we 6 What is the relation between variance and power for a random signal z (t)? Variance is the sum of the total average normalized power and the DC power. total Power DC power o=Ele +E or For the a signal whose mean is zero, total Power =— = E[z*()) How to find average, power, PEP, effective value (or the RMS) of a periodic function? Let 2 (t) be a periodic function, of period 7, then average of x(t) = (x(t) =k [sow f ‘The average power is A po (2) =% [ te(oitat Effective value, or the RMS value is Smal) = VED = vw fz [stat For example, for z(t) = cos (2), (z(t) = 0, Pay = 3,2rms (t) = 0.707 To find PEP (which is the peak envelope power), find the complex envelope Z(t), then find the average power of i 7 How to derive the Phase and Frequency modulation sig- nals? For any bandpass signal, we can write it as 2(t) = Re(z(t)e™*) ‘Where Z (t) is the complex envelope of z(t). For PM and FM, the baseband modulated signal, é (t) has the form A.e Hence the above becomes x(t) = Re (Ace™eiet) = A, (coswzt cosd (t) — sinut sin 8 (t))But cos (A +B) = cos Acos B — sin Asin B, hence the above becomes 2(t) = cos (wt +6 (t)) a ‘The above is the general form for PM and FM. Now, for PM, 0(¢) = kym/(t) and for FM, 0(t) = ky fom (th) dt. Hence, substituting in (1) we obtain pu (t) = cos (asta [mtu ar) pa (t) = 00s (wet + hymn (t))& we , sheet heck 3) iyabihede Mabel ye aA wie Al) =e bit kn lt) ces wet Mediator julex ee Asa = Fassia ney + Aan b) D38-8¢ SU) = Ae mh) Cr wed 2) 384 Sh) = BE ml) txwel % be sald Giawt wire (-} fe USB ane (t) fr Z£88 2) 2 W7 [mt] = me ee NG) = -$ Sl) Mf) Z) Pu wave; Au) = Me C2 ( lel kp mm fe) ) a wave ~ 2 Sa As eo Risel + BIL f coe Jow Of mbil Ws & Fide wr Covine pare gfe erengle ) Whee Kaw 19 fe onan» ef Cure lops * (Eo wall) = har bea gt har of 0) berdoows ugh Bis Se AW) = Be ealanlt + 2 Gitly 4], where & -¢ = eres Lf 10, webbie rien fatix bd af = MY Ae [A Ve IS Me viictlion Sl) = fi rtp) jwal Jag. 2 Z L dé) Bi)= Afi me fill 5, Ge GM) (0 te wal plore: W) Maceow Lind Wine ahs eG Efolp co = Elagh=Eftag 20 0 OM) = BO) bets Wiel — Ay) Har eet «Soll = Sug) = [Ey Ht -82 ltd] 2c! C8) Whine. These -tre Pted of tle marrowlied rane Bee o or fer. ond Gualrtore Cempirenta , aa + Fhe Cavilpe of tt) 1a AM= 15 + adil 8 sTable A11.1_ Summary of Properties of the Fourier Transform Propery 1. Lineariyy 2 Time scaling 3. Duality 4. Time shifting 5. Frequency shifting 6. Area under g(1) 7. Area under GS) 8. Differentiation in the time domain ‘9. Integration in the time domain 10. Conjugate Funesions «Te Muliplcaon inthe ime domain ‘\nstant “prese. 12. Convolution in the time domain Mathematical Deseripdon 20 + bel = AGS) + BGT) where aand bare constants aon = ho(2) _ as), af) CUS yexp(~ jaf) exp jtnhaeto = OU =I f ett) dt = C(O) r= fone Seto = avo 7 Z [oar oat cin + an = Y v Ac (SiN) se Prise deviation } O, = Wa + PO +e ¢ Praquers déviahdn B= WA) = Pe al ‘stand Frog So yg. Paes e+ Phase via on eh Frege We + freq. deviahon Table A114 Trigonometric Identities explo) = cond = jsind cos8 = tlexp(sf) + exp(—j) sind = qin = explo) into + cote = 1 cos ~ sia? = cox(20) HL) + cont2) Sinko = jl ~ cost20) 2 snd cost = sin(20) sin(a = A) = sing cosB = cosa sind cos(a & 6) = cosa cox = sina sin ~ tuna © tanB Te tna ans sina snp = Hfcos(a ~ ) ~ coxla + BL ce cone cosh = Hfcos(e ~ 6) + corte + BI ~~ © sina coxB = Hin(a - 6) + sin(a + BO) wna = A= atB)eR ate = (OH (eye Ee (os RE 248 OLE oot 21S = Cot ee a 6n94 G fon “3 2p aanxh S 5 i 7 F(R ee moe. 2 WA [eae ee ek = OPE ey Fao, (oe hr tnd F] ee ‘ C0) pK cee y boadcterl Lr ABTA png eH 2 oun prep ot prever\ el = we ew pres ven OE oer wos wn PC TRE = on) Jere (1% = (0% (nig wet e's calxer'k xorg 2 aaa ata wndesre CADE SOP epeb (OL MRE 2 gi ” (2X20. aire <2 ya p7le 7@ an unm pelarre sat SF we 2 WES * mmr ay Taw =r apa | > he ta a: en sen F sTAX =, out Sag i =< rap sept 2 72Q ra 3 Ee weer go" uZ = eaK |“ op por &- = OF y 2B) Pe ote ee ao L we 5 gre 2 | wp apex S07 vaeng? 2] = cox “rah am ¢ a ee * bee Dene ‘Sse ““ cued HP lye Sree Ooesros) £449 ~ apie a i a - "7 beter) 7 re Lespened cpaen FERIA RAT BT tore mene oe piswde iB ase - atven ee edfthe em eeratars 2a ae PD Se ew enge “ae Ay peery qe a (Hua Zt Geuk eZ oe : ae a ua Yor Sy tok 5 OFU “Gam oe ron "Lt Be) Nm : =wye — & i TC 1 see [ol gy om eee = edna oy XZ! -cnz- aS 2 carton [ (Ea Pye i Sa pratt a ace. aap SMe % “Lea pe rag] ch =Mt 7d ye te. i “ox )y] evap ' ee RF 1 fete FEeey. DY reed, oyBS el M . wer EA Thea) caeyenan w = Ae = b#a st - (-R2) (2-P) (2 -A)--- a yy, 7 . a betel tent hoa] =4 fore 2 ay Medial Hoyt = byt W(N-Mp | Hey) = [ol Meledtale Datel RE: But )> Fat + GRIN ytd Med TKU KJ HOS ye 7 nia) H (-#) He) He) | gw ou a Any 2 Bopotie “POET (wwe OD eA(-K) eve etn, 1ZCw49) Ke), TO 4H] ih xi ret deve, Jam UY = 3B mses Zen, xteyet Z Xt) Go 2k, f Del onedendd, Dy Lb. a! : Tes wv afk Fwd 7B CT sin Ln) | tage TeEzIH sie BE, GS aeeeee 2-2) Bele TMECy 2m7 eo Terk LEJ= Pinel FylO= xiN@ yee) — cinntiv oma — 2, x, oa te KY, given xpef lest L, hin ip hewph Mtr bow Louth) DET? N=L+M~! (Oe ig sek Le 4 bgt Ades tA we ne NOC oY BAC we con BB giul Ly Tan RT wefinl epee of septtine« Like Liaw Convelnbin san tery onwe Badd sepmens 7 os Fc toy So (nga) 2 Cate ae 2 uF : if we ove sian ome punt +f DET, wwe caw thi rad tiny PPO NT Exden)-rte.d) IT TIT! wea. Z):Xle-a) Xa ole —— eS ee Oe yg [2 ROP Goi, -5 DFE e+e Lele yhlery] £/n)= Sin MDS re OE wr ita, ve —— 2 if He) = J eens ileel§ > xt) = LeinPo) DET if ging, seg peln) Bod ola pa rel Ve Faney sano) Be Beeiety . Bowe. xen, os nxtty ah lee" ) rd i Mercer oN BL? a : ath are coe = Feat sqron me Py for Baye e o arn 2 Wak Cent oe hosed B fopet nan 4, Mp @ beProperties of the Fourier Transform Property £0 Flo) Linearity (Superposition) af(+a,f,(0) ,F,(@) +a, F, (a) Time Shifting St-1,) e™ F(w) Time Scaling S(t) a (2) ‘Symmetry (Duality) FQ) 2f(-o) Time Reversal St) Fo) Frequency Scaling Se" F(o-a,) Modulation Sl )cos(w,1) FFlo-0,)+t Fore.) Time Differentiation og) JoF(o) Frequency Differentiation 0) j 0) Conjugate ro Fo) Integration [rama FoF lo) nF (aslo) Convolution JWast-aua Ho) x(@) Multiplication Parseval’s Theorem AOKO i yar Fe [ROR (-») x rer dosin (42-0 a ueaaa “Go Va. Table 16.2 Fourier Transform Pairs (a>0) t0) Flo) FU) w= 2em7& n{+) = reo(4) asine{ 22) asine(fa) fee ; A2}=n(2) asne(22) im) JN op. nr, 1 1 = nul) ora Papra e 1 1 eral) Tjora —juf+a 4 2a 2a oea aw pra eWeek) atts 5) 1 ! 1 225(0) af) 1 1 : uf) w8o)+ Uae x \ I 1 tu(t) 50°) Gor jag" Gage 1 t seul) Gora) (Raf +a) cos(o,t)=cost2as) ola, )+0(ore,)) tUr-f.)+aUr +f.) \ y “Tr+ ory sO ante sinlo.t) = sin(2af.t) e™*u())eos(e.t) u(t) sin(o,1) sent) sine(ct) sine?(ct) of Z}(3) a) Ge) a: pts ~salelo-a,)-slo+e,)) Jfor-7.)-0 +1] jora Go+al +o} —— Gora) rar Eze jo specif eae, ; (is } ain 2a. 2a “() *-(2) _sin(ea) para (i20f +a)’ + Qa. 2¥, (2af +a)’ +(2af,¥ if 2a cos(my 7 I=Rafy sin(22fa) “Tape -(2afFFOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF COMMON SIGNALS Rectangular Pulse Train se a 10 zo ‘t= pulse width (-1/2 to 1/2) d= duty cycle = wTo. = fundamental frequency = 2n/To sine(x) = sin(nx)/(ax) x(t) =hd +5 2hd sine(nd)cos(nay") x()=6 +3 ¢,c0s(nay +8,) ‘®, 2hd sine(nd) <0 Gq =hd=—, ¢,=|2hd sine(nd)), a-{ cece If t= Ty/2, d= 1/2, and the equations given above becomes h 2) n=0 2 Aa fn X,= sine] |=4 (nw ea sin{ h + ned nt (3 }cos(nay)x()=6 +5; c,c0s (nay +0,) 7 (2 gga {% hane(3) <0 2 0, otherwise Let y(t) = x(t-Ty2). Then, 3. n=0 =X," = X,cos(nz) 1" sin( 22 x yn } + ned nn Triangular Pulse Train ae | e = half of the base of the triangle (- < tS t) d= duty cycle = To, 9 = fundamental frequency = 2n/To Ty Qn X,=hd sine? (nd’ If t= To/2, then the pulse train looks like Ce ee o andzo Xx, Haine (2) = 0, n=even 2h igh rod Let y(t) = x(t-To2). 5 : ———+ Sie a) ~ =X,eP =X, 008(n7) h 2 n=0 7” 0, n=even 2h srr nsodd Half-Wave Rectified Cosine ao) a6 » nett Half-Wave Rectified Sinear 3 h=amplitude, j= J-1 h 9 $0 8 2h cos(nn)_2h (cI) m 1-497 ca ra Full-Wave Rectified Sine2h cos'(na)_2h 1 =4n me 1=4nt Ht, nao, je 2an Exponential Decay a 2} 7 aooat 24 7 Bu a ae vib bem. fey, SeSih) FM me Fu= A. s(t + ks Srochda) of & oy, Prcae deviat Fraquen decatin = * ; ACN on & oh) “< = kem(h Tran Cavergdeoin = max \keg mis ALOE Iman nt} Ut) Sint: Roper, O14) = gow swt Kemet) A> pt FHA), do Fed Wy tHa Werke Wit) ma): cz, Wilds Lace eg. wath) pint “SEO Weg A) PM i —"—. =A. Gslocdt +h Paul). A pv) DEA) = Pheue hewehin Poayegdatinn SA = bp Lonth max Qremery deichens Ke max \dxl F wit)= 2 eel) = e+ ke de