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Transmission substation
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25- 11

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Generating StationsKJ

Generator

prime

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ETransmission-line carrierF

Thermal Power StationsJ J


J F

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Steam power stations

--

J
Gas power stations

Nuclear power stations

J

J K

--

Hydraulic power stationsJ J



K
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J J

synchronous machines

synchronous speed

Three phase alternating current

KJ K


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exciter

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Distribution substationJ

E {F

F
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Oil Natural Air NaturalW ONAN

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Oil Natural Air Forced W ONAF

Oil Forced Air ForcedWOFAF

WOFWF

KOFAFLJ
Transmission substationJ J

Bulk power substation


WK
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F K
E

auto transformersK

Earthing transformersK
solid earthing


K

- -

Kearthing transformers

WJ

EF

single circuit three

KDouble circuit three phase phase



K

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EMVFEHVFEEHVFsubstations
KELVF

Primary distributionE
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KV{ KV

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KL V.V.

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Primary distribution J J
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radial systemEF
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EtrunkFmain feeder
spurs or laterals

K
KJ

EFJ

sections

K emergency ties
spare capacity

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load transfer switch

interlocking
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ring (loop) system

open loop K
disconnecting

switches
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J
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closed loop K


KJ

EFJ

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primary network system


KJ K

secondary distribution J J
F

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common secondary feeder



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banked secondary feeder

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secondary distribution network

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Conductivity

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Mechanical Strength

Modulus of Elasticity

EF

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Heat expansion coefficient

Cost

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All Aluminum Conductor AACK__

Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced ACSRK__



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All Aluminum Alloy Conductor AAACK__

FAAC,

ACSR


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Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced ACAR K__

ACSR

Aluminum Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced AACSRK__

ACSR

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EJ FBracket J

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FJ

E

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suspension/support towerLK

L
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J J

KEJ F
Tension tower K

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K
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KJ

End towerK

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KJ


KEJ FEcatenary

curveF

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KJ J
W

EwcF

ELF

ETF

K
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KJ J

y=

wc x 2
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x, y

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W
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({)

C=HD
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- -

m J K
H= Kkg{ kg/m
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D = wc L
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C = - = m

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L{
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T=

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J EtF

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- -

wi = . .( d + t ).t
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we = wc + wi = 0.624 + 0.106
D=


we = 0.730 kg / m

we L2
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D = De cos ( ),

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we =

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ww = (d + 2t ) . p kg / m

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we L
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m

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we =
=

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we L2
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w
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m

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d o = d + 2t = 19.5 + 2 13 = 45.5 mm
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ww = A p P = 0.0455 39 = 1.77 kg/m

wi = . .( d + t ).t

= 910 (19.5 + 13) 13 10 -6


= 1.207 kg/m

we =
=

( wc + wi ) 2 + ww2
(0.85 + 1.207) 2 + (1.77) 2 = 2.714 kg/m


we L2
De =
8T
2.714 (275) 2
=
= 6.4 m
8 4000
ww

= tan -1
wc + wi
1.77

o
= tan -1
= 40.71
0.85 + 1.207

D = De cos ( )

= 6.4 cos(40.71) = 4.85 m

Dh = De sin ( )

= 6.4 sin( 40.71) = 4.17 m

- -

KJ J

L- x Lx
KJ

ZD W
ZD
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- -

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x>({)
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- -

J
K


h = 45 - 30 = 15 m

x=

L Th
300 2000 15

2 wc L
2
1 300

= 150 - 100 = 50 m

wc .x 2
1 (50) 2
=
D1 =
2T
2 2000
2500
=
= 0.625 m
4000

C = 30 - 0.625 = 29.375 m
J
K

h = 35 - 25 = 10 m

wC =

- -

250
= 0.25 kg/m
1000

x=

200
L Th
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0.25 200

= 100 - 40 = 60 m

wc .x 2
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=
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2T
2 200
900
=
= 2.25 m
400

C = 25 - 2.25 = 22.75 m

- -


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EarmourF

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single core cable


multi-core cable


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paper insulated cables

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Polymer insulated cables

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WPVCK

PVC
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high voltage cables J

medium voltage cables J


low voltage cables J

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conductor resistance J

insulation resistance J
inductance J

capacitance J

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qVq

rJ

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18 10 ln
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({)

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={ cmD ={ cm,
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r =DR =

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= { Ampere/km


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1

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wire guageW

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KELF

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EnFEaF
K( ),( ),( ),n {{{

KJ
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K
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EmV/A/mFL
L

mV / A / m = 2 Z

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J
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mv / m / A = 2 Z
z = R2 + X 2

mv / m / A =

3Z

W
L{ZEXFL{ZERF

z = R 2 + X 2 = (0.098) 2 + (0.181) 2 = 0.2058 / km

mV/m/A = *{ = { mV/m/A

mv / m / A =

3Z = 3 0.2058 = 0.3564 mv / m / A


FK
KE

J
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W
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- -

K
Kcable locators

K

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W K

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sub-transient reactance E x d FK

transient reactance E x d FK

K
synchronous reactance (xs) K

- -

x d
EG

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K
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J J

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KJ J


WK

E F

K
W

- -

Etotal three phase powerF

Z F EMVAbF

E Z

MVAb = MVA
K
Eline to line voltageF

EkVbF


KE
K

EIbF

WK
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3.kVb

EZbF

W
2

({)

Zb =

(kVb )
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- -

K
K

({)

Z new = Z old

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MVAold

kVold

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K
.

KJ J

- -


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V,
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V 2 . pf
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PSEVF

K pf
K

J

K
K

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30 MVA
13.8 kV

P=18 MW
V= 13.8 kV
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- -

= { kV. kVb

V . pf
(13.8) 0.8
cos 1 ( pf ) =
cos 1 (0.8)
P
18
o
= 8.464 36.87 = 6.7712 + j 5.0784

ZL =


Zb =

(kVb ) 2
MVAb

(13.8) 2
= 6.348
30

2 + j10
6.348

= 0.315 + j1.575 pu

6.7712 + j 5.0784
6.348

= 1.0667 + j0.8 pu

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ZL =

KJ KEpuF
ZL =1.066+j 0.8

ZG =0.315+j1.575

EG

KEJ J F

nodes
T

J F K

- -

Y/ 2

EF

Y/ 2

EF

J F

EJ

K

z= { + j {L{
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J
K
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W
kVb 2 = kVb1

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= 1.38 kV
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- -

30 MVA
1.38kV

13.8kV

Z1 =1.25 + j 2

Z2=0.0175 + j 0.02


W
( kVb1 ) 2
Z b1 =
MVAb

(13.8) 2
=
= 6.348
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W
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( kVb2 ) 2
=
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(1.38) 2
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= 0.06348
30

W
Z eq

V
= Z 1 + Z 2 = Z 1 + Z 2 1
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13.8
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1.38

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Z eq

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1.38
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13.8

WEZpuF
- -

Z pu =

Z eq
Z b2

0.03 + j0.04
= 0.4726 + j 0.63 pu
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Z1
1.25 + j2
=
= 0.1969 + j 0.315 pu
Z b1
6.348

Z 2 pu =

Z2
0.0175 + j0.02
=
= 0.2757 + j 0.315 pu
Zb2
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Z pu = Z1 pu + Z 2 pu = 0.1969 + j 0.315 pu + (0.2757 + j 0.315)

= 0.4726 + 0.63 pu

K
K

_
W

symmetrical three phase faultK

J J

single line to ground fault K

J J

- -



Kunbalance

line to line fault K

J J

( )

()

()

( )

EJ F

double line to ground fault K


J J

- -

K
K
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K
W

K

K

K
KEFFEGF

K
J

K

K
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WJ

K kV

K kV MVA
K

MVA ZMVAb

CZ
( = 10 220 = 200kV )

11


kVb

CZ

= 200

11
= 10kV )
220

kVb

- -

K
W

MVAnew
Z G new = Z G old
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Z G = j 0.2083 pu

kVold

kVnew

= j 0.25

100 10 2
( )
120 10

W

kVold

kVnew

MVAnew
Z T 1 new = Z T 1 old
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Z T 1 = j 0.121 pu

kVold

kVnew

= j 0.1

100 11 2
( )
100 10


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(200) 2
= 400
100

Z TL pu =

Z TL
=
Zb

j 96.8
400

= j 0.242 pu

W
- -

Z new = Z old

MVAnew

MVAold

kVold

kVnew

= j 0.1

100 220 2
(
) = j 0.1513 pu
80
200

MVAnew kVold

Z new = Z old
MVAold kVnew

= j 0.18

100 11 2
( ) = j 0.363 pu
60 10

WF

kV

E G pu =

E G kv
kVb

10
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10

E M pu =

E M kv
kVb

10
= 1 pu
10

GJ

F
E

- -

Z eq =

j 0.3293 j 0.7563
= j 0.2294 pu
j 0.3293 + j 0.7563

F
X
F

EIfF
W

If =

E
1.0
=
= 4.359 pu
X1
0.2294

Ib =

MVAb 10 3
3.kVb

100 10 3
3 200

= 288.675 A

I f = I f pu I b = 4.359 288.675
I f = 1258.33 A

K
- -

I g = 4.359

Ib =

j 0.7563
= 3.037 pu
j 0.7563 + j 0.3293

MVAb 10 3
3.kVb

100 10 3
3 10

= 5773.5 A

I g = I g pu I b = 3.037 5773.5
I g = 17534 A
I m = 4.359

Ib =

j 0.3293
= 1. 322 pu
j 0.7563 + j 0.3293

MVAb 10 3
3.kVb

100 10 3
3 10

= 5773.5 A

I m = I m pu I b = 1.322 5773.5
I m = 7634 A

- -

K
W
MVAsc = 3.kV r I sc 10 3

kVr

Isc

MVAsc

J J J J

KD
J

KJ
K

J F J J

B
B
KF B
- -

W
Isc = A

( kVr = kV)

MVAsc = 3.kV r I sc 10 3 = 3 220 1258 10 3


MVAsc = 479.36 MVA

MVA

J
W
K

K
K
W

K

- -

K
K

K
K
J J
K

KK
J J
K

K
KE
load compensation


flexible ac transmition K
systems FACTS.

- -

W
??L xz

? ? L L xz

??L xz

[] Turan Gnen, Electric Power distribution system engineering, McGraw-Hill Inc, ed printing
, ISBN ---
[] Anthony J. Pansini, Electrical distribution engineering, McGraw-Hill Inc, ed printing , ISBN
---
[] Luces M. Faulkenberry, Walter Coffer, Electric distribution and transmission, Printice Hall, ISBN
---
[] Charles A Gross, Power system analysis, John Willey & Sons, , ISBN ---

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EF

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