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YLLs - WRNoLLp RNA-PV Te - UWVp NeLRm TVdLm Utm UVdLm,
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3,

Np-Vp Utm UWVp

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(ii) TPjp LiP RNA - YLL[ YdLm,
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RYWeLu EPXl\l TiLd AL dLVjYm LjR]o,
tLX YLlThVXoLs. RYWeLu UXu TiLd AL
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1,1, YLlThu YLLs


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t]eLu Rt\m. UWY \ YLlT Ru\ J iRXL
CkR, _oU ShPf NokR APp*l Ge[o (1844-1930) Utm
Lop WiPp (1849-1893) GuTYoLs ReL[ UWY YLlTh]
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Familien) Gu\ -p YhP]o, CqYLlThu T. KWd
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1,1,1, TNR] YLlThVp


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T. t]m YLlThu AlTP AX Bm, Um C KPju
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J RYWju ApX t]ju \ RYWeL[ Es[ E\
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J t]jp LQlTm YTLs. UWVp. Vp. NV-Vp.
RYWjRL Ut\m Utm TXRWlThP LWL[ AlPVLd
Lis[], TNR] YLlTh]Wp YZeLlThP A]j
NuL[m. YZdLU] YLlThVXoLs Htd Li. J
t]ju TQU YV BWnkRV VtdL Yim, C J
t]ju TQU YLlTht Y Lh\,

TNR] YLlThV-u SdLeLs


Lml Utm p - GuTYoLs 1943-p TNR] YLlThVp
Gu\ NtL[ ZdLjt LiYkR]o, CRu SdLeL[Y]
3

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ii, TXRWlThP NR] YLlThd UeL[] rX YL.
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ARp,

TNR] YLlThu Y\Ls


u dV Y\Ls LV[lTu\], AYVY]:
i, Bnt GjdLs[lThP YLlTh t]jR TXRWlThP
BWnfLd EhTjRp, ARu C]jRL. Y[odm \.
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WUNmLu GidL Utm AR NVT|L A]
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ii, YTyP RYWehUjL, RjLeh C]TeL N
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AX Bm, C rX RLYUld LiP, Um AR
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UtLiP BnL-k PdLlTt\ YWeLs. \


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1,1,2, CNtTV \
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gramineus umbellatis corymbis) Gu\ TVWp AZdLlThP, ARY.
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AmTpXh LmTv UgNPV RYWm Gum TsTP
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AOo ALlTj]m. ]V R] X] vv
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AXEXL RYWVp TVo hfNhPm


1930-m Bi IkRY AXEXL RYWVp hPm CeXk
Shp Lmhw GuPjp. RYWeLu TV\u AlTP
\L[ YdL V, 12-Y AXEXL RYWVp hPm
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CdhPjp YdLlThP oU]eLu AlTPp. RtTRV
AX EXL RYWVp TVo hfNhPm (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature - ICBN) 1978 Rp SP\d YkR,
AXEXL RYWVp TVo hf NhPju X dV
AmNeL[Y]:
1, T]lTVo Jt\ TVofNpXm, BeXjp Gm T.
T]lTVu Rp Gj TV GjdLp GRlTP Yim,
t]lTVo J TifNpXm, CR] BeXjp GmT.
Rp GjR V GjdLp GRlTP Yim, C TX
XeL-k T\lThPRLm Ju ApX CWi YojRL[d
LiPRLm Cdm, G,L, JWN NhPY Utm JpPuXiV
BpT-SoV,
2, TVo V]YLm. p-VULm Gp YdLd
VRLm CjRp Yim,
3, CNtTVoL[ Afm T NnYL AfP Yim,
AX AdLh LhP Yim, G,L, AhXu pVuv
ApX AhXu pVuv,
4, J RYWjt V TVo hmT. AjRYWju
aoTVm RVo NnVlTh. HRm J AeLdLlThP aoTV
Y]jp. ARu [dLjPu Nj YdL Yim, CqY
Nj YdLlTm RYWlT. X EXo RYWU (Type specimen)
G]lTm, C aoTVj Rp NLdLlTPYim,
5, GkR J STo RYWjt Ru\VL TVo h.
AjRYWju [dLjR Ad\W ApX RYWjt V TVo
h\W. AkSTo BVo G]d LRlT\o, J RYWju
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G]m. WToh W[u Gu\ TVo W,, G]m. No _Nl PpPu
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G,L, UpY pYvhv -u,
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6, TVo hPlThPj RYWju RuUV] [dLm CXju


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AlTVo. RY\]l TVo (Ambiguous name) G]d LRlTm, C
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TVo ETVLj-k UVL WLdLlTm,
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G,L, NN*lWv NN*lWv, TVo h \p C Tu\ TVoLs
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aoTVm G]lTm, CfNp EXo RYWjRlL[l TWUj
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24

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25

ARlPV]YLm. YXlu]p SWmTUYm Lis[],


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26

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27

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28

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29

RL-k jRdLlTm eLm GiQn UjY


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30

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6, *TT mTju YLlTh XV GL,
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31

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32

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33

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34

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35

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36

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37

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p- YhPm
p-Ls dLUPk GiQt\ XjR TlTv L[L
EUt\m APks[], CjLs tTu Efp AUks[],
Ap- YhPm
Ap-Ls 5. JjL], R CRr AUp CQk Zp
Tu Es[],
40

pWUtN

ULWRR

Yy|
pUX
L
pUX

Zp UXu
,Y, Rt\m

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,Y, Rt\m

[
ULWR
R

p^V
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sz

TT
L

tTu ,Y,
Rt\m

sT

Zp UXo

u_Vv
ULWkRjRsLs

Lo UXo

Lo UXu YWTPm

Zp UXu YWTPm

Br., Ebrl.,

, K , C(5), A(5), G (2)

Br., Ebrl.,%,

TPm 1,6 WPdv WdmTuv

41

, K , C(5), A0, G (2)

ULWkRjRs YhPm
ULWkRjRsL 5. Ap- JhVY. u_Vv. Ap- CRrLd
CPp AUkRY, ULWkRlTLs C A\PVY. A CQkR
ULWkRd LmL[PVY Utm sYdp Ey\UL YlTY,
XL YhPm
rUhP tTPVY. C XL CXL[PVY. CQkR
XL CXLs. J X\ LiPY. JW J p Af p Jhp
AUks[, p Ri RjR Utm C[L[PV p
LQlT\,
L
R

lNpX,
Li At\,

UXu YnlT
Br., Ebrl.,

, K , C(5), A(5), G (2)

SYY ApX Lo UXo


Yf NPVY. dLmf NXt\Y. LmTt\Y.
UVt\Y. TiUXo. CTdL NUfPVY Utm rUhP
tTPVY,
p- YhPm
p-Ls dLUPk. GiQt\. XjR TlTv L[L
EUt\m APks[], CjLs tTu Efp AUks[],
Ap- YhPm
Ap-Ls 5. JjL\Y, R CRr AUp CQk. SYp
ApX DR Yp LQlTu\], UR TV 3
UPpL[PV, R V 2 TtLs Tu\ hPV,
ULWkRjRs YhPm
CpX,
XL YhPm
rUhP tTPV. C XL CXL[d LiP. XL
CXLs CQkRY. J X\PV. JW J p Afp
Jh \p AUks[, p Ri RjR Utm C
[L[PV pd LQlT\,
L
lNpX,
R
Li At\,
UXu YnlT

Br., Ebrl.,%,
42

, K , C(5), A0, G (2)

T[RW dVjYm
1, GiQnj RYWeLs
-VkRv BYv (VLk) RYWRL-k GdLlTm
GiQn NUVdl TVuT\, LoRUv ePVv (N*l[Yo)
RYWRL-k T\lTm GiQn NUVdm Utm Nl
RVdLm TVuT\, CkR GiQp \kR A[
LllTRp CRV SVLd TkWdLlT\,
2, UjYj RYWeLs
Gd-lP WvhWhP (LNXjL) j RYWm Vp
GiQn RVdLm. UgNh LUXVd QlTjRm Utm
UiWp. LpWp Tu\YLu NVpTL[ NTjYRtm
TVuT\, B o V U hU R Y W j - k P d m
NuPu Gu\ Uk P-s[ Y[jRN dL[
YVt\ TVuT\,
3, NVj RYWeLs
LoRUv ePVv RYWj-k Pdm CVtLV]
Yl NVm Th Ld NVUt\l TVuT\, PPv GWdP
RYW UXoL-k jRdLlTm UgNs NVm. Tj Ld
NVUt\ TVuT\,
4, fdLp-Ls
WNkUm ]W*T-Vm Utm , LdVm Tu\
RYWeLu WUgNLs EXojRlTh T NnVlThPjs.
TjWm Gu\ TVp L WhVL TVuT\,
5, jQof T]j RYWeLs
dLVm CuTv (dL ApX LdW) RYW RLs
TVdLlTh L* Pu LXdLlTu\], CjRYWj CXLs
TpY S] QlTjRm EQYLm TVuTu\],
6, AXeLWj RYWeLs
-VkRv BYv (VLk). PPv ThX (@Wo
ULp). LXiX A*]-v (Th ULp) Utm uV
GXLuv Tu\j RYWeLs AZj RYWeL[L RhPeLp
Y[odLlTu\],

43

Ru Ul
I.

BV > >>|m >D.


1,
Yo]V BoTV J
A, N
B, Ro N
C, UWm
D, uL
2, WUgNV] RUXWL dLm APks[ RYWm
A, Gef]lv
B, XV
C, WNkUm
D, P-V
3, JRWlThP WUgN LQlTm RYWm
A, Gef]lv
B, XV
C, -VkRv
D, WPdv

II.

| _m J[ kVB_ sBD.
4, u_Vv ULWkRjRs Gu\p Gu]?
5, B v h W m T L o U t m Y h U X o L u
YnlTL[ GL,
6, TlTv Gu\p Gu]?
7, NiPu GuT V?
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9, WPdv WmTuv RYWju XL YhPj]
[dL,
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III.

JqY ]tm 100 YojRLd LUp


PVdLm,
11, Lo Utm Yh UXoLdPVs[ YTLs
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14, WUgNV [dL,

IV.

JqY ]tm 200 YojRLd LUp


PVdLm,
15, WPdv WmTuv RYWjR LXfNtL[p Y,
16, BvhW mTju TlTiL[ GL,

44

1,3,5, NX]
E[dZe mTm
YLlTh X
Yl : PLyzP]
QYl : LUThPX
YN : TLoTpXhP
\ : T-UVpv
mTm : NX]
TlTiLs
TWYp
NX] mTjp 90 T]eLm. 2.800-dm UtThP
t]eLm Es[], CjRYWeLs TmTm YlTUiPXm Utm
RYlT UiPX TLp TWLQlTu\], CdmTj
RYWeLs 21 T]eLm 70 t]eLm CkVp Es[],
Y[Vp
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X Ro NLs G,L, NX]m PoYm (rPeL) Utm ARL
UWeLs G,L, N. _n_uVm,
Yo
[jR BYoj Rl,
Ri
Xju Up LQlTm okR hL[PV Ri G,L,
NX]m NkRLolTm (LPjLR) R | E[ YY]. R |
UUVLY AX LyP RUP] LQT|.
[L[PV. L[PV (G,L, ThV aP Utm
dLhV] AXhP), N, TWNm RYWjp Ri ZeLL
Ut\UPks[,
CX
R CX, CXdLmPV. TYL UtVXVU. X
RYWeLp GXVU. UV] (G,L, ThV aP),
CXVzo NXt\, J SSWmPu YXlu]p SWmTUlPV,
NX]m NkRLolTm RYWjp SSWm Utm TdL SWmLs UgNs
\ hL[d Lis[],
UgN
RjR. CXdLQ NUv (G,L, PhW vhWUVm) ApX
LQm XV (Extra axillary) vLoVn NUv UgNV]
WVm
(Rhipidium) Bm, C L Tu\ AUlPV,
45

G,L, N, SdWm ApX a-dLn NUv G,L, N, TWNm


ApX AmTpXh NUv G,L, YjRV Nm*TW,
UXo
Yf NPV (G,L, ThV aP) ApX Yf
NXt\ G,L, N, SdWm (UQReL) dLmf NXt\Y.
dLmPV. DWdPV. IkReLUXo. UV].
BWfNUfPV (G,L, PhW vhWUVm) ApX CTdL
NUfPV (G,L, `NuRv u]hPv). CTp RuUPV
Utm XL Up UXo,
p- YhPm
p-Ls 5. TUV]. CQkR p-Ls. Zp Tu\ AUlPu
R CRr AUs[], G,L, PhW UhPp (FUR) ApX
R CRZU LiP, (G,L, ThV aP). U YYm
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Ap- YhPm
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CRZU LX] AX R CRr AU ApX R CRZU
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LmLs A Z AlTp ApX UVlTp
JhdLQlTm, ULWkRe LmLs ULWkRlTu Ap CQkRY,
ULWkRlTLs C A\PVY. EsSd YlTY. Ap
JhVY ApX \jp JhVY. [Ydp ApX j[
YlTY, (G,L, N, SdWm), `NuRv u]hPv Gu\ RYWjp
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ULWkRjR[L dLUPks[],
XL YhPm
UpUhP tT. C XL CXPV. CQkR XL
CXL[PV. C XL A\L[PV. XL CXLs Aft
SeLyz AUVU Nt NnYLd LQlTm. pLs Af p
Jh \s[], PhW t]eLp. C XL A\Ls T-V]
A\df Yo EtTjVYRp Su XL A\L[d Li
LQlTm, p Ri RjR. [jRXt\, p C[PV
ApX L[ AUlPV,
46

L
To ApX rY YzL. XdLToL GvXiPm
RYWjp L To YLVf NokR, PhW Utm ThV
t]eLp. Yz LLs Ruu\],
R
Li EPV,

PhW UhPp
LXfNtL[p [dLm
Y[Vp
okR. TV Utm TU]] N,
Yo
[jR BYj Rl,
Ri
Ehs[. TUV] . UUV] Utm kR
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R CXLs. UtVXVUp Es[], CXdLmPV.
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YXlu]p SWmTUlPV, CXVzo NXt\,
UgN
RjR Utm CXdLQ NUv,
UXo
UXoLs TVY. TU LXkR YiUV]Y. Yf
NPVY. eLo NX\Y, dLmPVY. UV]Y.
DWdPVY. IkReLUXo. NU A[PVY. BWfNUfPVY.
CTp RuUPVY Utm XL Up UXo,
p- YhPm
p-Ls 5. TUV]. R CRr AUp CQkRl p-Ls,
TmTuUV]j RYWeLp p-Ls XjR RuUPVY Utm
J\ p- UXu Ut\jp LQlTm,
Ap- YhPm
Ap-Ls 5. TULXkR YiU. Ly (Lp T\
UzPV) h CRZUp CQkR Ap-Ls. 10 UPpLPu ALu\
Y]PV ]p YYU],
47

sz

AYyP

ULWRR

A
YyP

YyP
sz

[
sR|

Ap- JhV
ULWkRjRsLs
sT

XLm
XR
YyP

s
TR
sJy|r

L
UXu YWTPm

UXu YnlT : Br., Ebrl., ,

tTu ,Y, Rt\m

, K(5), C(5), A5 , G (2)

TPm 1,7 PhW UhPp

48

ULWkRjRs YhPm
ULWkRjRsL 5. RjRY. Ap- JhVY. Ap- CRrLd
CPV AUkRY, ULWkRd LmL Ap- hZ AlTp
ApX UVlTp Jhd LQlTm, ULWkRlTLs C
A\L[PVY. iP ULWkRd LmLs AQkRY Utm
ULWRTL Eh\UL s Ydp YdLd VY,
XL YhPm
Up UhP tT. C XL CXPV. CQkR sXL,
C XL A\Ls T-V] A\df Yo EtTjVYRp Su
XL A\L[d Li LQlTm, XL CXLs Aft
SeLyz AUVU Nt NnYLd LQlTm, pLs TjR
sJy| r Af p Jh \s[, pRi Rj
i[. sz CW| UPpLPu LQlTm,
L
XjR p-YhPjPu. Su YpLPu YdLdV hLs
Tu\ \Y[LPu V YzL,
R
Li EPV,

Br., Ebrl., ,

UXu YnlT

, K(5), C(5), A5 , G (2)

T[RW dVjYm
1, EQj RYWeLs
EXL SLs A]jm NX]m TWNm (E[d Ze)
TYL EQYLl TVuT\, N, UXg] (LjR) RYWju
ofVPVR Lm. XeLTpL GhXP (RdL)
RYWju okR Lm EQYLl TVuTu\],
2, UjYj RYWeLs
AhWT TpXP] RYW YoL-k AhW*u Gu\
BpLXn jRdLlT\, C RN Y-V dLl TVuT\,
PhW vhWUVm RYW CXLs Utm dL-k
vhWUVm Gu\ Uk jRdLlT\, C BU U
LdYu CUd UkRLl TVuT\, N, hWXThPm
(Y[) RYWju CXLs. UXoLs Utm T LLs CUd
UkRLl TVuTu\], YjRV Nm*TW (AefW) RYWju
C X L s U t m Y o L s S W m j R [ o f V e h Q T | R ,
pTef] P TVuTu\], Um C PdLm
TVuT\,
49

3, LX
dLhV] PTdLm (LX) RYW CXLp dLhu.
SodLhu Utm A]Tu Tu\ BpLXnLs Es[], LWh.
. Zn Eg Utm EdL Tu\YLm. Uu YlTRtm.
dl T RVlm dLhu RuUV]RL
TVuTjRlT\, C SWmLd AUhm UkRLm. RN
z YR]Ld UkRLm. fd Lp- UkRLm
TVuT\,
4, AXeLWj RYWeLs
NvhWm Po]m (TLp Up-). N, SdPo]m (CW Up-) Utm
ThV aP (C[gYl UXo) Tu\ RYWeLs
AXeLWjtLL RhPeLp Y[odLlTu\],
Ru Ul
I.
BV > >>|m >D.
1, NX] CPm Tts[ \
A, UpYpv
B, T-UVpv,
C, NdYpv
D, W]pv
2, SSWm Utm TdL SWmLu UgNs \ hLs LQlTm
RYWm
A, NX]m UXg]
B, PhW UhPp
C, NX]m NkRLolTm
D, ThV aP
3, sXL SeLyz AUVU, N NYL AU[
UXL[PV h|T
A. UYp B. NX]p C. @TVp D. tRE
II.
| _m J[ kVB_ sBD.
4, AhW*u Gu\p Gu]?
5, NX] mTju YLlTh XV GL,
6, NX] mTju UjY QPV C RYWeL[j
RL,
7, NX] mT UXu XL YhPj] Y,
8. VVE z|D][ _k \ |mV|[ m.
9. VV \_ \[ kD km >[ kVFV m.
10. VVE >Vk^, c >Vk^ J[[
VuB m.
11. All_ c^ g_VF| m.
III. J q Y ] t m 1 0 0 Y o j R L d L U p
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12, NX] mT RYWju T[RW dVjYjR GL,
IV. J q Y ] t m 2 0 0 Y o j R L d L U p
PVdLm,
13, PhW UhPp RYWj] LXf NtLs Xm Y,
14, NX] RYWdmTju TlTiL[ GL,
50

1,3,6 *ToV
BUQd mTm
YLlTh X
Yl : PLyzP]
Q Yl : U]d[UV
YN : NdYpv
mTm : *ToV
TlTiLs
TWYp
*ToV mTjp 300 T]eLm. 7.500-dm UtThP
t]eLm Es[], EXL A[p CjRYWeLs TW CkRm
BldL Utm Ru AUdLp AL A[p LQlTu\],
CdmTj RYWeLs 70 T]eLm 450-dm UtThP
t]eLm CkVp Es[],
Y[Vp
CdmTm AL A[ KWi NzL[d Lis[
(G,L, *pXkRv AUW) ApX Ro NLs (G,L, ]v Lmv)
ApX UWeLs (G,L, *pXkRv GmdL), *ToVu TXf
t]eLu Ri JfNodLV UtLs[ EUt\m
APks[, CjRLV EUt\m [P G]lTm, C LdPv
RYWeL[ Jjdm, G,L, , dLs Utm , BiLWm
(NWeL). CdmTj RYWeLs. EPXl\ TiLm. C]lTdLl
TiLm TXY UThd LQlTu\], GpXj RYWeLm
TpTu\ ApX oU XhPdv WYm LQlTm.
Yo
[jR BYoj Rl,
Ri
Xju Up LQlTm Ri] EPV. R AX
Xm TPokR (G,L, , WvhWhP). E[V]. [jR. LyP
RUPV ApX EhPV (G,L, ]v Lmv) YZdLUL
Tp T\ XyPe (G.L. . eL) AX U XyPe
(G.L. ^yW@T hL) LQT|f\.
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R CX, CXVzo NPV ApX NXt\.
CXdLmPV. UtX AU (G,L, ]v Lmv).
UV] AX UPpL[PV AX pXL[PV
iyzX LQT|f\ (G,L, V W-Vuv) Utm J SSWm
AX TX S|SWPV YXlu]p SWmTUPV, CXVzo
NpLs CQV] hL[L Us[], (G,L, , vXuPuv)
51

ApX WUf WlL[L Us[] (G,L, _hW*T oLv)


*ToV Tu\ Y\s X t]eLp CXLs dLUPk
ApX CpXUp LQlTm, NVjVm UgNVf rks[ CXLs
TLhP] YiQPu LQlTm G,L, , TpNU (TTef UW),
UgN
*ToVu \l UgN NVjVm Bm, LlT YY
CuYdL E[. dLm APkR UgN Afr LQT|f\.
NUv YL AUlp JTp UXoL LQT|f\]. JqY
NVjV UgNm. J Ti UXWf rk CWi ApX ARt
UtThP BiUXoLs LQlTm, JqY ULWkRjRm. J
BiUXWd dm, CkR Bi UXoLs UVm XV AU \p
AUks[], Ti UXu Lm i ApX d LQlTm,
C kRp. Ti UXo CuYdLu Eh\jm. ikRp
Ti UXo CuYdLu Yl\jm LQlTm, NVjVm
UgN Y\ U Wl Ju Es[,
*ToV RYWeLp TXRWlThP UgNLs LQlTu\],
]v Lmv RYWju UgN Tds Bm, Cp TX Ti
UXL. TX BiUXoLm WUv UgN AUl \p
AUks[], Ti UXoL UtN Efm Bi UXoLs
UgNu AlTm Es[], WhPu vTo*[Wv (G
BUQeh) RYWju UgN RjR WUv Bm, AdL-*T
CuL (hTU) RYWjp C Lhu G] AZdLlTm,
*pXkRv AUW RYWjp Bi Utm Ti UXoLs Rj
CXd LQjp LQlTm,
UXo
Yf NPVY. dLmf NXt\Y. dLmPV.
JT UXoLs. KpXm ApX DpXm EPVY. UVt\Y
Utm XL Up UXo, *ToV ULWkRjRs Bi UXWm.
XLm TiUXWm dm,
R YhPm
WhPu vTo*[Wv RYWjp Bi UXoLs C Rr
YhPeL[m Ti UXoLs J Rr YhPjRm EPV,
*ToV RYWjp. Bi Utm Ti UXoLs CWiU RrLs
At\Y, *pXkRv AUW RYW UXoLs RjR RrL[m
]v Lmv RYW UXoLs CQkR RrL[m Lis[],
ULWkRjRs YhPm
Ju Rp TX ULWkRjRsL[d LiPY. RjRY ApX
CQkRY, ]v Lmv RYWUXu ULWkRjRsLs TX
Lt\VX] Utm ULWkRd LmLs [js[], [Ls
52

CQk TX Lt\L[L Es[], ULWkRlTLs C A\L[


PVY, Bi UXoLp ofVPVR UXh XLeLs Es[],
XL YhPm
Up UhP tT. u XL CXL[PV. CQkR XL
CXLs. u XL A\L[PV, JqY XL A\m
Ju ApX CWi pLs Af p Jh \p Es[], XLm
lTL u UPpL[PV, u p RiLs Es[],
JY CWiPL [js[,
L
TmTm [eL ApX hl, ]v Lmv RYWjp
WeU YLe LV] [ J\ RVe LP
LeLL[L ,
R
Li EPV,

]v Lmv
LXfNtL[p [dLm
Y[Vp
TX Bi Ro N,
Yo
[jR BYo Rl,
Ri
Xju Up LQlTm Ri] EPV. okR , R |
UUV] B] AzR| LyPRUPV, [Ls
EhPm LQlTm, C[e[Ls WUm Tu\ \Y[L[p
d LQlTm, XhPdv Gu\ N Es[,
CX
CXdLmPV. CXVzo NXt\. UtX AU.
UPpL[PV. 7 ApX ARtm UtThP UPpL[PV,
AeLYY YXlu]p SWmTU EPV,
UgN
p LQlTm h WUv ApX Tds, Bi
UXoLs rl Tm Ti UXoLs UgNu m Es[],

53

T UX

B UX

[
ULWRR
sz
sT
ULWRT

Bi UXo

ULWReL
R
sz

TXLt\
ULWkRjRsLs

ULWkRjRs

Ti UXo

Ti UXu
, Y, Rt\m

tTu ,Y,
Rt\m

Br., Ebrl., ,

BiUXu YWTPm

, P(5), A, G0.

TiUXu YWTPm

Br., Ebrl.,,

TPm 1,8 ]v Lmv

54

, P (3), A 0, G (3).

Bi UXo
Yf NPVY. dLmo NXt\Y. dLmPVY.
BWfNUfPVY Utm UVt\Y,
Rr YhPm
RrLs 5. J YhPjXUkRY. R CRr AUp
CQkR CRrLs, J\ R UX Ut\jp LQlTm,
ULWkRjRs YhPm
TX ULWkRjRsL[PVY. TXLt\ ULWkRR. ULWkRd
LmLs [jm CQkm Ik [L[L Es[], ULWkRl TLs
C A\PVY. EiPV]Y. A CQkR ULWkRd
LmPVY. s Ydp Eh\UL YdLd VY,
XL YhPm
CpX Gm UXh XLm LQlTm,
Bi UXu YnlT

Br., Ebrl., ,

, P(5), A, G0.

Ti UXo
Yf Np EPVY. dLmo NXt\Y. dLmPVY.
BWfNUfPVY. UVt\Y Utm Up UhP tTPVY,
Rr YhPm
RrLs 3. J Adp AUkRY R CRr AUp
CQkRY,
ULWkRjRs YhPm
CpX. Gm UXh ULWkRjRs LQlTm,
XL YhPm
UpUhP tTPVY. u XL CXLs Es[], CQkR
XL CXLs. u XL A\L[PVY, J X\p J
p Rm Af p Jh \p pLs AUks[], pRi 3.
iP Utm Yl YiQPV, p C[LPu
L[PV,
L
UuUV] EWUj L[p ZlThP WdU G]T|
[eL LQT|f\. C [ J\ RVe LP
LeLL[L ,
R
Li EPV,
Ti UXu YnlTBr., Ebrl.,,
55

, P (3), A 0, G (3).

T[RW dVjYm
1, EQj RYWeLs
Uah GvXiP (UWYs) RYWju Ze Yo vPof
\kR EQ YLVm, NRlTts[ *pXkRv GmdL (S)
RYWd LLs YhPu C ALPVY. EQYLm FLn TPm
TVuTu\],
2, GiQnj RYWeLs
]v Lmv (BUQeh) RYWju RL-k
jRdLlTm BUQd GiQn CVkWeLd EV GiQn
BLm. NUVdm Utm Ytl Td] im UkRLm
TVuT\, _hW*T oLv (LyPUQeh) RYWju
RL-k jRdLlTm LhPUQd GiQn Ytl
Td] im UkRLm. Rp VL[ QlTjRm Utm
TV-Np GiQn RVdLm TVuT\,
3, UjYj RYWeLs
*pXkRv AUW (gZS) Gu\ j RYWm
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Ll*T-V RYWju CXLs Utm YoLs Tmd Ldm
Utm R Sndm UkRLl TVuTu\],
4, CWlTo RYWeLs
EXp EtTjVm UjR CVtL CWlTp 98% UtThP CWlTo.
V W-Vuv (TW CWlTo) Utm Uah [V
(UdLT CWlTo) RYWeLu LyzVeLTyP XyPe
T\lT\,
5, AXeLWj RYWeLs
*ToV TpNU. LVm YLhPm (RhPju
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AXeLWjtLL RhPeLp Y[odLlTu\],
Ru Ul
I.

BV > >>|m >D.


1,
*ToV mTjp CPmTts[ T]eLs
A, 82
B, 90
C, 300
D, 254
2, ]v Lmv J
A, N
B, tUWm
C, UWm
D, [P
56

3, [Pd J GjdLh
A, pXkRv GmdL
B, ]v Lmv
C, _hW*T oLv
D, *ToV dLs
4, V W-Vuv RYWju CXLs
A, RjR
B, pXL[PV iyzX
C, LlTt\
D, AeL YY hX,
II.

| _m J[ kVB_ sBD.
5, *ToV mTju YLlTh XV GL,
6, [P Gu\p Gu]? GjdLh RL,
7, *ToV mTjp LQlTm TpY YLV]
UgNL[ GjdLhLPu GL,
8, *ToV mTj RYWeLs C CWlTo RYWeLu
C NtTV] GL,
9, ]v Lmv RYWju UgNV Y,
10, NVjVm UgNV [dL,
11, RVBE z|D][ _k \ |m
V|[ m.

III.

JqY ]tm 100 YojRLd LUp


PVdLm,
12, ]v Lmv RYWju Bi UX] Y,
13, ]v Lmv RYWju Ti UX] Y,
14, *ToV RYWjp LQlTm TpY YLV]
UgNL[ [dL,
15, *ToV mTju T[RW dVjYjR
GL,

V.

JqY ]tm 200 YojRLd LUp


PVdLm,
16, ]v Lmv RYWj] LXf NtLu Xm
[dL,
17, *ToV mTju Tl TiL[ GL,

57

s] >Vk z|DD
1.3.7 tRE - kVw z|DD
kV| W
kzA : \VVVo
k :
z|DD : tRE
Vm A^
k_
tRE z|D]_ \V 6 D 150 EuD
c^. z|D >Vk^ cs_ s >VKD k
\ z]_ ]\V c^. ]BVs_ z|DD 2
D, \V 25 EuD V|^m.
kB_A
B sB _V| E^, >B >V
VD JD >Vm g|^ cl kVk (.V. tRvV
VLBVV - kVw), >V \^ (.V. VkV
\VB[E - B[ ) >Vk V^ V[
V V|^.
k
VmkV ku _ok >VzA V|m.
>|
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B z]^ [BV[ >s ckV >\_
VF>VzD. VF>|z^V z]l_ \m
V|D \B - kVw>|- |D. \ ckVzD
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V| OMz]l_ \B cu] Fm. tRvV >m
kVV]_ x \|\ \ cu] Fm M
>m. k m x \|\ \m M V|zD
\VVV _V| >Vk\VzD. VkVs_ >z \_
kD >[\ cB c\ >| V|m.

>M , c]BV VDA[ B


>VBm, >V^ k OM cBm, B
cBm, B ]um, sDA k EBm^ Ez
Vz D\A cBm. B\ tRvVs_ w_
xlKD, VkVs_ kKD \m^.
58

\
tRvVs_ > V \ V|m. \l[
\^ B, V kxB, w_ xl_ \m^,
z V[ k]_V_ VmV|[. k ]_ \_
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\^
k ]KBk, VDA ]uk, VDuk,
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>[\ V[, \^ {_D Vk, \
cBk, \^.
s> kD
s> 6, |uz 3 T>D |z_ \m^.
s>^ >M>k _m >k. tRvVs_ k |[
J[ s>D, c^ |[ kV| s>D >V| >
\s_ m 5 u cB zw_ V[ \A
ckVm. c^ |[ \_ s> >Mm V|m. m
>VD \uD \[\BV V[D c^m.
\>>V^ kD
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s>z ]V \m^. tRvVs_ 5 \>>V^
\|\ k\Vk. c^ |[ \_ \>>V^ \|
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VkVs_ 6 \>>VD k\Vk. \>^
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V|D.
kD
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J[ \_ cBm.
M: tRvVs_ s>u D, VkVs_ kMD
V|m.
s> : um.
59

tRvV VLBVV
VuV_ sD
kB_A
B B \VVV _V| E.
k
ku _ok >VzA V|m.
>|
c\BV >| >B VD gzD. >z \_
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m \V \uD [ cV[ B z]^
[BV[ >s ckV >\_ VF>VzD. VF
>|z^V z]l_ \m V|D \B kVw>|- |D. \ ckVzD k]_ kVw >|
EBm, VF> mm V| OMz]l_
\B cu] Fm.

>M , c]BV VDA[ B


>VBm, >V^ k OM cBm, B
cBm, B ]um, sDA k EBm^ Ez
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> ^ | c| V|D.
\
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| ]BV c]m s|[.
\^
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60

_x
>
s>^
> V
\

\>>V^

\_

VF >|

_x

tRvV VLBVV

\[ \_

V_ \

\>
_>|

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c^|[ \_
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kD

z.k.>VuD - D

V_ \[ kVFV|
Br., Ebrl., ,
TPm

1,9

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tRvV VLBVV

61

\[ kD

\>>V^ kD
\>>V^ 6, |uz 3 T>D |z_
s>z ]V \m^. 5 \>>V^ \|\
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E g \_ x]EBBV> D _m \| D
V|D.
kD
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M: . Vz FB|D DVV kVw_ s>^
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\[ kVFV|^
g \
\

: Br., Ebrl., ,
: Br., Ebrl., ,

, P(3+2)+1, A 3+3 , G 0.
, P(3+2)+1, A 0, G(3).

V_ \

: Br., Ebrl., ,

, P(3+2)+1, A 3+3, G(3).

VV>V xBmkD
1. c >Vk^
tRvV VLBVVs[ (kVw) M^ cBk.
kVwVF, kVw>| \uD kVw \^ \m cbD
VF kVzD. ]swV_ >[ ^ c cbD
>V B[|>|[. >[ B clom |D
V _ VD[ E xzD ][ kVF>V >|m.
tRvV [E (z ] kVw) - lom |D
EB kVwwD cB k tz> MBVzD.
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tRvV o (\V V>VkD) [ >Vk][
B clom |D V^ VV m F>KzD
\uD l >BV B[|[. m \V V [D w
|D. >VkD o[ V_ ]\V k|m.
3. V >VkD
VkV \VB[E (B[ ), voEBV
(k[ V \) \uD oVMBV EuD
V[k V >VkVzD.
62

>[ \]|
I. BV > >>|m >D.
1. k[ V \ [w|km
. tRvV VLBVV
g. oEBV V
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~. oVMBV EuD
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g. ]B\
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~. w_ B\
3. VkV \VB[E >Vk][ \
. | D
g. | D
. > V
~. >M> D
4. VkV \VB[E \_ V|D k\V
\>>V[
. J[
g. V[z
. nm
~. g
II. | _m J[ kVB_ sBD.

5. Vo\ [V_ [ ? |mV| >.


6. \VVV _V| >VkD [V_ [? |mV|
>.
7. tREl[ kV| WB m.
8. tRvV VLBVV s[ k> sz.
9. tRvV VLBVVs[ V_ \[ k> km,
\[ kVFV m.
10. VF>| [V_ [? tRvV VLBVV s_ VF>|
kV ckVm?
11. tRvV VLBVV s[ VV>V xBmk> Bo|.
III.kV sVsuzD 100 kV>z tV\_ sBD.

12. tRvV \uD VkV >VkB c^


kV| m.
13. tRvV VLBVV s[ \>>V^ \uD k> sk.
14. tRE z|D>Vk[ VV>V xBmk> m.
IV.kV sVsuzD 200 kV>z tV\_ sBD.

15. tRvV VLBVV s VuV_ sk.


16. tRE z|D][ Vm A m.
63

1,3,8, AL
T]dmTm
YLlTh X
Yl : U]LyzP]
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TLp TWYXLd LQlTu\], CdmTj RYWeLs Uo 25
T]eLm. 225-dm UtThP t]eLm CkVp Es[],
Y[Vp
p TV CXL[ UPm Tp Tt\. [jRXt\ i
Tu\ Ri] EPV. Riu UtTWlp ER CXL
RmL[PV TV UWeL[m, (G,L, LLv *TW) ApX
RoN G,L, T hdLuv, CjRYWjp R W U R |
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CXLs EtTjVu\],
Yo
YtP Np-Yoj Rl,
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CPY Lm d LQlTm,
CX
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64

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