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    Crystal symmetry from Hammond textbook

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    11 views14 pages

    Crystal Symmetry (From Hammond)

    Uploaded by

    Bob Lollox
    Crystal symmetry from Hammond textbook

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 14
    ‘The symmety ofthe fourteen Benenson eryetal eH wih aoe ante. Secon fndameaal inp ending al te two Simcsionl ple rwps all he tremens pint gros anal espace ‘ous tht wl fe dsased in Section 4 If there ae tw dat anes, fx expe ave © be mutual oops, tere chace won ei: y the same ‘tho mast generat x thin dad perpendicular to beth of the I is the neces for seenssency which govern te contin of eet on of te Arent combinations o symmetry, contig teats af ach combat ‘his ali, whih iis the taal names of ple ontaton out definite umber such iyo, nthe eae te eyallgrantc pl rou the cyt ‘Sas the foteen vi tice 0 on “he cic vi el bs mre rma elects thin any hers very simplicity makes its army difi o grasp. More easy Yo follow te synth ‘starr cel Figure 33) shows te pint group syn fat etarombe ‘nico. tconis, he te cle dice no planes pr othe ae tee a te tore planes do ot exist yl the face dagen The oly seo ‘Syme tee das epi othe thes faces of toni el Tn bath asst ean be een at he poi rep sey ot these wi cells Figs 3.Sa)and'3 Sf) is ndependen of wheter th cell ae ceed tl the ie laces: rand Fete sume oi rap symmetry al four eorbae ties 2.1. P and Cave te are pit soup sme and won Thi snp heron ‘eas a inparta conctaion ent psi, fie bred mney a pt) ll wheter the undying Drea latice ceed or mts Tetfre ‘es ther oi pup yee, the rae re poupe. according the ‘Gayest deri cll, into seven rstalstem Fea crystal wth ai, {or latices belong tothe eablespstem, sls horn Fo Catices elon othe orthorhombic system, and on However, complain aie ‘ees fey wih Rexgorl lati, One might expe! hat al eytals witb 2 ‘oxagonl atic shai belog tole Reape tert showa a Cope the eral symm o ysl ay tbe Wes (and sly ot Symmetry ofthe udesyng Brava ts. Some crystals with nana lati. ‘prt donot show hexagon iad) sfnmety bathe lyme See eas Me asignd te tional system rer ine othe Bexaga yi, Hee te ‘igs icles erystate wits Beth heagonl snd eae Bras a ce Thee is yet anes froblem wie parca wnt wih he ion st iw inunasti?” Nevcmaionssi” Novi | “Tae 34 The sen stl antes te commending eva i ad ante om @ Brava latins and crystal ayetome 55 whatse Vr py hich coxespnto eagle cig pot 2 Sis 4 Crystalsymmetry: point groups, space groups, symmetry related properties and quasiperiodic crystals 42. Symmetry and erystall habit [Asinzatd in Chapter 3 ie syste 0 which aryl elongs maybe enifd fom {i observed oc extra mano, Sotines thi x4 very spe rocedine. For ‘ample els wich at found o grow or frm as cubes obviwl belong othe ‘beter the exten ot symmety of te esta and a of he dying wit (llr ential. However ry fom theo stm ny ot grow oa wih th ect shape feet ices say tack fom. oben 03 “These ue ost oo examples of very general phenomenon tougost al the crystal ‘yes only very eceatoaly do crys row With he sme Shape asta of he hdsrving wi el The erent shape or able doped by esas re detened peel and pyicl acre which oc a fe ome con US; What Ses Concer scopes eo Ko boo ecogiae to which syste a ysl felons even eng ts abt nay be qt ferent fom, and therfore conc te ‘Shape the ueryng ui cel “Pe cll the dns lis i he pin group symmetry of te erst, Conse, for expe th sjnty of the coc cysts which bate the shape cr tabi of 0 (Crystal eymmetry BOA 1 42, 04 nen a tn te ae we ‘ear pan Gt 0 nln sr a) ce, a othaton or 2 etakedon (igs 41 ad 42) o const dl ofthe (Agpenie Tae cube ad octahetn, athaugh ey atten shes, posses te poi poup symmetry. The ershedron, however, at en symmetry sly a ‘ior line instead of ne: ony te das rnin Between opps les Ge ogg the dictone perpetuate cbe faces te unfyngeubs) ah 8 tore, fords runing tough each cre. The common, unchanged syne lemens ate the fo equ inci) tins, ants the resece of thse feud Sich shurterzs crystals Belonging t the cae sytem. Cube crytal ally sess atonal symmetry clements—the row symmeticl eae erysals bein hoe ith the fl pin poup syne fd undtyng ui cl But isthe oe ‘lade! the re eds che ine ae plaes--wch ae the “alma of cubic rsa Sir considerations apply tall he theresa syste, Fo example, Fg 43 ‘ows de ethrhonbierystls Figure 4.3) sows crystal wih te alse ‘ft uneryng unt cll thre perpen ior plates an te perpen ‘ads pure 30) shows acral witenly wo mir planes nd ne dad longi Tne of etesection Figure 4c) shows stl with thc pepeoclar das Bb nor planes, 42. The thirty-two erystal classes ‘The examples sbown n Figs 41-43 ae of ryt wit life oi rou yam ‘es hey resale dilecterytl eases, Crystals nthe same cas have {he same pin grooprmmsy, in efit te tems are synonyms Nae at ‘tla ae cas dont neces have Ie mme stpe For expe, ee ndoctheion are cbvesl diferent shapes bt belong oth sae cls boat nt roupsymety eae two dma (Cptr 2) we fou tht thre wee ten plane pol groups: in tee deasions there ae hi-t0otre-dimeasional pola eoubs. One ofthe eeat 443. Contes and inversion axes of ymmetey a Wad 1g. ort 2) 790, fu, MALMO, 0 fh, 4804 7H.0 (2 tan hen Cy ten Pi aera oy 7) schieveset ofthe of mineralogy inthe ccc ey was he systemic ‘escrito pit soup resales adh dvson ino te even eta ystems Pati cei eo) F.C- Hesse owe contains ‘heundenandng of poll rou sya wer unrecognized wi ate idea The ‘Supt of seven irene or hp of nieryng un cel hen as up wth he ‘Sine ofthe fue Brats tis in ter word eases the cunecon ‘cwen he eteralestalie form er thape snd te lta oleae soc sarangemens Tris nov necessy to deri all he hiny-w0 poi eroupe seal: oly tie nomenclature for deci thr ingot singing fenres sods to be onsce Ts ree nove of atonal symtyemen—centes and nly we come to rata problem which bse ous wo colt minerals of vo gow cosas om sins wil nmodaely recogni, Our crystals re rately Thirty developed he ne in gs 4.2 o 43, tar palo appre ih Faeevof dileoa ie a shape nfo nich timespan to reco wy patente lemons te spol which hindered the developmen of Explor onl the dtcovery of te Lav of Comstany of Ietcial Angles {Section 11) which enable uo foc cn he dein cyl symmetry athe an tring verted byte contingencies of ysl gow, 4.3 Contres and inversion axes of symmetry ‘acryia orindeed ony objec, oseses cet asymmetry. then alin passing though te cere of cry comets uve asso tons, o cele. A oa Coystal symmetry gta, Ripeand tbat eect symey bees ena) pd ami ae ete em, fui example is aight nd an han place plo pa bu wi he i {st ping n oppose cscons asin Fp) Lins ising thumb ound pei ngetpallpas ough cent of symsety between bands When the ad ae laced patel but with he ngere ping inthe ime deco, 130 aye then re so cee of symmetry bt mime plane rye nnd. Ine 4b). nwo dimensions a ene of rymety gual to dad syne (Gen fo example, he mot and pane molecule shows ia F239). whch ta) te ‘dria swag dad symmetry ora cesta ymnety.) Ife dimensions his ‘Saotte case as at inspection of i 40 wl bo. Iverson axe of symmetry ar rath ical desi (pd terol ‘orth reagrtoonosand)witon the we of tb droga projection a nthe tf presetng tn dinesonal pata of plane nae on woes lan Tis toe iscovere in Cape 12nd he epson of yy een ‘ea in Section 1254, Coopers have the sane pole when tying to ereset the mice ofthe Ea ona two-dineesoal map ad they too Ike we of he 43. Contra and inversion axos a ermmetry 88 a oe ° 46 Bampton et np streopapic projection. In ats, the ilar maps ofthe werd (aly with he tor erst pols nh ete ae often streoprapsic pecs, Inversion aes re canon metry samen consting of ton allowed ty aninverson, Forexampi a deseo a Chater. he operation a ea (or [EAD rotton ai st open ey face prem every AF rttion, en ‘Sinetsions ving fow peting eo th oul pate of faces na cake Te Serato fan invertase Bor, torent cry ce rater every StF rtm ls iveson hough a eee. Wha rola furl pater fase fsa he verona, bt wih exch erate face ere, Examples of cyst Adan cot with nveron tetrad wer ar shownn Figs 4 (0) Th tenia as nf, th epi rou ymca testa. Notce ta wen its aed ‘boa teach downwards Tope surface pater replaced by {apm oop. Anoier 0” rotaon rings 3 dovaar lop dso ore fal $1" raion Nodes that he inversion tad nts sncated bye ‘ind leo) smb in tenses tad (open gure) sya, oe & nly. compare smc othe etgoa cryin ig. 4S) with tof he ‘ean ig 4240) dats which we recognized passing tg he cons ‘oppose fg athe aon a nf verona anes ode velop one of the pits mode n Seton ckng the bess the om of teabeon ees te sine elemeat alg he cae tics fom tat avesion ea. “Tere areal iverson aes corespoding to ration mons ads ins and hea, The operation of at inversion esa, fer example, Is oto 6" pls an ae Costal eymmotry inversion, this compound operation ng rpeated ta fi tines unl we ret {oe begonng. However, for telat the sje, thes ery prs ‘erga ig of esr Inportnc then the iverson ead Beau they ean ‘Se repeeate by combination of other eteranderstod) symnaty element. An iovenion mona, symbol oF is eae oa centre yey. An iverson did symbo is eivalent oa perpen mir plane An aversion id yb oe 3 giolnt a tad pa conte of yay — ‘hich sth symmetry ofsrhombobedal atic (ce i 81)-Nde ath top thee faceoftie nme ae elated ote baton dhe iceby uceate of mM. An iovenion hand, sma 8 or 6s equiseet twa ps a perpeniclar mire tne Agi thes queer best ndemiod with thas the sterogapic poe thon Chaper 2). The portant poston inversion tad ar unig (ety ‘aot berepetened by combat of woaton xe, cee of yey ioe lan) and therefoe sd wo fe cosdred partly. ‘The po grap sme ofthe hie clann are esceibed by 2 short-hand ation o pant group symbol which nea (bat ot ees all syanety ‘ements presen Fer ams the see cenes of symmet fmt reco ‘cm ty mn esol fromthe pene of ther symety clement, the peace fan inversion tind ais mentioned above. Tinta fare ‘vo crystal lanes a pin ros, ad heir dation among the sven crys ‘ystems ly worked etn th rtratoal Tables or Crstalorapy publi forthe iterations Union of Cytaogrphy ao n F.C Philips” furoducton Ctallogapy th ela (Nera Boy). Atogele tee ae five eae elses, thee erro le, ce nace clases and x0 on They ae all ined in Table 3.4 (p73). Te dria wich he symmetry elements re wren dowa athe pn group symbol depend ponte eal yee Inte cbc ye tei placental refers to the as parle oo planes symmetry erpenclro, thal ans dhe second ees thf tds [rvs a dhe td he ac pra oo planes of symmetry perpen tothe fice diagonal destione. Heme the pot group rymbal forthe cube cee ‘aetrn—th mont retical ofthe cube estas 82m Tis fl pit {reup symbol is usally (dae ull cota to mim because open ‘om of he fou adsl nite mir planes (he parle the cube faces nd st rll to te fac dagoad) stomatal genet the tects ind an ect of symmetry, The sel fo the tearm Ste # refering to te ce lnverson erates lng te and rates oper with bem efi othe ace ‘agonal moras. Thelen symm cubic css oi group sme, ‘ony ind along he nd aes ad the characters four as 1 the hero sysem the te pes nthe poi up spa refer othe symmetry elements asviad wih te, ye and aes. The st Symmetrical cass (ia which hash fll oo ero vaca of te underineeharkombc 44 Ceytalymmety and propertin 8s oni alg 3.5 as the fa oie soup sya! ini, but this is sully revit to rmbt the sence othe duce mor aes perpen ‘hes, y and vane ‘sulomatcly peers th thee perpendicular das The ce te late af mn Fp. 40) dd along the imesecton of wo mir panes nd 222 (Fig 4(0)-tuce perpendicular ins nthe monotinesystem th pin group symbol simply refers to the syne lements sented with he jt Tat may bead (las 2) a8 evenion Sad (equates toa erent mior plane (las orm). ora did ps peel ‘nor plane (ls 2. Inte teagna, bexagonsl ad goal tems, the i pot inthe pint goap ymbolrefrsin th niga’ rani Forexmpe he agonal cya a Fg Save Prime group symety 12m valeriag wo the iverson tes aoa the a, 2 ‘fering othe das sang he «and aes abd othe mor planes whic ise the and ates (which you wl find by examining te model). Oe ofthe igor ‘sss spout ro sb 3 (nt cone with ess lass 23) sage ‘iad along the ans ad es) perpen dads z Nota elses of gual wore wo of be (82a 6 = in) the may te example fal cyt all On the ter ad te tw onc elas sn 2m contin about 30 pe cet of al nergy materials on 3 ya ung’ bi nloing feldspar, the commen mineral in tae and my ter enol moat mineral As forthe eta of rani compen cas ms by frthe most important, while crystal of Mla ingen substances Wich nti hal (Sabor hed eosatomorpse moles) ve a peeection ft tte 2 The commonest ls in ay steam isthe halasymmetri class. 2. te ‘lst which shows the highest symnety The bolosymmerie cable els mci, te ‘st tyme of al contains only ew per eat fal eta om his has the also incl many mineral std eames econ ab comet Impoanc. 44 Crystal symmetry and propertios ‘he quits which are wed describe the properties of mitra 3 e kao. snp represeted coins be asone mesure esa) Gl vi tant For example, pop ceficen) of elcticalconcviy i givenby ‘he amoat of eletical cures owing between vo pon which may be messed in "ea a) dd bythe electra pel gent the prolei efecs he prope ofcerin crystal of developing clr polrvaton nice epee ‘gst is ven bythe plarvaton divide by the tenprsure change the fet ‘Space given he qn of hea sbubed a given ot divided by te temper: tuechange and oo, In ny Gn fc mow) cases the mess quits depend on deton and ae calle vector In the exapls above, else ceren flow, otal aie ad 86 Coystal eymmetry latzaton ae all vectors. The ote qusnites in the exanple sone, temperate hangs quantity of tet donot pe on dca cle sels, ‘Te import pint is ht, in nse cases where one or moe ofthe Mesied ‘games vary with stn, so als do the crys properties they are ma oe ‘nttape (ram te Grek ops, ition om (ane (8 he) ne. As ttopy cles arses becase te arangements of toms cyl ayn iferet Siecons—you weal ively exper yt tobe anton exes being those popes (he at cpai wich ae det nspenen. You would lb mately expt cubic eniasto be Tes ans’ thn, noc ons ‘because ftir greater syminc, and hs ition wovl lobe cet Fo many ropes, bunt al ei ras re stops propery yop soe ‘eis cretion independent Ine came pve ove, cab ets souepc ‘nih eet to elected ond They ate abo trp wth fear Be Poletti ute esas donot elec plazaton whe te temperance is changed: he prolate i eo ut cbc cele nt isoopie wid pet to al properties. Rr example, hi lite pope, which deine te mechanical properties offs, sear nd balk mol ae dion ‘epenen and hese ae very spore ctr with eps the popes fet ada ence one major ue of pint pou iia eating cya sy nd properties 1s the extra mma of cyst le rr the symmetry ofthe ita ale futuro tami rangement alo do thes in a deen once ctl ‘Popes Some examples ave tent ben ll Fer eam the pyre ‘fect canot exist a el osensing ere of symunty, and the pyro ‘ete pelazaton can only log eton in cx tht nig, nthe etme tha tis repented by any symmetry ele Thee ate nl te poi rps fr erystal clases which fi fhew coos an Uy called the ten Par it groupe a 3 ae a ee ence, polarity orth prveleicetet an only ocerin sete arin caps orelses ‘very lowly related pope to pyroclety, ndof getimportance in ele ceramics, is feroeleeiy A fenton eral, ike pyle syst can to show polation, borin aon the dseon of polation tay be eve by the aptatn ofan elec fel. Mot femetae cs have taiton ‘cert (Cure pin above which he syne on polar a ow which ‘ipoter (Oe sch examples baum ant, BuTOs, which has the perovskite statue gL, Above the Cae temperate baru ante hs ally Syme abe srr, point up nt, teow the Cre tepertare, wen thes becomes ferocec dstordonseccr—« sal expan osu longo ell cea smal insole he hn yl oyu mney a 44 Ceyatalaymetry and properties sr fuer lowered below the Cae point fer stn ocr a he point op symmetry canges svecessvly onan Sal of th of oss ng Plat at rete “Another ery potas pope spielen development of an ete diptewhen acyl sree, ocnvesly he change of thaps of 9s we it subjected oan elec eld. A oguleam te app ses wl be eotesymetl oifaerystalisto develops ipl, devsop charges of oppose Sign at opposite ends of ine dough ene, teat have see of sya. ‘Tere ae Iwey-one noa-entosymametie pit srope (Tale 31), wi ‘scept on, pa poup 430, may ete vol. i the presence ofthe ‘Sully nin usd, ade nd ninth cic pot ip cin ee cae tthe development of uidectonal pole "Theopcalproperies of esate Yaron of efractv index withthe vibration and propagation dmion of pt Goble ecto obrerngene) he vrs ‘five index wi wavelngh of colar of the ig penion or he asc ‘arin of absorption ot tight (leoshoism)—ae all syrmety dependent. The omplexiy ofthe opal properties rents athymic dete, Cates tne otal isrpie—te Propagation of igh the sae nal tons sad they hives single efativ inet Teun agonal nd wrignal ryt crm ‘sie by wo refines Fo ight uveing ia deton erento the ‘inp tad ex eid) ais sah crystals exh wo rence dss —one foctigh viewing elo the pcp ai aod aor fright bing n= lane eect te pencil axis or gk even lon the pips and Sheer vinating in the plane pespendcl toi. the stl exits eal one ‘acti inde. nd eetee Bebe, orth etn enya an ically stop ‘pt Suc css called aia! with respect ot pic prope, tad their symmetry as called the ope ot, Cras ong ote ei ing cyl ssems—othohombe, ambtne and tin churted by tee reactive indices ud 0, bot oe, pt ts, Hens tye ad to be bia sine there ae 60, pot one dectoas for the decton of propagation of ight which they appest oe optically owopc It shoul be noted, however, tha ule ‘mins esas, there i spe eatenship between the we ep es of bial ‘pts andthe piney element nor ave they fe, ut rary rest ‘persion ithe vations nthe value te refi ndces with ween, nly, tre isthe phenomenon r pope of epic avty ersoyplaiz ‘ion wich should ec te eons wit dole esto, pesca ich in tet, the vibaona rection of light rats such tt papapaes trench the erst ina ela ues eter othe ih (Seveooaay) of ft avert {ary Now sighted and lefhaned ates ae inet nthe se way ‘ight and It had (Fg 48) or he two pat of wine (Pg 18) and ‘heer opcal actiiy neal be expected toa onlin don cyst which ose Invighthandodo ft-haned form, te which at pss mor pane scene (or inversion ax) of sme. Such yal asa be canoes ‘here ae gee leven enanomnrphons clases of pit group symmees ‘Table 3.0, ‘0 opt mmetry eee cet pe Tt) . a Ee ® ae Me (tore) eta ne an tn si ot Ca er ke ‘ae a ic Wa ese, Non Yon) Ci "tind oom rc eras as Pig ht), famous example iat (ig. 46 1848 Loni Pace” ist ote hse ‘wots emiedrl he igh abemibotalto theft undribemirscope an ‘ving eprtedthe found hat th stations wero avenge Sees "Te sty of enantiomorphisn czy. from te Grek hu ch sng ‘nds becoming incense npr. Luis Pater, no art of hs werk on ‘arti i, waste isto suggest hat the molecule cme cold be chia, thatthe coud exist inte igthaned oleh lon. Te bas consis ‘living things chil nea th amin cd pesca a pci th moles Present acd adhe DNA deb ei tl, But non nator is ‘rerfeand innature—enly -amioo aes are preset npn don Dolees ‘erst in ili ak L stands for levoor lean, snd D stds for ‘dxta—orriphoating). Wy thi sald eso foe of te mysteries serounag the eign of tie elf ad fr wich many expintos oe hypotheses ave beck offered fas many hypotheses supose, was he eof cane eves wich was "hen cml by prow, tea we might reasomaly pp tit on ster ‘lant sch at ows th ppere event might hiv eared a ta thot ex ng ‘atures in every way Ie ouseves, bt who ar conte of amb aids ad "However, torr to cath, once our bas hry has bee tisk he D- a 1 (eantimerptic) forms of many subsncs, inding dus fa partic, nay 45 Translational symmetry elements 0 hue very dierent chemical and Wee poperies. For exampls the molecule ‘spangae cca i two enaiomorpie forts, one of which tases biter tthe ‘te see. Taldoie she igh-handed lace of which esa sda but the Iefchaned mlzcle of whieh fave tie to bc defect. Hence hil sepuntion, andthe pedicion of exanomenpisly pute asin, i of jor speranc. 4.5 ‘Translational aymmetry elements ‘Te tiny 0 pot group syne (sble 3.1 may be apple othe dimensions ates just asthe tn plte plo grup sync re api to to-date ers (Chsper 2). Asin two desis where tasitonsl symm lets ot selina, voaloin the dimensions do lie planes and sho serew aes ae. It Js enly noses to se the symmetry proper of putes ta re Serer by ‘hese tao! syne elements le planes are the heeds anal eof genes; they define the sje in wich minor led pat of the mai $e fla ato spacing nig. 29h gue re rent yg ine ch ‘inex bevsuized ple plane symmetry. Cie planes symbole te, Dye (acorn to whee the tnsation slag theo ae) ord (agonal dao lide special cases iveling asinton along mare ta os i) ‘Screw ates (fr which ber is ae two-dimensional analog) ctaly desi ‘ical patemns of womsormaleele othe il sme of mais Several pes ‘of hele pst and they ae alls yon erent combina of oon ‘te and vain. Figure 47 shows the poate sew as le Geto of tan Tatoo out the plane o the pgs) withthe gh of tess sje repeened sft the tice repeat dts (compas Fi 23 Serow mes ‘Me eeseted in wing the general sab N, N erseting he rato C23 ‘and sbsrptm repeseting the pc interns of be amr fats tazaton or rpatdtines fer oe complet eats ofthe hei malt tere repens he Translation fr enc tao round he at. Thusthe ew nests oation ‘of 90"felowed by season of fhe eps discs which sented he tines Twigs Fi a incl poston ul placed on tie rpet dns: the y re ais represents aration of 9° flloed by wamlaion off of he late spe Usance, which epee tre tnes gine lc wit pic of te lie repeat ‘inners. This i eialnt he sre abt of poe sin te ai "htm el and 4 is i et hanged Rl nso the se nations of ach her Sim th 3y ad ates, the ands ste, nd the esd ses me ‘tanomorps ofeach ote Indra stew aes are represents the sl or ‘tesa axis watt linden amido ery sats) he ae and sense of roti ie Fig 7). Stew aes have cue te oatepas n ‘Suture and desig dstbaton of nve around them os ple fea ‘he pate of steps in a pa ey Rebel) stireare,Fgu 48 shows ta sch ‘amples Figure 49 shows the sre exc which oan te pst ae ‘tat they ron pall fo the cae se lose in the nfl chee wach sccurinthe hcp structure, They donot ought tom centres fete the Ayer 1g 42, The penton of ome nt on eed ek, RT fat nde ni fenhtnttrstacnct enpo ace im th ets armen sani ion ain ie Wee he B lye tosis thse a he Pstons of he ind (not ena) ane in te Bap Tat asthe extemal symmetry of ral doesnot lstineish between rmtve and | 45 ‘Translational symmetry elements a Teds. 0 Asta) aad ents mn bp sce. Noo 15) pu ph le cht weno st ete ‘cr sro anon ates. Fr example the faces ofan hp rsa show hexa, ‘Seiad oymety, whereas te snderying sour pases only Sew esa. 6), ‘mney. nny crystals pica aise a rea of the existence of natomorpic screw ons For ctl in gue (omomoryic els 52), the Si struct unis ‘rich a ot helen aymmtr are sanged long the eax (ohich i ao He pcos) infers 3 3 sere oem, Ts es ie w te two enanti~ ‘octal feof gor (li 2, Fg. 4.10, The ple of polation of anc ed ight propapting og the pte as tae oe ot heal oF Foaton depending th wavelength of height and the chess he ces Tis ‘nto mp th sane enomenon a ifingsee xt lt even song te (pict xl ety definition) one sctivende. Ihe 3 oF 3 bia a Crystal aymmetry arangemeot ofthe SiO, seta nits in quis destroyed (eg if the erst is ‘oko an said a la) the ope ny wil alo be dastoyed However, ter eine mich a te acid (Fig. sn vives, the cals aries frm he asymery—be lack of mimo plan or eae of ‘Sjamety-—of the molecule te (ga) sock eases the opel ait ino

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