘and 8 other Pinus spieces| PIP Fir Abies alba TA ‘Western hemlock Tuga heterophyla Waster red cedar Thuja picata Donn ROW ‘As pitch pine (heartwood) ‘or highly stressed internal and (with preservative) ‘external uses, internal floor coverings, plywood: 1s red pine (sapwood) for internal uses. ‘As for spruce: intornal uses, ‘timber preservative required externally, fitings, linings, inner plios of plywood, crates, poles, industrial uses. Moderately sessed inter- ral uses, windons, linings, saunas, core and veneer for plywood Lowsttessed internal and external uses with good dimen- sional tabiity, linings, shakes and ehingles yelowishvreddish yellow to reddish brownvlate wood dak early wood almost white late wood pale reddish ‘sapwood and heartwood not distinct ‘early wood light brownish grey ‘occasionally lighter streaks, late wood darkening sighty, sap- wood and heartwood nat distinct ‘whitaited-brown, darkening, late wood darker late wood mostly very wide, late wood distinct, late wood less distinct, ‘narrow late wood.- ‘many resin ducts no resin ducts ro resin ducts no resin ducts Conspicuousiy large proporion plain to decorative plain 7 plain to decorative of late wood determining the (plain sawn section) (plain sawn secton} appearance, plain to decorative 051...0.69 0.43..0.48 scree 0.46...0.50 0.36,.099 Ae 0.12..0.18 7 11.018 028.038 0.28..0.35 7 0.24..025 0.20..024 ‘maderate to good ‘good ‘good ‘very good ‘sapwood low, iow, low to moderate very high hheartwwod moderato vulnerable to blue stain low to moderate Tow low high southern and southeastern ‘central and southern Europe northwestern North America, northwestern North America North America, Central America Ccutvated in EuropeFundamentals Hardwoods ‘Common name, botanical name, DIN 4076 abbreviation Species of wood Mapie ‘Acar pseudoptatanus/platancides L. aH Eka! (az0b6) Lophira alata AZO ‘Beech (European beech) Fagus syvatica BU Applications For fitings and wood turing, es- Highly stressed uses in agriculture Moderate to highly stressed internal Highly stressed, internal pecially decorative with wavy grain, and hydraulic engineering, e.g, uses, parquet flooring, sleepers and external uses, parquet furniture, kitchen equipment, musi-” bridges, locks, ramps, underground (impregnated), for wood turning, flooring, storage barrels; narrow cal instruments, parquet ocring railway sleepers, parquet flooring veneer for plywood, industrial uses ringed quality: high-quality veneers Colour of wood, sapwood/heartwood yelonish white, tendency to yelow, light red-brownvery dark red-brown ight yellowish to reddish grey, often grey/grey-yelow, darkening satin shine, sepwood end heat- wth pala violst shado ‘spackled, cloudy red-brown {o light to dark brown, ‘wood barely distinguishable heartwood, sapwood and heartwood barely distinguishable jomical featur istribution of late and early wood, resin ducts scattered, small ‘scattered, rge ‘scattered, small, rays ring-porous, large sometimes very wide and distinct in orientation, fexture, appearant lacroscopic-anatomical features decorative wavy grain commen, spiral grain, groath zones indistinct, growth ings moderately distnct growth rings very distinct, boundaries of growth rings distinct, plain to decorative iain decorative decorative ‘Average density rN [g/em] for a moisture content of 12-15% 061.066 1.02.11 (0.85..0.76 Theoretical amount of different in % per 1% moisture change, radi 0.10..0.20 0.19..022 (018..0.22 Theoretical amount of differential shrinkage in % per 1% moisture change, tangent 0.22.00 4 0.28..0.44 (028.085 Dimensional and form stability moderate to good Tow to moderate moderate Resistance (of heartwood) to fungal attack veryon, igh very iow high also wit respect to blue stain Resistance (of heartwood) to insect attack very low to common furniture beetle and cther insects low righ Growing regions: Z - Europe to Asia minor west Afica Europe Europe ‘Sources: Sl, J: Egenseattan und Keongasen von Hozanen, 2uxeh-Detkon, 17; HolLaakon, Skagart, 18H Info-ienst Hole, 042000 36‘species of wood Fundamentals Hardwoods i : Dark red merant, Mebau Robinia ‘Shorea spp. esp. S.paueiioa King _Intsia juga et, Robinia pseudoacacial. MER. MEB ROS. its wide variation in properties Highty stressed uses with good Structural timber for highly In solid and veneered forms for ‘makes it suitable for highly stressed dimensional stability, floor cove- stressed internal and external furiture floor coverings, linings, injeral and external uses, espe- rings, laboratory andl work ber- uses, stars, floor coverings, piles internal and external uses with cially windows, doors, shipbuilding, ches, shipbuilding {also without chemical moor pre: righ dimensional acouraey, not ppark benches; ight red merant 40mm bshs3b b< 80mm b> 80mm b> 3d b> 40mm + Sovared sections: 8x G®/12.cm 8x 10/12/16 om 40x 10/12/2022 om 42x 12/14/16/20124 cm 14x 14/16 om 18x 16/18/20 om 18x22.cm 20x 20/24 em length up to 16 m + Planks, boards and battens: Uunplaned: 16, 18, 22, 24, 28, 98, 44, 48, 50, 63, 70, 75 mm thick planod: 13, 155, 195, 255,355, 41.5, 45.5 mm thick planed Scandinavian timbers: 95,11, 125, 14, 16, 225, 25.5, 28.5, 40, 48 mm thick 75, 80, 100, 118, 120, 125, 140, 150, 160, 178.mm wide 11500-8000 mm long in 250 anc 300 mm increments Information required by tenderers + Type of conversion + Standards + Grade + Surface finish * Species of viood + Sawn timber class + Moisture content + Cross-section, length + Payment based on vir? Solid structural timber (KVH®) Solid timber (MH®) Description and manufacture Better quality sawn softwood tim- ber products in terms of dimen: sional stabilly, form stabilty reduced spitting and better sur- {ace finish. Hearts or heart-spit conver- sion in the sawmill or chipper canter plant Drying to a moisture content of 182.3% + Visual strength grading to DIN 4074 part 1 and additonal orad- ing rules, stricter requirements regarding knots, fissures, dis Coloration, resin pockets etc. + required, finger jointing of sections (KVHonly) Planing and chartering (KVH- '8® members), of scraping and Chamfering (KVH-Ns members) Solid timber (MH) is not finger jointed, and remains free from adhesives: Right angled cross-cutting of ends Species of wood Spruce, fr, pine, larch MH also Dougias tr si Surface ris KVH#: two classes of finish are available ~ KVH-Nsi® for non ‘exposed members, and KVH-Si° for exposed mambo; both satis- sy requirements stcter than those of grade $ 10 to DIN 4074 part 1 + KVH-Nai: at least soraped and chamfered + KVH-S®: planed on four sides ‘and chamfered Mi: according to the charter ‘and the instructions of the manu- facturers' association (Herstaller- teria as givon in tha approval required, finger jinting of pre planed complete cross-section to form longer members I required, planing, chamfering + Cutting to length Species of wood Spruce, fir, pine, larch, Douglas fr ‘and cthar softwoods according to DIN 1052 part 1/A1, tb. 1, Surface fish = Rough sawn, oF + Planed and chamfered Appications| As for san softwood timber + Particularly suitable for timber houses owing to its good form stablity and low moisture content Dimensions (Cross-sections trom 80 x 100 rm 10 200% 260 mn Ratio of depth to width = 2 Longth up to 12m Aocrovals 291-314, 291-018, 2-9.1-428, 29.1-444 Information for tenders > Fouriece beam + Approval + Grade + Species of wood + Cross-section + Length + Surface finish + Wood preservative measures + Payment based on mm? Duo/Trio beams. Descriation and manufacture Duo and trio beams are made from two or three fat-sided planks, respactively, or squared sections bonded together with the grain parallel. + kiln drying of softwood boards, planks or squared sections to each a moisture content < 15% Visual stength grading Finger jointing of boards or planks to form laminations + Planing of laminations and cut- ting to lenge + Even application of adhesive to the wide face of the laminations Bonding of two or tree lamina tions to form one section in a stright press uring under pressure + Normally, plening, chamfering ‘and culting to length after curing ‘Species of wood Spruce, tr, pine, larch, Douglas fir ‘and other Softwoods according to DIN 1082 part VAt, tab. 1 ‘Surface fish * Scraped, or + Planed and chamfored Appleations As for sam softwood timber + Pariculaly suitable fr timber hhousas owing to its good form stability and lov moisture content Dimensions \Wiath of inividual lamination 280 mm ‘Thickness of individual lamination 80mm ‘Supplied in lengths of up to 181m * Duo beams: £0,100, 120, (140, 160) mm wide 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240 mm deep + Tria beams: 480, 200, 240. mm wide 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, (220, 240) mm deep Approval 291-440 Information for tenderers + Duo beam or trio beam + Approval + Grade + Species of wood * Gross-section, length » Surface finish + Wood presorvative measures + Payment based on mi® Glued laminated timber (glulam) Desorption anc manufacture Glued laminated timber 's an improved form of sola timber in ‘hich the growtr-related defects in the wood that tend to reduce the strength have been party elim inated. Glued laminated tmber consists of atleast three dried softwood lerds or laminations ‘glued together withthe grain par- allel, Besides simple, straight ‘components, forms witha variable ‘eross-saction andlor in single oF double curvature or twist about the longitudinal axis are also possible. + Kiln dtying of softwood boards to attain a moisture content of about 12% + Visual or machine strength grad- ing, I necessary with removal of larger defects + Pning the laminations and cutting to langth + Even application of adhesive toSolid wood products, wood-based products the wide face ofthe lamination + Bonding the laminations in a straight or curved press + Boards of different grades can be arranged within tie depin of the cross-section + Curing under pressure + Normally, planing, chamtering fend culting to length after curing Species of wood Spruce, fi, pine, larch, Douglas fr possibly also western hemlock, southern pine, yalow cedar; see also DIN 1052 part 1/A1, tab. 1. “Laying up the cross-section Laminations of ciflerent grades can be arranged over the depth of the cross-section. The grade of bboards in the tension zone deter- mines the overall grade of the lued laminated timber section. Compo- nents subjected mainly t tension must have @ homogeneous lay-up. ‘Surface ish + Planed and chamfered We distinguish between three classes of fish: industrial, exposed and selected. The exposed finish complies with the requitemenis of ATV DIN 18334. Applications Heavly loaded and lang-span ‘components + Components with particulary high demands on form stability ‘and appearance Dimensions and forms (60-220 mm (max, 300 mm) wide 1100-2000 rm (max 8000 me) dee Slendernase ratio BH < 1/10 {more slender sections are poste) Length up to 30 m (max. 60 m) Fadius of curvature up to at least 180 x amination thickness, but then with reduced permissible stresses Joformation for tenderers + Spacios of wood + Glued laminated timber grade + Adhesive joints + Wiath, dopth, longth + Surface finish + Wood preservative measures + Payment based on nvm? Profiled boards Desorption and manufacture Pianed and profiled sections are ‘san trom round sections, planed ‘and routed, * Tongue and groove board iPro! + Tongue and groove board with clase V-joint + Tongue and groove weather- board + Tongue and groove board with open Vint Besides the forms and dimensions Given in the DIN standarc, rurner us modifed profiles wit diferent dimensions are possible, depend. ing on the tools available. These profiled boards are manufactured to order in the planing shop and ‘can be purchased from builders’ merchants, ‘Spocies of wood Spruce, fr, pine larch, Douglas fr Surface fish * Scraped, or + Planed Applications * Loadbearing and non-oadbear- Ing leaves indoors andi outdoors ‘Dimensions + Tongue and groove board 185, 19.5, 22.5, 95.5 mm thick 96, 118, 185, 185 mm wide 49.5, 22.5, 25.5 mm thick (Scandinavian timbers} 96, 111, 121 mm wide ‘Tongue and groove board with close V-joint 185, 19.5 mm thick 95, 115 mmwide 42.5 mm thick (Scandinavian timbers) 96,111 mm wide Tongue and groove weather- board 19.5 mm thick 115, 195, 155mm wide 19.5 mm wide (Scandinavian timbers) 111, 121, 146 mm wide + Tongue and groove board wath ‘open V-joint 125, 155, 19.5 mm thick 96, 115 mm wide 12.5, 14, 10.5 rm thick (Scancinavian timbers} 71, 96, 146 mm wide Longths 41900-2800 mm (in 250 mm Increments) 4500-6000 mm {in 600 mm increments) Lengths (Scandinavian timbers) "1800-6000 mm (in 200 mr increments) Information for tenderers + Designation + Standards + Grade + Species of wood + Thickness, width, length + Payment based on m= Fundamentals Wood-based products ‘Wood-based products are boards or linear members made from small pieces of wood pressed ‘ogathar, The methods for gan ating the small pieces include the ‘well-krown methods such as saw- ing (boards), slicing and pacting (vente), chioping and pulversin. “The materials used are wood and ‘wood products from the trunk to ‘waste products free from impu- ries obtained tough recycling ‘The industyy supplies a large umber of wood:-based products, ‘mainly in the form of boards. They ‘are opimised for their particular Use in bulding, exploiting the propertios of the wood to best ‘advantage. The main optimisation approaches are’ + sizo, in terms oflongth,wiath ana thickness, for manufactur ing larger components and for covering larger areas, strength, with the aim of achiow- ing greater load-carrying capac- ity, and surface fnisn, withthe aim of achieving maximum compat ly, €.g. in terms of appearance (surfaces af components) or ‘weathering (facades). In doing 0, the wood-based products mado fram boards or vaneers usuelly achiove much higher sirengths than a solid piece of ‘imbar of the same species. Constivents and meitiods and ‘manufacture ‘Wood-oased procucts contain most othe species of wood that are also used in sali timbor forrn in building. They also contain those tha, in sola ier form, exhibitonly limited suitability or are totaly unsuitable, €.9, beech. The wet process makes use of a natural wood product ~ignin ~ as a bindhg agent, The lignin is made fo low’ by means of very high pressure and thus, together ‘wih the felting (interlocking) of the ‘wood constituents, forms tha bine- ing agent in breboards. The dry method requires a binding agent Organi adhesives, usually syn: thetic resins, and also inorganic mineral binders, wel-known in the field of mortar technology, are Used. Adhesives tested and ‘approved forthe particular appl- cation are used for bending, a"Fundamentals ly cor pywood Sly cor plywood Laminated veneer lumbar LL) Gypsum and coment are the main products used for manufacturing rmineral-bonded wood-based products. Further constituents may be included to protect against posts and fire Behaviour in fre \Wocd-based products are avaiable In building materials classes + A incombustibie + B, combustible according io DIN 4102 part 1 *Bulaing materials; concepts, requirements and tests". The bind ing agent has a decisive influence ‘on the fammabilty and the behaviow in fre: ‘Adhesive-bonded wood-based rods fall mostly into class: + B2, flammable ‘Cement-bonded wood-based products fal either into class: + B 1, rot readily flammable, or + 2, incombustible Gypsum-bonded wood:-based products fall into class: + 42, incombustible Flame-retarcant treatments (in im- pregnated or coating form) can helo to improve the fre resistance The classification according to a DIN 4102 part 1 building materials class can be ascertained from the aforementioned standard, from the relevant materials standard or from the general bulding authority approval Wood preservative anc wood- based products (HWNS) classos If wood-besed products are tobe Used for leadbaaring or bracing functions, DIN 68800 part 2 “Pro: tection of timber - preventive cor= structional measures in buildings’, ‘and part 8 "Preventive chemical protection” must be observed. “They distinguish between HWNS classes 20, 100 and 100 G, which 2are assigned maximum moisture ccontants that the wood-basec products may not exceed in the respective ambient conditions, These moisture contents aro as follows: HWS — max. moisture class content 20.15% (fbreboards 12%) 100 18% 10 21% ‘The moisture contents are assigned to known usage situations, © 9 18% for the internal lning of an extemal wall, 18% for voids and tha external cladding to external walls, and 219% forloadbearing layers below the sealing layers of flat roots, oF horizontal boards in roof voids. The specific applica: tions are given in DIN 68800 part 2, tab, 3, The said HWS classes can be achiaved by using veneers ‘made from wood species of a par- tioulrresisiance category accord ing to DIN 68364 "Characteristic values for wood species: strength, elasticity, resistince" or by chemi- cal measures in the form of certain ‘adhesives or the addition of a ‘wood preservative, In some wood ‘based products made from lami- rated veneer lumbar itis possible to pressure-impregnate an efec- tive preventive chemical wood pre- servative according to DIN 68800 part 3, Products treated in this way can be used in situations up to risk category 4 "Timber components in permanent contact with the soil or freshwater” ‘Three- and five-ply core plywood Descriction and manufacture ‘These boards consist of a stack of three or five ples glued together, with adjoining plies always at an angle of 90° to each other. The boards ofthe outer plies are paral lel to each other. The strength proparties cover a very wide range. They can be controlled through the cuality of the wood sod and the relationships between the thicknesses of the Individual ples. Constituents + Softwood, frst anc foremost spruce and Douglas fr + Synthetic resins + Ifrequired, wood preservative Apoteations + Nonoadbearing, load-sharing and bracing planking to walls, tloors and roofs + Outdoors with weather protection Dimensions S:ply: 16-75 mm thick ‘ormats: 1000-4000 x 8006000 rm Seply: 33-80 mm formats: 1000-3000 x 80096000 rm \Wood-based products Wood preservative HWS classes 20, 100, 100 6 to DIN 68800 part 2 Bahavicur in fro Building materials class 8 2, flammable, to DIN 4102 part 4 Building authonty apcrovals 2.9.4-242, 2-9.1-258, 2-9.1-376, 29.1804, 29.1477 Jnformaion for tenderers + Type of board + Approval + Species of wood + HFroquired, wood preservative + Thickness, with, langth + Surface frish * Payment based on Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) ‘and structural veneer lumber (SVL) Desorption anc manufacture Laminated venaar lumber (LVL) is produced by banding together cred ‘softwood veneers about 3 rm thick, We distinguish botwocn two types: Type S: the grain of all plies runs, In the same direction, parallel to the direction of production, for pri ‘marily ineer components and linear stresses. Type Q: the orain of most ples runs Inthe same direction but some in the traneveree direction, for planar components and in-plane stresses. “Type Tis the same as type S in terms of grain direction butis made from lighter veneers lower densi- ties) wth corespondingly lower load-carrying capacities, The veneers of each ply are generally joined together by a scarf jont or simple overlap. Siructural vengar lumber (SVL) ‘or essentially Inear-type compo- rents and consists ofthe outer plies ‘of LVL laminations glued tagetner. The laminations are made from 2.5 mmithick veneer ples with the direction of grain paralel to the longitudinal direction of the board. Finger joints are employed forthe longitudinal joints oft tarinatons. Constituents ive + veneers, primarily spruce, pine (Kerio brand), Douglas fir, ‘southern pine (Microlam brand} + synthetic resins\Wood-based products sv * Oregon pine, Douglas fir, to DIN 68705 part 3 Applications Wu * beams, columns, chords, dia igonals and verticals of plane and space fremes, beams and related sections stressed: skin structures, 2.6 siifening daphragms, joadbear- ing root and floar decking high strengths and favourable {deformation behaviour parallel to the grain, therefore highly suitable for more highly stressed parts of stuctures and for ein forcing leadbearing timber com- ponents LVL ype + beams and columns subject to transverse tension se + beams, columns + arcade constructions: + timber housing interior fting-out + high-strength star treads + floor coverings (parquet flooring) Dimensions + LVL type S: 21, 24, 27-75 mm thick {en 6 mm Increments) formats up to 1820 x 28.000 mm or ‘2500 x 20 000 mm LVL type @: 21, 24, 27-69 mm thick (in 6 rm increments) formats Lup to 1820 x 28.000 mm or 2500 x 20 009 mm + WLtype T: 39-75 mm thick (in 6 mm increments) formats up to 200 x 23 000 mm MU vwicth 80 mm depth 100-356 mn length up to 48.000 mn Wood preservative HWS class 100 because phenolic resin only is used for bonding, HWS class 100 G can be achieved by treating with an approved wood preservative. Behaviour in fo Building materials class 62, ‘lammable, o DIN 4102 part 4 Bulking authority approvals LVL:Z.9,1-100, 2-9.1-291, 2-9. 246, 2-81-37 SVLZ-9.1-599 Information for tondsrars + Type of board + Manutacturer + Approval + Species of wood + Thickness, width, length + Wood preservative measures: + Payment based on m? er m? Plywood Blockboard Laminboard Description and manufacture Plywood 's mace by gluing together dried veneers at right angles to ‘each other. The veneers must be arranged symmetrically about the rmidle of the board. The majority of plywoods have an odd number of pies (at least three), but with an ‘von number the two inner plies are bonded together with their ‘grain parallel, In Germany these ‘are knoam as "Multiplex" boards ‘when the number of plies exceeds {ive and thar thickness 12 mm. Plywood made from beech to DIN 68705 part § is made from between three and nine plies of ‘beech veneer 1.5-3.2 mm thick ‘Blockboard and laminboard have fa central core made from strips of ‘wo0d. These measure approx. 24-30 mim wide in blockboard and {6-8 mmwide in aminboard (n each ‘case measured in the plane ofthe board). One (2-ply) or two (5-pI¥) veneer plies are bonded to beth ssdes ofthe central core. There is {an unlimited number of possibil- ties for building up this type of ‘boerd, particularly with respect to the quslity and thickness of the ‘veneer. This means that very diverse elastomechanical properties end strengths can be achieved. Constitvents * Veneers, primarily spruce, pine, ‘maritime pine, Douglas fi, hem: Jock, southern pine, mahogany, smakoré, beoch + Strips, primarily spruce, pine, fr ‘Synthetic resins + Ifrequired, wood preservative to protect against pests, and flame-rotardant treatment Applications Phywood: + foac-sharing and bracing plank ing o walls, floors and roots + beech plywood is particularly sultabie for highly stressed com- ponents (static loads). 0.9 strengthening around openings {and notches in glued laminated timber beams. + high-strength, tungeprotected boards of HWS class 100 G are used in scaffolding lockboard, larrinboard + fiting-out + no loadbearing functions, Dimensions + Pywood 1-40 mm thick, in 1-2 mm inere- ‘ments up to about 25 mm, there after in larger increments formats 2500/8000 x 1250/1500 mm 240013050 x 1200/1525 mrin + Blackboard, laminboare: 18-38 mm thick, in 2-2 mm Increments up to about 30 rn, thereafter larger increments formats +1220-4100 x 2440-5400 mm Wood preservative HWS classes 20, 100, 1006 “The use of apecies of wood com- plying with resistance class 2 to DIN 68364 or the adcition of an ‘approved wood preservative to the adhesive can achieve a board mooting the requirements of HWS class 100 G. + Not suitable for direct exposure tothe weathor + Haraly any risk of insect attack. Behaviour in tre + Building matarias class B 1, rot readily flammabie, and = Building materials clase 8 2, ‘tammabi, to DIN 4102 part 4 Standards * DIN 68705 part 3: Pywood: building venoar plywood + DIN 68705 part 4: Piywood: core plywood for building purposes DIN 68705 part &: Plywood: veneer plywood of beech for building + DIN 68364 (1979-91): Charao- teristic values for wood species strength, elasticty, resistance + DINEN 850: Durabitty of wood and wood-based products Fundamentals ‘Srucura engar weber (SL) Blockooerd