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Lecture 3
Lecture 3
Fundamentals of Microelectronics
CH1
CH2
CH3
CH4
CH5
CH6
CH7
CH8
Why Microelectronics?
Basic Physics of Semiconductors
Diode Circuits
Physics of Bipolar Transistors
Bipolar Amplifiers
Physics of MOS Transistors
CMOS Amplifiers
Operational Amplifier As A Black Box
Chapter 3
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
Diode Circuits
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
Ideal Diode
Diode Circuits
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Diodes in Series
CH3
Diode Circuits
R =0I =
V
=
R
R = I =
V
=0
R
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
Diode-Resistor Combination
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Input/Output Characteristics
When Vin is less than zero, the diode opens, so Vout = Vin.
When Vin is greater than zero, the diode shorts, so Vout = 0.
CH3
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Vout = V p sin t = 0
for
1T
1 T /2
V out ( t ) dt =
V p sin tdt
T 0
T 0
V
1 Vp
=
[ cos t ]T0 / 2 = p for
T
0 t
T
2
Vout , avg =
T
t T
2
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Example
Diode Examples
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ID
Forward Bias
ID = IS (exp(VD/VT)-1) IS exp(VD/VT)
IS Saturation current (proportional to surface
VBD
VD
VD
ID
area of pn junction)
VT =kT/q Thermal voltage
k Boltzmanns constant=1.38 10-23 joules/Kelvin
T The absolute temperature in kelvins =273+ C
q the magnitude of electronic charge = 1.60 10-19
coulomb
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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11
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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12
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Exponential Model
I D1 =
I D2 =
I in
I
1+ s2
I s1
I in
I
1 + s1
Is2
In this example, since the two diodes have different crosssection areas, only exponential model can be used.
The two currents are solved by summing them with Iin, and
equating their voltages.
CH3
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Vout = 3VD
Ix
= 3VT ln
IX
Is
Diode Circuits
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Small-Signal Analysis
I D =
V
I D1
VT
Diode Circuits
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I D dI D
=
|VD =VD1
VD dVD
=
Is
I
exp D1
VT
VT
I D1
VT
Diode Circuits
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rd =
VT
ID
Diode Circuits
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V ( t ) = V 0 + V p cos t
I D ( t ) = I 0 + I p cos t = I s exp
V 0 VT
+ V p cos t
VT I 0
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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vout =
3rd
vad
R1 + 3rd
= 11.5mV
Diode Circuits
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Simple is Beautiful
Vout = I D (3rd )
= 0.5mA(3 4.33)
= 6.5mV
Diode Circuits
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Applications of Diode
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Diode Circuits
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Half-Wave Rectifier
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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CH3
Diode Circuits
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t
RLC1
V V
t
t
) (V p VD, on ) p D,on
RLC1
RL C1
VR
0 t Tin
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Diode Circuits
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I p C1inV p
2VR V p V p
2VR
+
( RL C1in
+ 1)
V p RL RL
Vp
The diode has its maximum current at t1, since thats when
the slope of Vout is the greatest.
This current has to be carefully controlled so it does not
damage the device.
CH3
Diode Circuits
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Full-Wave Rectifier
Diode Circuits
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Figures (e) and (f) show the topology that inverts the negative
half cycle of the input.
CH3
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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CH3
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Voltage Regulator
Diode Circuits
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Vout =
rD
Vin
rD + R1
Diode Circuits
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Vout
r +r
= D1 D2
Vin rD1 + rD2 + R1
Vout
= (rD1 + rD2 ) || R1
IL
Diode Circuits
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CH3
Diode Circuits
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Limiting Circuits
Diode Circuits
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Input/Output Characteristics
Diode Circuits
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As was studied in the past, the combination of resistordiode creates limiting effect.
CH3
Diode Circuits
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CH3
Diode Circuits
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CH3
Diode Circuits
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CH3
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Capacitive Divider
Vout = Vin
CH3
Vout =
C1
Vin
C1 + C2
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Voltage Doubler
Diode Circuits
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CH3
Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Diode Circuits
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Junction Feedthrough
Vout =
Cj / 2
Vin
C j / 2 + C1
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