PITHING Exercise 11 z Pithing the Frog Signs of Successful Pithing + Frog will remain limp * Legs are extended forward or outstretched and frog will quiver * Single pithing will only destroy the brain but frog will still be able to: > breath * muscles will still contract > heart will still beat Exercise 12 Muscle-Nerve Preparation -~ Exercise 13 Application of Different Forms of Stimuli make the animal free from pain destroy the Nervous System pithing/dissecting needle foramen magnum - cup-like depression - located between the skull and the atlas (first cervical vertebra) single pithing — brain is destroyed double pithing - brain and spinal cord are destroyed Proper way of restraining the frog during pithing: * Legs should be outstretched and held tightly between ring and small finger * Head bent forward , pressure exerted on top of the head by index finger * Head is bent over the second finger Parts of Muscle-Nerve Preparation Sciatic nerve — whitish threac-like structure lying in between the thigh muscle close to the femur Femur Thigh muscles Gastrocnemius ~ large muscle at the postero- inferior Stimulus any change in the environment ~ Tissues maybe stimulated by: a, mechanical stimulus (tie and pinch the sciatic nerve) », thermal stimulus ( hot and cold water) ¢. chemical stimulus (NaCI) d. electrical stimulus ~ (stimulator) - preferred 1. intensity and duration can be controlled 2, it maybe applied and removed easily 3, changes that the electrical stimulus, produces is reversible and do not damage the tissuesANSWER TO QUESTIONS Beer) 1. Among the different forms of stimuli applied, electrical stimulus gave the better result 1. Mechanical a. Tying b. Pinching 1. intensity and duration can be controlled 2. Thermal a. Hot water single 2. it maybe applied and removed easily 3. change that the electrical stimulus b. Cold single - - ae produces is reversible and do not 3. Chemical (NaCl) series damage the tissues 2. Chemical stimulus is not frequently use in the maces oblee laboratory because it damages the tissue. gle Threshold stimulus - stimulus whose strength is just enough to elicit a response Subminimal stimulus Exe rcise 14 - weaker than threshold stimulus d Tha Crinal Dean - does not cause any response . . fenton) Spinal Frog | Norm: Maximal Stimulus i 4. Position of| - type of stimulus that causes the greatest respo ite Dror Eee beyes Half closed Wide open limbs Extended Contracted * Spinal frog- single pithing t * Normal frog ( only the semicircular canal is 2. Pinching the toes No response destroyed) 3. Pinching the skin No response 4. Pinching the hind toes No response 5. Response on the other No response toes 6.Position of the body Tilted toone Normal position side (not balancedAT ea ee B.Evidenceof Noresponse —_ frog moved Exercise 15 hearing . 9.Touchingthe Noresponse Eyes closed Complex Coordinated and cornea Uncoordinated Reflexes 10. Destruction of Not balanced Normal position ular canal fnowerio Question Before injection of strychnine 1. The type of reflex produced upon the first a.concentrated _Frogtflexed the leg + ll are complex application of acid is complex coordinated. HNO3- ‘coordinated TT . . . bimmersionin withdraws the eg reflex (orery 2+ Thestrychnine solution causes convulsive aecer een movements or spasmodic contraction muscular because strychnine binds with glycine which contractions is a neurotransmitter for relaxation and ‘After Ilertion of contraction equilibrium therefore the muscle strychnin« ronrrnny Por remains contracted. i yh P ene 53, ii ciebeeesbiininne |) Withdrawal reflexes are classified under HN 1. Intact heart 60-100 beats/min complex coordinated reflex. b.im 2. heart in Ringer's solution (room temperature) 3. heart in warm Ringer's solution 4, Heart in cold Ringer's solution Slightly lower than intact, heart “ the higher the temp. the higher the cardiac rate “ the lower the temp. the lower the cardiac rateExercise 35 The Effect of Temperature on Heart Rate Answer to Questions ud Parasympathetic 1. Increase calcium levels — increase heart rate Force increases decreases Increase potassium levels — lower heart rate 2. Sympathetic stimulation — increases cardiac Rate increases decreases an activities Rhythm increases decreases Parasympathetic stimulation - decreases cardiac activities Leth td eerie eT) Muscle length Shortens Muscle retains original length Muscle tension Less tension More tension Answer to Questions: tia Greater Lesser 1. Isotonic contractions ex. Walking, writing, running ce Lesser force Greater Force Isometric contractions ex. Simply standing, pushing against a wall 2. Isotonic contraction - muscle shortens, mechanical work Isometric contraction - muscle tightening but no shortening of muscleSingle pithing * Muscle preparation (same as muscle nerve preparation) * Parts of muscle preparation? * Parts removed? What muscle is used? * to produce simple muscle contraction, electrical stimulus is applied to the muscle. +Muscle is allowed to relax before application of second stimulus Three Phases of Simple Muscle Contraction AB lag or latent phase c - period after stimulation contraction is not apparent B-C contraction phase period when muscle fibers contract (muscle fibers shorten) CD relaxation phase ~ period when the myogram falls - muscle returns to its resting state cle 2 Exercise 8 Simple Muscle Contraction Myogram - record of muscle contraction Muscle twitch/Simple Muscle Contraction - brief contraction of a muscle fiber in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in a motor neuron “xercise 9 immation - second stimulus comes before the end of contraction or at the beginning of relaxation period.A - first baseline B - first peak/second baseline C - second peak AB first contraction BC second contraction CD relaxation 2. Second contraction is higher than the first contraction because of the ff. reasons: a. greater tension is a - first baseline produced on the muscle b -first peak/second baseline upon sending more than eSeeond peok one stimulus. b. second contraction is higher than the first because it starts at a higher baseline c. greater amount of Ca on the second contraction