ENGR-1050

Xing Hong
Superconductor
Did you dream of float in the air or fly in the
sky Do you admire the flight vehicle of Aliens
Maybe you know the superconductors but maybe you
dont know It will give you what kind of
surprise.superconductors

is

the

most

important

material to made magnetic suspension,So,Today I

want to talk about the superconductor.
What is the superconductor and Hightemperature superconductors?
In1911 The Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh
Onnes discovered the Superconductivity in Leiden.
Superconductivity is

phenomenon

of

exactly

zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain

materials

when cooled below

characteristic critical

temperature. And

The

superconductor is a material that can conduct electricity or transport electrons from

one atom to another with no resistance. This means no heat, sound or any other form
of energy would be released from the material when it has reached "critical
temperature" (Tc), or the temperature at which the material becomes superconductive.
(Superconductor). Scientists had put electricity in the superconductor, and they
found

there

is

not

been

any

attenuation

in

the

next

two

years

.Superconductors lose electrical resistance only by subjected to intense cold But the
HTS(High-temperature

superconductors)

are

materials

that

behave

as superconductors at unusually high temperatures.The first high-Tc superconductor

was discovered in 1986 by IBM researchers Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Mller, who
were awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their important break-through in
the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials".Whereas "ordinary" or
metallic superconductors usually have transition temperatures (temperatures below
which they are superconductive) below 30 K (243.2 C), and must be cooled using
liquid helium in order to achieve superconductivity, HTS have been observed with
transition temperatures as high as 138 K (135 C), and can be cooled to
superconductivity using liquid nitrogen.Until 2008, only certain compounds of copper
and oxygen (so-called "cuprates") were believed to have HTS properties, and the term
high-temperature

superconductor

was

used

interchangeably

with

cuprate

superconductor for compounds such as bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide

(BSCCO)

and

yttrium

barium

copper

oxide

(YBCO).

Several iron-based

compounds (the iron pnictides) are now known to be superconducting at high

temperatures.In 2015, sulfur hydride (H2S) under extremely high pressure (around
150 gigapascals) was found to undergo superconducting transition near 203K (70 C), the highest temperature superconductor known to date.For an explanation
about Tc (the critical temperature for superconductivity), see Superconductivity
Superconducting phase transition and the second bullet item of BCS theory
Successes of the BCS theory.(HTS) In fact, we also call the normal Superconductor
is Type1 Superconductor and call the HTS is Type2 Superconductor.
What is the characteristic of Superconductor----Meissner effect
The Meissner

effect is

the

expulsion

of

a magnetic

field from

a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state. The German

physicists Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered this phenomenon in

1933 by measuring the magnetic field distribution outside superconducting tin and
lead samples. The samples, in the presence of an applied magnetic field, were cooled
below theirsuperconducting transition temperature. Below the transition temperature
the samples cancelled nearly all interior magnetic fields. They detected this effect
only indirectly because the magnetic flux is conserved by a superconductor: when the
interior field decreases, the exterior field increases. The experiment demonstrated for
the first time that superconductors were more than just perfect conductors and
provided a uniquely defining property of the superconducting state. Meissner
effect
If the superconductor in the superconducting state It will exclude all of the
magnetic flux.magnetic flux density will be zero.on other hand The another
characteristic of Superconductor is a Diamagnetism(diamagnetic body) other
magnetic field cant into its body.
Uses for Superconductors
The most useful of superconductors is in the traffic--Magnetic-levitation,
Magnetic-levitation is an application where superconductors perform extremely well.
Transport vehicles such as trains can be made to "float" on strong superconducting
magnets, virtually eliminating friction between the train and its tracks. Not only
would conventional electromagnets waste much of the electrical energy as heat, they
would have to be physically much larger than superconducting magnets. A landmark
for the commercial use of MAGLEV technology occurred in 1990 when it gained the
status of a nationally-funded project in Japan. The Minister of Transport authorized
construction of the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line which opened on April 3, 1997. In
April 2015, the MLX01 test vehicle (shown above) attained an incredible speed of
374 mph (603 kph).(Uses for Superconductors) superconductors make Our

transportation more convenientIts benefit for the social.

In addition, superconductors can
create very amazing and fiction products
such as hover-board, In the 2014, The
Hendo company use superconductors
produce the first real hover-board, people
can take it float ,hovering and move on
the on the plates. And in this year, The LEXUS company made the more great Hover
board---SLIDE, The hoverboard is constructed from an insulated core, containing
HTSLs (high temperature superconducting blocks). These are housed in cryostats reservoirs of liquid nitrogen that cool the superconductors to -197C. The board is
then placed above a track containing permanent magnets.When the board is cooled to
its operating temperature the tracks magnetic flux lines are pinned into place,
maintaining the hover height of the board.(LEXUS,SLIDE), It will make you float
on water even dont wetting your shoes.It represents superconductors will produce
more vehicle in the future,The flight vehicle and hover board or hover car will not just
live in our dream.
In the future, superconductors will unceasingly use in the scientific research,It
will become more valuable.

Works Cited
.Superconductor,ffden-2.phys.uaf.web ,May. 2007,march 2016.
HTS,WikipediaWikipediaweb,march 2016.march 2016.
Meissner effectWikipediaWikipediaweb,January 2012march 2016.

Uses for
Superconductors,superconductors.org,superconductors.org,web, April 2015,march
2016.
LEXUS,SLIDE,LEXUS,lexus-int,Web,march 2016.march 2016.