REPORT NO, ces ercas/23 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER ‘ocroaer 1969, LOCAL BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS OF DEFORMED BARS UNDER GENERALIZED EXCITATIONS by ROLF EUGEHAUSEN EGORP. POPOY YITELMO . BERTERO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA + Berkeley, CaliforniaLOCAL BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS OF DEFORMED BARS UNDER GENERALIZED EXCITATIONS Experimental Results and Analytical Model by Rolf Elgehausen ‘Visiting Scholar from the Univesity of Stuttg, Federal Republic of Germiny Egor P. Popov Professor of Civil Engineering University of California, Berkeley temo V. Bete Professor of Civil Engineering University of California, Berkeley ‘A report on research sponsored by the ‘ational Seienee Foundation Report No, UCB/EERC-83/23 Earthquake Engineering Research Center Colloge of Engincering University of California ‘Berkeley. California October 1983ABSTRACT This report covers integrated experimental and anslytical investigations that permit Dredicting snalyticelly the local bond stress-sip relationship of deformed reinforcing bars subs jected to generalized excitations, such as may occur during the response of reinforced concrete (R/C) structures wo severe earthquake ound motions Some 125 pull-out specimens were tesed. Each one of these specimens simulated the confined region of 4 tear-cokumn joint. Only a shor length (five times the bar diameter) of « Grade 60 deformed reinforcing bar was embedded in confined concrete. The tts were fun under dsplicement control by subjecting one bar end to the required force necded to induce the desied slip which was measured atthe unloaded bur end, The influence of the fltowing parameters on the bond stess-slip relationship was studied (1) loading history, (2) confining reinforcement, (3) bar diameter and deformation pattem, (8) concrete compresive seaeth, (5) clear bar spacing, (6) transverse pressure, and (7) loading rate The deailed experimental resus ae presented and compared with results given in the Iiterature. Based on the experimental results obtained, relatively simple analytic! model for ‘the locit ona strsssip relationship of deformed bars embedded in confined concrete is developed. The model takes into account the sigaiicant parameters that appear t9 control the ‘behavior observed int, experiments. The main assumption is that bond deterioration during ‘generalized excitations depends on the damage experienced by the concrete which, in turn i function of the wot! dissipated energy. This essumption appears to apply ony in the range of ow cycle fate; that s, when a smal numberof cycles at relatively large slip values is eppied ‘The proposed analytical model fo the local bond stress-slip relationship exhbits satsac- ‘ory agreement with experimental results under varios sip histories and for various bond con- sitions ‘The concrete in R/C joints of ductile moment resisting frames outside of srcup-tis i lunconfined, Therefore, based on the evaluation of test data given in literature, the analtyicalmodel is modified to include such regions. Furthermore, rules are formulated to extend the validity of the mode! to conditions different from those present in the tests sation reported herein ar used to offer Some conclisions regard- ‘The results ofthe invest Ing the behavior of bond of deformed bars under monotonic and cyclic long, and recommen- ations for further work ar indicated “aACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “The authors are grateful for the financial support provided for this inves National Ssionee Foundation under Grent PFR7S.08984 to the University of Califor ley. The support of Dr. R. Blgehausen bythe Deusche Forschungs-gemeinschaft are grat- fully acknowledged. ‘The projct was under general supervision of Professors E.P. Popov and V.V. Betero. F.C, Filppou assisted with the preparation ofthe report for publistion, Gail Feszll sade the drawings and prepared them for publication, and Linda Calvin di the typing ofthe final manuscript. The authors would lik to thank them for thir hep.TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘Page ABSIT oe ee Reece ee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS © 2 vv ve eee eee Peer sa TABLE OF CONTENTS =... Bee eC ce ece aera ‘TABLE OF CONVERSION FACTORS 2s eee ee ee eee eee vit List OF TABLES 2s. eee eee vast LIST OF FIGURES 6. seep eee ee peer eee eee nt. m1. WWRODUCTION oo ee ee eee eee ee eee ee F Lal General se eee eee 2 1.2 Objectives and Scope sv eee ae ee 2 LITERATURE REVIEM So eee ete 2.1 Experimental Studies on Local Bond Stress-Slip Relationship 4 2iteL General Descriptions... ee eee eer 4 2.1.2 Monotonic Loading eee Pae 2els3 Gyelic Leading = = - . - 3 2.2 analytical Models for Cyclic Loading... 1... ess + 10 2.3. sumary of chapter I... eee 2B EXPERDENTAL PROGRAM oe eee Pere 15 3.1 Test Specimen... - Pee cee 1S 3.2 Test Program oe ee eee ee eee 8 3.3 Material Properties oe eee eee becca at BB Concrete oe eee cece 2 J..2 Reinforcing Steel oo. ee eee 1. 3.4 Manufacture and Curing of Test Specimens»... 2s 22 3.5 Experinental Setup and Testing Procedure. 2... 2-23 tvTable of Contents (cont'a) IV, EXPERIVENTAL RESULTS... CCG oooooo0Kd 4.2 Visual Observations and Failure Node 4.3 Monotonic Loading... . 4.3.1 General Behavior . 4.3.2 Influencing Peraneters oo... . 4.3.2.1 Tension or Compression Loading . . « 4.3.2.2 Confining Reinforcement 4.3.2.3 Bar Diameter. 4.3.2.4 Concrete Strength 4.3.2.5 Bar Spacing. 4.3.2.6 Transverse Pressure 4.3.2.7 Rate of Pullout 4.3.3 Comparison with Other Results 4.3.3.1 General Behavior 4.3.5.2, Imtiuence of Investigated Parancters 44 Cyclic Loading 2... 4.4.1 General Behavior . 4.4.2 Unloading Branch . 404.3 Frictional Branch. Auk Reloading Branch - 4.4.5 Reduced Envelope. . 4.4.6 Influencing Parameters. 4.5 Reguied Restraining Reinforcement V. ANALYTICAL MODEL OF LOCAL BOND STRESS-SLIP Ee RELATIONSHIP Page 26 26 26 7 2 8 28 2 3 2 3 38 34 6 En 3 29 a a a a 6 “8 3 ByTable of Contente (conta) 5.2 Theory of Bond Resistance Mechanism . . 34 5.2.1 Monetoate Loading»... 5.2.2 Cyclic Loading Analytical Model for Confined Concrete... 5.31 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.38 5.3.5) Monotonic Envelope ses eee Reduced Envelope ss 2 ee Frictional Resistance 2.2... Unloading and Reloading Branch . . Effects of Variation of Different Parameters on Analytical Models. ees es 5.3.5.1 Effects on Monotonic Envelope. 5.3.5.2 Effects on Cyclic Parameters... 5.3.6 Conparigon of Analytical Predictions of Local Bond Stress-Slip Relationships with Experinencal Results Analytical Nodel for Uncoafined Concrete in Tension and Compression 5.4.1 Monotonic Envelope vse ee ee eee 5.4.2 Cyclic Parameters 22-22... VE. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 6 Summary and Conclusions 61. ese bald 6.1.2 Gyelde Loading Wonotonse Loading... aoe 6.1.3 Analytical Bond Model 2. 2... Recommendations for Future Research... . vi 5 52 56 37 60 62 ca 63 65 65 66 66 «6 70 70 70 n n n 1% 78 85TABLE OF CONVERSION FACTORS To convert finches (én.) feet (5) yards (va) ‘square inches (sq 9.) cubic snches (eu Sn.) cable feet (cu £t) pounds mass (15m) ons (ton) mass pound force (1bE) kilograns force (kee) pounds Force per equare inch (psi) To millinevers (am) meters (m) etere (n) square eillineters (mn!) cubic millinetere (nn*) cubte meters (a*) Kilograms (ke) ktlograms (ke) ewtons (1) eutons (tt) Kilopascals (kPa) vit Molesply by, 23.8 0.305, 0.918 645 16.4% 10° 0.028 0.453 907TABLE 3.1 TABLE 3.2 TABLE 3.3, TABLE 3.4 TABLE 4.1 TABLE 4.2 LIST OF TABLES. TEST PROGR Se eee MIX OF CONCRETE oe ee eee CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE STRENGTHS... . GEOUETRY OF BAR DEFORMATIONS 2... eee STANDARD DEVIATION OF BOND RESISTANCE AT GIVEN SLIP VALUES FOR ALL TESTS MONOTONICALLY LOADED (SERIES Lina on ee ee eet ‘COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF BOND RESISTANCE FOR CYCLIC VOADING TESTS (SERIES 2.3 102415) eee ee ee ees vats 8 80 at 82 a3 84FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIs. FIG. Fie. FIs. FIG. Fic. FIG. Fre. aa 2 23 24 25 2.6 27 28 29 2.10 aa 22 Bat 32 33 34 LIST oF FIcURES TYPICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOND STRESS T AND SIIP FOR MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC LOADING sees sve eee INTEROIAL BOXD CRACKS AND FORCES ACTING ON CONCRETE GPTER TID) ee eee SEAR CRACKS IN THE CONCRETE KEYS BETWEEN LUGS PIER TIO) ee eee INFLUENCE OF THE RELATED RIB AREA cop AND DIRECTION OF CASTING OW BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR MONOFONTC LOADING (AFTER EIS oe ee LOCAL BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR SMAL. SLIP VALUES AFTER DIFFERENT RESEARCHERS . vs ee es BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR MONOTONIC LOADING FOR DIFPERENT REGIONS IN A JOINT (APTER [8]) oe ees ew INFLUENCE OF THE RATIO BOND STRESS UNDER UPPER TO.D, MAX =, TO STATIC BOND STRENGTH, Tyas ON THE NBER OF CYCLES UNTIL BoND FATLURE (APTER'I31)) vs ee es INCREASE OF SLIP AT THE UNLOADED BAR END UNDER PRK OAD DURING CYCLIC LOADING AS A FUNCTION OF THE NMBER OF LOAD REPETITIONS (AFTER (31]) 0 ee eee eee LOCAL. BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CONFINED CONCRETE UNDER CYCLIC LOADING (AFTER [8]) AVALYTICAL MODEL FOR LOCAL 80% STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP PROPOSED BY MORITA/KAKU [12]... .. . ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR LOCAL, BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP PROPOSED BY TASSTOS [9]. vss... ss AWALYTTCAL ¥ODEL FOR LOCAL BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP PROPOSED BY VIVATHANATEPA/POPOU/BERTERO [8] MECHANISM OF DEGRADATION OF STIFFNESS AND STREKCTH OF AN INTERIOR JOINT (AFTER [36}) 22 oe ee eee MAJOR CRACKS 16 SUBASSEMBLAGE BCU NEAR FATLURE TREN FROUISTI e e e eeee AN INTERIOR BEAM-COLUMM JOINT AFTER SEVERAL TNCREASING GYOLES OF REVERSED LOADING (Courtesy of Professor POUL) eee e eens FORMATION OF CONCRETE CONE IN PULLOUT SPECIMEN (TAKEN FROM IBD) Se ee ees i Page 85 85 86 86 7 88 89 a9 90 91 o 92 93 3 %List of Figures (cont'd) Page FIG. 3.5 TEST SPECIMEN ee 98 FIG. 3.6 TEST SETUP... eee ec ee) FIG. 3.7 HISTORIES OF SLIP FOR CYCLIC TESTS (SERIES 2)... . . 96 FIG, 3.8 AGGREGATE GRADING © 6 ee ee 6 FIG. 3.9 PHOTO OF TEST BARS 6. ee FIG, 3.10 PHOTO OF SPECIMENS PRIOR TO CASTING (FRONT AND BACK SIDES OF FORMS NOTIN PLACE) oe ee es 87 FIG. 3.11 PHOTO OF TEST SPECIMEN PREPARED FOR A TENSION TEST... 98 FIG, 3.12. DEVECE FOR APPLYING TRANSVERSE PRESSURE ©... 2... 98 FIG. 3.13. PHOTO OF TEST SPECIMEN IN MACHINE WITH TRANSVERSE PRESSURE APPLIED ove eee tee ee 8 FIG. 3.14 PHOTO OF CONSOLE AND RECORDING DEVICES... 1+... 99 FIC. 4.1 PHOTO OF SAWN SPECIMEN AFTER TESTING. FAILURE BY FULLOUT 100 FIG, 4.2. PHOTO OF A SPECIMEN FROM SERIES 1.4. FAILURE BY ii peeen SBoee bobo oder doouanS FIG. 4.3 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR TEST SERIES 1.1... . 101 FIC, 4.4 ROND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR TEST SERIES 1.2... . 101 FIG. 4.5 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR TEST SERIES 1.3... . 102 FIG, 4.6 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR TEST SERIES 1.4... . 102 FIG, 4.7 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR TEST SURIES 1.5... . 103 FIG. 4.8 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR ALL MONOTONIC TESTS OP SERIES 20 ee te ee ee ete eee ee 103 FIC, 4.9 SCATTER OF MEASURED BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP OF freer Snkies eee ee oni ee te eos) FIG. 4.10 INFLUENCE OF DIRECTION OF LOADING (TENSION OR COMPRESSION) ON BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP... . 105 FIG. 4.11 INFLUENCE OF TRAUSVERSE REINFORCEMENT ON BOND STRESS~ SUP ERLATIOUHIF . 0. ee eet eee ee ee 108 FIG. 4.12 INFLUENCE OF BAR DIAMETER AND DEFORMATION PATTERN OW BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP...) 2 7 ee ee + 107List FIG. FIG. Fic. Fic. FIG. FIs. FIG, FIG. FIG. Fic. FIs. FIG. Fic. FIs. HIG. FIG. of Pigures (cont'a) 43 4a 4s 4.6 47 418 a9 4.20 4.21 4.22 43s 4.26 4.25 4.26 4.278 4.27 4.28 4.29 INFLUENCE OF CONCRETE STRENGTH ON BOND STRESS-SLIP care eae Sarees INFLUENCE OF CLEAR DISTANCE BETWEEN BARS ON BOXD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP ve ee eee ee INFLUENCE OF CLEAR BAR SPACING S/4, ON BOND RESISTANCE . INFLUENCE OF TRANSVERSE PRESSURE PON BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP eee TNFLUENCE OF TRANSVERSE PRESSURE P ON BOKD RESISTANCE INFLUENCE OF TRANSVERSE PRESSURE P ON COEFPICEENT ds/p . ISFLUENCE OF RATE OF PULLOUT ON BoXD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP ee eee ee INFLUENCE OF RELATIVE RATE, ¢, OF SLIP INCREASE ON BOND RESISTANCE COMPARISON OF BOND STRESS-SLTP RELATIONSHIP MEASURED TH PRESENT TESTS WITH DATA GIVEN IN LITERATURE sss ss INCREASE OF BOND RESISTANCE AS A FUNCTION OF TRANSVERSE PRESSURE P ~ COMPARISON BETWEEN RESULTS OF PRESENT TESTS AND THOSE GIVEN IN LITERATURE 2. es sw eee ANFLUENGE OF RATE OF PULLOUT OX BOND RESISTANCE. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF PRESENT TESTS WITH THOSE GIVEN IN LITERATURE ee ere ee ey BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 203 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLTC LOADING, SERIES 206 ee ey ‘BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 25 eg ‘BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 2.6 ete ee ees BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, encase ere nee BOKD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP TOR CYCLIG LOADING, SERIES 2.07 ee ee eee BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, aires [228 a eee eee renee 108 109 no ns u3 14 ns ne 16 7 ne us ng ng 120List of Figures (cont'd) Page FIG. 4.30 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, eons eer ere ere rrr tre 20) FIG. 4.31 BOKD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, enim ho een eet einer er Cree? FIG, 4.32 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, soe rere n rer emn rari! FIG. 4.33 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 2.12)... cee ee 122 FIG. 4.34 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, seus ee ee eee eee een. FIG. 4.35 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, pare eee et reer eer ees) FIG. 4.36 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, pos eer rere as) FIC. 4.37 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 2.17 vee tet tee eee 18h FIG. 4.38 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 2.018 vee tet tee ee tees 1h FIG. 6.394 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 219-1. ee ee et eee te 15 FIG, 4.39 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 2019-200 eee eee eee ee es 185 FIG, 4.39 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, ems )2'9 seen ner err eee tins) FIC, 4.394 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 2.19°6 0 0 ve et te eee ees 16 FIC. 4.400 BORD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERMES 2.20 0 ee eee et tee te WT FIG. 4.408 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 2.20 ce eee eet tee eee tes 1D FIG, 4.40 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 2.20 0 ee eee ett eee ee 1B FIG, 4.404 ROD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERES 2.200. eee ete ee ee 1B FIG. 4.40e BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLTC LOADING, SERIES 2.20 eevee eect tee ee ees 1DLise Fis. FIs, HIG. rie. Fic. Fic. ric, Fig, FIG. He. Fic. Fic, HIG. FIs. Fs. mG. of Figures (cont'd) fehl 4.40b aout Able a.ate Adda, fhe 4.42 4.420 bh2a 44a ae 445 4.46 At 448 DoD SURESSSLIP RELATIONSHIP Pox SERIES 2.21-1 ee BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FoR seca 1212 182 ete eran BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FoR SERIES 221-3... se we BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP POR SERIES 2.2104. ee ee BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR SERIES 2.2105. 0. eee ee BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR SERIES 2.21-6 ee eee es BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR SERIES 2.2107 vv vee es BOND STRESS-SLTP RELATIONSHIP FOR SERIES 2.220000... 0.04 BOXD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR SERIE 2.222. ey a BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP POR SERIES 2.22-3- 0. se BOND STRESS-SLTP RELATIONSHIP FoR. tase9|2t22=a ee meena ee creLtc Loapixc, execute Loapzc, CYCLIC Loxpixc, crete Loaprye, CYCLIC LoaDING, oreute LospiNc, CHCLIC LOADING, oveLtc LosprNe, evcLt¢ LOADING, crete Loaprva, cxeure Lospnie, STIFFNESS OF UNLOADING BRANCH AS A FUNCTION OF NUMBER OF UMoaDINGS . 2. ee FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE DURING CYCLIC LOADING AS A FUNCTION OF PEAK SLIP a. « RATIO BETWEEN FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE DURING CYCLT LOADING, Tg, AND BOND RESISTANCE, UNLOADING STARTS AS A FUNCTION OF yy + FROM LICH PEAR’ SuIP so DETERIORATION OF BOND RESISTANCE AT PEAK SLIP AS A. FUNCTION OF NUMBER OF CYCLES... DETERIORATION OF BOND RESISTANCE AT PRAK SLIP AS A FUNCTION OF NUMBER OF CYCLES, PLOTTED IN DOUBLE LOGARITWMEC SCALE... DETERIORATION OF BOND RESISTANCE AT PEAK SLIP AS A. FUNCTION OF THE PEAK VALUES OF SLIP soos + «+ itt 130 131 12 12 133 133 136 134 135, 135 136 137 138 138Lise Fi. Fic. Fic, IG. FG Fic. Pic. FIG. Fie. Fic. FIG. Fic. FIG. Fis. P16 of Figures (cont'é) 4.49 4.50 4.518 4.51 4.52 4.56 4.37 4.58 4.59 4.60 46h 4.62 EFFECTS OF NUMBER OF CYCLES AND OF THE PEAK VALUES OF SLIP Saaz ON THE ENSUING BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP als ee eee ne ee eT ADEALIZATION OF BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CALCULATING THE CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF THE REDUCED REDUCTION OF MAXIMIM BOND RESISTANCE OF THE REDUCED EQVELOPE ASA FUNCTION OF THE PEAK VALUES OF SLIP AT WHICH CYCLING IS PERFORMED. TESTS WITH FULL REVERSALS re. eet REDUCTION OF ULTIMATE FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE OF THE REDUCED ENVELOPE AS A FUNCTION OF THE PEAK VALUES OF SLIP AT WHICH CYCLING IS PERFORMED. TESTS WITH FULL REVERSALS OF SLIP. we eee REDUCTION OF BOND RESISTANCE OF THE REDUCED ENVELCPE AS A FUNCTION OF THE PEAK VALUES OF SLIP AT WHXCH CYCLING Es PERFORMED. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF TESTS WITF FULL AapmallorcLes ee eae ee BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, BEES LG ee ee ete BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, BEREES LZ ee eee et cree ree [BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SUES BO ee cee te tt eee eee ‘BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 3S yc ee ee ee ttt eee BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 3.60 cv veces BORD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR C¥CLIC LOADING, SERIES 8.20. e see te eee ees [BOND STRESS-SLLP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, aos ee eee err ie BORD STRESS-SLEP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES S40 cv eee ct eee eee BOXD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 5.5 bc vse ttre etree [BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 5.6 bev sete tts ae 139 139 10 140 aa mi wa ua M3 144 184 as Ms 146List of Figures (cont'd) FIC, 4.63 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHTP FoR c¥ctTC LoaDTNG, Scirus 6s eee eer reer re FIG. 4,64 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC 1OADING, SERIES 6.6 eee cnet eee ee 17 FIG. 4,65 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR C¥CLIC LOADING, SERIES 7.3 ee eee ee ee eee 187 FIG. 4.66 INFLUPNCE OF INVESTIGATED PARAMETERS (DIRECTION OF LOADING, CONCRETE STRENGTH, BAR SPACING, TRANSVERSE PRESSURE, RATE OF PULLOUT) ‘ON BOND BEHAVIOR DURING (CYL LOI Rate eta iste eae EG) FIG. 4.67 IXFLUENCE OF BAR DIAMETER AND DEFORMATION PATTERN ON BOND BELAVIOR DURING CYCLIC LOADING 2... se es 148, FIG. 5.1 MECHANISM OF BOND RESISTANCE, MONOTONIC LOADING... 149) FIG. 5.2, MECHANISM OF BOND RESISTANCE, CYCLIC LoAMING . 22.150 FIG. 5.3. PROPOSED ANALYTICAL MODEL, FOR LOCAL BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CONFINED CONCRETE... ss. vv ees 15D FIG. 5.4 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSWIP UNDER MONOTONIC LOAD-RG . 152 FIG. 5.5 RATIO BETWEEN ULTIMATE. FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE OF REDUCED ENVELOPE AND OF MONOTONIC ENVELOPE AS A FUNCTION OF THE DAMAGE FACTOR, @ = es se wee ey 153 FIC. 5.6 DAMAGE FACTOR, d, FOR REDUCED ENVELOPE AS A FINCTION OF ‘THE DIGNSIONLESS ENERGY DISSIPATION E/E, .. 153 FIG, 5.7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRICTIONAL BOND PESISTANCE DURING CYCLING, Te(8), AND THE CORRESPONDING ULTIMATE FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE 30) ve ee ee 154 Fc. DAMAGE FACTOR, dg, FOR FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE DURING CYCLING AS 4 FUNCTION OF THE DIMENSTOMLESS ENERGY DISSI- PATION E/Egg eee eee eee ee 1S FIG. 5.9 GALCULATION OF ZERO TNITTAL FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE FOR USLOADING FROM LARGER VALUE OF PEAK SLIP 5, THAN DURING PREVIOUS CYCLES... LSS FIG, 5.10 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTTGAL RESULTS FOR SOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 2.4... 155 FIG. 5.11 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 2.6 156List of Figures (conc'a) FIG. 5.12 Fic. 5.13 FIG. 5.14 FIG. 5.15 FIG. 5.16 Fic. 5.17 FIG. 5.18 Fic, 5.19 Fie. 9.20 Fic. 5.21 Fie. 5.22 FIG, 5.23 Fic. 5.24 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR OD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS TOR TEST SERIES 2.8 ‘COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR [OND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 2.19 (COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLLP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERLES 2.13 ‘COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS TOR BORD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 1.6 (2 VERTICAL BARS) wee ee eee (COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR [OND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERTES 3.6 ae] oee oan) reer a eee ‘COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR ‘BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSETPS FOR TEST SERTES 3.5 (8 (25 om) BAR) ee eet a COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 3.6 (810 Glam) BAR) ee ee ee ee eee (COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS POR BOND SERESS-SUIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 4.2 (re GWM) sneer eet ee s COMPARISON OF FAPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS rom BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 5.4 (CLEAR SPACING = 1G) eee eee eee (COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 6.6 (Pr WOW/m) ove ee tees ‘COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS TOR BORD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERTES 7.3 @eiWOmain) ss eee eee ee eee eee BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING FOR DIFFERENT REGIONS INA JOINT... se PROPOSED DISTRIBUTION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF 30ND RESISTANCE AND SLIP ALONG THE ANCHORAGE LENGTH... 158 158 159 159 160 160 161 161 162 162LOCAL. BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS OF DEFORMED BARS UNDER GENERALIZED EXCITATIONS. Experimental Results and Analytical Model 1. INTRODUCTION 11 General In earthquake resistant desig of structures, economical requirements usual led 10 the need for lage seismic enerey input absorption and dissipation through large bu: controllable inelastic deformations of the structure. The need for controling the inelastic deformations fol tows from the recommendations of the Structural Engineer's Assocation of California (1) that buildings be designed to resist major earthquakes such that structural and nonstuctural dam sees incurred from an earthquake do not la to collapse of the structure or tothe endanger iment of human life, ‘Therefore, to meet the shove requirements, the sources of pent stus- ‘ura brite filre must be eliminated and degradation of stifbess and strength under repeated loadings must be minimized or delayed Tong enough to allow sufient enerss {0 dissipate ‘trough stable hysteretic Behavior. In reinforced concrete (R/C), one of the sources of rite failure is the sudden loss of bond between reinforcing bars and concrete in anchorage zone, which his been the cause of severe local damage to, and even collapse of, many structures during recent strong earthquakes. Present bond seismic code provisions (2} appear to be inadequate, These provisions are based on results obtained under monotonic lading, which are inadequate for gauging the actual struc tural behavior during severe seismic shaking (3) Even if no anchorage failures eccu, the hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete strue- tures, subjected f0 severe seismic excitations, is highly dependent on the interution between sseel and concrete (bond stess-sip relationship) [4], Tests show that developing displacement ductility ratios of four or more, fixed end rotations caused by sip of the main steel bars along ‘theit embedment length in beam-column joints, may contribute up 10 50 percent of the totalbeam deflections {5-71 These effects must be included in the analyses. However, this is not possible at present because, in site of recent integrated experimental and anal studies (8) devoted to fieding such 2 relationship, na simple reliable bond stress-slip laws for generalized excitations are availabe [9] 1.2 Ojectves and Scope ‘The uimate objectives of the work reported herein were to conduct all she necessary Jnterated experimental and anti! investigstions tht wil permit to predict ansitially the local bond steep relationship of deformed reinforcing bars subjected to generalized excita: tions: for instance, as expected during the response of R/C structures to severe earthauake ‘round motions ‘To achieve these objectives, some 125 pull-out specimens were tested. Eath one of the specimens tested represented the confined region ofa beamt-columin joint. Only «short length (5 times the bar dameter 2h) of a Grade 60 deformed reinforcing bar was embedded in confined concrete. Each specimen was instilled in a specially designed testing (tame and was loaded by «hydraulic servo-contolled universal testing machine. The tests were an under di rlacement contol by subjecting one bar end Lo the required force nesded to induce the desited stip, which was measured atthe unloaded bar end “The influence ofthe following parameters onthe bond stes-slp relaionsir was studied (Loading history. The msn parameters were: the peak value of sip (0 mm <5 < 1S mm), the diference A. between the peak values of sip between which the specimen was sp, The valuas of + ofthe Bond stress-sip relationship for loading inthe reverted direction are reduced by 1/3 compared (othe monotoni envelope, The bond stressip reltionship for relonding and for subsequent eyees between fixe slp values is somewhat simplified compared to the real behavior. However, the deterioration of the ond resistance at peak slip and of the frictional bond resistance is taken into account, When increasing the slip beyond the cyte peak value (5 > sin Fig. 2.10) itis assumed thatthe monotonic envelope is reached again and, therefore, no deterioration of the monotone envelope i taken ito count. ‘Tassos’ model an improvement compared to the older one of Morita/Katu insofar asRe the descending branch of the local bond stres-slip relationship is given and the influence of, load eyeles on bond deterioration for slip values smaller than or equal to the peak sip value in the previous cycle is taken ino account, However, the assumption that for slp valves larger than the peak value in the previous cycle the monotonic envelope is reached again and followed ‘thereafter, while the bond sieesses in she reversed aieetion are reduced by 1/3 compared to the ‘monotonic envelope, is not suliiently accurate. For monotonic lauding, the model is useful for the rota Slip range. However, for eyti loading it is lid for sip values 5 << 5, only Recently, another propos for a local bond sres-lip lw was published int) (Fig, 2.12). “The mode's main characteristics are as follows: (A four stage piecewise linear approximation is used as monotonic envelope, The physical ‘mesning of the controlling points are the same as described in Section 2.12. However, points B and C (occurrence of internal bond cracks and splitting cracks) are omitted Different monotonic envelopes are assumed for unconfined conerete in tension, confined concrete and unconfined concrete in compression, which simulate the behavior observed inthe experiments (compare Fig. 2.6) (©) Cycling between points A and A; oF unloading and reloading only (paths GIG or KLK) donot deteriorate the envelope, (©) Unloading from a point beyond A or Ay and following the friction path for an arbitrary small sip value produces reduced envelopes (OAD'E and OA,D'EF! by reducing the characteristic bond stesses 7p.ronrete and the slip values se) bf a reduction factor. The latter depends on the cumulative sip having magnitudes large than those of the previous cycle. Therefore, no further reduction of the envelope is assumed for subse- ‘uent cycles between sip values smaller than or equal tothe previous pes sins Asan example, Eqn, 22 gives the reduction of rp. Similar equations exist forthe reduc tion ofthe other characteristic values which desribe the model &Jr 2re where LseEsi: sum ofthe peak slip valves having a magnitude larger than i the provi ‘us cycles for loading in tension or compression, respectively 5p: sip at point D: eps prbsyrBo® Constants, evaluate from test result (@) The frictional bond resistance is assumed 10 be equal to re of the monotonic envelope and independent ofthe number of eels {c)_ ‘The bond stressstip relationships fr the reloading branch (path MRN) and for ational cyetesbernecn fixed sip limits are very similar to those proposed in 12) “The above model is « major improvement, because it takes several features observed in ‘experiments into account and itis approximately valid for eyctng between arbitrary si values However, in spite of being rather complicated, it is not general. Some 20 parameters ate needed to describe the bond stes-sip relationship for esti loading, which have no clear ohy- sical meaning and mast be evlustod from test results Furthemore, the assumptions on which the calculation ofthe reduced envelope is based need improvement. For example, an aritary umber of cycles (21) in wellsoafined concrete between Sg = 25p and Sg = Dip reduces +o independent of the numberof cytes by 13 percent. On the contrary to that ris reduced to 2er0 after eight cycles between almost the same peak sip values if only the value of Say is inreased arbitrarily small n each eye 2.3. Summary of Chapter 2 To date several thousind experiments have been cared out to study the ascending ‘branch of the local bond stress-stip relationship for monctonic loading. By contrast, its des ending branch, which can only be measured in a deformation controlled test, has hardly beet investigated. While the bond behevior for repeated (not reversed) loadings with peak bond stresses wll below the monotonic bond strength under monotonic loding is fil well knowa, the Knowledge about this behavior for reversed loadings between relatively large peak stip‘ales i rather mite Bond betwcen reinforcing bars end conretedoos scatter significa, even under nesely {eal inoratory conditions, This tas to be taken into account when evaluating results from bond tests, planing new tes series, or estimating the influence of bond on the overil behavior of reinforced concrete elements or stuctures While the charctorisic bond resistances of the ascending branch of the monotonic tenvelope can be fairly well estimated, the prediction ofthe corresponding slip values is very ificut and a large setter mast be expected. The shape ofits descending branch and the uli sat ronal bond resistance are hardly known yt. ‘The bond behavior for reversed loadings between rather small sip vues (s << 5...) can be pedited with sulkient accuracy. However, the knowledge about the influence of eles between larger sip values (S > 5) on the lcd bond sresstip relationship sil in its infancy “he analytics! modes fora local bond stress-sip relationship for exci oudines proposed so fa reflect this inadequate knowledge and cannot be accepted for general excitations, There: fore, the present study concentrates onthe focal bond law for relatively lege slp values for ‘monotonic and «yi outings. The resus ofan extensive experimental investgstion and an analytical model for prediction of such laws is presented hereinsis. II], EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM SA Test Specimen “The test specimens should represent 48 closely at posible the conditions found in beam-column joint. Therefor, these conditions and the consieraions to model them sppropriatly i oes specimen ae dscribed in the followin, Figure 3.1 (after [36 shows the hysteretic behavior of aa interior joint whe londed by 2 Intra frce H, which simulates the effect of an earthquake loading. First 5 H increats from (0 10 B, cracks develop on bot sides ofthe column, Fig. 3.106). After unloading and applying Hin he opposite direction (ath BCD), diametrically opposed cracks develop on either side of the column, Fig. 3.10) If the oud reversas applied in both direction are suiionly severe to cause permanent stain in beam bars, cracks trough the entre beam cross section are formed, as shown in Fig. 3.1(0). The bats that ran trough the column are simultaneously pulled and pushed from opposite sides under cyclic loading. The critical condition develons when bo is subjoced to fl reversals of tose and compressive forces developing high bond stress slong the bar embodment length within the column. ‘This may lead to 2 severe ines eration 0 Whe on eae ay Do Fallate Une Haba wth he el In Fig, 32 aken fom 37D), an interior joint ater testing is showa. If the columa is tess strong than inthis experiment, bending nd shear crack will develop in the column as well (Fig, 3.3, taken from (381), which can change the bond stes-sip restionsip. Even if no ‘ending and shear cracks occur ithe joint, the bond conditions vary along the embedment length (Fig 2.6, depending on the tate of stress endstrin inthe concrete around the br. ‘The unconfined concrete atthe tensioned bar end offers the lesst bod resistence because cf the early formation of radial spliting cracks caused by high tensile hoop stresses. Bond failure is caused by the separation ofa concrete cone (Fig. 34) from the concrete block due 19 ‘ond forces sting on the conret in Trot of the lugs. Much better bond conditions are found fn the concrete core between confining reinforcement. Spiting cracks in the plane between-16 ‘ers may’ develon, but their growth wil be controlled by the confining reinforcement, and bond failure is probebly due to & shear fllure in the concrete between lugs. ‘The best bond is offered by the unconfined concrete et the compressed bar end, because at this end the conerete lateral to the bar i under high compressive suesses cused by the column normal force and the ‘moment acing om the joint and caused by the expansion of the bar due Lo the Poisson effet ‘The bond is not only influenced by the above mentioned parameters, but it might also be eiferent for top and totem bars (op bar eect), edge and interior bars (diferent confinement) and may vary with such parameters as bar diameter, concrete stength, bar di tance, dence of confinement, et ‘To simlte the simultaneous push-pull condition of « beam bar in an interior jot, a simpiied model was used in 18221. Single bars were cast in walhconfined conrste blocks, their width being up to 28 times the bar dimete, ad subjected to monotonic or cystic loadings (Gee Fig, 26), Extensive dat (applied forces, steel srains along embedment length, dspace: ments of bar ends relative to the middle of th concrete block and cracks) were taken during the esis, The results gave a very goed insight in the overll behavior of an anchored bar. Some local bond steststip relationships were deduced from the data. However, the evaluation of such relationships was complex, and ther accuracy i somewhat questionable. Local bond stresses and local slip were calculated from the difference of the measured steel stra a a cent points along a bar and converting them into local sip and steel sreses. Sinse the strain ‘measurements have considerable seater, particu so for clic lading ater bar sil, the calculated resus tend tobe inaccurate. Furthermore, these tess are expensive an time con- suming, which prohibits « thorough study of relevant parameters. Therefore, a dierent approach was usd in this stay The specimen (Fi. 3.5) should represent the confined region of a beam- 12 t0 15 dj), and conerete cover (bottom and side) was smal, resulting in different type of filure and a much less effective cestraining reinforcement ‘than in the experiments reported herein236 “Te inuence of transverse reinforcement on bond strength fora pull-out ype of fire his been investigated very ite. Usual, its esumed that once a pull-out Flue is reached citer by providing lrg concrete area ofa sufiently strong restraining (confining reine forcement, fy, cannot be inresed much further by atonal transverse reinforcement. On tne contrary, Tassos’ propos [9] raul in an increase of ray of about $ Nima? (725 ps) o¢ 26 N/m (3480 pi, respectively, when changing te dlametr of the vert bers in the tests from, = 635 mm (2 bars) to d, = 127 mm (HS bas) or = 25.4 mm (8 bars) respectively. The present experimental results do not support Tassos’ proposal because the bond bebavior of specimens with #4 (4h = 12.7 mm) and #8 (d, ~ 25.4 mm) vertical bars a8 restning seinforcoment was ientcal and difered ony slighty from that of specimens with #2 (dy = 635 mm) bars [According o ACI 318-77 [43], the basic development length may be reduced by 25% if tho anchored bars are enclosed by a sia reinforcement, This means that 33% higher bond stresses are allowed for bars that ae effectively confine by reinforcement compared 10 bars anchored in unconfined concrete. This increase in bond strength is justified in the case of pling fire which wil ocoe when the minimiin valine for ennereteenver and har epacing allowing by the code are appli. Bar Diameter: A sight influence of the bar diameter, which was varied between 19 and 32 mm, on the maximum bond resistance was found in the present limited investigation According to (4, the influence of bar diameter i nsgoifcant inthe range dj = 8 to 32 mm. “The later result i based onan evaluation of the results of large number of pull-out tess and say be more reible. According to ACI 318-77 (43, the allowable bond stress vais with 1/dy, When the concrete diosnsions ar assumed as a constant multiple of the bar diameter, this provision is neither supported by the present tet results nor by ealer tess {17-19} with ton lures caused by spliting. Concrete Compressive Strength: While Rehm (10] and Martin (13,44) assume a linear ‘lationship between bond resistance and concrete compressive strength, fi, other researchers“3. propose 2 proportionality between bond resistance and +/7;. The present results confirm the Jaticressumption. In ation, one hss 10 take into account that, decreases with increasing ‘concrete strength. ACI 318-77 [43] also assumes + to vary with /7.- [Bar Spacing: To dite the influence of this parameter on bond behavior has only been stu id in connection with spliting floes, where itis of desisive importance. In this respect its corrcly taken into account in ACT 318 [83]. On the contrary, in the present study, bar spacing ‘was of litle influence because the growth of spliting cracks was contalled by a very effective restraining reinforcement and bars were pulled out ‘Transverse Pressut in Fig. 422 the increase of bond resistance asa function of the transverse pressure used in the tests reported herein is compared with the results of other investigations. The reported increase i bond strength (Fg, 422s) for atansverse pressure of 40 N/mm? (1450 pid varies between about 25 Nm? and 8.5 N/mm? (362 and 1232 ps, respectively). However, when the diferent test conditions are considered, the diferences are reduced In the tests of Untauer/Hfenry [45] (ine 4 in Fig. 4223, fete of comparison spect ‘mens without normal pressure was ciused y spliting of the concrete, and the concrete teancen 1ugs was flly intact, On the contrery, specimens compressed by a sunt high sormal pressure failed by pulling out ofthe bars, and the conerete beiween lugs mes sheared ff IF fire ad been caused imal tests by pull-ot, the inuence of transverse pressure on ‘rao Would have been much smaller than shown in Fig. 4.228 to the tests of Vivathanatepe et al {8} and Covell 22), a transverse pressure of about 10 N/mm? (1450 psi) was induced by & bending moment, and the bar was also selling in compression, Therefore, the observed increase in maximum bond resistance reflects the Infuence of external pressure and of intemal pressure due to expansion of the bar (Poisson's eee) fone estates that about half ofthe toa cree of Tus Was caused by the later effet, the increase caused by transverse pressure slone compares fury wel with the value measure in the present tests. The increase of Tan, observed by Doerr {2} for & pressure of238 15 Nm" (2175 ps seems ures High in compaion 10 the vals measured for 4 presure of $ Nm and 10 Nim? (125 pe and 1450 ps) and is in contraiion to he ge er end ound in he te ventions “The insease of ronal bond resins ced by transverse press found in erent cxermenlnvestitos ster conse (Pg 4220) even i al spel cumstances are property taken into acount, The propo of Tasos [ i tse on tere consider tons. Asding to th vail experiment eas, his proponl signex overenimates the intense of ansver reson the inte ction bond rence. ational ests renee in whi he Fence oF external pes and inal pressured to Poisons fect shoul be vestige separ The inuene of masvere pressure onthe tond ick is st ike ito aout fa 1c 3187 15) Rate of Slip Increase: Figure 4.23 shows the influence of me of slip increase on bond: ressnce. While the rsa es were ron under rman (a) cont the compare Investigations vere run unde lad contol. Therefore, an average odin ate or ap of OS mum (002 in) was taken as rentve valve. Consltng the erent tet proces, the esl ft investigations ae fity wel A change of the ate of piu by a fastor of 100 resus ina chugs of the bond tenth of about 1% to 20% ‘The influence of he lading ton te bond beaver is epee in present codes. te 44 Cycle Loading ‘Toe resuls of the cyte loading tests are plotied in Figs. 424 t0 442. In the bond stress-sip diagrams, only limited mumber of cycles are drawa for reasons of cai In all diagrams, the corresponding bond stest-stip retionship for monotonic loadings are shown, which were obtained fom seximens made from the same conerete bath While most of the specimens were cycled one or ten times, respectively, at fixed values of<3. Deak SHP Sy Ad San the specimens of Series 2.19 to 2.22 were fist subjected to ive cycles at ‘certain values of peak sip (inary Suns then the Sy, Was changed and the specimens were ‘again cycled (Sua, Siz) ANd 50 09. The results ofthe later tests are ploted in Fig. 4.390 to Fig. 442s for cycles at (Spry Sut it Fig. 4.396 to Fig. 4.42 for cycles at (Spats Sno) snd so on. 4.4.1 General Behavior In genera, the behavior during cyclic toaing agreed fairly well with the description given. im Section 2.1.1. ‘The coellcionts of variation for bond resis nce during yeti loading eae lated from the resus of 2 to 3 repetitive tests are summarized in Teble 4.2. These coocints were calculated for characteristic values of the bond resistance during exci loading (Pay = bond resistance at peak sip qa end + ~ frictions! bond resistance) and of the sedveed cnvelope after esting (rau ~ maximum bond resistance and) — ulimate frictional bond resistance), They were almost independent of the value Spy st which the specimens were cycled and remained practically constant asthe number of cles inreased. On the average {ey amounted to about 6% for ray and 0 out 10% for ry, rae ANG ry. A somewhat lrger seater has t0 be expected if specimens for reptitve tests are cast from diferent concrete tatohes A comparison of results of Test Series 2 (Figs, 424-442) leas to the following genes observations. (@) IF the peak bond stress during eyting did not exceed 70-80% of the monotonic bond strength rus th ensuing bond stess-sip relationship at st loading inthe reverse dirs tion and at sip values lager than the one at which the specimen was cyced wis not Sieniicandy affect by up to 10 repeated cycles (See Figs. 428, 4.25, 4.33, 4398, and 4423). The bond resistance at pea slip deteriorated moderately with increasing number ‘of cycles. These results agree well with earlier findings {12,31,33,34]. Am explanation for this behavior is given in Section 2.13.40. (&) When the bar was loeded monotonically to an arbitrary sip value and then eyted up to 10 times between this sip value and a sip value corresponding to foad equal to approx: rately ze0, the monotonic envelope was, forall practical purposes, reached again (Fig. 4437 end 4.38), From thon on the behavior was the same as tht obtained ina monotonic test. This agrees well wth air results [10.12.31]. The reasons fr this bebevior are that during unloding the smal faction ofthe total slip thats caused by elastic deforma tion ofthe concrete i ecovered and the conrete isnot much more damaged by 2 limited umber of reloadines. (© Loating to lip values inducing & + ler than 80% of the monotonically obiined Tas in citer direction led to degradation in the bond stres-sip bohevior inthe reverse diec- tion Figs. 426-432). The bond sressstip eationshipat lip values larger than the peak value during previous eyes was significantly diferent from the virgin monotonic cnvelope, There alvaye was & sgnifcant deterioration of the bond resistance which increased with incessng peak slip Saux (Pies 4.26432), ineessing numbers of eyles (ts, 426-430), and was larger for fll reversals of sip thun for ha eyees (comare Fins 4.27a with Fis. 434, Fig. 4.29 with Fig. 435, and Fig. 4.37 with Fig. 436) Furthermore, the cies produced « pronounced detsroration of the bond stiffaess and bond resistance a slip values smaller than or equal to the peak slip value, These results agree qualitatively with those sepored in (8,22). However, a quantitative comparison is not possible because of eiferent test conditions. ‘The observed behavior can be explained by assuming that in well 0S mm (0.02 in) generally pro ‘duced less deterioration of the envelope than an equal number of cycles with full reversals of slip, The test rests of these eels it fairly well the lines veld for full ces if they wero Plotted at Spu/2 This means that yeles between s-0 and s= qu produced about the sme 6), only part of the ker wil be sheared off (see Fin. 23). The lensth of the shear crac is given by Rehm [10] as 6 tines the lug height and by Lute/Gergely {171 as 210 3 times the lug height, Therefore, an average value of approximately 4 times the ug height is assumed as shear cack lenglh, AL this loading stage, the bond forces will spread into the concrete under an increased angle of about 45 degrees, because of the wedging actin of sheared off concrete “The bars used nthe main tests ad « ratio clear lug spacing to lug height of ebout 9 and ‘the maximum bond resistance was reached at 4 slip, equal to about 1.2 times the ug height, ‘Therefore, itis estimated that about SO of the keys length was sheared off when the ‘maximum resistance was reached (Fig. 5.18) When more slip is induced, an increasingly larger part of the concrete is sheared off ‘without much drop in bond resistance. In the reported tests, the resistance et a slip equal 10 approximately 3 times the value s,,., was about 85% of the maximum bond resistance. The3. sear cracks might have reached the base of the concrete key atthe adacent lig at sip of shout 0S times the clear ug distance (Point D in the aagram of Fig. Ste). Increasingly ess force is needed to shear oll the rmsiing bis ofthe consete keys and to smooth out the Sur face ofthe shear crack. When the slip is equa o the sear lug distance, that means the logs ave tele into the postion of the neighboring nib before loading (Point E) onl fictional resistance is left, which wil be practically independent of the deformation pattern or the related sib ares, Because of the shear cracks, iis ikely that inetined bond cracks will not arow much ‘wider than those that developed at Point C and that new inclined eracks might develop (shown ty dashed lines in Fig 5.16) due tothe sit high compression forces on she concrete in front of the tus. 1 should be noted that the gradu! shearing of of the coneree Ke is only posible in well restrined (confined) concrete. Ifthe confinement offered hy transverse reinforcement ‘cannot prevent the excessive growth of eventually developing spliting cracks, the bars will be pulle-out before the conerete Kes wil be Lota or partial sheared off, With the exception of Series 3, stl reported experiments were carried out with bars with an almost identical rib atten. ‘The Frictional bood resistance was alays reached at a slip value of about 11 mm to 12 mm (0.43 in to 047 in.), which isa Hitle more thn the clear distance between hugs measured at thei midheight of approximately 10.5 may (0.1 in.) This supports the proposed theory. The bars used in Series 3 had 2 much larger related rib area (beating area), which explains the steeper ascending branch and the smaller value of the slip at ma imum bond resistance, 5, compared (0 the tests of Series 2. In spite of that, in the tests of Series 3.2 with #8 bars (dh = 25 mm), which had almost the same clesr lug distance than the -#8 bars used in the tess of Series 2, the fictional bond resistance was aso reached at a sip Value of approximately 12 mm (047 in.) (Fig 4.128). On the comers, the clear hg distance of the #6 bars (cd, = 19 mm) and #10 bars (d, = 31.7 mm) used in Test Series 3.1 and 3.3 ‘as only about 7 and 8.5 mm, respectively. In thes tests the descending branch of the bond stresssiip curve leveled off a a slp of about 8 to 9 mm (Fig. 4.128). The ultimate ftitional54 tong resistance inthe tet of Series 2 and 3 wa almost the same, which shows that was not influenced much by different values of the reated ib ares, These observations are in accor ance withthe propose theory 5.22 Cyelie Loading 1m Fig. 52a its assumed that the sip reversed before shear cracks develop in the cone crete keys. For the Toadng eyle OA, the response is exactly the same as described in Seetion 5.1, Alter unloading (pth AF), «8p remains ope0 with & width equal to the sip at point F ‘beuween the left side ofthe hug and the surrounding conerste (compare Fig. 5.1, because only the smal fraction of slp that is caused by elastic concrete deformations is recovered during unloading [As soon a aditons! sip in the reverse direction is imposed, some frictional resistance bit up, This resistance is eather small bocause the surface ofthe conetete surrounding the bar {s relatively smooth, At H the lug is again in contact with the concrete, but gap has opened at ‘the lg's right side. Due tothe concrete blocking any further movement of the bar lug, # sharp rise in stiffness of the hysteretic curve (path HI) occurs. The increase in resistance might 3 well ort tle hefoge H due 10 the load eranstor hy some pieces of Inoken concrete 1 ‘might have been produced during loading from O to A. With increasing load, the old cracks close, allowing the transfer of compressive stresses across the crack with no noticeable reduc tion in stiffness. Inclined cracks perpendicular to the old cracks wil open if the negative bond stress continues to rise und the old and new cracks may even join, However, since the concrete is wel confined, the broken pieces of concrete cannot move. Therefore, the bond stress-slip relationship for landing in the opposite direction follons very closely the monotonic envelope. AIT. gap with a width equal to sp, that isthe difference between slip of points F and 1 has ‘opened (Fig. 5.28). When again reversing the sip at 1, the bond mechanism for the long path IKL is similar to that of path AFH described earlier. However, the bond resistance starts ‘only to increase again at L, when the lug strts 10 press broken pieces of concrete aginst the previous bearing face. With further movement, siesses are bul up to close the crack previ-ss ‘ously opened and open those previously closed. At M tug and concrete ate fully in contact sein. f more ali i the same direction is imposed, the monotonic envelope is reached again sn followed therster forthe same reasons 3 given for path HL ‘A itferent behavior Followed i the sip i reversed after the nitstion of shear cracks in the concrete Keys (path OABC in dagrim of Fig. $26). Therefore, the bond resistance is reduced compared to the monotonic envelope. When toading in the reverse direston (path ‘CFGHD. the tug presses apainst a Key whose resistence is lowered by shear cracks over & part ofits length induced bythe fst half yee. Furthermore, the old elatively wide inclined cracks will probably close at higher loads chan in the cycle considered in Fig. 5.2a, thus complicating tne transfer of inline’ bond forces into the surrounding concrete. Therefore, shear eacks in the hitherio undamaged side of the consrete key might be initiated at lower loads and might join the old shear cracks (Fig 5.26). Therefore, the bond resistance i reduced compared to ‘the monotonic envelope, When reversing the sip again (path IKLMN), only the remsining inact pats ofthe concrete between Tugs must be sheared of, resting in an even lower max imam resistance than at point L Jn the nest example It is assumed that a large slip is imposed during the fst half cycle (path OABCD in diagram of Fig. $2) resulting inthe shearing off of almost the total concrete ‘zy (compare Fig, S.1e). When moving the bar back, a higher fictional resistance must be ‘overcome than inthe cases described previously because the conerete surface is rough sion the tie with ofthe logs. At H the lugs ate spun in contact with the cemuining “init prt of the keys (Fig, 526) which do not offer much resistance, Therefore, the maximum resistance during the second half eyle is slmost the same a8 the ulimate fictional resistance during ‘monotonic loading. During reloading (path JKLMNO), an even lower resistance is offered because the concrete atthe cylindcl surface where shest flute occurred has been smoothed slready during the fist eee, From the above considerations i fellows that i the bar is eycled between constant pesk values of Sx 28d Spun the main damage is done during the first cycle. During suecessive256. ‘cycles, the conerete at the eylindrical surface were shear failure occurred is mainly ground of, decreasing its interlocking and frictional resistance. This explains the observed decrease in rmaninium resistance during reloading (path LMN in Figs 5.2 and 5.2e) with increasing number of cycles (see Figs, 4.46 to 4.8 and Fig. 450). ‘According 10 the above theory, under otherwise constant conditions, bars with smal ratios sear hug spacing, cy, 1 lus eight, 2, will produce more bond deterioration than bars vith larger ratios c/a when eyed Between the same values of peak Sp, fu Sd Sy THIS iS town bythe results of Series 5 in comparison to those of Series 2 (se Fig 4.67). However, additonal ets are needed for further proof and quantification of the influence of deformation pattern on cyclic behavir of bond 5.3. Analytical Model for Confined Concrete ‘The assumed bond model which was fst presented in (48) is ilstated in Fig. $3. Although i simples the real behavior, it takes into account the sigeifcant parameters tht appear to contol the behavior observed in the experiments, This model, in spite of being simpler than the ones proposed hitherto (see Section 22), is believed to be more general because it can be easily appli to any bond condition. The mode's main characteristics, illus tested by following pial cycle (Fi. 5.30), ae described beow. When loading the fst time, the assumed bond stressstip relationship follows a curve valid for monotonically increasing slip, which is called herein "monotonic envelope™ (paths O4BCD or 04,8,C,D)). Imposing a lip reversal at an arbiary sip value, wif "unloading branch" is followed up to the point where the fiona bond resistance 7, sf reached (path FG). Further slippage in the negative direction takes place without an increase in + up t0 the intersection of the “riction branch’ with the curve 04", (path GHD. If mote sip in the ness tive direction is imposed, a bond stess-ip clationship smile to the virgin monotonic curve is followed, but with values of + reduced ap illusvated by paths J4'yJ. This curve (OA BY, Cy D4) i called the “reduced envelope". When reversing the slip again at J, frst ‘the unloading branch and then the fictional branch with + = 7) ere followed up t0 point N,ost Which les on the unloading branch EFG (path JLN). At N the “reloading branch” (same sess as the unloading branch) is followed upto the itersection withthe reduced envelope O.4'BCD (oath NEY, which is followed thereafter (path £°8'S). If instead of increasing the slip beyond point N, moe eyeles between the slip values coresponding ta points N and K are imposed, the bond stresesli relationship is Hhe that of & rigid plastic model, the only Aitference being that fictional bond resistance decreases with increasing number of cycles. A similar behavior as described is followed if the slip i revert again t point S (path STU) o¢ negative slip values are imposed first. To complete theilustation of the model, details forthe diferent branches refered (oi the above overall destition (inusrate in Fig. 5.38) are given in the folowing Seton. The given numerical valves forthe in Fig 5.30), because tis vale is caleulated inthe curtent model (ate Section $3.2). The retionship between r) andy a8 function of the ratio Sau/sp deduced omy the tests is shown in Fig. $7. For the fst slip reves, the ratio +,/y depends significantly on the value u/s (ine a,b fm Fig. 5.7). However, when excting between fred values of slp (ea between snus a Syn it Fig. $36), +, 18 reduced more rapidly than the ulimate ry of the corresponding reduced envelope, After 10 cles, the ratio v/s) is almost independent of nals (38 Fig. 57). Therefore, the alia function abe in Fig, 5.7 s used only for theca culation ofthe frictional resistance forthe fst slip reversal (ry in Fig 5.30). For subsequent cycles, ry (ee. 7} in Fig. 5.36) i deduced from this inal value by multiplying i with an sition reduction factor dj. Kt sbemed reasonable to assume thatthe later depends on the encry dsipatd by frition stone. Figure 58 illustrates the correlation between the messured reduction factor dy a a fune- tion of the computed dimensionless dissipated eneray factor £,/E.,, a6 wall as the proposed function for dj. E; i the enerny dissipated by fiction slone and the normalizing energy yy is ‘equal o the product 73 45 and is, therefore, relted t0 the monotonic envelope. A reli ively luge seater for the damage factor d, con be expected because ofthe large scatter ofr, (see ‘Table 42). Hf one neglcts test which had sll Values of Say allel ister sround the oposed analytical function with mo apparent influence of the varied parameters. Although nly a small amount of frictional eneey was dissipated during cycles betwoun small values of peak slip, the deterioration of the frictional bond resistance was rather large. However, it should be remembered thatthe absolute value of is very small in this case (soe Fig 4.48), If unloading is done from a larger sip value than the peak slip in the previous cycle (eg8 path STU in Fig. 5.3), the new frictional bond resistance, +, i interpolated between (wo values (Fig, 59): the fist value is related 19 +) of the corresponding new reduced envelore sing the analytical function ven in Fig 5.7 andthe second value is the ry reached in the last ‘ycle (2y(1) in Fig. 5.9). This interpolation is done in order to have a smooth transition in the values of 7. Tn subsoquent cycles between newly established peak slip values, the calculated new initial value (r,(2) in Fig, 59) is deteriorated again as a function of the eneray Edis pated by friction alone using the analytical relationship given in Fig. $.8. In the calculation of £. the friction enerey’ dlisted in the previous cycles is neglected because it is taken into account in the calculation of +. (2) 5.3.4 Unloading and Reloading Branch The slope of any udingbransh (ths EFG oF KL in Fig 5.8) ake a K = 180 Nima, The ratvely sll induence ofthe number of cycles onthe tiffies of the vnload- ing banc s nels. The sme ope asuned foray reloading bach (ath Nin Fg 530) 5.3.5 Eilects of Variation of Different Parameters on the Analytical Model ‘The analytical model described above and iistated in Fi 5.3 has heen deduced from standard tests conducted on standard specimens Which ha the following main characterises: bar diameter: — 28 mem (#8 bars) formation pattern: see Table 34, aur ~ 0.065 concrete srength: f= 30 N/mm? (4380 ps clear spacing between bats: 4 dh resttning reinforcement? about 4 tes the minim value sven in Section 45 extemal pressure’ none Increase of slip: 1.7 mm/min. Position of ars during cating: The bars were cast horizontally with a depth of concrete (of = 150 mm (6 in) below the bar.263 In what follows, the effets of variations of these main parameters on the analytical model are discussed 5.3.5.1. Pifeets on Monotonic Envelope. If no specific test results are available which provide accurate date on the bond stessslipcelatonship in a specific ease, the following pro- ‘cedure may be used 10 modify the monotonic envelope defined in Section 5.3.1 (a) Bar Diameter In the present tests a slight decrease of maximum bond resistance was observed with increasing bar diameter for equal values of the related ri though in the more exteasive Jnvestigtions, no influence of d, was found [44]. Based on the present work, itis proposed to increase 7) by up 10 108 #6 bars (ah = 19 mm) are used instead of #8 bars (dy = 25 mmm) and to decrease 7; by 108 if #10 bars (dh = 32 me) ave used, (0) Deformation Pattern The related cb area, ase, affects mainly the ascending branch of the bond law. I the actual value of agp fers much (Tom the value asp 0.065, its influence should be taken into account by modifying 5,7), and a using the data given in Fig. 24. For asp ~ O11, 7 shouldbe increased by about 1O% whereas 5, and « should be decreased by about 0.7 mm and 0.33 mm, respectively. “The clear spacing, c) between lugs has a significant effect on the local bond stres-sip telationship since, with increasing values of ,, the values of iat maximum bond resistance ‘and at leveling of 10 the frictional bond resistance increase. The bond deterioration during ‘otic loading decreases with increasing clear lug spacing c1. However, more tess are noted to ‘antfy the infuence of the bar deformation pattern om sip more accurately. Inthe reported tess the ler distance eween lugs ofthe standard bars was 10.5 mm and the corresponding ‘one for #6 bars was about 7 mm. It proposed 0 modily the values for s,s and given in Section 5.1 with the factor 6/10.5 (ey in mm), but beeuse of lack of data the modification should not exceed 30%<6. (©) Concrete Strength “The influence of this parameter can easly be taken into account by multiplying >) and 7) swith the factor ((/30)4, where f= 1/2 to 2/3 and fis the concrete compresive strength in ‘N/mm?, Furthermore, the value of 5 should be changed approximately in proportion to /f, to take into account the variation of, with conerete strength. (@) Clear Spacing I the clear spacing beoween bars is smaller than 4 dr) and 7) should be reduced using ‘the information given in Fig 4.15, e) Restaining Reinforcement 1 the minimum restrsining reinforcement as given in Section 4.5 is provided, pull-out type of failure can be expected, The maximum and fictional bond resistances will not be much lowor (15%) than the cited values, which are api ble for cages having a4 times heavier transverse reinforcement than required in Section 4.5. However, if less restrinment (confinement than required in Section 4.5 is provided, a plitng type of failure may occur, In this case the bond stress-stip relationship may difer much from that for a well-confned con- crete (ee Fig 4.11). However, aot enough dat are available to reliably cover this ese (0 Extema Pressure ‘The influence of external transverse pressure p (for example, by column compressive forces) can be taken into account by increasing 7. end 3 according to Fie 4.17 () Loating Rat I the loading rate ier significant from that used for testing standard specimens (1.7 1mm slipper minute), the values of y and rs shouldbe modified according to Fig. 4.20. (h)_ Postion of Bars Durie Casting “The proposed bond lw is valid fr burs positioned horizontally in mid-eight of 2 300 ‘mm (12 In) is specimen and surrounded by well compacted concrete. The bond stess-sip| relationship may be significantly different for different bond conditions, ¢ more oF les fresh68 ‘conerete beneath the hats or concrete less well compucted, However, no quantification of these Influence factors is given because of lick of dats. For possible modifiaton of the monotonic envelope, se Section 21.1 5.352 Effects on Cyelle Parameters. According 19 Section 44.6, several parameters ‘investigated do not influence significantly the exclic bond behavior if the deterioration of bond resistance is rélated 10 the pertinent monotonic envelope and calelated for equal ratios of Sna/S In the proposed model, bond resistance during cyclic loading is related to the mono- tonic envelope, and the influence of 55 is taken into account by calculating the reduced envelope and the frictional resistance during cycling through the normalizing eneray £, and Ey. respectively. Therefore, it 16 assumed that the eyelc parameters given in Sections 5.32 and 5.33 ate also valid for diffrent test conditions than those on which they have been deter- ‘mined (ee above). The influence of the diferent parameters on the stifiness of the unloading and reloading branch can be taken into account by modifying its slope (K = 180.N/ mm’, Sec: tion 53.4) in the same way as the values ry (see Section $5.1). 1 is believed that this approximation is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes because the slope of the unloading branch only slightly insences the overall behavior ofa long anchorage (49). 5.3.6 Comparison of Analytical Predictions of Local Bond Stress-Slip Relationships ‘with Experimental Results ‘The local bond stres-stip celauonships predicted using the model described above are ‘compared in Figs. 5.10 5.22 with the results obtained in some of the present test Por mek- Jing the calculations, a computer program was written which is described in a companion report [49]. To take the inevitable scatter into account, the parameters which describe the monotonic envelope were varied in the given range (Section 5.3.5.1) to match the experimental results [As can be soon, except forthe reloading curves starting ftom s = 0 and resching the values of the peak slip between which the specimen was cle, the agreement is quite good. This is also ‘nue forthe results of Test Series | and 3 to 7, in which the influence of several parameters on the bond behavior was studied, In general the model was successful in reproducing the experi-mental rosuls with sulkcent accuracy ‘4 Analytical Medel for Unconfined Concrete in Tesion and Compression ‘The bond conditions i a joint vary along the embodment length as desibed in Sections 2.12 and 31 see abso Fig. 26). In the folowing, the implications on the bond sessslp rele tionship during monotonic and cyte loading are dscussed 5.41. Monotonic Envelope ‘Figure 5.25 shows the diferent regions in an interior joint as identified in 18] and peat tong stessip relationships for monotone loading in both drctions. Loading 1 (tension force spplied atthe left bar end, compression force athe right bar end) results in athe nfe- ‘ior bond behavior at the left unconfined end of the conorete block compared to the mide confined region de to the estly formation of a concrete cone which scparates from the main concrete block (Fig. 34). The opposite is true forthe ight unconfined end of the block ‘because of the column compressive force transverse compressive sreses ate acting on the bar. For # monotone loading in the opposite direction losing 2), the bond behavior of the wo end regions reverses, The length of the end retons wih efferent bond behavior and the per- tinent bond laws are not wellknown ye According to 8} the length of the concrete cone tht eventualy breaks out i influenced by the thickness ofthe (unconfined cove, the amount and particular acangement (Spacing) of the stirs and the arrangement of the longitudinal bars (See Fig. 34). Inthe experiments performed in [8] this length amounted to about 34 g,. From the results given in (22, this length canbe estimate to about 5 gh. The bond strength inthis zone will not be uniform, but will vary from a relatively low valie atthe column face 10 almost the value applicable for ‘confined concrete atthe tp of the cone because some concrete atthe column fase will break out fst. Approximately the same length as sven above is assumed for the zone with very 00d bond tthe other end of the block “The bond strength of the unconfined tensioned region close to the column face may dropCo own 35 low as about $ N/mm? (725 psi) for 8 consrete strength f°, ~ 30 N/mm? (4350 pail 18.221. After the Formation ofa cone, the bond resistance wil decreas rp 1 about 20 “Toe maximum bond resistance inthe compressed cegon ner the column face depends on ‘he transverse pressure which acts on the bar. A pressure of 10 N/mm (1450 pi), which was approximately present inthe tests 18,221 st msximim loa, will increase Tu BY about 20% Furthermore, compression stesses due t0 the Poisson effect (br yielding in compression) are sing on the bar, which might increase ray, by an addtional 208. The seme percentage Increase can be expected for the ultimate fictional bond resistance. The characterise sip ‘alues are not tkey to charge much, With due consideration ofthe above mentioned dat, the folowing monotonic envelopes are suggested being valid for a concrete strength £2 = 30 N/mim? (4350 ps ‘Unconfined region at column face: “Tension Site Compression Side 51 = 5 Nima! (725 psi 11, = 20 Nim (1900 psi) nao 25 = 15 Néoum! (1087 ps) 5) = = 03 mm 0012 in) 3) = 1mm (008 in), 5) = 3 mm (0.12 in) 2) = 1 mm (0.08 in) 557 105 mm (041 in) a= 04 anos ‘The inuence ofa diferent concrete strength can be taken into account as proposed in Section 551, If the maximum transverse pressure i es than 10 N/mm (1450 psi or the bar does ‘ot yield in compression, the valves forthe maximum and frictional bond resistance of the ‘unconfined region in comression shouldbe medifed accordingly. For conditions as present in the tests (8,21, the following distribution ofthe characteris tic bond stresses and slip vues is proposed (Fig. 5.2: G@) x=010 x=2 & and Characteristic bond stresses and slip values of the Reb to x= 2d ‘unconfined concrete in tension and. compfession, as sven above () x70254<5a00 Characteristic bond stresses and slip values of the X=OTS(2 (Sa confined region, see Section 5.3268 fe) Embedment tength Linear interpolation of the characteristic bond stresses hetween reuions ta) and lip values between regions (a) and () and (0) 1n should be noted thatthe above proposals are highly speculative, which has to be taken {nto aecount when using them Additional tests are needed to reliably quanti the Bond inthe various zones along a ba 5.4.2 Cyelie Parameters Figure 5234 (bottom left) shows typical monotonic bond laws for the left unconfined region 1. If fist a slip in the negative direction is imposed (ar is pushed in), relatively good ‘bond is developed and “normal” damage in the concrete surrounding the bar is induced. On the contrary, if one imposes fst slip in the positive direction (bar is pulled out), the concrete is one to cay cone formation. ‘Therefore, much more damage than “normal” is produced when loaded to equal slip values, It i reasonable to assume that not muck bond resistance #s left after the formation of a cone. Therefore, the following modifications to the analytical bond ‘model fo cycle loading are proposed. ‘The normalizing cyclic perameters (E,, Eyy. and ss) are related t0 the monotonic envelope for push-in loading (inducing sip inthe negative direction for region 1 or in the posi- tive direction for region 2 in Fig. 5.23). To take the more severe damage into account which is caused by bar pull-out (indocing sip in the opposite direction than deseribed above), the per tinent total dissipated eneray, £, and energy dissipated by friction alone, E,, are multiplied by an amplification factor 6. It is proposed to take this amplification facior as vice the ratio ‘between the value E, for push-in lading and the value E, for pull-out loading, This definition of the amplification factor results in a reduced envelope for pushin loading with characteristic ‘ond streses of about 108i of the values of the monotonic envelope, when the bar is first pulled oat up toa sip value s = sy and then the direction of loading is reversed [Note thatthe above proposal is rather crude because the deterioration of bond caused by pullout to very small sip values ( 7 i" eg NUMBER OF LOAD CYCLES, N FIG. 2.7 INFLUENCE OF THE RATIO BOND STRESS UNDER UPPER LOAD, MAX x, TO STATIC BOND STRENGTH, tyax, ON THE NUMBER OF CYCLES UNTIL BOND FAILURE (AFTER [31])- 10 mE r rot rane Ae] 0 os SLIP ATUNLOADED BAR ENO [mm] Aslam 001 L 1 0 10 10 1 1 tot NUMBER OF LoaD CYCLES, FIG. 2.8 INCREASE OF SLIP AT THE UNLOADED BAR END UNDER PEAK LOAD DURING CYCLIC LOADING AS A FUNCTION OF THE NUMBER OF LORD REPETITIONS (AFTER (31])= 90 - OnPA/VATHOM A CaSOdOUE aTHSNO! ~SSHHLS GNOR W907 BOs TH dos dTHSWOLLYT3a dT" uugoss5600 1600-H 990-60 = & [ways wesoore sors 2 ' ao: wu ooe + Eveaeernternan eer Meee tage DINOLONOW--- eo ge oxo AZ, _| noom-+2ZZ) 0! GNA st Tawny-91 (3) _owauuaa/sodoe ‘NGAANNVHAVAIA AG OISO¢0ud ATHSHOTAYT: “SSRIS NOS TWIOT wos TOON 1¥9} sas04s 9WGKOT 40 NOUDNNE® OE 0 * 3130 Pspoe"s 490A, Reo (6) sorssui a8 asndoud d1HSNOLIVISH dT1S-SS3u1S ‘QiOa W901 YOs THON WOULATONY U1HeKiPs) 30 (0) LATERAL LOAD DEFORMATION Bowe MECHANISM OF STIFFNESS DEGRADATION FIG. 3.1 MECHANISM OF DEGRADATION OF STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH (OF AN INTERIOR JOINT (AFTER [36 ])ae coe New cRaexs FIG. 3.2 MAJOR CRACKS IN SUBASSEMBLAGE BCU NEAR FAILURE (TAKEN FROM [371) . FIG. 3.3 AN INTERIOR BEAM-COLUNN JOINT AFTER SEVERAL INCREASING CYCLES OF REVERSED LORDING (Courtesy of Professor T. Paulay)- 4 (b) GEOMETRY OF CONCRETE CONF FIG. 3.4 FORMATION OF CONCRETE CONE IN PULLOUT SPECIMEN (TAKEN FRoW [6]).= 95 - enias Isl 9'e “OL NaWID34S ISIS" “OL OS gga pt ee- 96 = ieee ees" FIG. 3.7 HISTORIES OF SLIP FOR CYCLIC TESTS (SERIES 2) OPENING SIZE Lin} 882 8sa5 28 esss2hssss oreg Ee eS TH C33 GaabING LTS 264 f © 3° XR | aire rconce eae °° 2g || “TOTAL AGGREGATE Zz § col SH 8 t N | . 8 ) ASCENDING BRANCH OF BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FIG. 4.12 INFLUENCE OF BAR DIAMETER AND DEFORMATION PATTERN ON BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP= 108 - 2 4 6 8 10 12 series] fe[ N/mm?) EO—pi-a3] 546 +-@--41-43| 54.6 2 | 300 02 04 06 08 10 12 [mm] (b) ASCENDING BRANCH OF SOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FIG. 4.13 INFLUENCE OF CONCRETE STRENGTH ON BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP= 109 = T[Nimat) 02 Ga 66 08 10 12 tae str) (b) ASCENDING BRANCH OF BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FIG. 4.14 INFLUENCE OF CLEAR DISTANCE BETWEEN BARS ON BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP= 10 - T(S)/ T(S=Idy) S/d, FIG. 4,15 INFLUENCE OF CLEAR BAR SPACING S/d, ON GOND RESISTANCE-an- 81 fomtal owes | ane w (wee) — Sn) {(b) ASCENDING BRANCH OF BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FIG. 4.16 INFLUENCE OF TRANSVERSE PRESSURE OW BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP° 5 v0 TRANSVERSE PRESSURE , » [N/mm] FIG. 4.17 INFLUENCE OF TRANSVERSE PRESSURE ON BOND RESISTANCE At/p 0s07>— + Tox = Thriction 025+} AT=TIp)~Tip=0) — ° 5 10 is ‘TRANSVERSE PRESSURE, p [N/mm*] FIG, 4,18 INFLUENCE OF TRANSVERSE PRESSURE P ON COEFFICIENT ax/p=a z[Ninm*) sls) FIG. 4.19 INFLUENCE OF RATE OF PULL-OUT ON BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP Tn T (ret) 12 © Tox 09 oa or Or r 10 Too RELATIVE RATE, 1, OF SLIP INCREASE FIG. 4.20 INFLUENCE OF RELATIVE RATE, x, OF SLIP INCREASE ON BOND RESISTANCE 5,~ uo = “arJS 40 SWWSWANR TIN HLM S¥ agg7aiWa 0390038 3HL 40 JaNWASISRA NOH TWiOTioTAs 31VMELIN 40 NOTLONGR aTs"y 91s “a11S_ 40 STWSYRNRY SONVASTSI OWOG WAWIKYN 30 NOTLONGR eTS"h “91 | Whoo m= 37019 1 waLsv =a [eachoe ar isks S| L moe b tell, SmoOO wIR] a= 31000 1 83150 | sen rswsnay ar isis | eo TDNGLCNNEL HEL, ‘GinLONOHD 7-m- iNT WwoNOTONE) 320 a0 ne FIDTTED AT ax’? FIG. 4.52 REDUCTION OF BOND RESISTANCE OF THE REDUCED ENVELOPE AS A FUNCTION OF THE PEAK VALUES OF SLIP AT WHICH CYCLING 15 PERFORMED. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF TESTS WITH FULL AND HALF cYcLéS.. Twenty 7 jb - ~ My | SERIES 16 sa notre cones 1)? Feria! son B | | ee @@ 02 $6 @ 1012 FIG. 4,53 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 1.6a2 = 1 | Jl | ‘SERIES 1 verTicaL: 2} 'STIRRUPS: FIG. 4.54 BOND STRESS-SLEP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 1.7 Tint) wonoroNe (seRies 311), pou tN L L 10 ee ae FIG, 4.58 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 3.4~ 43 - FIG. 4.56 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 3.5 Tiwant) 471] t of a a a a FIG. 4.57 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 3.6ee TWmnt] FIG, 4,5 Fie. 4.59 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 4.2 cia i hg | Soeorone ss “Us | se asl | gl | i Ae ||| BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 4.3= 4s - ‘5; -—- - 1 { TIT Nenatanie"| 1 id aS 51 FIG. 4.60 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 5.4 Twenty I 1 iz Q *| fe wwonoToNIc (SeRies 52)" rt FIG. 4,61 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 5.5= 46 = Twenty BT) [| Ee Sto oncrowe (semis 63)!" | rt 7 Thm TT (OTONIG (SERIES 6.2) | = Flr 4 | n/a i L i TN Ig TRANSVERSE PmESSURE Sed + eins Monotonic (sees 623°. L (oar 2 aes EeeI CHR ORE FIG. 4.63 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 6.5= ar rent BORD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 6.6 FIG. 4.68 Naat in| BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CYCLIC LOADING, SERIES 7.3 FIG. 4.65~ 8 = ari BONO-DETERIONATION _ sraNoAnO Test A [50N0_OETERORATION —speciric. TEST wisiaees’ | Stent |e [Ses OS, FIG. 4.66 INFLUENCE OF INVESTIGATED PARAMETERS (OIRECTION OF LOADING, CONCRETE STRENGTH, BAR SPACING, TRANSVERSE PRESSURE, RATE ‘OF PULLOUT) ON BOND BEHAVIOR DURING CYCLIC LOADING. [BONO DETERIORATION STANDARD TEST RATIO Goud-DETERIORATION SPECIFIC. TEST. 08} + : C= Twremearee aR OANETER wT lg wm |e 88 we] 343836 | Base FIG, 4.67 INFLUENCE OF BAR DIAMETER AND DEFORMATION PATTERN ON BOND BEHAVIOR DURING CYCLIC LOADING- us - FIG. 5.1 MECHANISM OF GOND RESISTANCE, MONOTONEC LOADING~ 150 - FIG. 5.2 MECHANISM OF BOND RESISTANCE, CYCLEC LOADINGD Nonetenie Eons ® Umeacing ronen @ Frietian Bronen @ Ratooding Branch © Reduces Envelone — EXPERIMENTAL — ANALYICAL monoronie— — evrerimentat SANBLYTICAL (b) Fis. 5.3. PROPOSED ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR LOCAL BOND STRESS- SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR CONFINED CONCRETEeT ] | el flows | —— EXPERIMENTAL [ ——— ANALYTICAL, | S | 8 - SS = bt— 4 i (al L ° 4 8 (2) FULL RANGE OF SLIP T[N/mm?] 6 ] ] | | — | | ——— EXPERIMENTAL ——— ANALYTICAL | | i (b) FIG. 5.4 08 12 1.6 s [mm] ASCENDING BRANCH OF BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSH COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULT STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIP. UNDER MONOTONIC. LOADING HIP OF BOND= 133 - Yet IMT IND 0) st . o2 eo le ” ry L L 0020408 08 eter srineld FIG. §.5 RATIO BETWEEN ULTIMATE FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE OF REDUCED ENVELOPE. AND OF MONOTONIC ENVELOPE AS A FUNCTION OF THE DAMAGE FACTOR, ¢ asta KM E(u) Of Sar Bete 10) C=] 3 Finsr’ stip" ReveRsAL, [et DAFTER Nei CYCLE y osl— sarten nes SAPTER Ne "A os| LZ. ri aleve" ol ¥ i Be — € FoR Ty EB For ru me, J ° cry o 1s 20 2s E/E FIG. 5.6 DAMAGE FACTOR, d, FOR REDUCED ENVELOPE AS A FUNCTION OF ‘THE DIMENSTONLESS ENERGY DISSIPATION E/E,= 184 = 1M roy les. T © FIRST SLIP. REVERSAL © AFTER N= 10 CYCLES © Os 19 15 Smax/ 3s FIG, 5.7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE DURING CYCLING, (8), AND THE CORRESPOROING ULTIMATE. FRICTIONAL sono RESISTANCE =y(N) aN a 0 > = oe 7 byetet 2G 76°87 oe a on uae f Tron fe ee bee yinn_| EB SSIEv torn oo os -o ° © 20 Py 40 Fy /Ey FIG, 5.8 DAMAGE FACTOR, of, FOR FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE OURING CYCLING’ ASA FUNCTION OF THE DIMENSIONLESS ENERGY DISST= PATTON E/E oy= 155 - Tp (1) Ty FOR FIRST SLIP REVERSAL Ty (102 To (1) Ce, Tygl2)* Ty (1) 4K, (Sp 2)” Spay!) 55 TyolNI/ TAIN) Lo = ° 05 10 7s. FIG. 5.9 CALCULATION OF ZERO INITIAL FRICTIONAL BOND RESISTANCE FOR UNLOADING FROM LARGER VALUE OF PEAK SLIP Spay THAN DURING PREVIOUS CYCLES _Oumme) | ‘AFTER 10 CYCLES ol — CYCLE D 3 = cveuic Test (21044 mm = ANALYTICAL MODEL "ay 708 2 3s 16 is 5 imm) FIG. 5.10 CONPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR ‘BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 2.4S-MONOTONIC LOADING AFTER | CYCLE iE cycuc Test (622168 mm) = woNoToNIe LoABING: BNALYTICaL MODEL: Monoronic © 2 4 € ® 0 sme) FIG. 5.11 COMPARISON OF EXPERINENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 2.6 5 iN/mm2) JS<—NONOTONIE LOADING p NO Sam FIG. 5.12 CRETER lo evetes = cxetic Test 22246 ma T= AnacrTicay “wopeL <4 %, + 3 7 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 2.8N/mm?) aeons rr (e) AFTER oveues ome e) aFTeR 15 cyoves | | {¢) aFTeR 20 cvcLes —cyeute rest [= WonoToNIe Loaoinc F moxoronic A SF anauyTicaL MODEL J stam FIG. 5.13 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 2.19 c1Nimm] Creu test > ANAUYTIAL Hoon semes 223 an Coe EYCLING BErweEN Seoknoestes'ne | we sim FIG. 5.14 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 2.13= 158 - i er et aes tt we ‘inal FIG. 5.15 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 1.6 (42 VERTICAL BARS) panes FIG. 5.16 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 3.¢ (#6 (19 nm) BAR)6h 2 ab aul = 159 - ima) Teo "y Sapte ee itt en a ee em stn] FIG. 5.17 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR ‘Inmet 6 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 3.5 (48 (25 mm) BAR) 6 “ie Fas a tna FIG, 5.18 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR OND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 3.6 (#10 (32 mm) BAR)= 160 = ‘oat rt FIG. §.19 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL. RESULTS FOR BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 4,2 (fe = 54.6 Name) gy INEam 1 oe FIG. 5.20 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR SOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 5.4 (GueaR spacing = 1'4,)= 161 - @ staal FIG. 5.21 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR OND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 6.5 (p= 10 N/am?) sot lNinn stam FIG. 5.22 COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR BORD STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS FOR TEST SERIES 7.3, (5 = 170 om/ain)FIG, 5.23 BOND STRESS-SLIP RELATIONSHIPS UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING FOR DIFFERENT REGIONS IN A JOINT Lonoin 1 Loabing 2 =| ° te a tee @® revi) (Compare Fig. 5.23 a) © CONFINED concRETE (Compare Fig. 5.23 b) © wesw 2 (Compare Fig. 5.23 €) ®@ _—wwsienn sesr0w FIG. 5.24 PROPOSED DISTRIBUTION °F CHARACTERISTIC VALUES OF BOND RESISTANCE AND SLIP ALONG THE ANCHORAGE LENGTH