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Angle Modulation
&
'
i (t) = c t + kp m(t)
where c = 2fc .
2. Frequency Modulation:
i (t) =
i (t) =
c + kf m(t)
Z t
i (t) dt
0
fi (t) dt +
kf m(t) dt
0
&
'
s(t) = Ac cos(c t + kp m(t))
Here, kp is phase sensitivity or phase modulation index.
Frequency Modulation If m(t) = Am cos(2fm t) is the message
signal, then the Frequency modulated signal is given by
i (t) = c t +
k f Am
k f Am
sin(2fm t)
2fm
f
'
s(t) = Ac cos(2fc t + sin(2fm t))
Depending on how small is FM is either Narrowband
FM( << 1) or Wideband FM( 1).
Narrow-Band FM (NBFM)
In NBFM << 1, therefor s(t) reduces as follows:
&
'
m(t)
NBFM signal
Asin(c t)
Phase shifter
/2
A cos( c t)
oscillator
&
'
Wide-Band FM (WBFM)
A WBFM signal has theoritically infinite bandwidth.
Spectrum calculation of WBFM signal is a tedious process.
For, practical applications however the Bandwidth of a
WBFM signal is calculated as follows:
Let m(t) be bandlimited to BHz and sampled adequately at
2BHz. If time period T = 1/2B is too small, the signal can
be approximated by sequence of pulses as shown in Figure
??
&
'
m
&
'
as shown in Figure ??
4 B
k mp
c
c +
kf mp
BWf m
&
BWf m
1
(2kf mp + 8B)
=
2
= 2(f + 2B)
'
Bf m 4B
But the bandwidth for NBFM is the same as that of AM
which is 2B
A better bandwidth estimate is therefore:
BWf m
&
= 2(f + B)
kf m p
+ B)
BWf m = 2(
2
This is also called Carsons Rule
'
Demodulation of FM signals
Let f m (t) be an FM signal.
f m (t) = A cos(c t + kf
m() d)
0
&
'
Envelope = A (c + kf m(t))
FM signal
Envelope of FM signal
'
(t )
(t)
fm
d/dt
fm
Envelope
Detector
A( c + k
m(t))
&
'
i
= c + kp m0 (t)
m0p
= [m0 (t)]max
= k p mp
BWpm
BWpm
= 2(f + B)
kp m0p
+ B)
= 2(
2
&
'
'
i =
d
(t) = c + 7, 500 cos 1500t + 20, 000t
dt
2 =
11,193.66
1000
Hence f =
3. =
f
B
11, 193.66Hz
= 11.193