,

Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater

Vol.24, No.4, pp.425-432, August, 2010

24 4, pp.425-432, 8, 2010

Transient CFD
Case study on Remodeling Clearwell Hydraulic Structure using
Transient CFD Simulation Technique

11123
Seon-Jin Kim1Seong-Su Kim1No-Suk Park1Min-Whan Cha2Chang-Keun Wang3
1 , 2 (), 3
(2010 7 26 ; 2010 8 10 ; 2010 8 13 )

Abstract
From the results of tracer test for the existing clearwell in Y water treatment plant, T10 and T10/T were calculated as 150 min
and 0.24, respectively. Therefore it required the modification schemes for improving hydraulic efficiency, surrogated by T10 and
T10/T, and disinfection performance. In this study, using transient CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation technique, tracer
tests on dynamic condition for the suggested schemes were simulated. From the results of simulation, it was revealed that 8~6
baffles are necessary to guarantee the disinfection ability in the existing clearwell. Also, installing orifice baffle in the vicinity of
inlet could increase plug flow fraction within clearwell.

Key words : , transient CFD , ,

: clearwell, transient CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics), hydraulic efficiency, baffles

1.

(Plug flow)

CT,

, C , T

, , , ,

10% T10 .

T90/T10(Morril

index),

T10/T(,

),

dispersion number , T10/T

(Disinfection By-products)

(, 2008a; ,
2008b; , 2007; , 2005). ,

Hannoun(1997, 1998) , ,
Corresponding author Tel:+82-42-870-7525, Fax:+82-42-870-7549, E-mail: nspark@kwater.or.kr(Park, N.)

425

Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater

Vol.24, No.4, pp.425-432, August, 2010

Transient CFD

, T10/T

T10/T

, Shilton (2003) Clark

(tracer test).

(1999)

(Shilton et al., 2003; Clark et al., 1999).

T10/T , transient

(2005) (Shape

CFD .

factor, / )

T10/T

T10/T .

, transient CFD

T10/T

(Hannoun et al., 1998; Lee et al., 2006) .

2.

(Clark et al., 1999, Bishop et al., 1993)

10

2.1

20 0.4 0.5 T10/T(T

) . (

Y. Fig. 1 Y

, 2008b). T10/T

. (V) 461 m

0.6 ,

, (Q) 45

m /hr. Fig. 1 4

(, 2004).

, 11:1,

T10/T 0.4

plug flow

. ,

T10/T .

T10/T

T10/T .

CFD(Computational

Fluid

Dynamics) steady
(, 2008b; ,
2007). plug flow
Table 1. The Relation between T10/T and L/W

426

()

(L/W)

0.10

0.20

2 5

0.30

5 10

0.40

10 15

0.50

15 20

0.60

20 30

0.65

30 40

0.70

40 50

0.71

50

(a) Top-view

(b) Side-view
Fig. 1 Shape of the clearwell

24 4, pp.425-432, 8, 2010

2.2

,
,
. (fluoride, F), Rhodamine
WT, (lithium, Li), (sodium, Na),
(chloride, Cl), (calcium, Ca)
(Teefy, 1996).

. Fig. 1(b) (NaF,
24%) 18L pulse input
, 5
(Kawamura,

2000;

Hudson,

1981). DR2010 (Hach, USA)

,
0.1 2 .
Y
(T) 614 .

(Navier-Stokes Equation)

(2)

, , V ( ), t
, P .

2.3.2

k- ,
Standard
k- .

2.3.3

.
.
No-Slip
Condition , Prandtl

2.3 Transient CFD

(Currie, 1993).

(CFD)

2.3.4

CFD

'step function' .

ANSYS CFX 11.0 .

18L

t=0

(CFD)

. 18 L

. Transient

()

11.8 .

, 15

(3) .

. Pre-processing 1
.

2.3.1

(3)

, C .

,
.

2.3.5
Y 11:1
20:1

. 8
Fig. 2
Transient CFD

.
(1)

427

Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater

Vol.24, No.4, pp.425-432, August, 2010

Transient CFD

(a) contour( 2.1m )

Fig. 2 Y

(b) vector( 2.1m )

Fig. 3 The results of tracer test(C-curve)

Fig. 2 3, 4, 6, 7 8

.

Fig. 4 The results of CFD simulation for the existing clearwell

3.2 CFD
Fig. 4 Y CFD
. 2.1m
.

3.

Fig. 4

3.1
Fig. 3 Y
3

(Q) 45 m /hr
(C-curve). 78.5%
.

. Transient

(Fig. 5 Table 2 )
Transient CFD T10 205
, T10/T 0.33 .

Y , T10

Morill index(T90/T10) 3.78,

150 , T10/T 0.24 .

Modal index 0.55 .

Transient CFD

. Morill

step function

index(T90/T10) 4.73, Modal index 0.27

, ,

plug flow

. 614

. mixed flow 0.63

T10 55(205 - 150)

, plug flow 0.37 .

8.9%

428

24 4, pp.425-432, 8, 2010

Table 2. Comparison between the measurement and the

simulation

14

T10
T10/T
Morill index
(T90/T10)

CFD

Test

Result

150 min 205 min T90: 90%

0.24
0.33
T10: 10%

4.73
3.78

10
8
6
4
2
0
1

Modal index
(TP/T)

0.27

0.55

12
Actual concentration (mg/L)

Wet

Tp: mode
( t)

Table. 3 L/W ratio, T10/T, Morill index and Modal index

Modal
index
(T90/T10)

5401

10801

16201

21601

27001

32401

37801

43201

48601

54001

Time (S)

Fig.

5 Comparison between the measurement and the

simulation

, 3 4
68:1 32:1 ,
plug flow .

T10/T

Morill index
(Tp/T)

11.2

0.24

4.73

0.27

11.2

0.33

3.78

0.55

19

0.28

4.14

0.46

12.4

0.46

2.74

0.73

68

0.68

1.85

0.82

32

0.68

1.87

0.91

32

0.48

2.66

0.75

31.3

0.43

2.91

0.59

C-curve

20

0.32

3.77

0.54

3, 4 5

46

0.61

2.09

0.76

plug flow

T10,50,90 : Tracer 10, 50,

90%
Tp : Tracer
T :

5 4 4
5
.
6 8

Fig. 7 8 transient CFD

.
Fig. 7 , , 1, 2, 6 7

. Fig. 7
Table. 3 ,
T10/T, Morill index Modal index .
3 4 T10/T
4 3
. 1

.
Fig. 6 Y 8
CFD .

. 3
1.25 m
. 4

Fig. 6 1 2

1.7 m

. , T10/T

8 4

. 3

4 plug flow

429

Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater

Vol.24, No.4, pp.425-432, August, 2010

Transient CFD

(a) 1

(e) 5

(b) 2

(f) 6

(c) 3

(g) 7

(d) 4

(h) 8

Fig. 6 The results of CFD simulation for the remodeled ( 2.1m )

430

24 4, pp.425-432, 8, 2010

3)

16
1
3
5
7

Actual concentration (mg/L)

14

2
4
6
8

. T10/T

12

10

4) , CFD

transient ,

0
0:00

1:30

3:00

4:30

6:00

7:30

9:00

10:30

12:00

13:30

15:00

Time

Fig. 7 The simulated tracer tests

4.
T10/T Y
T10/T ,
transient CFD .
T10/T
transient CFD

. .
1) Y , T10
150 , T10/T 0.24

. Morill index(T90/T10) 4.73, Modal
index 0.27 plug flow

. transient CFD

, , , , (2008, a)
:Part A.
T10/T ", ,
Vol.22, No.2, pp.105-112.
, , , , (2008, b)
:Part B.
T10/T ",
, Vol.22, No.1, pp.113-120.
, , , , (2007)
,
Vol.21, No.2, pp.177-185.
, , , , , , (2005)
T10
, Vol.19, No.6, pp.819-826.
, 2004,
Bishop M.M., Morgan J.M., Cornell B., and Jamison D.K.

, 8.9% .

(1993) "Improving the Disinfection Time of Water

2) 8 3 4

Shilton A. and Harrison J. (2003) "Development of

68:1 32:1 (Fig.

guidelines for improved hydraulic design of waste

7 Table 1 ), plug

stabilization ponds" Water Science and Technology,

flow .

48(2), pp.173-180

Plant Clearwell", Journal of AWWA, 85(3), pp.68-75.

4 5

Clark. M.M., Ducoste J. and Burns C. (1999) Improving

Clearwell Design for CT Compliance, AWWARF and

.
(6 8)

AWWA
Hannoun I.A. and Bouls F. (1997) "Optimizing distribution

storage water quality :A hydrodynamic approach",

Appl. Math. Modelling, 21, pp.495-502.

Hannoun I.A., Bouls F. and List J. (1998) "Using hydraulic

431

Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater

Vol.24, No.4, pp.425-432, August, 2010

modeling to optimize contact time", Journal of AWWA,

90(8), pp.77-87

Kawamura, S. (2000) Integrated Design of Water Treatment

Facilities, 5th ed., John Wiley&Sons, New York

Lee Seungjae, Shin Eunher, Kim Sunghoon and Park

Hudson, H. E. Jr (1981) Water clarification Process,

Heekyung (2006) "Improving Hydraulic Efficiency of

Practical Design, and Evaluation, Van Nostrand

Clearwell Using CFD Simulation", 15th Joint KKNN

Symposium, Kyoto, Japan.
Teefy, S.M., and Singer, P.C. (1990) Performance and
Analysis of Tracer Tests to Determine Compliance of
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AWWA, Vol.82, No.12, pp.88-98.

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Transient CFD

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Currie, I. G., (1993) Fundamental mechanics of fluids,
McGraw-Hill, New York.