13

201210

14

1945

1945

1917

1920
1
1928

2
1937

3
1945

Warsaw Pact

15

19401950Jean-Paul Sartre

1930
4.51950

Marshall Plan

Friedrich A. von Hayek

John M. Keynes

16

bk

nation state
party state

17

19501990
Nikita S. Khrushchev

Mikhail S. Gorbachev
bl

Josip B. Tito

1956

1953

1946bm

1953

1956

bn

Uprising
1956
Poznan
Wladyslaw Gomulka

Imre Nagy195610

Hungarian Revolution11Jnos

18

Kdr

bo
196070

bp
1960

1960

1964Leonid I. Brezhnev

bq

1977

19

1960

Ota Sik

Antonn Novotny
1964
1967

1960

1968Alexander Dubcek

Prague Spring

1968

1969Gustv Husk
br1970

1968

19701212

451,100
Edward Gierek

20

1970
bs

Anastas I. MikoyanAlexei N. Kosygin

1970

bt

1970

ck

1980

21

1980

1980

1980
198110Wojciech Jaruzelski

1980

cl

1980

Yuri V. AndropovKonstantin U. Chernenko

1985

1986

22

cm
1989

1989

cn1990

1991819

Boris N. Yeltsinco

19801990

1970
Jnos Kornai
19731987GDP3.9%1.9%
19881988GDP
4.1%0.1%2.2%2.6%
0.5%cp

1980
198919903
610
1990

23

11
1992
cq

24

25

Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei

cr

cs

ct

dk

dl

dm

dn

26

27

do

dp

Daniel Chirot

dq

28

1920
1930

dr

123Peter MathiasSidney Pollard

2004900
909-91911-12
4

1991
47
5

Brian Crozier
2003142
6

197855
2010
317-19

7cq315450
8

Ronald Aronson

20051761957

199953-56

bkbmbnbobpbrbsbtcl

198890-99149191-229252341-45451-55
456689-90686
bl

bq

393-94

ck

195419806.5%1953

19809.1%
36%1.9
3.9%

cm

R. G. Pikhoia1945-1991

2006568

cnco1945-1991
631718-57
cp

Jnos Kornai

2007184-85
cr

Karl MarxFriedrich Engels

199730

csdkdl384662-63
ct

41
dm

198850
dn

199033
do

391-9019451991
667-72
dp

Leslie Holmes

1995271
dq

Daniel Chirot

1991473476
dr

Adolf
A. Berle
1961

29