PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED by S. W. Spielvogel BYRNE ASSOCIATES, INC. FIFTH EDITION COPYRIGHT 1955 8. W. SPIELVOGEL, Lare Success, N. Y.PREFACE (ALCULATION of pipe stress under changing temperature conditions has heretofore been confined to engineers having an extensive background and working knowl- edge of calculus. In this brief presentation exact solutions have been worked out in arithmetical form so that the practical pipe designer-can refer to typical problems for both form and method of computation. ‘Methods for calculating expansion stresses in high-temperature power piping have been worked out in a number of ways by several investigators. Engineers engaged in this field have adopted one or another of these procedures, depending on personal preference or extent of theoretical background. Material in this text, applying to one such method, has been discussed in sufficient detail so that the mathematical theory can be traced from principle to actual calculation of typical problems. The relatively simple concepts are familiar to most men who have already been required to design piping. Others can acquire a working understanding of the methods presented in a short period of study. Once the basic methods are understood, the engineer can follow through the mathematical procedures at will. Fortunately, it is possible to strip these formulas to a point where the practical designer can recognize the results without need for following the detailed derivations. “This book is arranged in such a manner that one familiar with pipe caleulations can refer quickly to formulas or computations involved in any specific case without reviewing the theoretical background. Specific instructions not only facilitate com- putation but also reduce the probability of error through omission of some detail. Computation forms are arranged to permit sharing of labor on three-dimensional piping systems by allocating parts of the work toseveral persons, ‘The method is exact within slide-rule accuracy. Thorough understanding of the complex problems of elasticity, moments and forces, codified values, and varied methods of calculation can properly be restricted to the very few that have specialized in the field. ‘This book brings the ordinary layout problem well within the grasp of many who wish practical answers to immediate piping layouts. S. W. Sprenvocet. Lage Sccenss, N.Y,This edition incorporates the provisions of the 1955 American Standard Association Code for Pressure Piping. ‘The new Code recognizes the concept of "stress-range" as the criterion for the safety of piping systems. The problens of this edition therefore have been adjusted to conform to this concept a8 ell as to new stress values, elastic constants and coefficients of expansion as published in the Code. The mumerical examples take into account the now mandatory requirement of applying stress in tensification factors found to exist in components other than plain straight pipe.Piping systems within the scope of this vork are struc- tures designed to absorb expansions by the inherent flexibility of the layout. The requirements for "Expansion and Flexibility’ are regulated in Section 6, Chapter 3 of the "Code for Pressure Piping" published by the American Society of Mechanical Enginsers, The intention of these regulations 1s to provide adequate safety with economical use of materials vhile allowing maximm latitude in procedure or aethod of mathematical analysis The Code recognizes the fact that stres: tm piping systems are not necessarily of coastant intensity, that expansion stresses at elevated temperatures may not be sustained because of relaxation or creep and con- sequently will drop to the stress level which the material can sustain, ‘This phenomenon of yielding in the elastic range or flow in the plastic stage presents a problem different from that encountered in the analysis of structures or machinery which operate at relatively low temperatures ent and therefore are in a atate of steady stress. In this case the el: are designed to mest a limiting stress or deformation within the elastic Limit of the material. In contrast, the stresses in a piping system can trespass the elastic limit with stress reversals from cold to hot condition provided the number of stress reversals remains below certain limits so as to exclude the ef fect of fatigue. Piping systems can absorb relatively large displacementswithout 421 effect, changing from one shape to another without return- ing exactly to previous configurations, Relaxation to the sustaining level of the material will tend to establish a condition of permanency in but a few cycles, each cycle lowering the upper limit of the hot stress until a state of equilibrium is reached in which the system is completely relaxed and capable of maintaining constant stress indefinitely, The stress of which a material is relieved due to relaxation reappears as stress in the opposite temperature state with equal intensity but oppo= site sign, Thus, a system which originally was stressless could within a few cycles accumlate stresses in the cold condition and spring iteelf without the application of extraneous work. This phenomenon 4s called "self springing". It may originate in the cold as well as in the hot condition, that is whenever the contraction = or expansion stresses are of sufficient intensity to cause yielding, Ine ital cold springing therefore loses its significance because the stresses calculated on the basis of predetermined short-cutting of the pipe and springing it into position will be altered by subsequent self springing of the system, This fact is recognized by the Code by omission of the credit allowance for cold springing as far as stresses are concerned. Reactions, however, are credited for the effect of cold springing as will be shown separately, The phenomenon of self springing is demonstrated by the following ex- ample: Let it be assumed that the 90° turn shown below is to absorb 6" of ex- Pansion between anchors and that the calculated maximum stress is 24,000 psi! SYSTEM RELAXED TO SUSTAINING LEVEL , Horne EXPANSION ‘SYSTEM SELF SPRUNG Supposing the material at the particular operating temperature can sustain only 18,000 psi or three-quarters of the calculated stres: Yielding will take place to this sustaining level, On cooling to room : temperature the system must contract 6", At 3/4 of this contraction ise. 4,5" the system will be stressless, Completing the contraction rough the remaining 1,5" will result in a stress of 6,000 psi oppo= site in sign to that caused by an expansion of 1,5", The system which at the start was stressless is now cold sprung, THE STRESS RANGE From the foregoing it is evident that the true magnitude of the stresses in either the hot or the cold condition cannot be determined by calculation because the amount of relaxation is unknown and cannot be judged relisbly, However, service failures are related to cyclic rather than static stress condit: 1s and it is therefore permissible to assume that a piping system will operate satisfactorily if the sum of ; the cold and the hot stress is within a stress range zhich is considered safe for the expected number of stress reversals, This concept providesa logical basis on which to design a piping system because it takes into consideration all stress levels to which a system will adjust itself to support the loading to which it is subjected, The stress intensity at a specific stage is of academic interest only, The expansion stress range is set by the Code at S, = f (1.25 Sp + 0.25 Sn) Sq = allowable expansion stress range in psi Se = allowable stress (S-value) in the cold condition Sp = allowable stress (S-value) in the hot condition f£ = stress range reduction factor for cyclic condition, from the fol- lowing table: Total mmber of foll temperature cycles over ex= pected life, ft 7,000 and less 14,000 * * 0.9 22,000 * * 0.8 45,000 * * 0.7 100,000 * * 06 250,000 and over OS The starting point for the application of the stress range reduction factor has been selected at 7,000 cycles which is approximately equal to one cycle per day over a period of 20 years, By expected life is meant the total number of years during which the system is expected to be in active operation.‘The Basis for the Allowable Stress Range S,- The allowable S-values given in the Code are the lesser of the follov- ing stresses: 1) 25% of the minimum specified tensile strength. 2) 256 of the tensile strength at temperatures as reported by test data, 3) 62.5% of the yield strength Y.S. at temperatures as reported by test data i.e, that stress which will produce a strain of 0.002 inches per inch. 4) A conservative average of the stress to give a creep rate of 0.01 in 1,000 hours as reported ty test data. 5) 60% of the average or 80f of the minimm stress to produce rupture in 100,000 hours as reported by test data. The meximm stress range a system could be subjected to without pro- ducing flow neither in the cold nor in the hot condition was proposed by A.R.C. Markl*, reasoning as follows: (A) At cold temperatures the stress will limit itself automatically to the yield strength or to 1.6 So. (Note that Sq is limited to 0.625 I.S., Item 3 above. Therefore TS = $e :06625 = 14686) (B) At temperatures conducive to creep the stress will limit itself to the rupture strength or similarly to 1.6 S,, Item 5 abovi The sun of the two limits therefore is 166 (Sp + Sp) * Piping Flexibility analysis. A.S.M.E. paper No» 53-A-5l.The range established by the Code is 1425 (8, + S,) which includes all stresses that is expansion, pressure and weight stresses. The range for expansion stresses only is S, = 1425 Se + 0625 Sy for which further explanation is given in the following section. The Expansion Stress Sz Temperature changes in restrained piping cause bending stresses in single plane systems, ani bending and torsional stresses in three-dimensional sys= tems. The maximum stress due to thermal changes solely is called the expan- sion stress Sz. This stress must be within the allowable stress range S,. The stresses due to internal pressure and weight of the piping are perma- nently sustained. They do not participate in stress reductions due to relax- ation and are excluded from the comparison of Sp with S, as the latter has been adjusted to allow for them with the following provision: "The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and other sustained external loading shall not exceed Sy. Where the sum of these stresses is less than S, the difference between S, and this sum may be added to the term 0.25 Sy in the formula for 5." To explain the foregoing quotation from the Code for Pressure Piping ref- erence is made to the method of calculating the pipe wall thickness and to the general analysis of cylindrical vessels subjected to pressure. Accord~ ingly, the maximum stress due to internal pressure is tensile transversely to the pipe axis. This stress is linited by the Code to the S-value Sh atoperating temperature. Pressure also causes a longitudinal stress which equals one-half the transverse stress and which is additive to the bend- ing stress caused by expansion. In reducing the stress range by Sh, one~ half of this amount is assigned to stress due to pressure leaving the other half available for stress due to weight. ‘The expansion stresses shall be combined in accordance with the follow ing forma: se = V5, + Use? Where = 4:2 = resulting bending stress, psi = M:22 = torsional stress, psi Sp Se Mp = resulting bending moment, ins 1b. Me = torsional monent, in. 1d. 2 = Section modulus of pipe, in. Stress intensification factor ‘The Code stipulates that flexibility calculations for the expansion stress Sq be based on the modulus of elasticity Eq at room temperature in- cluding the effect of stress intensification. Inasmuch as it is customary to make flexibility calculations for. the en- tire expansion range using the modulus of elasticity By at operating temper ature, the resulting stress must be increased by the factor Eq:B, to obtain the expansion stress Sg. On the other hand if the calculation for the en- tire expansion range is made with modulus By the result gives Sq which in, this case signifies either the stress in the cold condition for a system which 4s cold sprung 100f or the stress in the cold condition for @ syster which, operating in the creep range, has relaxed completely and becomes stressless at operating temperature.In reference to the stress intensification factor the Code permits sim plifying assumptions in calculations or model tests. It is permissible for example to substitute square corners for circular bends or elbows foregoing the increased flexibility attributable to these components. The stress ine tensification factor, however, mist be included in the calculation of the bending stress Sp. REACTIONS In contrast to the procedure for determining the stresses the method for recording the magnitude of the reactions is based on the initial condition with no consideration for subsequent relaxation but with specific credits for the effect of cold springing. Thus the manufacturer of equipment is protected against excessive actions during the initial stages of operation and the user is granted adequate bene- f4t for cold springing the system. For this purpose the degree of cold springing is expressed ty the "cold spring factor C* which varies from zero for no cold springing to unity for 100% cold springing. Let R denote the reaction obtained from the flexibility calculation based on the modulus Ep, (if the calculation is made with the modulus B, at operat= ing temperature multiply result by Eq:Z,) then the initial reaction in the hot condition is calculated from RB = (2-2/3¢c) Rk Sh i, This formula credits the system with two-thirds of the designed cold spring.reaction in the cold condition is obtained from Rg 8 Re = G Shs &) 2 C7 33 whichever is greater and with the further condition that oe ae is less than unity The following diagram will denonstrate these rules 4 z 3 3 & J ane ; = orcs 3 pe se oto Senin | e eelcoly) s —tC=! 100% COLD SPRING z | 3 3 lean 2 Initial reactions in the hot condition are shown above the horizontal ; | base line with credit allowance and correction for the modulus of elasti- city at operating temperature, (As stated oreviously R is the reaction obtained from the flexibility calculation based on the modulus Ey at room temperature.) ‘The inclined line below the base line and the intercepting horizontal line give the reaction in the cold condition for non-yielding and yielding systems respectively, For a system which is 1004 cold sprung i.e, C=1 For a lesser amount of cold springing. serereeBe = ORS10 However, in a yielding systen Rg can be more than CR because of self- springing. ividently the amount of relaxation which causes the self-springing depends on the ratio of the stress which can be sustained i.e, S, to the stress Sq produced by the expansion, Therefore the term Sh Bs] a has been assumed to represent an appraisal of the effect of self-springing and the reaction in the cold condition then 1s R= “2-8 C7 se zSUMMARY OF STRESS EXAMINATION The Code confines the stress exanination to the most significant stresses created ty the diversity of loading to which a piping system is subjected. They are: 1, Stresses due to the thernal expansion of the line. 21 The longitudinal stress due to internal or external pressure. 31 The bending stress created by the weight of the pipe and its insulation, the internal fluid, fittings, valves and external loading such as wind. The suitability of the system is established by the follaving con- parison: The expansion stress Sq must be within the stress range Sq (see Page 4), Sg is the result of a stress analysis based on the modulus of elasticity in the cold condition and for the total expansion range from the maximin to the minimum operating temperature (for hot lines this my be taken as the erection tenperature)« For three dimensional systens the conbined expansion stress is ob- tained from the forma on Page 7+ The longitudinal pressure stress plus the stress due to weight mst not exceed the allovable stress S, in the hot condition. Where this sum 4s less than Sy the difference may be added to the term 0.25 Sh in the formila for S, (see Page 6)+ The longitudinal pressure stress equals internal pressure tines in- side area of pipe divided by the pipe metal area or pa vad? internal pressure in pounds per square inch. inside diameter of pipe in inches. outside diameter of pipe in inches.ot By Pre SPES Lc Pe eee DETERMINING PIPE WALL THICKNESS Before the stress caused by temperature expansion of piping can be calculated, at least one possible arrangement of given lengths of piping of known size and weight must be developed. Arrangement and size depend on the amount of fluid to be carried and the physical layout of other equipment; pipe thickness is established from codified standards, The basis for selecting pipe wall thickness is the A.S-As? Code for Pressure Piping and the A-SeAs standard 536101950 the former in respect to strength, the latter in respect to dimensions. ‘The appropriate material specification depends on the service pressures It is obtained by reference to the specific requirements of the Cod When the material has been selected, the stress S for the particular vice temperature is taken from the table entitled Allowable S Valu This stress is used in the following formulas to determine the pipe wall thickness, = (pp) tain (+a) 7° P £ Dey (tmin -C) where ‘min = minimum pipe wall thickness, ine P = naximum internal service pressure, psi D = outside diameter (04D.) of pipe, ins — S = allowable stress in material due to internal pressure at \s DETERMMED the operating temperature, pei allowance for threading or corrosion, in. © = 04065 in. fo for sizes VP To 4 WWevunia 3/2" G+ cece Foe PLAIN END STEEL om WRovaHT Ines 4° 4 Laces. + american Standards Associationy= a coefficient having values as follows: 900 1150 Temp and and F below 950 «100010501100. above Ferritic steels 0.4 0.5 = 07 0.7 0.7 0.7 Austenitic steels Ott 0.4 Ole Ot 0.5 0.7 It is customary to order pipe by its nominal wall thickness adding they manufacturer's tolerance. ; ar DNOED By. For rolled pipe tnon = tmin t 0875 For pipe made of plate, the plate tolerance applies. When the wall thickness t has been determined, the "schedule number" ds obtained from the A.S.A, dimensional standard 336,10 in which pipe of the same nominal size has the same outside diameter for all sched- wle nunbers, Same 12" pipe operating at 900 F and 1000 psi pressure, Material specification ASTM 4335 Grade P12: Allowable Savalue at 900 Foe se ee ee ee ee eo oo 13,200 vod (Page 106) y= 05 See PiPe SPEC (SE8 Antedomes tet = 1900 x. = . [ 2 3300} 2 x(0.5 X 1006) | cece eco 2490+ OB7S: 0-523" vse Sew tno = 06535 0.875 = 0,612" Bone eat Use Schedule 80........¢ = 0,687" Gr) Seat same bac SH we ol AA Citom 2 CementSINGLE-PLANE PIPING If. pipe line, owing to the character of its supports or end conditions, is prevented from free expansion, then it is compelled to assume a distorted shape. ‘The new configuration attained will be that which requires the least effort. Actual shape depends on the resistance to distortion offered by individual sections of pipe or fittings. The pipe line (Fig. 1) is fixed at its two ends and subjected to thermal expansion. Each end will react with a force and a moment. For convenience the foree is rep- resented by its two rectilinear components and Y. The relationship between expansion and reactions may be visualized if one of the supports is removed to permit an unrestricted expansion of the pipe. If, for example, the support at cis removed, the expanded shape will be as in Fig. 2. Let the expansion of leg bc be designated by Az and that of ab by Ay. Then, in order to restore the conditions of Fig. 1, it is necessary to apply suitable forces X and Y opposite to the expansions and a moment Mc, These three actions combined will move c’ back to and rotate the pipe to obtain a horizontal tangent at c, as shown in Fig. 1. The determination of the unknowns X, Y, and Mcis considerably simplified Frat Fue. 2 Fic. 3. if the end c is temporarily connected with the centroid C by means of a rigid bracket and the actions necessary to bring c’ back to care applied at C. During this operation. the bracket is assumed to be absolutely stiff, i, it transfers all actions without bending, contracting, or elongating. It can be proved by theory that, to restore the original conditions of Fig, 1 with actions at the centroid, only the forces X and ¥ are required; in other words, the two forces X and ¥ acting at the centroid accomplish the same as X, Y, and Me acting at point c. Once the centroid forces X and ¥ are found, the moment at c is obtained by multiplying these forces by their respective offsets from c. Assigning a plus sign to clockwise moments, we obtain from Fig. 3 Me ~Ye ‘The unknowns in the problem are thus reduced from three to two, namely, X and Y. uwPIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED DETERMINING X AND Y Remove one of the two supports, connect that end temporarily with the centroid by means of a rigid bracket, and permit the line to expand freely. Next apply unit forces (1 Ib) in directions opposite to the two component expansions Ar and Ay. ‘These directions shall be the positive x- and the positive y-axes of a coordinate system (Fig. 4). ‘The unit force acting in the z-direction will move the centroid in the z-direction ‘as well as in the y-direction. These two movements shall be designated by 6., and c’ dyy, the first subscript indicating the direction of the force, the second the direction of the move- ment. Similarly, the unit foree acting in the y direction will produce deflections 4,, and 4. If the actual reactions X and Y are applied the total movements will be, respectively, X and Fra 4 Y times larger than the movements produced by the unit forces. Thus the total movement in the z-direction is Xé.s + Yd,e, and the total movement in the y-direction is Xé.y + Y8yy. ‘The reactions X and Y must have such intensities as to make the sum of all movements in the z-direction equal to the expansion 1z, and the sum of all movements in the y-direction equal to the expansion Ay. Expressing this fact in form of equations we obtain Xb. + Yb. = Ac Xb, + Vb, it a These two equations contain only two unknowns, because the expansions dz and Ay are known, and the coefficients 8.., &,, etc., are deflections produced by unit loads acting at the free end of a cantilever and are calculable. Thus the problem involves, first, calculating the coefficients and, then, solving the equations for X and Note that dy = d,y because of Maxwell's law of reciprocity of deflections, which, applied to this problem, may be stated as follows: The dejlection in the z-direction produced by a force acting in the y-direction equals the deftection in the y-direction due to the same force but applied in the z-direction. DETERMINING THE COEFFICIENTS The coefficients, also known as shape constants, depend on the geometrical distribution of the material or the shape of the line. They are deflections due to unit loads and as such are directly proportional to the moment of inertia or the product of inertia of the line with 1/EI as factor of proportionality. is the modulus of elasticity of the material, and J is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional metal area of the pipe. Referring to Fig. 4, \~ be pp fw = ep Md Sa = BFSINGLE-PLANE PIPING where I, is the moment of inertia of the line about the z-axis, J, the moment of inertia, of the line about the y-axis and J., the product of inertia of the line, with respect to the coordinate axes. : ‘The moment of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the length of each line element by the square of its distance from the reference axis. ‘The product of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying : the length of each element by its coordinates. (A line element is an infinitesimal part of the total length.) Introducing the line inertia in equations (1), with signs as explained below, we obtain Ie yl _ Xqy- Yim 1, @ -XgtY oy Explanation of signs: ‘A force acting in the positive z-direction will move the free end in the same direction. This deflection is associated with the moment of inertia, which always is a positive value. The same force will also move the free end normal to its line of action, and the intensity of this movement depends on the product of inertia of the line, which may have either sign. With the assumption of positive axes opposite to the anticipated expansions, a positive X-force causes one movement in the positive x-direction, and another in the negative y-direction. Similarly a positive Y-force causes one movement in the positive y-direction and another in the negative z-direction. With negative signs in equations (2), products of inertia are introduced alge- braically with the result that the end reactions X and Y will be obtained with plus signs indicating that their assumed directions are correct. Equations (2) are used in two distinet forms, 1, Lines with Constant Cross Section and Same Modulus E. Since the product ET in equations (2) is always the same for this case, it is convenient to transfer it to the right side, XI, — Yu = Az EI -XI., + YI, = ay eal @) The solution of these equations is x a Diaz ED) + Iefty ED as Teloears ® y = ay ED + L(e ED) Tl, = Note that the denominators for X and Y are the same. In numerical solutions the products (42 EZ) and (ay EJ) are calculated at the start and therefore will appear in equations (3) and (4) as numbers. 2, Lines with Variable Cross Sections and Same Modulus E. In this case each branch of the line must be divided by the moment of inertia of its own cross- 16Ww PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED sectional ares. Thus only E can be brought to the right side, and the general equation becomes XN, - ¥ly -XI, + YI, oy a} y E L where J: “Fh ete. ‘The solution of these equations is x = lar B) + Iiy(ay E) ° TL, ~ 1h L(ay E) + 1,,(z E) OTe = (6) y Summary of procedure: 1, Calculate the expansions Az and Ay. 2. Caleulate the products Az ET and Ay EI. 3. Determine the centroid of the line, 4, Make centroid the origin of a system of coordinates with positive directions opposite to the anticipated expansions. 5, Calculate the line inertias I, Is, Iy. 6. Insert in equations (3), and solve for X and ¥° [equations (4)]. Moment of Inertia of Stxight Lines epee! Line located at 9016 ans | Product of inertia (Line paraitel to an axis) Fea. 5.SINGLE-PLANE PIPID ‘Moment of Inertit of an Inclined Branch | ° 0.08328 0.00558 o.07775, 0.02083 0.06280 0.04167 o.04167 0.06250 0.02083 0.07775 0.00558 0.08333 0 0.07775 0.00558 0.08280 0.02088 o.0n167 o.o167 0.02088 0.06250 0.00558 0.07775 ° 0.08333aw PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED Product of Inertia of ax Inclined Branch Raa. 7. About axes 2’, y’ through its own centroid . _psinge _ Lab In = POE = TB About axes z, y, parallel to 2’, y’ at distances m, n Lay = Inq + Iran sin 20 ' + e 3 1s +0.00088 wr $0,03608 a {0.0867 eo 40.03608 7h 40.0083 o ° 10s" 0.02088 ie To coa808 is Colonie sor 0.09800 esr .0a088 so" °20 Product of Inertia for Quarter Bend Located in Plane of Projection, Cys ] (A 2’ | ty’ + aa +007RI 007? -0137R? To obtain the sign of the cerm 0.197 RP, pase through the centroid of the 90° bend two axes +2" an parallet to the positive gravity axes of the entire line. The sign is then determined from the position of +z id Py relative to the are. The coordinates m and n are introduced algebraically Product of Inertia of Quarter Bend Located at Right Angles to Plane of Projection SEE PAGE 104 wooirito cenatn se BT y ig Tgy! MODIFIED LENGTH TIMES COORDINATES OF CENTROIO OF aUAR AM iscwnn ‘Moment of Inerdia of Quarter Bend Sqn lOH080RER Em Igs(QM80R “RE mi) 5 Cuneter bend in true length ‘Quarter bendin reduced lengthPIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED ‘The Product of Inertia of « Cirealar Are General Formala Toy = (hkRO — AR? cos 6+ KR? sin 6 + O.5R? sin? PX ‘Tae Moment of Inertia of « Circular Are ‘General Formula enBsnht a Ga) mes} 0,83) veces} (0,*62) About axes through center of circle Rr jo 1 = Bie — 34 sin 20K 1 = Beet Hsin RK About axes through centroid I= I, — emt Lel-m where K = flexibility constant, 4 = modified length of are, .e., actual length X K.PROBLEM 1 90° Bend, Both Ends Fixed 2223 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM 1 90° Bend, Both Ends Fixed 12-in. pipe, A.S.T.M. Specification A—106 Steam temperature = 7107" Pressure = 85 pet Wall thickness required: Stress value S = 11,650 pst tain = 00518 in, * t 505 i tain + 0.125toen = thom then = G-B85 = 0.595 in. Use 12-in. pipe, Schedule 80 ¢ = 0.687 in. I = 475 in S = 74.5 in? Expansion = 5.75 in. per 100 ft. E = 25 x 10' psi in, X 50 ft = 2.88 in, ar ET = #9 in. x 25 x 10* x 12% x HP = 31,600,000 Ib ft ay BI = 738 in, x 25 x 10¢ x 12% x FE = 19,800,000 Ib ft* * Manufacturing tolerance. el ey ” Fro. &PROBLEM 1 wo x 184" = 22230, Tohy = By | Belay ED + Ila ED) ya TB 10 x 31,800,000 a 20,800 x SL 7H = W0.810® = 390 Reacting moment at a $1,900 lb x 9.8 ft — 890 Ib x 55.4. | = 30,200 f¢ ib | Bending moment at : | £1,900 tb 9.8 Ft + 800 Ib x 24.6 = $41,000 fb Bending momenta wo iho 1.4 fe = 900 Ib 2624 HE = -sas00 1 | Nore: The moment atthe point that as been cone | pected withthe conto the racing moment atthe | Sppore ll other pormets oe bending momen: Take algebraic sum ofthe momenta produced by the fers and she moment tthe sgh oes. Fre. 9 2h25 SIMPLIFIED TABULATION The computation of the line inertias can be conveniently contracted into a single table. The procedure which is demonstrated below has the added advantage of being partly self-checking. First enter in table the effective lengths and the coordinates of the branches about the gravity axes. Then calculate the terms 1x2, ‘ly? and Lxy and check these value: follow: The product of the first two divided by the third should equal the third. A check in this mamer confirms the cor- rectness of all three. For example refer to branch ab (18,940 x 7,370) 11,820 = 11,820 The moment of inertia of a branch which is parallel to an axis con- sists of one term only, namely 1x2 or ly* depending on the axis about which calculation is made. Branches which are at right angle to an axis have the additional term 15/12 which is placed immediately below the first term. For values of 1°/12 refer to Page 182 and Page 183.26 SIMPLIFIED TABULATION FOR PROBLEM 1 3 50 Io - Branch | Leneth 1 x y | 224 Ip | wt Ip | Ly ® 30 | -s.4 | -9.6 | 18,940 7,370 | + 22,820 42,600 be so |+ 24.6 |+15.4 | 30,200 name | + 13,990 — 101416 i Ty = 91,740 = Ix = 29,600 ( L_____ Tey = + 30,820 \ I, = moment of inertia about gravity axis of branch.Streus Calculation for Problea 1 The stress values for ASTM A106 Grade A material in the cold and hot condition are Sg = 12,000 pat - Sh = 11,460 pst - The stress range is Sp = 1,25 x 12,000 + 0.25 11,460 = 17,865 ped According te the requirenent ef the Code for Pressure Piping the expansion stresa calculated with the medulus of slasticity in the ‘cold condition must be within the stress range Sy. Inaemch as this calculation was based on the aodulus of elasticity in the het condition, the vending mements mist be increased in the ratio of Bp i By = 2991 25 = 14195. The maximus aoment eccurs in the straight pipe at poiat "oc" and equals 58,500 ftlde. 58,500 x 1.195 = 69,900 ftlbs. ‘The expansion stress Sg at "c" equale 69,900 ftlbs. x12: 74.5 in? = 11.250 pei. Ia the curved pertion, corner "b", the bending aemeat is 41,000 ftlbs. 41,000 x 14195 = 49,000 ft1bs. a) Using a short radius weld-elbew Schedule 80, the stress intensifi- cation facter (from table 1 = 242 SE = 2.42 249,000 x12: 75 = 19,100 pet which is deyond the stress range of 17,365 psi. ») Using a long radius veld elbow Schedule 80, the stress intensifi- cation facter 1 o= 1685 Sg = 1685 449,000 x12: 75 = 14,600 pat vhich is withia the stress range.| 28 APPLICATION OF THE RULES FOR RECORDING REACTIONS The flexibility calculation for Problem 1 has been based on the mod= ulus of elasticity in the hot condition Bh = 25,000,000 pst The reactions therefore represent initial intensities in the fully ex- Panded state if the system is installed without cold-springing; the cold~ spring factor C = 0. Subsequent relaxation of the piping, if any, will reduce the reactions. However, in order to protect equipment from overload during the initial stages of operation the reduction is disregarded. The method of recording reactions for various degrees of cold-springing 1s as follews: 1) No cold-springing co Rg =CR=O Initially no reactions exist in the cold condition. However, should self-springing occur, reactions wil] appear in the cold condition which are appraised to assume in tine intensities equal to i ze) (i> as} R zB Where R denotes the reactions based on the modulus B, in the cold con dition. In this problem the ratio E_:%, = 1.195 and the reactions based on one or the other modulus are as follews:29 Calculation based on Ey Calculation based on Ze 19908 16195 x 1990 = 2,378 8908 "x 890= — 1,063F 30,200 ftibs x 30,200 = 36,090 ftlbs 58,500 ftlbs "x 58,500 = 69,900 ftibs ‘The allowable S-values in the cold and hot condition and the caleu lated expansion stress are Se = 12,000 psi Sy 7 11,460 pst Sg = 14,600 psi. 5 The term(,_ Sh. 2} = 0.06 Sp a The reactions in the cold condition therefore may in time change from zero to 0.06 x 2,376 ek "x 1,063 = oe "x 36,090 2,165 ftlbs "x 69,900 4,194 ftibs 100% cold-epringing. If the system is cold-sprung 100% the cold-spring factor C = 1+ The reactions in the cold condition are the calculated values multiplied by the modulus ratio.30 In the hot condition the reactions theoretically are zero. The Code, however, requires that one-third of the reactions existing in the cold condition but converted to the modulus Ey be assumed to exist in the hot condition. ‘The reactions to be recorded therefore are: Cold Condition: Hot Condition: 243786 1/9 x 1,990 = 6636 11,0636 "x 890 = 2978 36,090 ftIbs " x 30,200 = 10,066 ftlbs 69,900 ftlbs "x 58,500 = 19,500 ftlbs 3) 50% coldaspringing. If the system is cold-sprung 50% the cold-spring factor C = 0.5 Re=CR ve eeeeeeeee Ris based on B Ry = (2 - 2/30) R «++ +++ Ris based on B, Cold Condition: Hot Condition: 0.5 x 2,378 = 1,189 2/3 x 1,999 = 1,327% * x 1,063 = 5326 "x 890 = 5938 ™ x 36,090 = 18,045 ftlbs " x 30,200 = 20,133 ftlbs * x 69,900 = 34,950 ftibs "x 58,500 39,000 ft1bs the tern Sn. Ec_ in the formila for the reaction in the cold condition is assumed to indicate the degree to which a system will spring itself if the expansion stress exceeds the sutaining level at the particu- lar operating temperature. The smaller this term and the closer the ex- pansion stress Sg approaches the full expansion range S, the greater will31 be the yielding or relaxation in the hot condition and the conse~ quent reaction in the cold condition. ‘The following example will denonstrate a case of acute self- springing. Material - ASTM A335 Grade P21 Temperature = 1000 F Se = 15,000 psi Sp = 7,000 ps Allowable stress range S, = 1425 x 15,000 + 0425 x 7,000 = 20,550 psi Eg = 29,900,000 psi By = 23,900,000 psi. Supposing the calculated expansion stress Sg based on E, is 18,000 psi and the system is installed without cold-springing, C = 0. The reaction in the cold condition then is the greater of the follow. ing two: Re = CR=O oR (i. Si. Bee bie -2u2) 2 = f Boge} es AB tee} k= ots The system which originally was stresslesswill spring itself and in cooling set up reaction 0.495R where R is the calculated reaction for the total expansion range based on the modulus E, in the cold condition.THRUST LINE If the resultant reaction force is transposed to the centroid, it will pass through all points of zero bending moment. In this position the force is known as the thrust line and as such offers a convenient accessory for visualizing the effect of the expansion on every point of the pipe line. For example, the reacting force located at the thrust line and multiplied by its normal distance from a point gives the bending moment at that point. Conse- quently, the greater the distance, the greater the bending stress. Thus points of high and low stress can be seen at a glance, and joints, welded or flanged, can be readily located away from points of high stress. The thrust line shows where improvements are most effective. For instance, if it is desirable to use elements of greater flexibility, such as corrugated pipe, they will be most beneficial at the greatest distance from the thrust line. ‘The distance of the thrust line from the support can also be calculated by divid- ing the reaction moment by the reaction force, and, since the thrust line must pass through the centroid, a check on the position of the latter is obtained. 3233 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM 2 90° Bend, One End Hinged This problem shows the procedure for determining the end reactions when one of the two ends is held so as to permit rotation but stop translatory motions. This end then acts as if it were hinged and therefore offers no resistance to moments. Let end a be the hinged end; then M, = 0. In this case the origin of the coordinate system is placed at a, and the ax: are assumed in directions opposite to the anticipated expansions. The moments and products of inertia of the line about these axes when divided by EJ represent, respectively, the deflections produced by a unit force in its own direction and normal to its own direction. ‘The calculation follows the pattern of problem 1 except that the axes are laid through the hinged end. The dimensions and the temperature change are the same as in problem 1,PROBLEM 2 as ifs ¢ Restrained Fro, 10, I, rae Ty, | | I L ffi mY | rn ne oe ab/80)40'0 0 | 0) Ty + 80 x 40* = 170,660 be 80, 80 25, 100,000] 3 + 50 x 25¢ = 41 50 x 80? = 320,000 Ley = 100,000 = TT 1, = $90,660 41,650X — 100,000Y = 31,600,000 —100,000X + 490,660Y = 19,800,000 X= 1,680lb Y = 383 1b Fig. 1 oh35 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM 3 90° Bend, One End Hinged In this problem end c is hinged, and end a is restrained. The procedure follows that of problem 2 except that the origin is at c, and the axes are opposite to the directions of problem 2.| PROBLEM 3 er 1e 0" iL Ly 80 x 50% = 200,000) 89° + 80 x 40% = 170,660 | ha 035 OF + 50 x 25¢ = 41,650 | ° = 160,000 I, = 247,650 I, = 170,660 241,650X — 160,000Y = 31,600,000 —160,000X + 170,660Y = 19,800,000 X=551lb Y = 634)b Fra. 13 3637 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM 4 90° Bend, Both Ends Hinged Figure 14 shows the solution when both ends are held in such a manner as to permit rotation but stop expansion. In this case the terminals act as if, they were hinged, and, in order to satisfy the laws of equilibrium, the reacting forces must be situated in a common line of action. The process of solution is as follows: Make one end free and place it on rollers that permit expansion along line ab only. A unit force applied in the opposite direction will cause a deflection 8, = I,/EI. The unknown reaction X causes X times as much deflection. If the expansion of length L is AL, then X68, = ALPROBLEM 4 D5 bin 82254098805 2212" Fro. 1 P sin? @ 12 I, of ab: SO int 148° + 80 X 21.2? = 47,900 1, of be: 30 sint 58° + 50 X 21.2% = 29,950 77850 5.43 in, = 0.452 ft l= + Int Expansion aL = 292 E=25X10' psi I EI = 25 X 108 x 12° X . 7 I. Deffection due to unit force = 6. = 7 AL 452_X_ 82,500,000 Xin al X= i= T7550 My = 478 Ib x 42.4 ft = 20,200 fb = 478 Ib 3839 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM 5 Pipe Line with Varying Cross Section This problem shows the procedure for determining the end reactions of a pipe line with branches of different size. The 90° connection with square corner is used to demonstrate the technique. For the steam conditions and the dimensions of problem 1, and the branches of 12 and 10 in., the pipe schedule numbers are For ab, 12-in. pipe, Schedule 80: For be, 10-in. pipe, Schedule 60: Ing = 475 int Ing = 212 int ‘The expansions are as in problem 1. dz =46in. dy = 2.88in, The routine is the same as that laid down in the computation of problem 1 except for the following modification: In determining the position of the centroid the length of each branch is divided by the moment of inertia of its own cross- sectional area. Thus a modified length 1’ is obtained and used throughout the rest of the calculation, each pipe size having its own length modification factor which, expressed in feet, equals , 4 Pe and re Pr These factors are 12¢ For ab: Ts7 43.7 Z 12 = For be: = 98 In calculating products of inertia the new length J’ is used directly. In calculating moments of inertia, however, the length modification factor must be separated from / in order to avoid the error of squaring or cubing. Note its position in front of the parenthesis, Equations (5) and (6) on pagel?give the solution for this type of problem.PROBLEM 5 | y= x \ aft | Uy y, ft vy! ab 43.7 X 80 = 3,400 | ry 13940 -| 0 | 0 be | 98x 50 = 4,900 | 80 392,000 | 25 | 122,500 ZI’ = 8,306 331,840 122,500 531,840 122,500 = Fao 7 083 ft gop 7 18 tt ler lyr ] Me ae , layr , lor lor 7 ‘ab | 80 | -233| - 146 | 437 [1,890,000 | 745,000 | 1,190,000 1,860,000 0 ve | 50| 167| 10.4] 98 [1,365,000 | 530,000 | 851,000 | 0 | 1,020,000 i > Ty= 5,115,000 lee b Tx = 2,295,000 - Ixy = 2,041,000 2,295,000X — 2,041,000 = Az E = 1,380,000,000 —2/041,000X + 5,115,000Y = ay E = _ ‘864,000,000 X=1170lb Y= 6251b n oe 27500....\|| ab We; ara. 22400 Fra. 16, Resultant reaction: ‘V1,170* + 625% = 1,328 Ib Reaction moment at a: +1,170 Ib 14.6 ft — 625 it = —22,400 ft lb Bending moment at b: +1,170 lb x 14.6 ft + 625 +27,500 ft Ib Bending moment at c: —1,170 Ib x 35.4 ft + 625 —31,000 ft Ib 40aa PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM 6 Offset U Bend with Tangents | 6-in. pipe, A.S.T.M. Specification A—106 : Steam temperature ‘50°F Pressure = 526 psi Wall thickness required: | Stress value S = 10,760 psi tntn= [te eco r | + 0.065 = 0,225 in. ats 2x 10,700 + 2x 0,6 x 525 * Steam = ait. = 0.257 in. have + 0.125taom 1 boom = 9.995 — 0.257 in. Use 6-in. pipe, Schedule 40 t= 0.280 in, T = 28 in. § = 8.63 in? Expansion = 6.25 in, per 100 ft E = 243 X 10 psi = x 60 ft =3.75 in. X 12 ft = 0.75 in. X 24.3 X 108 x 124 X 2 = 1,480,000 Ib ft? = X 24.3 X 10° X 127 x 296,000 Ib ft*PROBLEM 6 Abbreviated Tabulation ———4 Branch | 1 | x ve +10] ry* +10 by ab az | -2i.s5 | +255] 5,575 7m | - 61) a o be = 645] 4,355 mug | + 1,805 ° 486 |__—__—_——_+_— — ed 20 | - 5.55] 15.45 a7 4,77 + 1,76 7 0 ! —_}—_- de 30] +445] = 0.45 593 6 oo ° 2,250 — + ef 2B) 418.45] 414.55 9,525 5,932 + 7,507 1,830 | 0 ] ye 23,308 1 ke 272 hy = 420,328 Ig is the moment of inertia of the branch about its own gravity axis,43 14,271X — 10,318¥ = 1,480,000 —10,318X + 23,308Y = 296,000 x = 23306 x 1,480,000 + 10,318 x 296,000 . 14,271 X 23,306 — 10,318" y = 14271 X 296,000 + 10,818 X.1,480,000 14,271 X 23,306 — 10,318" +167 Ib x 2.55 ft + 87 Ib x +167 Ib X 2.55 ft + 87 lb x 45 ft + 87 lb x 5.45 ft — 87 Ib x 4.55 ft — 87 Ib X 4.55 ft — 87 Ib X Reaction moment at a: Bending moment at Bending moment at Bending moment at d: —167 lb X 1. Bending moment at ¢: +167 lb X 1. Bending moment at f: +167 lb X 27 13. 13. 4 44: 2. +2,820 ft Ib +1775 ft Ib =1,280 ft Ib = —2,967 ft lb +2,043 ft IbTHE CASE OF MOVING ANCHORS Let it be assumed that the pipe (Fig. 8) is anchored at point a to an equipment which itself moves, owing to expansion or other causes. Then the following eases may arise. 1. Equipment moves in the direction of the expansion. a. The equipment moves point a to the right an amount m which is less than the pipe expansion Az, In this case the support at a yields the amount m and the pipe stresses are due to Az’ = Ar — m. For example, let m = 2 in,; then the positive z-axis is directed toward the left,as in Fig. 8, and, in computing X and Y, Az is replaced by Az’ = 4.6in, — 2in. = 2.6 in. B. The equipment moves point @ to the right an amount m which is greator than the pipe expansion, say m in, Then Ag’ = Az — m = 4.6 in, — 5.5 in. 0.9 in, In this case the positive z-axis is opposite to that shown in Fig, 8, i.e., to the right. 2, Equipment moves opposite to the expansion. Let point a be moved to the left an amount m. Then Az’ = Ax + m regardless of whether m is smaller or greater than Ar, and the positive z-axis is directed to the left as in Fig. 8. ‘The foregoing may be visualized by breaking the joint at the point of anchorage and drawing the position of the pipe end in the expanded state and the position of the equipment after it has gone through the specified movement. The direction of the reactions is obtained by applying at the pipe end a force in the direction neces- ecrv to close the gap.45 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED Pipe Line with Inclined Branch ae 376.4 PROBLEM 7 Pipe: 12-in. Schedule 160, A.8.T. L. Specification: 4335 Grade P2 — (Carbon-Moly) t= 1.312 in, I= 781 in S$ = 122 in? ‘Temperature = 950°F Pressure = 1,200 psi Expansion = 8,35 in. per 100 ft E =23.7 X 108 psi Inside area = 81 sq. in. Area of metal = 47.14 sq. in. az = 82993 5 90 ft = 1.8 in, ay P25 ine 8 ft = 0.67 in. Az EI =n X2347 x 10" x 12! x 78! =19,700,0001b ft? | ay Bt = 287% x25,7 x 10" x 128 x TBI 47,280,000 Ib ft? wad] AF | 20.4 35 2 t = 8.46 it * sid = 19.54 itPROBLIN 7 Abbreviated Tabulation 2 Branch | 1 x y ly +Io) by ab 30 | = 8.46 4 2,147 618 + 1,152 ° 2,250 | be 12 | - 2,46 +10,46 B oO = 303 1h 1,313 ' ed =| 14,24] + 8.5 | + 5.86 1,032 422 | + 659%) ns 8 - 18 de | +3. | - 5.5%] 2,200 368 | - 900 ° 144 aa 5673 Te = 55233 ° lg + 485 Ip is the monent of inertia of the branch about its om gravity axis. From forma for inclined branch, 4647 5233 = asx 91585¢ x 8.46" 15854 x 8.46" 5854 = 3.54" 425 3.5 Boe0b x Uses 1505 x Bem Fra. 20 463,200 ft: =5i4, 400 ~35,400 +19,700 $66,700 Lbs.48 Stress Calculation for Problem 7 Material: ASTM 4335 Grade P2 (Carbon-Moly) 8, = 13,750 pst 3, = 10,000 pst Ee = 29,900,000 psi B, = 23,700,000 psd Allowable stress range S, = 1425 x 13,750 + 0.25 x 10,000 = 19,680 psi. ‘The Code for Pressure Piping regulates that the expansion stress Sg be based on the modulus of elasticity in the cold condition: As this calculation is based on the modulus of elasticity in the hot con- dition the calculated stresses must be increased by the modulus conver= sion factor EeiBy = 2949:23.7 = 1.26. ‘The maximum bending moment occurs at anchor point “e" and equals 66,700 ftlbs. Sg = 1426 x 66,700 x 122122 in? = 8,270 pst The greatest bending moment in elbows occurs at corner "b" and equals 45h,400 ftlbs, The stress intensification factor for a 12" - 90° long radius elbow Schedule 160 is 1.11 (from tables). Sg = 1.26 x 54,400 x 12 x Lel1:122 in = 7,500 pod49 Reactions (For discussion see Problem 1) 1) No cold springing C = 0 (a) Cold condition 5 Ro = OR or Ry = {1 - Beye whichever 4s greater. In this case the term Sh . Ec is greater than unity. R, Se Bh therefore is negative and the greater of the two terms is Re = CR = 0. tions in the cold No self-springing is expected. The r} condition are zero in the initial stage and remain zero thereafter. (b) Hot condition X= 3.9206 r 1.5854 Moment at anchor "a" = 63,200 ftlbs. Moment at anchor "e" = 66,700 ftlbs. 2) 100k cold-springing C = 1 Cold condition Rg = R based on Sy X= 1,26 x 3,9208 4, Shoe Y= 1.26 x 1,5856 2,0008(e) 50 Moment at "a" 426 x 63,200 = 79,600 ftlbs. Moment at "e* 1.26 x 66,700 84,000 rtlbs. Hot condition Theoretically the reactions are zero. However, the Code re~ quires that one-third of the reactions existing in the cold condition but converted to modulus &, be assumed to exist in the hot condition. Therefore X = 3,920 13 = 21,3076 Y= 1,585 :3 = 5286 Moment at "a" = 63,200: 3 = 21,070 ftlbs. Moment at "e" = 66,700: 3 = 22,230 ftlbs. (3) S0h cold-soringing C = 0.5 (a) (b) Cold condition Rg = 0.5 R based on Boe X = 065 x 1626 x 3,920 = 2,608 Y= 0.5 x 1626 %1,585 = 9824 Moment at "a® = 0.5 x 1.26 x 63,200 = 39,800 ftlbs. Moment at "e" = 0.5 x 1.26 x 66,700 = 42,000 ftlbs. Hot condition th. 43 Ro = 2/JRe ees + based on By 3 X = 2/3 x 3,920 = 2,6106 Y= 2/3 x 1,585 = 1,055¢ Moment at "a" = 2/3 x 63,200 = 42,200 ftlbs. Moment at "e" = 2/3 x 66,700 = 4i4,500 ftlbs.51 FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS Curved tubes exhibit greater flexibility than solid rods of identical shape and equal monent of inertia. They flatten under the effect of bend~ ing moments to an oval form and consequently relieve the end reactions of the system. In the course of this deformation the stresses recede from the extreme fiber and concentrate with increased intensity between the extrene fiber and the neutral axis. The linear law of stress distribution which applies to straight pipe does not apply when the pipe 4s curved. Other piping components such as tees, mitre bends, reducers, etc. also react differently from straight pipe when subjected to bending and there- fore require special consideration in the analysis of piping systems. Increased flexibility 1s accounted for by multiplying the actual length of the bend or fitting by a factor "k" called the flexibility factor. The increased stress 1s accounted for by multiplying the stress obtained from the formula: "bending moment divided by section modulus" by a factor "i" called the stress intensification factor. These factors depend on the flexibility characteristic "h" which for elbows or pipe bends equals 3 t = wall thickness R = bend radius of eltow or pipe bend r = mean radius of cross section.52 ‘The Code for Pressure Piping regulates the use of stress intensifica- tion factors as follows: "Calculations shall take into account stress~intensifica= tion factors found to exist in components other than plain straight pipe. Credit may be taken for the extra flexibility of such compon- ents. In the absence of more directly applicable data, the flexibility fac- tors and stress-intensifi~ cation factors shown in Chart 1 may be used." Formulas for the flexibility factor k and the stress intensification factor 4 for various piping components are given on Chart 1 and plotted on Chart 2, They represent the present day knowledge derived from the theoret- Acal and experimental works of Yon Karman, Hoveaard, Seskin, Vigness and Maria, ‘The factors for curved bends, originally developed by Yon Karman and Hovgaard, have been verified by subsequent research for characteristics "h" greater than 0.3 but for lesser values of *h* both factors were found to be considerably higher. The practical range of characteristics is therefore covered ty two charts. Chart 2 for characteristics h = 0.02 toh = 1.7 Chart 3 for characteristics h 0.3 to h = 3.5 The latter, primarily needed for radius bends, employs the original designa- tions as follows:3 Flexibility and stress intensification factors for elbows may be taken directly fron the tables included in this section. The introduction of flexibility factors increases the work involved in the mathematical analysis as each component constitutes an additional branch of the system requiring the computation of several shape constants for each such branch, The Code therefore permits simplifying assumptions by the following regulation: “Where simplifying assumptions are used in calculations or model tests, the likelihood of attendant under= estimates of forces, monents and stresses including the effect of stress intensification shall be ‘taken into account.” Omission of the flexibility factor which as previously stated is a multiplier of the length, is an assumption on the side of safety. It is permissible therefore, to calculate a system consisting of straight branches Joined with elbows by tgnoring the increased flexibility of the fittings but the stress intensification must be taken into account. Problem 1 dem onstrates a solution based on simplifying assunptions. Tests to determine the effect of torsion on curved tubes conducted by Pardue and Vigness failed to reveal any significant increase in flexibility. ‘The flexibility factor as well as the stress intensification factor there- fore are unity.Toble of Factors > aoe z= Be) + ga Description 5 Description 23/325 8. ‘Sketch gs 28 £281 23 ee Ge jase 5 rt mae sone, REDUCER, or 1 1.0 ene cx ree or pure wo wom soot | 09 | 153, | cota ts | vi wes cts mine | HBB) S| Sob tg a scp (a stant) | = fcot a xT aT s80, ” N vith vice opacinesd sare una Refilecot a) t fay UP opt Fusce —=t (itn asa Be, 1 16 ap joint stad) mune mE e] 4 |——-- won| a) tee fhe Cleritility facters i and strman intanaifiection factors t in uw Table apply te fittings of te tame (boriral weignt or senedule ae the pipe seed in ine eveten, tnd hell in no cage te taxa lees, than unity, Fer tony svar ine teeters fresh Canam ty tury dado Line in th seetchee) for curved oe ire sito, and to tar intersection point for tas Tine values of and { can be read directly from Chart lay entering Witt the characteristic h computed ‘ro the formulas piven, there! 1 band raasu of eeléing elder or pipe bend M+ ene-talf angle tateeen adjacent aitre axes sen ractue of vateniny pipe tlattre apaciig ae center Line CIR tntcmmees of satenine pipe TS pad oe beagle tntekne Famers Changes are attacted 12 one oF ots onc One nd ane: Siaso inetuses sincleastee Joint. CHART |Flexibility Factor & and Stress Intensification Factor Chart la Graph for A and racteristic oe oS Oe ‘a 2 as ene F antes ‘One we) Correction Factor C TUBE. TURNS INC CHART 2 ‘97 006-5456 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED & Flexibility constant K and stress csefficient oe 3 acth eh o8 Fro, 39.—Flexibility constant and stress coeicient. CHART 35? FLEXIBILITY FACTOR AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTOR FOR WELD-EIBOWS Flexibility characteristic oh = = Flexibility factor ka 265 Virtual length 1t = actual length in feet x k. Stress intensification factor 458 ‘LONG RADIUS WELD-ELBOWS 6m an 20" chedule Number x 1 uw ¥ 1 at © 1 at 20 - - - 9.65 | 2.9 [15.2 32.1 | 3.40 [23.7 30 - - - 8.64 | 2.71 [13.5 9.7 | 2.95 |19.2 40 666 | 2.27] 7.7 7637 | 24/2266 8.2 | 2.62 |15.9 6 - - - 5.73 | 2.06 | 9.0 567 | 2.07 [12.9 80 4,06 | 1.64] 4.7 4,53 | 1.76 | 7.2 4.7 | 1.83 | 9 100 - - - 3.74 | 1.55 | 5.8 3.8 | 1.60 | 7.5 120 3.0 | 1.34] 3.5 3.00 | 1.34 | 4.7 3.2 | 1.40 | 62 140 - - 2.58 | 1.21 | 4.0 2.6 | 1.22] 5.2 160 2.23] 1.4 | 2.6 2,26 | 1.11 | 3.5 2.2) iar) 44 12" au 16" Schedule Number © 1 u x i at r 1 it 20 14,3 | 3.81 | 33.6 11.8 | 3.35 [32.4 13.5 | 3.06 / 42.4 30 10.7 | 3.13 | 25.2 9.7 | 2.93 |26.6 4.2 | 3.22 [35.2 bo 8.59] 2.70 | 20.2 8.25 | 2.64 |22.6 8.25] 2.66 | 25.9 60 6.08] 2,16) 14.2 5.96 | 2.12 [16.4 6.18) 2.17 ]19.4 80 4,85] 1.85 | 11.5 4,60 | 1.78 |12.6 4,69) 1.80 14.7 100 3.86] 1659] 9.2 3.58 | 1.50 | 9.8 3.73 | 1455 [1247 120 3.16] 1.39] 7.4 3.10 | 1.36 | 8.5 3.08] 1.36 | 96 ao 2.75] 1.26] 6.4 2.55 | 1.00 | 7.0 2.53] 1.19] 7.9 160 2,28} 1.31] 5.3 2.22 | 1.00 | 6.2 2.30] 1613 | 762 ‘LONG RADIUS WELD-ZLB0WSLONG RADIUS WELD-ELBOWS 59 18" 20" aye Schedule Nunber k a ut k a a] Le 4 ut 20 15.3 | 3.97 | s.0] |u.a | 3.76} 55.2) f7.0 | 4.28 | 80.0 30 20.8 | 3.15 | 38.2] [20.4 | 3.07 | 40.7) f.2 | 3.22 | 52.0 40 8.25 | 2.64 | 29.1] | 8.73 | 2.73] 34.2} | 9.07 | 2.80 | 42.7 60 6.35 | 2.22 | 22.4] | 6.23 | 2.28 | 24.4) | 6.50 | 2.24 | 30.6 80 4.74 | 1.82 | 16.7] | 4.80 | 1.89 | 16.8) | 4.88 | 2.85 | 23.0 100 3.75 | 1.56 | 13.2] | 3.86 | 1.59 | 25.2] | 3.86 | 1.59 | 18.2 120 3.16 | 2.39 | a2] | 3.14 | 1.29 | 12.3) | 3.24 J 242 | 15.2 ao 2.64 | 1.24 | 9.3] | 262 | 1.22 | 10.2] | 2.67 | 2.2% | 12.5. 160 2.30 | 1.13 | 8.2] [2.32 [2.13 | 9.2] | 2.33 | 2.23 | 10.9 30" Schedule T tuber k i uv 10 25.8 | 5.63 |152.0 20 15.9 | 4.08 | 93.5 30 12.7 | 3.51 | 74.8 LONG RADTUS WELD-ELBOWS60 SHORT *ADIUS WHLD-zLBOWS 6n BY 10" Bchedule Number: as 4 1 k 4 Pu x 4 it 30 - - 13.0 3.56 | 13.5 Ve? 3.87 | 19.2 rr 9.68 | 2.97 | 7.7 ao | 3.20 | ans rea | 30a | 15.9 60 Eee . 8.6 | 2.70] 9. 8.6 | 2.72 [11.3 80 6.11 | 2.15 4B 6.8 2.32 7a t 742 20 | 9.4 a" we 16" ] Schedule T I T “umber x 4 rk 4 pa rk 1 bs 30 1a | az [ase | [aus [9.05 | 267] [167 | bee 35.2, t = 0.375"! 1.0 3.75 | 22.0 - - - - - - fo | aaa | ass | 20.2] [aes | 3.45] 227] | r2t | ats} 26.0 tos" | 10.3 | 3.20 )| 16.2) | 10.7 | 3.0 | 19.6 5) 6 = 60 9.0 | 201 | w.2 a9 | 2.77) 16.3 - | - - 80 2.2 2.42 | lb - - - - - - L SHORT =ADIUS PLDAZLZONSSHORT RADIUS W5LD-ELBONS 18" 20" 2k Schedule | Sumber ei} ot a r® 4 1 x = jt © 0.375" 18.9 6.58 | 44.7 2.1 | 4.93 | 55.4 | 2565 5.60 30 16.1 | 42 | 38.0 15.7 | bot | sro} | - | = it = 0.5" 14.0 | 3.75 | 33.0 o|s . 18.9 | 459 40 rat | 3645 | 29.2 13.1 | 3.58 | 34.3 15.8 | 4.07 30" ‘Schedule | Lok 1 ut t= 0,975" | 32.2 | 6.53 |126.5 20 23.9 | 5.36 | 9.0) SHORT RADIUS WELD-ZLBCWS2 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED PROBLEM 8 Pipe Line with Curved Branches The pipe line in Fig. 21 contains three 90° cir- | cular ares each with a radius of curvature R=4 ft The pipe size is 6 in., Schedule 40. The operating temperature is 760, the pres sure 450 psi 1=28ins 8 = 8.65 in# 6.25 in, S ae = SGT a0 t= 2h in 6.25in fy = gg XT ft = OH in. | E = 24.3 X 10° psi i 28 bre = 173,000 Before calculating the position of the centroid, the modified length of the curved branches is determined from the formulas given in the article on curved branches. = 0.28 in. 6,625 in. ~ 0.28 in. 3 3.172 in, | R=4it X 12 = 48 in. 0.28 x 48 | d= “Sire 7 bt | K 12 x 1.347 + 10 | Tx eT m4 Modified length of bend sfx atx 14 = ar9it3 PROBLEM 8 [Branch 1 x x x2 +Io | ly? + Io ab az | -16.8 | -18.9 34386 ie ° | be 8.79 | = 84252 | -13.uus 598 1,590 + 975 ° 486 de 8.79 = 5.348 | + 9.648 251 820 = 453 B Bb + RB (ie us| +47 ALL 3 1,850 “+ 78 281 0 fe 8.79 | 1.8 | + 9.648 1,997 20 + 1,259 B B - 2 eh eal ee = 6b 3.935 2 - 7 ° 2e1 y * 12,734 Ik? 8,623 ly = + 5,717 Sample calculation for bend "be": ‘0 x2 + 0.1488 RIK = «598 + 13 et we ot = 1590 +13 = = by +0137 PE = (975+Fia. 28 Resisting moment at a SITTIb x 14.9% — 101 x 22.8 = 43408 IH Beading moment at b FATT Ib x L4.91ft = 1011 x 10.8 ft = $1,350. Ib Bending moment at Ib X 10.9ft — 101 Tb x 6.5 ft = $1,248 feb Bending moment at 4 ITTIb X TL ft = 101 x 6.81 = —1,944 fb Bending moment at © MITT X 11.1 ft = 101 x 2.84 = 2,248 fe 1b Bending moment at HITT x H1ft +101 x 12.2ft = —735 8 Bending moment at 9 AIT X T1fe + 10llb x 162i +381 fei Bending moment at A: HITT X 79fe + 101 Ib 16.2 ft = 43,095 fib Material ASTM A106 Grade 4 S_ = 12,000 pst S, = 10,360 psi at 760 F Allowable stress range Sq = 1425 x 12,000 + 0.25 x 10,360 = 17,590 pst As this calculation was based on the modulus of elasticity in the hot condition the bending moments must be increased in the ratio of Byi2, = 29.9: 24.3 = 1623 (See Section *The Expansion Stress 5g")65 The greatest bending moment in the straight pipe occurs at point h and equals 3,035 ftlbs. Converted to cold modulus M = 1423 x 3,035 = 3730 ftlbs Expansion stress Sz = 34730 x 12:8465 = 5,170 pst The greatest bending moment in the curved portion is 2,340 ftlbs x 1.23 = 2,860 ftlbs, The stress intensification factor for the characteristic A= 1.34 is = 0.88 which is less than unity. ‘Therefore no stress intensification occurs. The bending stress in + ‘the curved portion is 2,880 x 12:8465 = 4,000 pst ‘The stresses in both, the straight and the curved parts, are within the allowable stress rangesTHREE-DIMENSIONAL PIPING Ina fully restrained three-dimensional pipe line the end reactions consist of three forces acting along the axes of an assumed system of coordinates and of three moments acting in the planes formed by these axes. If one end is temporarily connected with the centroid of the system by means of an inflexible bracket (Fig. 24), then as in the case of single-plane piping the reactions at the centroid consist of forces only and the computation is reduced to the determina- tion of three unknowns instead of six. The reacting forces at the actual end of the line have the same intensity as the forces of obtained for the centroid, and the moment, j ‘ioe yz reactions equal the product of these forces and their offsets from the end. ‘The centroid acts as a hinge. If it is released, expansion will cause identical ¥ translatory movements at the centroid and at the end to whieh it is conneeted The directions of the coordinate axes are assumed opposite to the anticipated expansions. ‘The latter are designated by Az, Ay, and Az. In order to move the centroid back from the expanded to the original position, forces X, Y, and Z are applied so that their combined effort causes deflections equal to —Az, —Ay, and —Az. Each force causes three component movements, one in its own direction and two along the other two axes. These movements are proportional to the moments of inertia or the products of inertia of the line about the axes as follows: The movement in the z-direction produced by a unit force acting in the z-direction is Ie/EI. ‘The actual end reaction X applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of X(L/ ED) The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the y-direc- tion is Z,,/EI. The actual end reaction ¥ applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of ¥y/ ED) The movement in the z-direction produced by a unit force acting in the z-diree- tion is Le,/ET. The actual end reaction Z applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of Zln/ED. ‘The algebraic sum of the foregoing movements is the total movement in the z-direction. Equating this sum with the expansion Az furnishes the first of three equations (7), the other two are obtained in similar manner and represent, respectively, the movements in the y- and z-direction,THREE-DIMENSIONAL PIPING Mm XIny + ¥I, — ZIy, = Ay EL XIn — Yn + ZI, = Az EL For explanation of signs, see the article on Single-plane Piping (page 15)+ Procedure: ‘The line is successively projected into the three planes formed by the coordinate axes. Branches that are parallel to the plane of projection will appear in true length. ‘Branches that are normal to the plane of projection will appear as a point and are indicated by a heavy dot. Forces located in the plane of projection, such as the X and Y forces in the zy-plane, will cause torsion in all branches that are at right angles to that plane. In calculating the position of the centroid, the length of members appearing as points is modified in order to account for the displacement due to torsion. While fiexural displacements depend on the modulus of elasticity, displacements due to torsion depend on the modulus of rigidity. The following relation between these two moduli permits a ready conversion of one into the equivalent of the other: Let E = modulus of elasticity G = modulus of rigidity I = moment of inertia of metal area, m = 0.3 (Poisson’s ratio) M, = torque L = length of branch XI. — YIuy ~ ZI = Az at a (1 +m) ‘The angular distortion i due to a torsional moment M, ML _ M120 +03) _ 13MLb 261 2ET “ET Thus the angular distortion of a straight member subjected to torsion can be expressed by the modulus of elasticity if the true length is multiplied by 1.3. ‘The mechanics of the method can be readily followed in the numerical problem 9, which covers the case of a line consisting of straight branches only. The successive projections into the three planes formed by the coordinate axes show which of the members are subjected to torsion by the forces located in the plane of projection. For example, branch ed in the 2y-plane is subjected to torsion by the X and Y force. Its actual length is $4 ft. Its modified length is 84 X 1.3 = 109.2 ft. This length is used in determining the position of the centroid, the moments of inertia, and the product of inertia. It will be noted that the moment of inertia of the line consists of two parts obtained from two different planes. For instance one /, is obtained from the zy-plane and one from the 2z-plane. Their sum is the total moment of inertia, which is the coefficient for X in the first of the three equations (7). The reaction forces X, Y, Z obtained from these equations are transferred to the actual end, which in this case is at point f. ‘The reaction moments at end f 7PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED are the product of these forees and their respective levers from the centroid to /. Bending moments at any point are obtained quickly by multiplying the forces at the centroid by their offsets from the point in question. For example, with X = 1,226 lb and ¥ = 900 lb, the reaction moment at j in the zy-plane is +1,226 lb X 55.77 ft + 900 ib x 1.8 ft = +70,000 ft Ib ‘The bending moment at point 6 is = 1,226 Ib,X 4.23 ft + 900 Ib x 61.8 ft = +50;400 ft Ib ‘The latter is the algebraic sum of the moments from f to b and can also be obtained in the conventional manner, i.e., starting at the support and proceeding to the point in question. +70,000 ft tb —73,600 ft Ib 54,000 ft Ib 50,400 ft Ib Reaction moment at f Moment of X-foree at f about b = 1,226 Ib x 60 ft Moment of Y-force at f about 6 = +900 Ib x 60 ft Bending moment at b6 PROBLEM 9 Three-dimensional Pipe Containing Straight Branches Only 24-in. pipe, Schedule 80 ¢ = 1.218 in, I = 5,673 int S = 472 ins Expansion = 6.25 in./100 ft E = 2% X 10° psi Fie. 25 _ 6.25 in. _ ar = 00 X (90 ft — 30 ft) = 3.75 in, ay = 836 in. X (60 ft + 30 ft) = 5.62 in. ao Xx St ft = 5.25 in. = X 25 X 10% x 5,673 1 a. * __X yy 7 908,000,000 1b dy EI = 2 Ine 95 x 10° X 5,873 1 o x qh = 460,000,000 tb # ae Br = 5253: x 95 x 108 x 5,673 1 3 X ygq = $30,000,000 Ib ft| | 7 PROJECTION IN XY-PLANE, ey Seen pe ggien PME Sabana Ce 7 Fra. 28, CenrnorPROBLEM 9 xy-plane [Branch ajx y |it+t0 ye+to | iy ab 30 61.8 19.23 | 114,500 11,150 +35,700 ° 2,250 be 90 | 16.8 4.23 | 25,400 1,615 | + 6,400 60,750 ° ca | 109.2] -28.2 4423 | 87,000 1,955 | =13,030 ° ° de 30 | -23.2 4.23 | 5,250 sho | = 1,670 2,250 ° ef 60 | 1.8 | -25.77 195 39,700 | = 2,750 ° 38,000 oF 295, Sard X 75,220 T= 424,650 n72 PROJECTION IN X2-PLANEPROBLEM 9 - xzeplane Branch | 2 x 2 12? + Io lez ab 39 | 57.76 | 39.26 | 130,000 60,100 | 88,400 ° o be go | 12.76 | 39.26 | 14,600 138,800 | 45,080 | 60,750 oO : ed 84 | -32.24 | - 2.74 | 87,500 630 7,420 ° 49,400 de 30 | -17.24 | suze | 8,930 60,000 | 23,100 aa 2,250 ° : of 78 | = 2y2le | alba 2le 390 156,100 7,800 iL = ko? 465,030 Ixz, = 172,800m PROJECTION IN YZ-PLANE 2340 i300 8 | 13.450 sae = 5878 = =sof 7lp * PROBLEM 9 ye-plane Branch 2d y 2 ay? + Io 12 +10 | ye —_{—__j|___j ab 30 | aa | 35.9 | 20,968 38,700 | 420,570 2,250 ° ve juz | 4a | 35.9 | 2,967 150,800 | #17,200 ° ° cd ae | oka | = 6a | aa 3,00 | - 2,100 ° 4g 100 —| ae 39 | ua | ¥en 656 90,000 | - 7,680 0 0 | ot 60 | -25.9 | vee | 40,248 139,000 | +74,750 18,000 ° I, = 75,477 ly = 471,000 +102,740 7576 SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS Piping stress calculations involve the use of large figures. It is therefore advis- able to express dimensions and pipe properties in feet. Nevertheless, the number of significant ciphers remaining is large enough to make the solution of three simul- taneous equations by method of elimination or substitution a tedious and time- consuming task. However, the structure of the equations is of a special type. The left side is symmetrical about the upper left to lower right diagonal, and for this case the process of solution can be simplified. The M. W. Kellogg Company has developed a method that reduces the working time and practically eliminates the possibility of errors. It is published in “Expansion Stresses and Reactions in Piping Systems.” The procedure as applied to problem 9 (page 69) is as follow: Make a table consisting of 4 columns and 11 rows. At the top of the columns inseribe X, Y, Z, Constant, and in the row marked (1) place the coefficients of the unknowns and the constant, the latter with opposite sign. Now read row (1) as an equation. The unknowns X, Y, Z, instead of being placed beside the coefficients, are placed in the heading of the table, the constant is on the left side of the equal sign, and “equals zero” is omitted from the table. In the same manner place the second and third equation in the rows marked (2) and (3). Thus far 3 rows are filled, 8 rows are blank. Thereafter fill the rows in the order indicated by the numbers at the left side of the table as follows: Row (4) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (1) by the negative coefficient of X, ie,, by —540,240. Row (4) then reads —X + 0.0456¥ + 0.318Z + 570 = 0 Row (5): Each number in row (1) is multiplied by the coefficient of Y in row (4). For example: 540,240 x 0.0456 = 24,650 This operation, applied to two columns, is indicated by arrows. Row (6) is the sum of the figures in rows (2) and (5). This addition makes the coefficient of X = 0 and reduces the number of unknowns to two. Row (7) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (6) by the negative coefficient of Y, i.e, by 765,225 resulting in -¥ + 0.1452 + 620 = 0 each number in row {1) is multiplied by the coefficient of Z in row (4). For example: 171,800 x 0.318 = —54,600 ‘This operation is indicated in one column by arrows.SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS Row (9): Each number in row (6) is multiplied by the coefficient of Z in row (7). For example: —110,580 x 0.145 = —16,000 ‘This operation is indicated in one column by arrows. Row (10) is the sum of the figures in rows (3), (8), and (9). The coefficients for X and ¥ become zero, and we obtain one equation with one unknown. Row (11) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (10) by the negative coefficient, of Z resulting in Returning to row (7) and using the known value for Z —Y + 0.145 X 1,930 + 620 = 0 | . Returning to row (4) and using the known values for Y and Z . —X + 0.0456 x 900 + 0.318 x 1,930 + —Z + 1,930 = 0 Z = +1,930 Ib Y = +900 lb X = +1,226 Ib =0 I, from zy-plane: 75,210 I, from zy-plane: 295,345 I, from zz-plane: 304,420 I, from zz-plane: 465,030 I, from yz-plane: 471,000 3 Total J,: 540,240, Total 766,345, 540,240X — 24,650¥ — 171,800Z = 308,000,000 —24,650X + 766,345Y — 102,740Z = 460,000,000 —171,800X — 102,740¥ + 379,897Z = 430,000,000 | Constant ‘S40, 24¢ = 24,680, (= 171,800, | 308,000,000 ja, e8 Pode | esol | ro @ | mw Te 38 rr fel cee -T unl [ rege me Jez | a ee [£00,000 fol | eeeeena | 0 @ | sawe clea ro aan 0 om @) +171,300 — 71810 | 000 |} add & Tua 38 0 0 7 a) 7 i 7 0,90 a | | 7 =o7e COMBINING MOMENTS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS In general any point of the line is subjected to three moments acting in the three planes formed by the system of coordinates. The moment that acts in the plane at right angles to the pipe axis causes torsion; the other two cause bending. The resultant of the latter is obtained by vectorial addition, For instance, if M,, and M,, are bending moments in the zy- and z2-plane, their resultant is VIE, FOE, In order to find the point of highest stress, the moments are tabulated in planes of projection, and, if desirable, bending-moment diagrams may be drawn for each plane. Of the three moments obtained for each point, mark the one that causes torsion, thus leaving the other two for vectorial addition. At the junction of two branches (for example, at a corner b formed by two branches ab and be) two torsional moments and consequently two different sets of bending moments exist, depending ‘on whether b is considered as the end of branch ab or the end of branch be. A brief inspection will show which of the two combinations will cause the greatest effect. With S the section modulus of the cross-sectional area of the metal, the bending stress is NM + Ss The combined expansion stress as established by the Code for Pressure Piping 1s sy = 2 + 45,2 with the proviso that these stresses are based on the modulus of elasta- city in the cold condition. Designers may prefer to make flexibility calculations based on the mod~ ulus of elasticity in the hot condition in order to obtain the initial reactions at operating temperature. In this case it is necessary to in- crease Sp and S¢ by multiplying these values by the ratio EoiZh-COMBINING MOMENTS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS MOMENTS a a za x 9425 1 + 000 —1.a0 1 x 98.26TH + 1,900) +900 b x 35.91 — 1.900 etehe | Kees | ib xare = @ | Bat = +13,600 T = 463,200 ‘BM = —33,500 Renitat B30 = 406,00 { 1,226 Ib x 4.23 ft + 900 ‘Same as for +900 Ib x 35.9 ft — 1,930 bashes | Beatie ‘ $50,410 +83,300 $24,380, | Peeaeo sar=ssom | T= ™390 BMT = 80500 iano x 428 f= 900 |=1,206;b x 9095; — 1900 ——Samean ford |e idea te ean | | at Maximum beading 20,870 | =110, 400 | $24,380 | moment 115,000 Tons aus iusow | ~F=tos ow = Ham | ‘Same aa for ¢ |-+1,220 1b x 44.748 — a} 00 Ib x 48.1 ft — 1,990 PrP caabt = Bx alts e =20,870 l =7,400 | =51,200 | Resultant bending Time x azn +000 [eizaem x ATH — 1,900) Same anford | sale than at c isn bxann= | | toy impel ‘ =a, 100i | | Fimsa anase| meats wb pains hamn| Deiske | Keon Pl f B= 470,00 | P= +30,500 Bor = 264,600 | Resisting moments Resultant Bf = 95,200 |80 Stress Calculation for Problem 9 Material ASTM A106 Grade A Operating temperature 760 F S_ = 12,000 psi S, = 10,360 pst Ey = 29,900,000 psi Bh = 25,000,000 pat Allowable stress range: = 1425 x 12,000 + 0425 x 10,360 = 17,590 psi. ry This calculation was based on modulus Ey. The resulting forces and moments, therefore, refer to the hot conditions ‘The expansion stress Sz must be based on modulus Eqs The maximum stress condition from the table for moments 1s found in the elbow at point "c', namely a bending moment of 113,000 ftlbs, and a torsional moment of 30,570 ftlbs, Converting to modulus By by multiplying by the ratio By: = 1.2, the bending = and the tor~ sional moments become respectively: 123,000 x 162 = 135,600 ftibs 30,570 x 162 = 36,684 ftlbs The stress intensification factor for a 24"=90° long radius elbow 4s 1485 (see tables). This factor is applied to the bending stress onlye Sp = 1485 (135,600 x 12:472 in}) = 6,390 psd S_ = 36,684 x 12:2 x 472 = 46? pad Sg = [63907 + 4 x 4672 = 6,450 pst.81 PROBLEM 10 ‘Three-dimensional Pipe Containing Quarter Bends 12-in, pipe t=win T = 361.5 int S = 56.8 in? Temperature 745°F Expansion = 997 E = 25 X 10° psi 0.647 in. = x 9 ft = 0.58 in. a = acer = 9.847 in. 12 x Tgp 7 8.0.00 te 1.27 in, 6 ay ET = “2 x 25 x 10 361.5 xe X 25 x 10° x 25 x 10 = 6,620,000 Ib ft? 2,770,000 Ib ft*82 2.627R! 22638 aati fe —-1075' o i ty 4 Cenrnor PROJECTION IN XY-PLANE83 PROBLEM 10 xy-plans -anch a x y 12 +10 | iy? + Io by ab 6 6.39 903 2d 5g 35605 18 ° be 15.7 | 00205 | 7.485 006 88168 2bed 3202 3702 Bed ed anes | -2e6. | 1645 29.8 24.5 2608 ° 12605 de 920 | 1.61 |-10.385 90 15068 cs 5e2 | -1e62 [-12.2 ° ° |__| y= 366.4 | qo 3.354 yy = 470005 Sample calculation for "be": Ty = 1x2 + 0.1488 DIK = 1547 x 042052 + 061U88 x 592 = 006 + 3702 Th = lt * = 1507 x 764852 + . = 88168 + 3702 Dy = ley + 06137 RK = 1547 x 04205 x 70h85 + 06137 x 53 x 2 = 2b.1 + Fle: Sample calculation for "de": Ty = 1259x1612 = 2364 Tx = ly@ + 0,1U85 RK = 9 x 10.3857 + 0.1488 x 59 x 1615 = 970 + 21 Ly = Ley #9 x (1061) (-106385) = 150.8Canrnoi otha ion PROJECTION IN X2-PLANE85 - PROBLEX 10 xa-plane —— ——— = 1 x 2 1x2 + Ie 1s? + Io ie ab 6.0 | 65 2.08 253 65 406 of Heo | =165, 5496 900 182.0 3507 * 0.2888 x RP x 1615 = 0.1488 x 59 x 1615 = Z1el86 PROJECTION IN’ Y2-PLANE87 PROBLEM 10 yieplane Branch 1 7 ay? +30 | 1s? +10 | lye ab 78 | 126 1.18 95 10.9 | 102.7 t+ ° ° poof be 940 90365] 1418 794 12.6 | 9967 sa ° ed 1s 0643 1,18 2 16 568 126 ° _|— 4 de 15.7 | 8.505 | =0.635 1H 6.5 | 85.7 “0 37 Bhe3eer| —+— at 4.0 | 10632 | 5.82 ver 135.2 | 240.0 ° 503 io faann 9586) l= 22345 Ty, * 56802 * 0.2488 RI x 1615 se 0.1488 ROX 80.137 DE88 PROBLEM 10 I, from zy plane: 3,354 I, from zy plane: 366 T, from zz plane: 206 J, from yz plane: 224 Total = 5,560 | Total y= 590 I, from zz plane: 356 1, from yz plane: 3,517 Total, = 3,873 3,860X — 700Y — 672 = 3,380,000 —700X + 590¥ — 568Z = 6,620,000 —67X — 568Y + 3,873Z = 2,770,000 x Y z Connant @ 3,560 100 - a = 3,380,000 ® St | F086 + “ous aa) @ 700 +580 = ie = 6,620,000 @ ym | Tiare a) = "562,00 ame yee Gene an a eee | Gece = 7,288,000 am | -1 + 1.286 + 16,100 @) ~a7 | se a8 = 2,770,000 ® te |B 1a = Ga 700 ® sa = 8 = 9,350,060 a0) ° ° +314 712,188,700 ap I =a 3,000 Z= + 3,900 Y = +21,00089 Stress Calculation for Problem 10 A computation of the bending moments in the three planes of projec- tion as demonstrated in Problem 9 will show extreme condition in the straight pipe at point "a" as follows: a torsional monent in the yz-plane of 18.800 ftlbs. a bending moment in the xy-plane of 149,000 ftibs. a bending moment in the xz-plane of 31,630 ftlbs. The vectorial sum of the latter two moments is 152,000 ftlbs. The stresses are: Bending stress 152,000 x 12:56.8 in? = 32,100 pst Torsional stress 18,800 x 12:2 x 56.8 im? = 1,980 pet The combined stress (see Page 7) ss\p2,1002 +& x 1,9802 = 32,400 psi The pipe material is ASTM A-106 Grade B for which Sp = 15,000 and Sy = 12,900 (at 75°F). The allowable stress range S, = 1.25 S, + 0425 S, = 21,975 ped which 4s less than the combined stress, The line therefore is not acceptable.90 THREE-DIMENSIONAL PIPE LINES OF VARIABLE FLEXIBILITY ‘The general equations for the solution of piping problems express the simple fact that the end reactions applied to the centroid of the cantilever system produce deffections that are equal and opposite to the expansions. The terms that give the deflections due to the end reactions have the product ET in the denominator as shown on page 1@. In the case of piping with constant cross section and the same modulus E, the work in solving numerical problems is materially reduced by moving this product to the right of the equation sign as in equations (7)( Page 67). For lines with variable cross sections or piping with variable flexibility, this simplification is lost, for the line inertias of each branch must be divided by the moment of inertia of its own cross-sectional area, Equations (7) must, therefore, be written in the following form: tee x¥-vp- Prope XH YY 27 =e 8) pirat L POV P+Zp ue In this setup the sum J,/I for instance, consists of individual quotients, the numerator of which is the line moment of inertia of the branch about the z axis and the denominator the area moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area of the same branch. Since calculating moments of inertia of pipe lengths involves squaring or cubing of lengths and distances, precaution must be taken, in introducing numerical values of area inertias, that J is carried along in the first power and not accidentally included in the process of squaring or cubing. For orderly procedure and to avoid errors, it is advisable to calculate first the values 1/I. For instance, in problem 5, which presents the case of a 12-in. and a 10-in, pipe with area moments of inertia of 475 and 212 in.‘, respectively, L 12 » Ta 7 75 = 87 1 12¢ h-ie 78 ‘The factor 12 converts J into feet*. When line moments of inertia are calculated, these numbers are set in front of the parentheses containing the line inertia calculated in the usual manner.PROBLEM 11 Three-dimensional Line Containing Corrugated Sections This problem shows the procedure for pipe lines having branches of different flexibility. ‘Two branches of a 24-in. line are corrugated to obtain greater over-all flexibility. The effect of corrugating as established by tests is as follows: In bending the flexibility of a corrugated branch is five times that of the plain pipe. ‘This is expressed mathematically by assigning to the corrugated length when engaged in bend- ing one-fifth of the moment of inertia of the. plain pipe. In torsion, however, the corrugated pipe hhas the same fesibility as the plain pipe, and therefore [ is not altered when this action is accounted for. 2, y, # = reactions and directions of positive coordinate axes ‘2tin. pipe, Schedule 40 I = 3,423 in. 2bin. pipe, corrugated I. = Jin bending 2tin. pipe, corrugated I. = Tin torsion Expansion = 3.7 in. in 100 ft aa = Fp (108 fe = 14 fe) = 3.3 in, ay = SEB ote = 0.85 in TR ott = 1.81 in. ae = 833% x 29 x tor x 12 = 12 x 10° Bb/ft ay B= 285 x 29 x 108 x 128 = 208 X 10" b/ft as B= TSE x 29 x 10x 12 = 650 x 108 Ib/ft aPROJECTION IN XY-PLANE co es CoPROBLEM 11 xy-plane x y tr utr + Igor | ly*r + Ior 31.3} 4.15] 6.06] 610,500 10,750 551,500 ° 20.2} 435] 6.06} 157,200 6,650 ° ° 320.2 | = 3485) 30.3 198,000 7,170 ° 10,337 920.2 | -15.35| 6.06 17,100 10,000 ° 123 713.2 | -18.85] 6.06 14,770 30,100 ‘1,380 oO Ty = 1,550,450 Ht B28] ly * 3.7 ris the length modification factor 124:PROJECTION IN XZ-PLANE Cemoro95 PROBLEM 12 xe-plane i Branch 1 x 2 r adr tig | w?e + Ig daar ab | 103 | 3u4 | 23.6] 6.06] 738,500 348,000 | 507,000 551,500 ° be ag | -17.1 | waa] 6.06 334600 22,900 | -27,800 ° 3,500 i ed 30 | -17-2 | 20.4] 30.3 266,000 98,000 | 161,300 ° 68,000 def #29.9 | -17.1 | -25.4| 6.06 53,000 116,800 | 78,500 ++ ° o i fe wy 10-1 | -25.4) 6.06 8,620 54,800 21,800 2,380 ° h o* 712,000 ly, = #740,800 * 23x1396 PROJECTION IN YZ-PLANE7 PROBLEM 11 yaeplane Branch | 1 | x 2 r art tge | er tiger | er a [9193.9 | 204 | 25.6 | 6.06 4,660 532,000 | 49,800] ° ve | 29 2 | 16.2 | 6,06 662 29,700 | 4,440] | ° 3,500 cA | 30 | 2h | = 8. | 30,3 54230 64,000 | -18,300 0 68,000 a | 16 | -5.6 | -23.4 | 30.3 15,263 266,000 | 63,400] 10,337 ec | 7 | ara |azs.4 | 6.06 | 22,327 23,000 | 26,750) | ory fg 918.2 20.6 | -23.4 6.06 ‘47,000 60,800 53,700! | ° qT, = yy = 1,047,000 L, = 1269,790 . 103 x 1.3 = 133.9 16x13 = 1.2PROBLEM 11 pum eneng couple at ¢ ZEB caste ars caste = tan By x asa + 1.7001 x 316 = -747008m TP ESSTS oc 23.4 fe + 1.790 tb x 20.8.1 = $27,300 fib MOMENTS =] ame em | TBiWOIb AIST BSI | Fa TOIS KHOA 1FOW THE KBB Ke — 180TH Xx 828 ft | 85.9 | x24 0 $17,000, =75,400 | $5400, BH = 77.500 T= 5 | =3,1001b X 4.15 ft — 37516] +3,100 Ib x 23.6 ft + 1,750 Ib] ‘Same as for a iz . x23 | watt | __| Point of maximum = 20,670 $104,500 I $5,400, streat for plain 7M _= 105,000 T = 20,670 [BM = 106,500 Tess MP Same ufo [F801 X AO + LTOOIb| +37STD KES Te ~ 17301 sant | saute 7 =20,870 $44,420, L 1725, Bil = 300 T= ma | [Same ford ]=3180 Sa > TFB TB 975 Tb KBAR 1TH) |. XAT ft I X24 ft sonar 4 st ae : | sr for sor [5575 82,0007 T = 20670 [Bit = 24.400 T = 50,400 seer FOEXUSE HH Saeed -SO ELIE + LTR xmate | Seiaeie | a +50 t 3506 1 $15,090 | See Taieow KR Fi) Sanesslord =a HX BIN + 1H) X 20.2 ft | K 20.6 ft | 1 =a = 308 | $27,300 | [re san ——7 = soa = ao = 2300 P3100 Ib X 18.85 — 3751b] —3,1601b x 25.4 + 1,7501b] ‘Same as for f x62 xaite | | . 57.000 | = 74.700 t TH | Resisting moments BM _= 94,000 T = 27,300 i| TABLES OF ELASTIC CONSTANTS100 TABLE | oO g (of- 7 ¥ N= 09 oO 2 | Now! Lusnoum 2 | sevwg of ¢ aznowe 24-9 ow 159 Kv¥9 o [#7 =t-¥-| ono ow WD TIS ai atv 1aNoW o | WOE INLD = Vv TINOW wer oO g ore zo lee [we [wi | — | Vv | imation! Tor \ooe lore [97 lwo | 0 v WOE aw Paz] I 069 965 | 105 |99F [085 | — | V0 | ume _mnmiano “oeonite cen ‘9 [105 owe 197 [97 | 0 g A ace ere fare free [fe] me ser niece sumazem 7 6 poe Loz lore lee lee |see lorry lizt_|reo| 0 | 0 | z % 'L [OL |969 |089 |99'9 los'9 |ve9 | 679 loo | — v ness 1018 ncnnteaet peer ee " 9 [wl lao lexs lors |e9E lore [wir leoo| o av Poston srznie sovosn mor bara rt We 9 lore [FL | WS loss lors | — v Te ete Noe Ez }087 }0027 |.00/7 000 |.006 |.00P LO0r |.005 2007 | OOF 7 SF | [am [nnn | CPUMLNUTENTL OFLYDIONI OL nak woud ONIOD WH [caves er © Seeley Semmens, Temas we = “VLVT NOLONVANT TYNYTHL x 710KTABLE (1) | 3 i Gs Ct o? = ~ Now! 4sv> Avad roloulen|ealenlenlen| ee] a i ee | vor] cor vulon| » 4} | Now! anbnowm oe | os2 | 52 vez|so| 3 1 wrlosv| zu} ze v6 | ror rulen] & woL ‘woul wor) 7 Tags SSa WIVES a [ oer] yua| ree | ove] ose vez| 2 | wowouns anbivess vo] ec| orf ee | vel ee fre | se | ce yor| > | 7asas ceaqivas 3121 of ee fe —— drassev (woze-X9)sr9218 ret | sa | wos zea| eva] ose | ove |osz| oz | rxz| ez] a | AtoWw> aavioaHwaaNt i aL mee ape = |“ ee es | oc] oo] oe | ee | ror foo zn fen fon] » © wbnoMns }— — - — —{ sraais Mow-w9 mo7 ysi| #2] ove! sve| ase [om [valores | ove | out | esa] eve] a | ‘erase aron-nonwv? | es | ex] ee | ee [ee [en [ eo feo frm lew fon) > ‘hose zA08v = = —-+- - {|| | amaanoa wosuvs Hat zu | os | oe | suz| oez| +sz| ese | vue | eae joes | sez lowe | a 73218 Nosuv> os | os | re | oe [oe [oe | 201 | mor | oer | vor » $621 uo Oro - |” . ~ ~ ALN31NOD NOBBY> HLIM on [esr | s-or [vez [ove [ese [ove [ous [rez eee joe | 3 s1a34s NoBuYD 4 weet 7+ vow? | | o0v!| o0€1/002z1] 0011| 0001] 006 | 008 | 002 |009 | oos | OOF |ook |ooz |oL | | bs 2 aia ivid 3 Dad "3uNivaadWw3t = Ot AG CBNAWA ATSILINN —ALIGIDIY TYNOISHOL 40 SATNGOH =D yo! AB ANIA ATdIIN — ALIDUEYTA 40 EATAOOH =F AVIMZIWW SNOWY YOS ALIGIOIY WNOISYOL ONV ALINLSW13 JO IINGOW L A 318vLBIVIVAY Viva ON © | ae lors lar |soe [ese lore | & Nz sb t ‘eas ‘ns9 'n2 88 wo len | in | oa calenfeoed| a BZNOUS NIL asava7 ; ose fare fowr jors ses jure | b nape ee ou lea! on | se | ve on] a Seve TlowaHHo> oe |see |s9s oss Joos ltrs | » a0 Leese cafe) en} rs esos jos jon] 3 4Bado> re|se|celoelee lee] o : waniwnq ! so | se | eo va |oo| » _| je? or-0£ ‘02-08 est fen jem | eu | our +a} oo | eo] a TAMDIN ~ HaddOD ve |so ice j|eo | re les | se loo] o Ww 'n2 62 — IN 99 a2 OF — INLD oer | ei | os rea | ese | as2 | oz] oz [ov] ov lor] a ‘aNow 0021] 0011] e00!| 006 | 008| 002 | 009| cos | oor | oo¢ | o0z| oot |oz z 2 qWIda.vW 4530 ‘aunivasdWwat € & 90! AB SBNIWA Ad1LINW—ALIGIDIY WNOISYOL 4o SnincoW = 5 s01AG SENIVA ATdIAIOH — ALIDILSVTT 40 SAMO © 3 WIYSLYW SNOYWSS-NON JO ALIGIDIY TWNOISYOL ANY ALIDILSYTa 40 MIndoW Z 378vL 02 TABLE (Z)103 ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES Extracted from Code for Pressure Piping. (48a B31.1-1955)104 AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING Table 2 Allowable Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems ; sty Wsiman] Values ofS Psi for Tenperttes in Dep Noto Exceed Masesal Sessile | Grade | SETH] Cation senses | « 100 | m0 | 300 | 4o0r | 450 | soo | ooo | 650 Welded maceria | | | Farce yelged | | | ‘Lap welded A120 | | | 8,900} 8,600 | 8,200] 7,600) 7,600 Bute Welded ib | Smo 550 | GS |S | 38 Vuscnicic selaless j | feel | 18% chromium, Be Nett aciz | re32y \ od 18% chromtam, 'f75000 15.980, 15,980 | 14.450 13.459 12,900 | 12,680 | 12,600 oh Nec | Asiz | Tee | | | | | | Seamless materi: | | Castes steel | 481 2 410,800 | 10,600 | 10,200 | 9,800 | 9,600 | | ho | ERE Bs Boon | sas | 30 | 9m) 0 vas00 | 14.000 | 13,700 130058) Fes | | 18% chrom, - 43 | san) oe Net A336 | apsan | 75,000 | 18,750 | 18.750 | 17,000 | 15,800 15,200 14,900 | 14,850 185 ctromiya - 432 | wed | Neco abe j Seantess | ed tees 3,000 | Copper CEES C smater 3,000 | over 2 ins 3,000 | copper tion | 3.000 | anealed | 30,000 3.000 Bright soneated 30,900 5:00 Copper brazed steel 42,000 3,000 ‘ae | i800 Cass icon! | | 000} «200 | 6o00] «0m | «o00 | «000 | 6.000 | 6.000 | 6.200 | 6,000 | | 4.000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 "Castiron pipe shail nat be vied for lubricating ol lines for machinery (See Pi ‘For steam at 250 pal (408 F) the values given may be ted: 155) an in my ents ot for oul having « temperature aboveoor" sy nor * Vv 2dkL s > 8 00'¢ | oov'e 2 cove | Sore : ooo's | oo8'e 4 cow's | eor'e y j , al wea i ose'y | osr'y | oss's | ost're | ons'tt | osc'tt | ooo'et | osr‘er | ose'r| oos'es | occ'en | sew | ooo'se iia | “ v 8 ¥ core | 060°¢ | one's | oars | one's ra see y CHE \o8S$ | SERS | One's iaey oot [Poe | HLS | Gos atoy 05% | Ooo" vtoey Thane fou wos yoy a hoe y V hoe ¥ ceneepeiton ou | | ary viey } wioey Witoey reat wage pour 26m y amy W 8a ¥ Jacct | o ony atte y Siwy i aime y Viney | aoe ay i YSHEV | very } 4 \ uy ay ny iy " spats sonata riven perio ~ ost ~oce'en ooe't | oss'vt| ooz'vt | oon'vt | 9 220N | on0'se 00's | 009% 00° | 009'c | oot'or] oor'er} o0s'e1 | ose'er “v1 oss'vt | ooc'yt | oon'vt | 9 220n | o00'se 0z't | o08't | o0s'z | o0s'e | o0s's | 000% oor'et | oo8'zt oor'er | 9 220 | o90'09 oos't | o02'z 02's | o0¢'e | ooo'or oor'zt | o0e'zt vov'er | 920% | o90'09, om nes us, 0x'z | o00'r | o0s's | o00's | 00's 002°€1 | o06'er| oos‘sr | o08"s1 | o00's1 | 00'09 ow 1-19 ue 00's | oer | o0a's | oon'e | oon'tt oor'rt | o00's1 | an0'st | o00'<1 | o00's1 | 000'09 ow sain ye beng leser| osg> ‘200'F | eosis | “aoe oor'rt | o90'st| oo0'st | o00's1 | aa0'st | 00" 008'z | o00's | o0s's o0z'rt | ose'r1 | oo0's1 | 0001 | 0n'st | o00'a9 ov 21> 2% | at's | ooo'an| oos:er| osrer| oxy ose | osc’ |osc'er | miss om, ostrer| osr'er| osc'er | osc'er | osc'er | o00'ss sumnepadyot voar5 oer | sty lene oso'r ovo't | 056 ove | 088 | cos | ose | one pe2Deg of 300 4 89g. 8 Fosmyesadwa 10)Macerial | “CARBON STEEL PIPE (APESL) Bessemer — | Burewelal as3 30,000 (APESL) Bessemer [Lap teld] A 53 30,000 Beasemer a3 | ow 481000 (API-SLB)Deonid: Bese. 433 | B 60,000 (API-SLD O.tor E-F. 45,000 (API-SLD O.tlor E-F. 45,000 1 GPLSLAOMor EF a [1.23 | 49:000 (APISLBO.Moor ELF. B 1253 | 60:000 (APESLAD a] 12" | an.o00 CAPESLB) B ]1:2- | 60,000 1 Deosid, Rese c 73,000 Onl oF EF. 1 43,000 ty OH or EFL 1 481000 OLH: ot E:F. 7 c 75,000 | OL. or ELF, | Seamleae API SL] © 75,000 On, oc EF. Si Kitleg | Seantene|Atog | 4 [2 | s000 OL or E:F, & Killed | Seamless /Alos | 8 [2 000 AMS AGH. A134 6 | 49,000 A243 BOM ats & | $2%000 A243 COM, Alba 6 | sso00 AIDA OL oF BE. alsa & | 43,000 AA3 OOM, or Es Ae 8 | 30'000 Abe 8 | 35:00 f Anse 45,000 i Ala 50,000 (AS ¢ oct ee Le, Aba 35,000 Oth of E.R. aus | a [1.2.3 | 49,000 Py OM, or ELF. ans |B |1:2:3 | 60,000 Oull oF ELF. ais | a 48,000 OL or EF. aise | 8 000 iss | cas fi.23,10) 43,000 j 4133, | 30 |1:2's!10} $0,000, 4135 | 35 |12'3it0) $3,000, ass | xcss| 2. 10 | 53,000 4155, | x60] 2 10 | 0,000 4155. | Kc6s| 2, 10 | 5:00 ‘nas | x¢70| 2, 10 | 70,000 ant 6 | 49,000 Az & | S2'000 Aa 6 | 33:000 | A333 1,28 | 33,000 sed cuboomelyedenum atest may 107 Re BEES 383 2888388888 25/000 16,000 20'000 10,800 11.950 121650 10,350 11,300 12.650, 1250 12,500 13780) 13,600 17,000 12000 15,000 13,000 16.650, 18,350 47,200 18.750, 20,300} 21,300 11,300 12,800 13,500 16390 9,900 11.f00 131300 13.100 16,330) 29,400 10,300] 9,900 171380] 16,400, 20, 400 | 19,300] 13,100] 12,330 16,380 15,509] 18,350 13,000 14.200 *S vane inetode« jlntatteteney f 45 per cont = 15 vate shown inthe he wae of ange gusty (A215) ta mat recommended for temperatures over #59 F. 9,030] 3,800 10,200 | 9500 12,750 | 121200, 12.000 | 1-630, 13,000 | 14330 9,600 9,300 15,930] 13.100 18,730 17,730 12,000 [11.650 13,000 |14:330 10,200| 9.900 12,750] 12,200, 11,000 i2.t00 1230 13,250 14330 13/300 16,600 13,750]108 Allowable $ Values Pai for Pipe inOit Piping Systems Within Refinery Limits (Continued) | Valse of SP for Weal Tenpeanres in Deg Feat w Freed sno] 900 Jose | 1.000 ] so. [200] 1150 ]u.20 fi.ase [1.300 Js.sso Joan [aso [so [sfSE%. {| ay 3 4.200 AB $208] 2.900 | «700| s.200 | ano | ase fase | ase ay FAS) 3988 | 9998 | Saas | 212088 | | ae ay W988] 3380 | F908 | 2308 | 0 | Fae | 1238 | Son a 1308] Ba8 | ase | E3R8 | 4398 | F808 | 18 | Bee a Abts i 3589] 1,700 | 2.10 | 5300 | ano | 2.19 | 330 | oso | ape | IRE] 40588 | 9398 | SIG | AS | 800 | Ado | to | fet ! 10,2] 9,300 | 7900 | e300 | 4,300 | 2.300 | 1.00 | 1,000 n106 YIRR| Ba | 8 | NG | O88 | 28 | 68 | See td | arse | {ant ane | ALS Ant at an | ae 9.300) 1900 | «.700| 5.0 | 3.00 | 2.139 | aso | 30 ees | 12bRa] 3380 | $580 | 380m | 290] EAS | 1380 |e | a | | a9 | | a8 ‘en (an Ag 6.300 | 4300 | 230 | 1.600 ass 2388 | 4388 | 2588 | 8 a3 ‘300 | $308 | $30 | 08 | as 6888 | 4388 ] £888 | 8 | ans | [Att "por llowele $value refer to the materiale 115. salven shown in the column 20 100 F may be seed for Lower tomperatrs ime Slhediou ine ‘S'ouseesnocn109 Allowable 5 Valves Psi for Pipe inil Piping Systems Within Refinery Limits (Continued) Sonencl asta] 1 Immun [aloes ofS-Pai lor Neral Temperate in Dex Ft w Frceed Men 21 opel lorae [nove [inate | =o neldea [85550 teats |“ | 200 | 300 | 400 | 0 | cao | cx | 700 scone | iS CARBON STEFL TURF ny |i 12.900 13,90 [10,00 AB] A hie 15880 13 be [13:16 [12358 3000 Out. o B.S lie ta 7000 | 5:89 13330 [tga [12130 [200 Oil. or et. aie | oa fas 13500 11390 | 10900 ft. 330 oma EF, ABR | 133 | eaoo0 [1700 14380 | 33900 [3,30 [120380 .8. & Killed | Seamless] 4192 16.090 13,800 [13,190 [12.35 | 12.000 ER Sikes | Seanieae] A210 «2,000 | 30:09 13:88 [12388 |133a0|1:500 EF Sixes | Ene | aus 13:0 110 [1S ao (16390 [taco Oi or Ets | seamives] A334 | © ss,000 | 130 15:30 | 13:000 [140 [15.780 RON PIPE | Oto wouste reied [Ductal APL 42.900 ik Soups Reaca [tapsete| aprst fice 300 | SLR St ough Welded ela 900 ham om Ase 980 10380 RON TUBES } O.H, [roe ABS Orn tee Ate | CARBON WOLY PIPE ‘ Azoe a oat ere.r. | eee | 4135 [cues] 20 ARES SISER | ERY [ais [cute] Zo A3e4 € Oak Seer, | Ew [4158 | Gans 20 / Out, or EF. $ Killed ayss | et [2 | (O.H, of EF. Si Killed Ags | Pls [2 ! CARBON MOLY TUBES : Oo EF. Si Killed | Seamless] A209 2 OOM. Se ELF. Si Kills | Seamion] 209 i OLN or ELF, Stille | Semiees] 209 ; Ollk or eve, Sinaitea | Eomew | 230 : Oi SER, similed | Eee | 4330 ; OE SEF, Sed | Emr | ABO ; CARDON STEEL PLATE am 43.900 a $3:900 18} 33900 fas 30 a8 $6900 ais 53000 A201 13.000 ior &eii00 a $5.00 an ‘900 1S Valen form AIS values for walded ploing ince the Jolet 11000 pet for metal temparetre oot exesading 480 7. Pe. 328 @ ln net recommended above 900 °5 valane ince «Joint elfleloney of 1S pat cont. 5 values shown inthe column 20.0 100 7 may bow agurements of A500 a8 PeAllowable § Values Psi for Pipe in Oil Piping Systems Within Refinery Limits/Continued) i Values of S=Pai for Netl Temperatures in Dex F not to Faceed ! —T T asty i 00 | aso | 900 | 950 1,000 | 1,050 | 1,100 | 1,150] 1,200 | 1,250 | 1,300 | 1,459 | 1,400 | 1,450 | 1,900 |Specifi- ! i tnioe 9,100 4,300 | 2,300 | 1,000] 1,000 9200, £300 | 3300 | 1:00] 1000 500 Shoo | 3150 | 1330) ‘aso 9.200 300 | 2150 | 1330] aso 9,300 4,500 | 2,300 | 1,600] 1,000 1o{a00 4500 | 2.500 | 1600 | 100 500 S00 | 2180 | 1380] "aso 10:200 43500 | 2500 | 1600 | 1.000, 7,300 280 3.100 7,300 an 780 ate 12,300] 10,000 | 6,250 | 4.000] 2.400 ways 12780] to,000 | 6350 | &900] 2400, as 13,000 | 10,000 | 6,250 | 4,000] 2,400 AISs 12,500 |10,000 | 6.250 | 4,000 2,400 aos 12,500 19000 | ¢:250 | £000 | 2/400, 12,500 |10.000 | 6. 3.400 A 209 12,300 | 0,000 | 6 Xia no 1.300 tooo | 6: doo 420 19,040 | ‘8.900 | 200 A 10,690 8300 | 5. Xoso Aro 10,650] 8,300 | 5,. 2,030 A280 9.40 A2es 1.380 a Uto0 am 10,250} 9,000 6,500 4,800 | 2,500 | 1,600] 1,000 AzRS 1180] 9:60 6300) £300 1600 | 1000 aan 12,09 | 10,200, 6,500] 4,500 1,600] 1,900 | a 12,050] 10,200 6,300] 4,300 1.600] 1.000 | | azo 13990 | to: 400 3500] 500 1500 | 1000 | ne 15is50| 11-400 8:300 | 4/300 soo | 00 | | aga 14.759 | 12,000. 6.300 4500 00] 1:000 I 1 "5 valuee ot 1080 7 and above should be used only shen a "95 vas shown ae for Claes 1 piping wnich 1s eat teat a isatnactne S vases sheenAllowable $ Values Pui for Pips in il Piping Systems WithinRefinery Limita/Continued) — vi cal Tempererar pan aluen of S—Pai for Metal Temperatures ia Deg F aot w Eaceed Material lGrade | Nocee “2 we | 200] 300) 40] soo | coo} aso | 700 I t 109 CARBON MOLYBDENUM PLATE OH, oe EF, Si Kill 24 | a |2 | 63,000 }21,650] 20,800] 19.980 |19,150 17,300 17,100 |16, 700, OLN oe ELF, Si Killed a204 | B {2 | 20,000 |25:330] 22400] 21,300 |20,600, 18,350 18,400 |17,950, OLH, oe ELF, Si Killed ‘4204 | c [2 | 75,000 | 25:00] 24/000] 23,000 |22/050, 20,130 |191700 |19, 200 (CHROMIUM MOLYBDENUM PLATE (5Cr%4Me) er k.F, Si Killed axon | a 65,000 | 21,650] 20,800| 19,950 | 19,150 18, 300 17,500 |17,100 |16,700, FF. Si Killed A301 60,000 | 20,000} 19,250 | 18,500 | 17.750 17.000 | 16,250 [15,990 15,500 NICKEL STEEL PLATE Oui. oF EA, Si Killed 203 [awn] 4 20,680] 19,700 | 18,90 | 12,750 |16,750 [26,250 Onn or ELF. Si Killea Az03 | Bae | 4 321250| 21,180 19,109 | 18,080 |17500 OLIN, oF ELFL Si Killed Az | "ce" | 4 15,850 | 22,300 20,400 | 19,300 | 18,750 PLATE FOR LOW TEMP. SERVICE ‘8300 7 CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM NICKEL PLATE Type 304 IRCr A Ni am | os 11,600 | 11,200 |19,800 Type 316 IR Ce B NiMo Aro | 17.100 | 17,980 |17,000 Type 321 INCr a NIT ano | Tt 14,900 [14330 |14;800 Type 347 ICR NCH Amo | 14,900 | 14,850 {14,800 Type 403 12 Cr AL Ai | 6 13,400 [13,000 |12,450 Type 410 12 Ce Aja | & 14/400 [13.950 [13.530 Type 430 17 Cr Aw | 0 13:000 14,400, CHROMIU MOLYRDEN(M PIPE AML cri otek | ee faiss | a | 10 17,300 {17,100 |16, 700 AXOl 'creoHe ee | rw LAS | oR Lio 16.250 |15:900 [15.500 ADS ice wesiomore| Eee |AtsS | i fio | 1.630 16.980 [15,800 {15,330 AMSG volte FE | Eee [Atss | p22 | 10 oa 16,050 [13,800 [15,350 AMS SCH ve Oe FF | ee |A1ss | Psa | 10 030 14°500 | 14/100 |13650 (Ce! iMey ass | pz 16.980 14,900 | 14,530 ]14.200 Cr 0) assy | pz fan 13500 [182280 [18.380 Nee Stes [Seamless] A538. | BIT 650 16,950 [15,800 [13/330 CCE or Seamless [A333 | P3u 1hes0 16,080 {15,800 |15;550 1261 Mo) Seamless [A333 | P3b 1700 15,850 15,600 [15,300 (Ne Mo) ass | Paz 1630 16,050 |13;800 |15;500, 13Cr 1 Mor avs | p21 17.400 | 16,780 | 16,100 | 15,450 |15,150 ]14,800, (BEr Mo) Aas | Psa 11980 |16:200 |15°350 |14;300 {14,100 {13.650 (Cr Me Si) sss | Bab 171980 |16,200 |181550 | 14,500 |14:100 [13.650 (CEN CborTH Aus | se 17foso |16°200 |151350 |14:500 |14, 100 {13.630 Corse) [Seamless [A333 | PLG 17/000 |16.150 |131300 [141450 [14/000 |13:350 191 ise Seamless [4331 | PL? 13/450 |14:600 [14:200 [13,800Allowable $ Values Psi for its (Continued) Values of S=Pui for Newal Temperatures ia Deg F not m Exceed 950 [00 Jo ‘ioe [se [200 1,400 | 1,430 ie 15,250] 15,650] 14,400 x4 15,500 | 16900] 15/000 ae in,750| 18,000] 13,900 nies 16,230 | 15,630) 14,400 Aso 15,130] 14,750] 14,200 aw 13,830 11,400] 8,930 Ano 1550 | 12000] 91350 4303 15,650 | 12;co0) 9530 Abs A300 10,400 |10,000| 9,700 1,300 | 7.500 1,490 | 1,000 | 730] a 240 {e900 |16.990| 16.300 12,300 | 10,400 25380 | 11380 14300 [14/530 14300 13100 | 12500 1330 | 1.300 14700 | 14330 | 14300 133100 | 13,300 1330 | 1300 11a00 | 1900 | 10, 300 130100 | 12°93 | 121100 13{a00 [155159 12's00 ie 14,400 12,590| 10,000 | 6,230 | 4,000 | 2,400 uss 14.200] 152360] 11:000 | 7500 | 5.000 3800 ans 143400 2,500 1,200 A133 143400 5000 | 2/300 a3 12.400 | 22200 | 1300 a3 13,130 ays 14200 38 14400 2,500 1333 |14:400 23300 | } | A335 | 14.000 1350 3s | 14400 | 13;200 Sooo BE | 13,200 | 12,000 2,700 | ays [12/400 {11.500 21200 | A333, [1:0 [10300 Tiaoo | | ert) 12,400 | 11 300 ts00 | 33 11300 | 9/300 1500 | a8 12,500 [12,000 xo | [ABs3 Allowable § Values Psi for Pipe in Oil Piping Systems Within Refinery Limits Continued) — = ce of S—Pei for Metal Temperatures ia Dek F not vo Excee Seamiess| ASTM Minisnum es Des leet sole rees Macecial or | Specitic [Grade [Notes [Ute 7) T welded [Cason 200 | 300 | 400 | 300 | co | oso | 0 CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM HOLY TUBING (Gr !iMe, [Seamless A213 13,330 [13,430 [15,330] 15,250, 13,050 (cr Va) Seamless A213 151530 |15,400 | 15,300] 15200 143350 oe (iZceti Mey | Seamless} A 200 15.350 |15.430 | 15.400 | 15.300 135100 (Mee Me'siy [Seamless] A213 15,550 [151430 | 15,400 | 151300 131100 (A200 603 14Cr HM} Seamless | A213 15,550 | 15;430 |15;400 | 15,300 132100 (42006 412Cr'4Mo)_ |Seamtess| A213 15,550 |15,450 [15,350] 15.250, 13,080 {A300 Geax24¢Cr I Mo) |Seamlesa| A213 15,530 | 15,450 | 15,490 | 15,300 131100 (2UCeijMo) [Seamless A 200 13/350 |13:430 | 15:330 | 13:20, Bro30 (A200Ge313Cr LMo) [Seamless | A213 15°350 | 131400 | 15;300] 15:200, 14800 (A 200Geax3Cr Mo) |Seamlees| A213 151450 |15;200 | 15/000 | 14'500| 13,400 (420064717Ce '4Mo) |Seamiess| A213 13,430 |15,200 | 15,000 | 14,300 13,400 (A200 Ge9x9Cr 1 Me) 23 151450 [15200 |15,000 | 14: 300 13400 (2c + An) 4268 [TP 405 17,300 | 161680 | 15600 | 14:00 | (ace ITP 419 17'900 155300 13,550 agen, ITP 439 (2,000 | 20,000 | 19,000 16,000 14:00 (CHROMIUM NICKEL PIPE (asc BND. ere [aziz |p 304 14,130 |12,750 9,200 (U8Ce BND, Iseamiess|4312 [TP 304 16,680 |15/000, (23¢r12Nd = A312 | TP 3094 16,000 | 14,700, (BErENY A312 |p 309] 18,30 [17300 16,400 (25cr20Ni ITP 319] {6000 |13;780 14100 (25cr20N) [rp 310] 9 13,730 14,100 (23Cr20Ni) [rp 310 13,300 16.600 (25c+20} ITP 10] 9 18,500 16,600 (18Ce BNI 24 Mo) [TP 316 15,200 14.450 (aCe BNI 24 Me) ITP 516 17/300 17,000 (18Ce BNL 34 Mod Ine 313] 15,200 14,450 (UBC BNE 35 Mo) lrp 317] 37'900 17,000 (aCe BN TAY Ir 321 141450 12,400 (URE BNITI) — (Seamless) A512 [TP 321) 17'000 14,300 i (dacs BNiCD) eense | A312. (TP 347] 14450 12,600 (Ree aNiCD —[Seamiene| A312 [TP 347] 17000 14,300 CHROMIUM NICKEL TU (aCe aN) 9,200 (A271 TP 30018 Ce Ni) 10,800 iacr ani 24 Mo 14450 18cr ANG 2; Mo 17.000 18Cr BN 34 Mo 143450 228 (@) ae ravines ‘carton steel and cuommotytsenum see! may be subject {6 gaphitaation above 900 F. 5 vatuwe inetuae Jet efteteney of 18 per ent: *5 value shown in the column 70 12100 7m ‘ne wee of ange quality plate (A288) Is nt recommended fo tamperatures over 430 F.ae Mii Material Notes] Ultimate] 20 Tearile| “to | 200 CIROMTUM NICKEL TUFING (Coet) 1acea Ni3.1/2M> [Seamless [A269 | TP 319] Cre NTs Eee [A249 | TP 521] (ADL TP 32s 1aCea Ni T)) Seamless A213 | TP 321] 18Cr8 Ni Ch Baw (A249 | TP 347] (ADL Te Sar Tecra cb) Seamless |a213 [7347] 2Cr20 mi An [rp x10 BEri0 Ni Are |TP510] 33ce20 Ni A213 [TP 310] 33Ce20 Ni A213 | TP 510] ALUENUM PIPE (35) Ansealed 2a | aa 14,000 | 3,330] 2,900 30,000 | 6,700] 6,300. 40,000 | 8000 | {000 NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOY PIPE Moge! Annealed — [Seamless [B 165 70,000 | 17,200 | 16,300 Nickel Aanesled — |Seamler $000 | taraoe | teio00 LAI S"values for weitee °S vatuee include «Jo 15 values shown inthe cotumnus Allowable $ Values Psi for Pipe in Oil Piping Systems Within Refinery Limits/Continued) 8,830 10,400 14.350 16900 14,350 Values of S-Pa for Moral Tenperame in Deg Freer Frceed T TT T 1,030 | 1,100 [1.150 | 1.200 } 1,250 | 1,300 } 1.350 | 1.400 | 1.950 +—— — 5.900 too sso 3300 3300 4200 $00 : iam {5.300 $300 }19'900 S300 | 2.000 3.300 co 33a ea 00 S00 2390 4390 | 3.90 2.230 20 4383 $98] 288) 338 233 +300 350 | 3350 | 2.50 00 2300 $300 | 3400 | 3300 eo oo 3380 | hoe | 1380 3 4.390 6.130 5,190] 4.030 1330 ie $000 | 33m | 160 0 33380 3380 | £900 | 4330 a0 18400 300 | $800 | 4300 00 1200 300 | 300 $300, iS 10,400 1.200| 3.900] 4,300 2,000 i200 4300 | &'900| $1300 ro into. Sia | 4350] 31230 1300 100 fo00 | $000 3600 1330 Hse S00 £350] 31080 1300 loo $00 | S200 | 3:600 1330 2,300 | 1,200 3,800 | 2,750 20 | 60 | are 300 4500 | 3.330 soo | 730/423 115300 10400 $0 | £330 1380 | 300 | A248 a0 1300 8800 | 3300 so | 1300 | 4313 11300 [1040 $500 | 1300 1350 | 1300 | 428 Clase 1 piping wich le heat (ated and radlegreghed and are based dar where insee opuretions wry noe camtea aut; the § values showné : Allowable $ Values Psi for Pipe inOil Piping Systems Within Refinery Limits (Concluded) Values of SPs for Metal Temperauares ia Deg F oot to Exceed T i ast fon | aso | 9m | 980 | 1,000] 1.050] 1.100 | 1,150] 1,200 | 1,250] 1.300] 1,350 | 1,400 | 1.430 ] 1.300 SAS } + oe Siasoa 100 | 10, | 16759 [16,300 8,300 | 6.800 | 5.300 | 4.000] 3,000 | 2,330 | 1.880 | 1,500] 4209 12330 [13,180 4.250 | 5050 | 2300 | 1.500 | 13300 | 13000 | $80] A309 14.530 [14.100] 8,000] 5,000 | 3.600 | 2.700 2,000} 1.330 ans 1230 [12.150 S00) «250 | a30 | 2300 | 180 | an nie 4 | 14390 | 4,300 .000} 5,000) 3,000 | 2,700] 2,000 | 1,380 ans 13,330] 12,20 }.0x8| 2.1001 1.250] 430/400) 300 200 | 150] a249 133330 | 12509] 180] $.100 | 4.950 3,000 2,000] 1,330} 980 | 430] A249 13300 | 14900 3,600 | 21500 | 1.450 "780 450) "330 | 250 | 00) A213 13/700 | 14900 7.250} 6,000 | 4.730 | 3,s00/ 2.330 1,600 | 1,100 | 380) A213, i r50] son | oes 4.080 | 1.100 f1,150 ] 1,200 | 1.280 }1.300 ]1,350 | 1,400 |1,430 | 1,500 | maa | Ra | Ra | | | 14,500 8,000 ror allowsoie S values rate the os $5 vatuen shown inthe column « 20 to 100 7 ey be weed for lower tamomraturs provided the *5 values at 1080 ¥ and abors should be osnu? Allowable $ Values Pai for Pipe in Oil Piping Systems i Division 8 lo 5 Valen Speciticntion | we 100°, a Par APISL. APIS APIS ASTM A 106 ASTM A 106, ASTM A 53 ASTM A 53 APL SLX ASTM A135, ASTM A 155 ASTM A133 All Grades ASTM A 134 All Grades ASTM A139 All Grades APESLX, apse Arc atta Aptsex | tease | Agneta | terse | Anta ss ica oteeetsl eet APISL | APLSL. ‘ASTM B 43 ‘ASTM B42 ASTM BS ASTN B&B Burewelded wrought toe Scnmlees brane Pipe Mgner re "ewe Migher greaet shall 6 6-08 Umea Oo pd sent NOTE: The store valves 9 ant io ae eepleined in Pr, 325.Allowable $ Values for Pipe in District Heating Piping System T oo i na [valuea of 5 Pilar Temperetres in Deg F Nox vo Faceedl Macca! | Grade | iinet | Green Seca | ike | 200 | 200 | oo” | 50 | 300 Corton See! A120 |---|. | 10,800 | 10,000 | 10,200 | 9,000 | 9,600 | | Elecwiefusion= | | Saat nase lazas a |.000 s.a00 | 2.500 | s,g00 00 [R283 8 | 32000 5is00 | 9\c00 | 900 300 38 & | 33.000 1290 | 13908 | 8.400 | 10.ien As | 8000 S300 | ‘300 | 2300 3 & | 30.000 500 | 9.300 i S00 Ik 383 | s3°000 1200 | 19.100 10.100 A is 5 | 8.000 tolteo | 183100 Iisteo [ane | a) exooo 2000 | 9400 | 2.600 i 'B*| 60,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 Electricresistance | | Ser | OD ‘5:} 48,000 | 10,200 | 10,200 | 10,200 10,200 | (B00 18851585 so 1358 Aus 11/49,000 | 10,200 | 10.200 | 10,200 10,200 | $5) ame | 19390 | 13398 | sgase igs Lap welded } | eel [ass | 45,000 | 9,000 sa | A Bo Saco | i) Fiocat roe an 4a,000 §,000 Burt welded | ‘Steel | aes | | 4.000 | 6.250 | 6,750 6.730 6,750 Steet Ao | \° S300 | 60 S180 | 5,700 Bete | A | t's00 | $'800 | $000 300 6,000 Seamless | | | Red brass ews | 13,000 | 8.000 | 7,000 | 3,000 fod omar aa | 6900 | 5.300 | 3.000 Species, | RE | 6000 | 3800 00 Copper cubing, BOS 6,000 3,300 | 3,000 Reseated Baa 3o,000 | S200 | $300 3200 Beit an aa jo'a00 | S000 | $300 5800 Copper tensed Aas 12,200 | 6,000 | 3.300 3,000 aoe | See | 3300 | 200 | iy cose 58 | Type | | cwnpaa [el | 6,000 | 5.000 | 6,000 | 6,000 | 6,000 Pic cas asa ania | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 “Per steam 08380 pel 406 7) the vatuns tage tas Ualch the 3 valees oe inenred: [See eee apecif requrerane (Sine imines tonaile strength spaced forthe pip te $ valece gual to thw Careeponaing temmiees rages may ve ured alin maura nving piel mapaigs ether thn asd in Uaton of AFT Seaton A 19 (WWaorratre of 159 Fama Bolom 2 etn pipe shall not be ted fa brie ating ol Lines for machinery (see Per. 138) and ln Any cate nat fo ot having #Allowable 5 Values for Pipe in District Heating Piping System 7 re a [sine Material’ |Specte | Grade [estan |Utinate an ser aie | area U8 a Ube hip 138 8 Awe 25 ais | ares a 5.100 AB 8 | 3308 me jieceo Carbon steel aiss'| Azes a | Cas 9,800 | 8.700 cabanas hips | oy [3882 | 3308 i euten AaB e| SS 12385 |so'3s0 i filed ran sel dot | ess 1360 | 10.830 | Alor 8 | kets {E990 | eo | AMA | Ress B50 [iso | Ania | ket 1330 [13:0 eceala es 10,200 | 9.900 | 2.190 ele ee 1838912300. [18000 : favs) 4 1020 | 9.900 | 9.199 ymy og 19389 [2300 |si000 Lapwete = || Boch as | 2,200 | ».000 En sito | 200 fat welded ! Sect ay eno | sa30 Bouaneivoe | AE Sito | boo Seamiess weet” | 433 ‘ 12,000 | 12,000 | 11.650 | 1.700 3 B80 | 153800. |14:580. | 1380 A106 ‘ 12,900 | 12,000 | 1.550 | 10.700 $ Hee | 5:800 | 1580. | 12350 | am tugs | aso | nase | 0.330 pats TES | EBs |ULBs | 10330 | ator 47,000 | 11,730 | 11,750 | 11,450 | 10,550 [ano fold0a | tsloa0 | 1si000 | 143330. | 12,950 samectnren to aan oa'Sccuns Ue nts (ee alee spoefc searemems for tries cons (a Seatuce far tniarmadiate tomperetwes may Se s0teined by ieerpolelone rheS valune fr 600 F for tubing eorcWicatone tered ia in Table 34A, bet not ia Table 24, shall emp for ath120 AMERICAN STANDARD TABLE 1 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PIPE WITH ASA DESIGNATIONS AND TITLES OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS ‘ASA ASTM or API —_ Designation Designation B36.1 ASTM ASS Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe 836.2 ASTM A72 Welded Wrought-ron Pipe 5 foal Seamless CurbonSceel Pipe for HighTempencie ea fenine ElecicFesiom Welded Stee! Pipe, Sites 30 in. and 336.3 ASTM ALS Electric-Resistance-Welded Steel Pipe Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe, Sizes 4 ia, co but 836.9 ASTM AL39 Bede peste! Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for HighsTempere- 536.11 ASTM A135 cure and High-Pressure Service Black and Hot-Dipped Zine-Coated (Galvanized) Ser ASTM A120 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe for Ordinary Uses APL os. Line Pipe APL Lx HighsTest Line Pipe fonnaa Seamless AlloySeel_ Pipe for High-Tenperaie Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Pipe for ASTM A206 HigheTemperature Service 836.16 ASTM A211 Spiral-Wefded Seeel or Iron Pipe ASTM A233 Welded Alloyed Open-Hearth Iron Pipe Seamless Chromium-Nolybdenum Alloy-Steel Pipe for ASTM A700 Service at High Temperacures Seamless Seee! and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel ASTW A312 Pe Seamless 1 Per Cent Chromium, 0.5 Per Cent Molybe ASTM A3IS denum Alloy-Sceei Pipe for Service at High Tempere-WROUGHT-STEEL AND WROUGHT-IRON PIPE TABLE 2 DIMENSIONS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE (Listed by Schedule Numbers) Nomina | oor NOMINAL FALL THICKNESS : Bee’ | side [Gixca] senea [sence | Sehed | Sched [Sched | Shed | Sched ] Sched | Sehed ze “m 10 20 30. 40 cy 30 100 120 140 160 vs 0.068 0,098 Ya ota otis va oiost | 2c | octag ta | G00 = oitey | Si | oe vA ots | Sac | oa 1 uss ' tia 0 HA 18 | : ose ; ha ouaes | I i 3 0.216 | dia aie Ss i cay aia i 5 0.258 0.500 : a came oibee 8 | sazs oan oes | ove | o.ai2 | 10550 ode oe te | Sizes | ane { 2 12.750 0,250 0.406 0,843 | 1,000 | 1.125 | cee oi ose O58) | Laps | ase we | técc0 eB o'3e0 Tosi | 1ate | 38 13 | 18.000 oai2 0.362 sass | 132 | ase2 | iow on O83 Et | 1300 | 1338 KR | ite00 a3 et 1351 | ar2 | 2060 3 | olooo oc0 a ie ‘ALI dimeasions are given in inches. The decimal thicknesses listed for the respective pipe sizes represent theit aominal of average wall dimensions. For tolerances on wall thickaesses, tee appropriate material specificauons. Thickaesees shown in bold face ype for Schedule 40 are identical with chickneases show in bold face rype for Standard Ball pipe Ta Teble 4, Twose in bold face type ta Schedules 60 and 90 are ideaticel wich thicknesses ta bold ace type tor Exia Sirong Tall pipe ia Tadle & Some of the larger, heavier wall sections are beyond the capabilities of seamless mill prodiction and must be ob- taleed from temesitadtored billets or other sources.122 AMERICAN STANDARD TABLE 3. NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE (Listed by Schedule Numbers) sominat | Sched] Sched | Sched Sched ‘Sched | Sched |Sched | Sched Sched ] Sched 10 | 20 30 40 0 | a0 | 100 | 120 | 140 | 160 Size [ pe? | pe? | pe? [rac] pe? [rac] pe? | pe® | pe* | pe | Pe® | Pe? ese ea cen : 0a 037 0.85 113 1.68 227 272 3.65 379 758 sun EE 3 10.79 15.01 2351 14.62 27104 32.96 18.97 = SII] 36139 45330 8 24.70 28.55 3544 43.39] 0.87 | 60.63 74.69 10 04 | 34.24 40.48 54.74) 64:33 | 76.93 | 99.20 115.65 2 | 33:38 | 43.77 33.53 73.16 | 98051 [107.20 | 125.49 [139.68 |160.27 14 | 36.71] 45:68] 54157 63.37 2429 | 106.13 [130.73 | 130.67 |170.22 |189.12 te | 42.05] 52136] 42's8 82.77 107250 | 136.46 | 164.83 |192.29 [223.50 |245.11 ws | 47.39] 59.03 | 82.06 106.75 138.17 | 170.75 [207.96 |244.14 [274.23 [308.51 20 | 32.73] 78.60 {104.13 122191) 22 | 66:40 | 208187 |256%10 | 296.37 [341-10 [379.01 24 | 63.41 94582 [140.80 Vir | I | 236%t1 | 296-56 [367-40 | 429.39 [483.13 |541:94 30 | 98.93] 157°53 |196:08, ces nein ieee ees vee ‘All dimensions are piven in iachen pita shown in bald (ace cype for Schedule 40 are identical with we wun in bold face eype for Standard gal Pipe ia Tolle 5 oa in bold ace type in Schedules GD'and S0'te identical wid werghee face type for due wei aha are eal DE denotes pipe with plain ends. TAC denores pipe with threads and coupling 9 ae given in pounds per Linear loge and for sizes anich ace commercilly”availsite woh treads and couplings for which be the bun of I cus so. of steel #0 e8 of line pipe with couplings are slightly greater than shown in Schedules 30.and 40 and ay be found in apt Speciation SLs123 WROUGHT-STEEL AND WROUGHT-IRON PIPE TABLE 4 DIMENSIONS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE (Listed ot Standard Wall, Extra Strong Wall, ond Double Extra Swong Wall) — NOMINAL FALL THICKNESS Bee Tanrd | Enc Svong | Double Exe at Sng a ve | ogos | ose | oon vo res Ye | GMS | Soe | Slag = Ye | ed | ott | otter asi Ya; OES | oats | ent | San 1 | tas | oa bw | ERS | oe LYS | Tooo | ot 2? | 13% | abe Bin | 23% | Stes 3 3.500 0.216 bin | one i oe 5; ose 3 ee : ona oe 1 shown in bold face rype for Stendard Wall are identical mh conrewonding whickness show in bold lace ype lor Schedule 40 Toowt shown in bold face type for Esta Swang Wall ate identical ‘with corresponding hickneases shown in bold face cype in Schedules €0 and 0 i0 Table 2 schedule number. See Taeatical math Doubt fe 1939 edition of thi . Patra Strong Pope a wanda22k AMERICAN STANDARD TABLE 5 NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELDED AND SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE! (Cited Standard all, Exe Sr Dacble Exre Strong Wall) ; Exua Stronj Nominal | Standard Wall s Pipe all size [pet | tac? PEP ve | 0.24| 0.24 0.31 4 | 042 | 0.42 0.54 3/8 | 0.87 | 0.57 0.74 72 | 085 | 0.85 1.09 3/4] ag | a3 “a7 1 1.68] 1.68 217 awa | 227 3.00 12 | 27 3.63 2 365 3.02 22 | 579 7.6 3 7.58 10.25 32 | on 12:31 4 10.79 14.98 3 14.62 20.78 6 18 23.57 8 28.35 839 10 40.48 4.74 2 49.56 65.42 “4 34.37 72.09 6 62.38 82.77 18 70.59 3.45 2 78.60 104.13 24 94.62 | snes 125.49, weights shown io ca hogs ja ald face pe “aiorn ievbald face ype for Hots tor Broughton Fi our ot ad lr v8 bla125 WROUGHT-STEEL AND WROUGHT-IRON PIPE TABLE 6 DIMENSIONS OF WELDED WROUGHT-IRON PIPE Sranderd Wall, Extra Strang Wal Extta‘Strong Wall! NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS Nominal | Oute ipa] ee Extra Se Double E: era Serong Exe Size | Diam Tall | ‘Stronx Pall ve 0.099 va oz v8 01125, o.151 0.157 0.183 0.193 0.204 0.223 0.282 0.306 0.325 0.344 0.383 44d 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510 0.510 SSS $8 RBBR TSSe ouaee vweee ly greater eae Tes Per cubic ot of ee Par 1.126 AMERICAN STANDARD TABLE 7 NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELDED WROUGHT-IRON PIPE? Strong Wall, ond (Listed os Stonderd Wall, Ex Devble Extra’ Siang ] Extra 5 De vominai | Svndard vai | Ext Strong | Double Exera Ngpitel | Standard Fall Wall Seong Wall sire [ Pe? [tac*| PF? PE ve 0.31 vA O34 ye on — 72 1.09 ii wa } ie 2a 1 | 217 3.66 tia 3 3H Mia | 363 6aL 2 soz 9.03 diva 766 B30 3 10.25 16,58 32 251 : a | 14.90 Hs $ 20.78 30533 & 28°37 S36 8 | | 43.39 72.42 1 10 | $4.74 seseeee 2 65.42 Im 7 72.05 16 92.77 18 3.45 20 10413 x 125.49 siven in inches, "weights shows in beld face ype for Standard Pall are identical igh tebe howe jn bold face’ ype sn Table ). Those tala 1 ‘or Exwa Suong Poll ate idenucal wich weights ee [pee Sencdeles CO, ag 80 ig Tab PE denotes pipe with plase cada. ThC denotes pipe with threads27 DERIVATION OF RELATION BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND LINE INERTIA ‘An elastic structure subjected to external forces will deform by bending, con- tracting, and elongating. Disregarding the effect of the latter two, which in the majority of cases is negligible, the work of deformation due to bending alone is expressed by 1 f M ds Wo) ar where W = work performed. M = bending moments caused by the external actions. E = modulus of elasticity of the material. J = moment of inertia of the cross-sectional areas. 1 = total length of structure. According to the theorem of Castigliano, the partial derivative of W with respect to any one of the external forces gives the displacement in the direction of that force. Pa. 2. The partial derivative of W with respect to an external moment gives the angular displacement in the direction of that moment. Thus if X is one of the forces, the displacement 4,, in its direction is a8 pM oe ax lo EI 6X Figure 42 shows a cantilever structure fixed at A and loaded at the free end B with a force X. The variable bending moment due to X is ds Q M=Xy and therefore iM ay 7 + The first eubseript for See indicaten the direction of the force, the second the direction of the displacement.128 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED Substituting in equation (1) the displacement Let m, denote the moments produced by a unit force (1 Ib) at B in the z-direction; then m, = ly, and equation (2) may be written dae = [as @) In this form the equation for the displacement permits a convenient interpretation which may be expressed as follows: To find the displacement at a specified point and in a specified direction apply on the unloaded cantilever and at the point in question an auxiliary unit force in the desired direction and compute the moments m for all branches of the line. Compute the moments M due to the external forces on the free cantilever, form the products Mm for identical limits, and solve the integral of equation (3). Displacement in Direction of Force. In the case of Fig. 42. M = Xy and m= im, = y. Therefore vas " mi ds ax fare x [Gr ® | i | Sy‘ ds = I, is the moment of inertia of the entire line about axis z. The equation for the displacement may therefore be written lL . dn = X Gt = Xt ® : It is also seen that & = 4,, is the displacement in the x-direction produced by a unit load acting in the 2-direction. Displacement Normal to Force. A similar procedure will give the displacement Any at right angles to X. There the auxiliary unit force is applied in the y-direction, and the moments m,, due to it are multiplied by the moments M due to the external. force X. Since =z ond M=Xy = y dy = x [Bas (6) Jf-7 4s is the product of inertia I,, of the line with respect to axes z and y. Therefore ie = Oey = X Bt = Xbxy @ ‘The term B is the displacement in the y-direction due to a unit load acting in the z-direction.A unit load in the aoa will cause a deflection 6,, in the z-direction which has the same value, namely, # iy Therefore buy = bye (7a) (Maxwell's law of reciprocity of deflections). Consequently the displacement which a force Y causes in the z-direction is Sw = Yon = Y Gt (70) Angular Displacement Due to Force. The angular displacement at B caused by force X is found by applying a unit moment (1 ft 1b) at B. In thiscasem = 1 ft lb, and the change of angle at B due to X is tm [MO asm x LB ® Suds = S, is the statical moment of the line about the z-axis. Thus the angular displacement due to X is Se xB S. — angular displacement due to a unit foree in z-direction. EL Angular Displacement Due to Moment. The angular displacement due to an external moment M at B is obtained by combining the moments due to an auxiliary unit moment at B with the external moment M. tan = [ds mei ftlb Tom vu fa = 4 a0) hi is the change in angle due to a unit moment. ‘Translatory Displacement Due to Moment. The displacement along the z-axis, due to an external moment M at B is obtained by applying a unit force along the z-axis. For this ease m, = ly and baw = fe a = ae PP }. = statical moment of the line about the z-axis; therefore Se Soa = MBF Mins ap 3ae = py = displacement in z-direction due to a unit moment. 19130 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED Note the law of reciprocity between translatory and rotary displacement by comparing ‘equations (9) and (11). In the former S,/EI signifies the angular displacement of B due to a unit force in the z-direction, expressed in radians, in the latter the displace- ment in the z-direction due to a unit moment at B expressed in feet or inches. Although the meaning and the dimensional quality differ, the numerical values are the same. Summary: 1, The displacement in the direction of the force is proportional to the moment of inertia of the line about an axis along the force (equation (5)]. 2. The displacement at right angles to the force is proportional to the product of inertia about two rectilinear axes, one of which contains the force [equations (7) and (78)]. 3. The angular displacement caused by the force is proportional to the statical moment of the line about an axis along the foree [equation /9)]. 4. The angular displacement due to a moment is proportional to the length of the line {equation (10)]. 5. The translatory displacement due to a moment is proportional to the statical moment of the line about an axis along the line of displacement (equation (11)]. ‘The factor of proportionality is 1/EI. THEORY OF THE ELASTIC CENTER ‘A pipe line situated wholly in one plane with its end fully restrained and subjected to temperature changes constitutes a statically indeterminate system with three ‘unknown quantities at each of the two terminal points. These unknown quantities are the horizontal and vertical components of the end reactions and two restraining moments, one for each end. To solve this problem, there are available 1. The three fundamental equations of equilibrium, namely, ‘The sum of all horizontal forces equals zero. 2X =0 ‘The sum of all vertical forces equals zero. ZY =0 ‘The sum of all moments equals zero EM =0 2, Three more equations, which are obtained by considering the distortion in the r system caused by the restrictions that prevent the | free expansion of the pipe. i a ‘The pipe line shown in Fig. 43 is subjected to | |_. 4y temperature changes. If end B were made free and | “ax end A were securely fixed, the pipe line would be- at-——__ come a cantilever which, when heated, would Len lengthen horizontally the amount Az and vertically the amount ay. There would be no angular distortion at the free end, and the ulti- mate shape of the line would be similar to the original shape, the point B merely being translated to B’. If two unit forces are now applied at the free end and in directions opposite to the expansions Az and Ay, part of the translatory displacements will be restored, and the free end will undergo a rotary motion resulting in an angular displacement. Inas-132 much ss no angular displacement exists in the original, ie., the fully restrainied system, a counteracting moment must be applied at the free end to hold the pipe element at B in its position, which in the case of Fig. 43 is a vertical position. If we apply at the free end forces X and Y and a moment M (Fig. 44) which have such intensities as to move point B’ back to B and restore the original position of the tangent at B, it is evident that these forces and the moment are identical with the actual end reactions. This statement is expressed mathematically by equation. (12) 1 i | \ o— |) axle Fro. 4 in which the sum of all horizontal movements produced by X, Y, and M is made equal to the expansion 4z, the sum of all vertical movements made equal to Ay, and the sum of all rotations is made equal to zero. ‘The movements in the z-directions are given by equations (5), (7b), and (11). ‘The movements in the y-direction are obtained by changing the subscripts of the first equation, The angular displacements are given by equations (9) and (10). I. I, Ss Xayt¥ap+ Mayr L, I, Ss, (12) XG+ VY gt Ma nay Siyhiuln XBpt Yet Map = 0 ‘The left side of equations (12) contains six dissimilar coefficients which express the geometrical disposition of the members and are calculable. The expansions Az and Ay are known. Considerable simplification of the problem is obtained if one of the two supports, say support B, is released and temporarily connected to a rigid bracket leading to the center of gravity of the line in Fig. 45. += a—t¢ > Loads upon the system or expansions > within the system would cause the centroid t [” C, if it were free, to move in the same diree- ¥ tion and with the same magnitude as point B, 4 if it were free to move. In order to nullify pe the displacements at C due to the loading on the free cantilever, only translatory forces are needed, as will be shown later. ‘They have the same intensity and direction as the reacting forces at B. The final result, therefore, is obtained by transferring to point B the reactions found for point C and adding at B the moment caused by the offset of C against B.132 PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED If the displacements are caleulated for the centroid, axes z and y in Fig. 45 are gravity axes. For such axes the statical moments S, and S, are zero, and equations (12) change to pile ae XgptYgpear 7 aT: (13) XGp+Y gna ‘Thus the problem is reduced to the computation of only three coefficients, namely, I, Izy, and I,, Also note that moment .4—now referring to the centroid—has dis- appeared. The forces X and ¥ applied to the center of gravity accomplish the same line displacements as X, Y, and M, at B. The reactions set up at each end of a fully restrained three-dimensional pipe line consist of three component forces and three component couples (see Fig. 24). If the elastic deformation is analyzed in a manner similar to that explained for single-plane piping, six equations are obtained which require predetermination of 21 dissimilar coefficients of the same nature, namely, line inertias and statieal moments. If, however, one end is made free and its reactions are transferred to the centroid of the system by a temporary rigid bracket, the couples disappear, the unknowns are reduced to three component forces, and the number of equations is reduced to three, namely, equations (7), page 67.133 DEFLECTIONS ‘The deflection at any point is the algebraic sum of the displace~ ments caused by the actions at one side of that poiat. Yor example, to find the deflection at point 4 apply at d the forces and the moment which the right side (dotted portion) exerts upon the left, y nas | If 4 4s rigidly connected with the centroid ¢ and the actions at a transferred to C the moment becomes zero and C will go through the same displacement as 4. Displacenent due to rotation: The rotation of the rigid bracket about fulerin 6 is Tae Bo rs + 15) eee om 9 Page 129 The deflection of 4 due to this rotation i in x-direction. ....Z:yt in y ~ direction... 4. Zixt Displacenent due to forces: The displacenents ceused by X aret134 in x- direction... 2 on Mi oq. 5&7 Page in y- direction... . XT. 4: Similarly the displacenents coused by Y ar iny - direction, .... 1, cg in x - direction... . . YIny aT Sx Sy, Ins Ty, and Ixy are the line constants of the branches lo cated between the fixed end and the point for which the deflection ts to be calculated, Procedure: 1, Calculate rotation TZ times #I, THs 18y + YSy..... (14) 2, Calculate deflection 4, in x- direction and 4y iny - direction 4, Wis tip + Yhy + Cary... . (15) 4 Moe Tly + Lly + Cara... . (26) 3. Add to Az and Sy the respective expansions from the fixed end to the point for which the.deflection is to be computed, Sign conventiont Clockwise nonents are positive. Clockwise rotation is positive. X force toward right is positive. Y force upward is positive. The axes of the coordinate systen with origin at centroid are positive to the right and up. The constants Ix and ly are positive. The constants Ixy, Sz and S, nay have either sign.135 With this sign convention equations (14) (15) and (16) become? (ar 2-18 + YSy..... (17) 6, Mos Xin - Vly + Zary .... (18) 4; We tly - tly - Fux... (19) ‘Example: Calculate the deflection of point 4, Problem 6 in the directior of the y - axis. jp 555 —9%t 2s Pig. 47 Statical sonent about x - axis from point "a™ to point "d® By = 12 x (-2.55) + 18x 6.45 + 20 215.45 = + 394 Statical moment about y - axis from point "aé to point "a" Sy = 12 x (21.55) + 18x (-15.55) + 20 (-5.55) = - 650 Ty from point "a" to point "a" t 5719 + 4355 + 1284 = 11358... .. from Page 42 Iay from "a? to "a" with sign reversed because the ares in Fig. 47 are opposite to those in Fig. 17: + 661 - 1805 - 1716 = - 2860 X= -16h T= 487...» (From Page uj vith signs according to Fig. 47.)136 EI = 4,725,000 THI = - (-167) 394 + 87 (-650) = +9248 (From eq. 17) 4y EL = 87 x 11358 - (~167F) (~2860) = 9248 x bos = + 469,373 (Prom eq. 19) 4y = 469,373 : 4,725,000 = + 0.099 ft... . . + 1.18" Expansion from "a" to "4" = (6,25" x 18!) : 100 = + 24128 Total == 42.3" The sane result is obtained by considering that portion of the Line which is at the right side of 4. x. + e 73" ae Fig. 48 Ios + 16% T= -38% * Sy = 300045 + 28 x (-1h.55) = - 394 % 8, = 302445 +28 x 1845 = + 650 ‘% Note that these values are equal ani opposite to the respective values obtained in the previous calculation because the statical no- ment of the entire line about a gravity axis ts zero. Ty fron @ to £ = 593 + 11355 = 9B... from Page 42Igy from d to f | +59 = 7517 = - 7458... . » from Page 42 with signs adjusted, TEI = ~ (+167) (-394) + (-87#) - (4650) = + 9248 EI = - 87 x 11948 - (#167#)-(-7458) - 9248 x 4645 = a7 * + 164,857 Dy = 164,857 § 4,725,000 = 0,035 fte eee ee * 0.42" Expansion from f to a = (6.25" x 30): 100 = + 1,85" Total + 2.3"38 DEFLECTION FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS The basic rules are the same as outlined for single plane systems, namely, the deflection at any point is the algebraic sum of the actions at one side of that point plus the expan- sion from the fixed end to the point for which the deflection is to be computed, The equations which follow are extracted from the General Determinant published ty the M.W, Kellogg Company in "Design of Piping Systems" ‘out modified for the origin at the centroid which somewhat simplifies the problem, ‘The convention on which these equations are based differs from that used heretofore inasmuch as moments and rotations are positive when sounter-clockwise, The forces are positive in the directions shown below, +2 +7 In a three-dimensional system the actions at any point consist of three forces and three moments, The moments can be eliminated by connecting the point with the centroid of the system by means of a rigid bracket and applying to the centroid the forces only. The centroid will then go through the same displacenents as the point in question,139 Im the following equations: T, % and Tz denote the rotations about the + y and 2 = axes respectively, Ax, Ay and Az denote the deflections in the directions of the coordinate axes, x', y! and 2" are the distances from the centroid to the point for which the deflection is to be calculateds ROTATIONS Inyz = plane: S17, s+¥F 12-221... .- eee ee OD In xz = plane: EIZy = +22 1K- 2-212. eee ee ee ee eo (2) nay rennlenay er EL Cate titre logan? © 2r1x yeaa ee ieee estes od (3) ‘DEFLECTIONS + Ye Edyg - 2-21 + EE ee (4) ( 4x -2t-Cy + yt. T) . EL (ayext. Tea. 2 <2 Ely -h lly +¥-Zly «2. (5) ( avey'. 04x! Cy). =~ X-Elg -YeFlye + 2-LT, oe. - (6) The summations in these equations extend from the fixed end to the point for which the deflection is to be calculated, Note that equation (2) is obtained from equation (1) and equation (3) from equation (2) by permita- tion of the symbols in sequence x, y and z, Similarly equation (5) ts obtained from equation (\4) and equation (6) from equation (5). The deflections 4x, ay and 42 are due to the forces and moments acting at the point in question, To obtain its final position add the thermal. expansion between this point and the fixed end,140 EXAPLE Calculate the displacement of point "b* in direction 2. Pipe: 12" Schedule 80 I= 475 in. Material Specification: ASTM A315... . 18 Chrome, 1/24 Molybdenum ‘Temperature 900 F Expansion 7.81/100 £. E = 24,500,000 pst ‘The reaction forces have been calculated separately and are shown in Figure a,with signs conforming to the convention of formilas (1) to (6), The reaction nonents are now shown as ‘they are not needed for the deflection calculation if the or- igin of the coordinate axes is placed at the centroid of the ster C. : * ye+ sist Xa+9930" “0 ; a Za+3449* ¢ Y=-416* Z=-34094 “al 3 X= -3930* 4 Figure a, The displacement az is obtained from equation (6), This equation contains the rotations Ty and Cy which are obtained from equa- tions (1) and (2) and must be ca: ted first.aw. It will be noted that these three equations contain the following shape constants: statical moments, products of inertia and mo= ments of inertia, The monents of inertia I, from both planes taken from the stress calculation are: for branch ab... . « « 9648 for branch be. . «+ + + 2789) yang for branch ed»... . » 1481) ‘The statical moments and the products of inertia are also available from the stress calculation but, for explanatory purpose will be calculated again. Procedure Cut the system at point "b", connect “b* with the centroid and ap- ply at the centroid the forces which one side exerts on the other, ‘The calculation will be made twice, one as a check of the other, First Calculation Consider the effect of branches *bed" on branch "ab", Calculate rotation TZ. ‘This rotation takes place in the yz - plane in which the projection of "ab"appears as a point. Its position relative to the centroid as obtained from the stress computation is shown in Figure c.a2 qato44o# ab = | 40x30 52" Ys -055" ee Figure ¢. Ele = 52x 8,2 = #260 Zly = 52 x (-0.55) = =28.6 BL = 2l4,500,000 x 475 : 1h = 80,815,972 Solve equation (1) 80,815,972 .C, = + (=W16#) 426.4 - (+3494) (28.6) T, = - 0.000974 radians. Calculate rotation Z. ‘This rotation takes place in the xz-plane in which "ao" appears in full length. Z=+34489* +2 +x Figure d. Zlx = 40 (10.36) = 414.4) ) Fle =40x10,1 = +b )Solve equation (2): 80,815,972 .T, = shes (JiH.4) - (39308) Hoo Ty = +0.00201 radians Solve equation (6): The forces are entered in equation (6) with the signs shown in Figure b nanely X =-39008 Y= sh6# 2 = +3hloF From the projections Figure ¢ and Figure di Kom DG. eee eee eee eee ee eo Figure d J! = 55 ee eee eee ee te +++ Figure e Tg = 40 (-10.36) 10.1 = W185... ee eee +. Figured Typ = 52 (0655) 8.2 = 25 oo ee ee eee ee Figures ‘I, of "ab" = 9648 (listed in the text following Figure a) [az = (-0.55)-(-0.000974) 49.6l4 0.00201] 80,815,972 = = (-3930#): (1185) - (16#)-(-234.5) +3440F x 9648, [az +0.01971%}- 80,815,972 = 16,731,350....- ++ (a) Ot = +0.188 ft. = +2.25" Expansion from "a" to "b" in z-direction = mo Total deflection in z - direction = 32.25"ue Second Caleulation Consider the effect of branch "ab" on branches "bed", The forces are now opposite to the directions sho in Figure Ye+ 46 # X=+3930* | Z=-2449* Figure e, Caleulate rotation 2. This rotation takes place in the yz-plane. He 0.55 Figure f,1s Zz = 30 (6.8) +10 (-21.8) = 422 * Ely = 30 (-0,55) + 10 x 4,45 = 428 Solve equation (1) 80,815,972 7, = +416# (4H22) - (-3440#) 28 z, x = 0.00097 radians (This checks the result of the first calculation) Calculate rotation Ty: ‘This rotation takes place in the xz-plane. ed «10x13 =/3" Figure g. Zlx = 30 x 9,64 413 x 9.64 = 414.5 Elz = 3 (4.9) #13 (-19.9) = 105.7 Solve equation (2): 80,815,972 Ty = + (-3446#) 414.5 -3930H (105.7) Ty = +0,00201 radians (This checks the result of the first calculation)M6 Solve equation (6) The forces are entered in equation (6) with the signs shown in Figure e namely x = 459308 Y = +26# Z = suo From the projections Try = 30 x 9,64 (411.9) +13 x 9,64 (-19.9) = -3910.8 Tyg = 30 (0455) (6.8) #10 x 4.45 (-21,8) = -856.7 Tz = 4270 (listed in the text following Figure a) The term at the left side of equation (6) is the same as in the first calculation, see equation (A). [42 +0.019712]- 80,815,972 = ~3930# (~3910.8) =H16F (856.7) + (34498) 4270 [42 +0,019713}- 80,815,972 = +998, 602 42 = -0,0074 ft. = 0.088" Expansion from "d" to "b" in zedirection equals 7.81"/100' x 30" = 42.343" Total deflection in z-direction = 42,255"147 ‘TABLES OF COMMON SHAPES The following tables permit determining the reaction forces and pipe stresses for the most frequently used common shapes, They were developed for the Grinnell Company, Inc. ef Providence, ReI. by the author whe herewith expresses his appreciation of their kind permission to reprint these tables from their publication *Piping Design and Engineering". Tt will be noted that the formas for the unknowns are identical for shapes consisting of straight branches. They contain a constant "k* taken from the tables, the expansion facter "c" which accounts for the expansion and the modulus of elasticity at operating temperature, the distance "L" in feet as indicated in the Figure and the outside diameter of the pipe *D" in inches, Problem 1 of this book demonstrates the exact solution of a 90° turn. The precedure for tabular solution of the same problem is as follews: From table of "EXPANSION FACTORS" find for 710° © = 836 (ty interpolation) I= 475 ant D = 12.75" Lth = 80:50 = 1.6 Kee = 32 0 oe | X= 32 x 836 x 9751807 = 1985F ky = Ue oo. T= 14 x 836 x 4751807 = 8956 ky = 71... 6 » Expansion stress = 71 x 836 x 12.7: 0 = 950 pes Tais stress is based on the modulus of elasticity in the het condition. Converting te the cold modulus the stress is 9450 x 1.195 = 11,290 psd148 Result from exact caleulation: X = 19908 Y= 8908 Expansion stress based on cold modulus . . . . « 11,250 psi The stress obtained from the tabulated stress factors for shapes con= sisting of straight branches only are those in the straight portion of the pipe adjacent to elbows or at the anchorage, depending on where the maximun bending moment occurs. In order to find the stress within an elbow draw the thrust line through the centroid of the system using the reactions obtained from the tabulated coefficients and scale the following dimensions: distance "a" from thrust line to point farthest away from it and distance "b* from thrust line to elbow. The stress in the elbow is the tabulated stress multiplied by the ratio b:a and by the stress intensification factor of the particular elbow. (Short or long radius elbow.)ag EXPANSION FACTORS 5 Medium Carbon-Moly and Steels and Intermediate Straight Cromium High Low Cremoly Cr-Holy Austenitic Stainless Steel tye Ges Wea ecto; Stl ae ‘ 70 ° 0 0 ° 0 100 4 40 36 oh 35 : 150 108 108 96 145 93 \ 200-176 176 155 233 12s 300320 30 an 409 aug : woo wa id 382 580 368 50057 586 504 7 482 ; 600 no 729 63 917 586 700 827 867 740 1080 679 800 922 996 85 1232 m8 900 972 107 961 1376 72 i 99M 145, 1043 147 798 1000 967 83 1063 isis 796 1050 an89 107 1sza 78 00 85 47 1627 750 150 nol 176 1670 705 1200 1002 L23 1709 650 tor = Sgansion in inches ver 100 ft. x 3 Expansion factor CoE ~ E = modulus of elasticity at operating temperature,150 HOOKED Z SHAPE ee 14 wow g 8 ee gE zd S15 1 e & g é Reueting Force ‘Maximum Bending Stress Lin feet Din inches Ip in inches* ‘Maximum Bending Stress 28s be 7 2 Din inches Lin feet Tp in inches* 88253 Saga 23338 ARES aney Ragas 9g2 auS98 Sones BRRE Baates 83833 882539 S388 sega aaae assets S3a8R Reeseasl i i & z & Reacting Force Fe pei Stress s¢ = hye Maximum Bending Lin fees Dim inches, Tp in inches 2/88 35888 Bish Sassi ASHES FBSEF FSESE RARER Skah S8nRs sass S398 BR8s 2 |R8 aguss erase 288 ARSRR NRASA BATTS RSA SBSSx ReRas Rass: 2 |? SSans asco Senge S8ene ASHE TUE ONEEEE a [t= seeec enang S5nge ener SSE2n HRRRA RRARRE 4 |ge shest eases +|9a ssbee $esza Bsere |. [Re aware 2oco es ENaS? Seeas 28288 ke1s2 U SHAPE WITH EQUAL TANGENTS Reacting Force whee E s D Maximum Bending Stress og = hy 0:2 ne fe [pin inches’ Lin feet Din inches E] 3 3 3 ‘ ee T T T Tl Tale Ele ja] ale | wf be | afefatefatel ale, +0] 240) 720 205) aa Bae) 930) 25 950) Z| om 27H) 1) aT os FS Lo) 12] 370 S33 S46) 109 iy 28) £84 133] S0| ge 32] 40 | S29 tee | S55 ue 3) Ta) $31 137 S49) 138 Sag 183 | HY aro] Palate Se et) ESS 18s) 288 aa) 1a) 723) ta3a) 8g] 193 Sop 198 | 43 | aos | Os | 220 x02 | 203 | wor 229 | woes, 239 | 13 1S) 9:5) 1875) 108] 190 sg Ba a3 | 20] a8 |B | 127 | 287 | ay FAA | TG 3 | 1 29] 1a so 25 |g saat al ica) asso ane ga fa | gaa a | cls [20 22] 1185) 2025) 153 | 249 89) Sto | 173 | Soe | 180 | Hea | Ie | 352 | Zoo) Bo 210" 8a | 22) 34) iso] 2250) 190 | 380 208/353 | 213 | $80 | 229 | 400 25s | a7 | 32 jaar 23) wea | 2a 33] 2150) 2s) 234 | aut 3/7302 27/23) 83 Bo | ws Ww?) ies NF | 503 | 28 | 28) 2635) aro 273 | 342 Sta | Mo | 07 | st | Soo | sor | Sa | $0 | Gea | 384 | ara | 389 | 2s 3o| 20.40] anus 212 | ara ass s7|orr|sar| m3 |s62/ 07/0 9/13/90 | m9 90 32) SP 1s" S55 | Soe 412 | $85 | 237 | S80 | As7 | 813 | Jeo | p54 | Soo | ers | dos | foe | ae | 32] 382 | SF | Bs | oe Ho Sa 35 3) ag 5 | Bo ha Bo a Se) es 48) Br | S65 | doa | aro Bo 887 | 503 | 790 | 683 | 77 | 667 | 907 geo | Ska | 3g 33) 401 | 388 | 523 | 502 202 Tad | 803 | Toa | FS | 842 | 183 | Br | Tea | baz | 33) | 49] s49 | a | sas | sae ea zor] 775 | sss | s00 | o10| 42 | 044! ses | 998 4.0) 42) Gos | 44 | oc? | sro wt 882 | $0 | 92 | 904 | 9r | S50 hioza | 370 or | 42 £4) 983 9] Sto | sos a2 1505 | 9653 | 985 182 109°5 1080 IEA | 4 48) 79 482 | fol | ga 63 963 |108.3 [1080 live ir goo izes | 43 43) S10 | Sos | bra | ora hoes | 923 jtiz44 nox fits inna 1208 [12500 [130 [1310 | 38 50) 882 | 329 | 053 | 03 147 | 978 juz25 hors igo fz 12s js. jure j190 | 50 32) 989 | 55a joes | 743 28 hago 940 17 [rye [i243 1373 lat (10g /tar9 | 32 Sa hoss | 37 hss | 3 283 1083 L480 1200 [1350 1313 ifs [lus 1788 Lo53 | 54 | 36/1121 | 60-1 (1928 | 81:3 47-6 [113.5 159.0 126.2 169.0 [138.1 1870 [157-1 (19455 [105.2 | 83 [ize | 824 [isa | a3 300 188 1920 [125 [les |lsas poe jids2 2110 |F8 | 3 | eg hes | ase liar | ses 213 192 has 2283 [1820 | 30 | e2 lige | or ses | ota 3 Zin 168 2as8 [iota | 32 . | 84 ies | oo liea | saa 3 3.) 1002 2633 2002 | 8 i 83 9 783 | 989 3 : 210 liga? 28 Boel | Sa SS URS | 23 IS [382 ase (a Bab 2s SB" 243/33 : 78.9 | 76.7 |196.3 {106.0 lor ert Bis [2169 28 [ger | 70) [ £2 1908 | 791 Bont loss 305 1943 Bos a? ast aos | F ; Fi fos | 815 Bar 30 ai80 2018 Be Bas gra 203 | 78 aie | 838 au? lle 3300 283), Se B23 oe 30 | F SIRES | 68 Aes fan ts fad ‘Soo ato BO PLL faze peda | 7 8.0 as2 | 936 [2607 [123.5 ns9.8 152.0 ‘370 bea 8 82 pie? | 510 Zrs0 li3r0 30s" 1368 io 31 5 84 Bors | 384 2599 11305 390 ler? im Bs 5 Sa prus | 958 go.” \i3.0 a0 Ines 5 pe s 83 era |osz fas [iss ant Les BS 8 90/902 hos be no 387 750 ‘vos boro 2 82616 ios as [us 38a 209 ‘300 fs & ' 8.41590 [0034 as is Be Gree 8 93 45 (Or? ast ‘50 sss 8 98900 [tio aor Sie ors & 00 re [25 fs ise? foe lost as fev 10.153 SS SS om 2 = |issas 93343 BSB38a 2 2 2 & |, | [jeteca cnans peqens 1 9 * [8] 2 [Saasa 32383 aaaana gon 8 is | cencoyanss a ee peers a|ssecs Sgaga asses anaes @|e2nua BARBS S582 22938 i | a |P924d Seana saves Sates Seass secce Saene BRASS BMGHE| en eaeesee nos | in Bote ba Met be be be bo Ooo lu wdc ydP[S<[ESES2 S82a4 watts S859G S0588 SONGS SOON SOEs Shion | Sty SI ais q ¢ |ASANS BIges ceasg Sugss SRa88 SRBR8 ARR82 2ARbRe eof 2 8 |.) 2 [sa3c3 s5tc3 S222) gatas are Sanaa wands dedaad eg og 8 mae a aeons ; RABS9 E8949 Sabe8 BRACE 23 *y' eee * 35 2 |22kes asen 88 92958 LB9RR BARA RALAA BABES i BE & | je | 2 |sass9 Sete TS558 Seiae Goes adda eased dhead sanded a a 4 5 = 88 38823 8225 282582 @ @ €@ 45 |- — 8 RRRAG BBRRRR A : D Sig Gacan aucne 28 : —| a2ah A8SRa S999 988299 id BRRSSA is feed ee 34 BARRE SAG82 899598 NER RABI UABSS BABE Sages | SORE Slsg Tuga Q2ui fede; Gieee Jakes & |_| + Fee BRRAR HBIKR BESS FA2RR AALSE BARRE RARAE BEAEST a [ain [is [SS282 S8IRz SGIS2 ISTSs Sates sere ates sezes eazeeg : 6) a Bases5 by a U SHAPE WITH TANGENTS Ip Freaker Reacting Fore Pele eoces san € ; eee ee a4 a BRERA ZARRR 24283 BESESE 2g Aes Mons tenes mommae t a} 2 Agase aaas8 GABes? 2 & = BS82= 3E850 BE aie goo < (ScNsS BSSHS Bcees é ; [7 [cis Sites steed Sted Sesae anak Massa ndaa Gaeas qa + |rcoua enas? ueees S2883 R9ER8 ALES BATST es 2 PO nae - ee aoe ee < |saa8 sees garae SRgRS Nuaga GutEe BRAGA AA as 0 Seeve erres Side: aesie 2RaHR SSHAN Rasas BAS88 2 2928y Sae9R BRISt 2 lserse eangg 9223 2 )9Se8a aaea3 oases. 2 Saqeescsner 4 leer SERRR S858 BASRS BLHST E2833 882952 (Se CEEED) CERT a RCE) CERO ICoRTE) Saaeeyansaae Biola onneel aiseannasaicesesneonss SucauescseseU SHAPE WITH SINGLE TANGENT if C _ fe 1s 2 7 ; 7 & fk | ow 34 a2 50 38 88 W a8 0 | avo | ito 13.3 BO 8.5 18.0 99 as Bi | ea 332 Fo | 1 | 136 shan Din inches PABSR RSBBB Fy = bye sa = by cess aasee seas8 asta Seman Saucy Lin feet & r X 2 3 |g lomror Site SARNt RABBR BAST? ERARS ‘Maximum Bending Stress Reacting Fore E é i é Tp'in inches* fagag 2999 35 ¢ S832 RRSSS 8539S8 t 22288 saeae staee BNRaa RRSBE BEST Bocoo « 7 “|eveen Zegn e9cae Ragsa goBRe aNsag SATSy rE15? 2] fese |_| _ T a i g a252 fie ok J ts eel ee s bo ge a |32[ace9 2 298 2 2 2 4 | * PE FBRR | r \ F ‘ 22 lates a re ow | = [Rg )3s82 ! ee go 2 |\8R| ene ‘% a - 2 ot | ao i s 2 3 b-) eciee 8 & g can | omen ' B 4 4 é €@ @. + 82 [seta 7 — ¢ zo» ¢€ ¢ I ef 3 2 € £€ 2 || 2 lsa)azs5 3 2 4 g i Boos 2 TE onan 2 2 os & @€ 2 & Ane |es* e ; [az |saae U SHAPE—EQUAL LEGS U SHAPE—MODIFIED ¢ /BRRS8822 erase aaesa Senws onons oo ccsowese HEHE SASS BEZER SESBE RE 2 i ‘ + ' : e a [2a /aae8 e2geas } an oe | wg |B288232a 88529 aon enneo -oece o5 z [8 | enc cossc—ns sures 33489 GBlas AUSAE BS * Jez /auag |; |3/asee158 U SHAPE UNEQUAL LEGS SH 41 a a ee et a Eo ¢ iG te = z =. 7 £ sm 4 ¢ [2228 B2Rhs 382998 8 | 4238 " yz 2 a3 | i ah Gans auans eeeen so: o | Fleet teers sede ener aRaaan “s Bone flecs# eseag sucky @ |"H2 Rage eagRs RRoe a Hjeono conan nesRs Sages ageaee 4 nome oe “eee 25889 B8B88 A88R5 RERRSS c G | fesse SSo8s Saass Sac%5 Sekai: 5824 0 A joons *oona naese aRfgg gegces inlet eoeeNensee¥enseoNarscolenesc] “ sig[M [8583 SSIS Aaaae sens 347536TWO PLANE U i Reacting Force Fz = kee & Wb Bending Strem y= ky-e Posi i { 5 Do Torsional Stress 4, = ky-6+ 2 psi i Tp in inches! Lin feet Din inches : Where no value tor hy is listed the torsional stress is , negligible Nore: Leer indicate locaton of maximum combined stress. 2 | 1 2 3 ‘ T —— — re ee ee en ee erence j— | { a | Te —_| : | 1 | 0.080 o's 9.195) 1 42) 0.70, a's 935 tat og) 03 | 2.05) ol 03 2.26 fal osm 2 900 oe oa isi i2 ahr tis aw ute )sd ray te dao 3/0055 087 joa | 130 raed 4 s| | eas [ata] ad i jizojata] bs |ios) | ose |o%a lot [ats] ial eas | rw fatale |e |ata| er fara|ace| wl + 3 [oa] oe |aae jaa sae| ote] jon fe imo abo da) oes. a 3 6 | 0.061 088 /0 ar | fossjats} |aalats| |wol as 6 nn \? 0.063 | | 030/038 102 jas) ee 320 alae 7 ‘ > aso oan | 2a 2 woo [ato| farslats| faofate| | a + | .0% | 040395280 222 aaa aoe saa}sto , ~ hao we ata | 228 lis [tal laos ws 3.5) 93 wv |1 160 ‘TWO PLANE U-WITH TANGENTS. Reacting Foree Fs = ke-¢ Sh % Bending Stress sy = bye nid Torsional Stress 6; = kre? pst L Ip ininchest Lin feet Din inches Where no value fork; is listed the torsional stress is negligible ‘ove: Letters indicate location of maximum combined stress. f tet | os 08 » | 2 3 4 -t [e[+ [=] taf ap a eta es Se voae}i%) | oes) aslo! 120] alts oso ds) | al del | a0| ba) | a 2joas|eia) [sm ch ola] az] rats] asd atw| naeido| sr] 29) do) | 2) 3o.sa|a'is| | ase) sta|ovbo| a.70| 10s [14 | 13.8 170] atis| 2 |2b0| a'v6| a.0| 2s] at] 3 sJoas|a’e] | 20 roel 1'u)n aft] an ana ata dn aso | ah Co) a 3 /0.35 2.32 Lat 7.36|14°3 24.4 | 28.0 51.0 | 36.5) 6.76] 5 6 o.20/236) | x. eso)s’o| jams abe or) dol obs} 6) 7 |0.37) 2°38 1.95] 8.96) 18:8 31.6 28.5] 4.48) sie] @ajuts| 7 8 /o.28| 220] | 200 oa0iise || 42/aba) dn coo alo é 8 s|o.ss 2a] | 20 es] | osx|is] | w.a/ats) sinx| roa/ats ° 10 jo.20)2%3) | 2.08) 675) | 9 soj16'3 38 0 |32.6| 3:70) 79.0 |48-9 i Liam g-| 02 os 1 [3 iS SS Eyafaleje lalate lafala lala jefe] » | / — a vfo.er) aio) | 1m] asso") 07] siz jos) 20/63; | aay fo) | aa “2}ias so | 40) o's] 2%] 0 96 oshgo| fio no ajiro/rho] | o.20/10% jols|s.0 i's [oss] 12 260) | a2 m6 a}isejrla] | rej [abelans (aes [r'ol a2 wo] | as as | sfaoilr%s] | soslie's [udolars [a's [7%] a2 0 aP o/s | as wa | gfece) sto) | orelan%s [10/533 jar°o [70] ons 8s)? | 35-5 | oo Crlaasjsts) fio ak | ors a8s |740) .7 8/29 has 1s | sleiols) for aly) [aa as [raion fal hw tet | efazafeto] fu.olm’s| lacs Jas’s fotoluis |o2o/2rs hae as ao |6ls%s| [is jas | [ass js" oe er 7Ps/a's bee ps9J 1éL TWO PLANE U-WITH TANGENTS le Reacting Fore Fz = ke-0° 75 cting, ab Bending Stress tn = hyo 2 pei Z Torsional Stress 5, € Pos 7 Ipininehest Lin feet Din inches, 1 Where no value for k; is listed the torsional stress is neglisble Nore: eter inate eatin of maxis combed res i [ Ua =6 ae ee 05 1 2 3 4 A ce ce he {af soo] oto) a%e| aso] tz] | aod Sa) | 22] fs] | oat fal | og § | a 279] ass] 1%0| 5.86] $7] 0] ses] iza] | ror] 8s] fus|aq | iz. abo {| a} 606; 12% |1%9/au.15| as | s%i2| 1.3 weelaer | al sea] | m2) ata) |a0.8| a] saifute | |isos) afo sks] m0 |2fo)itr| a) Go] saa] sha] | a0 |b |s sujis’s| liso wor) Balis7| a.9]se7] | 5.064 fava |r | 6] s.osje0 | [23.0 60.9 /48.3/120 ios | 65.0 3s | 98 has | 98.0) Le | ef saoluts | fase [a8s| sr] 200) 885] ho lise |rf0) fra top | fio [ud o za | abs|s%50|s0.0 80) 183 73 | rho\w"soza ani | fess ad 8 56 Ss) s'20|06.5|165|isasiam | ab.slutrsare od | axe i (6 laf eal’: | fave [aba | shnlios [sPo] wPislon 08s jxasisoo laf. oo fase he. Ta = 1 2 3 7 Blk | ee Bia Bowl aw) ale a vs) ba) | nam Ba) jay Sl | a8] 8 1 sia] oof iis] [nels] isi | fisalaisy | 2 rss) ainda) [aol ais) [mole | [male | feb} mol afol jssslafol look | fais] | 9% sus) abe abol ase) co] an ob) foe [hs po% | s4.0| a8.sjaes [ns | o.0| huw.s heh | fin uf | | wo jor |B iafo lire of | pos eS | fas as | 7 983 {190 8 aia |aas ue 0b 20008 8 . Zolo% luz |aBsioio le iad | 9a oe | ow foe) | 9 of s| o%asirs lod state as ld | loos fet | lars fa ||162 ‘THREE DIMENSIONAL 90° TURNS F D4) Bending Stress ay = hye Pps Torsional Stress sp = ky-¢-— psi th Reacting Foree Reacting Force Reacting Moment I, Reacting Moment Mer hb Reacting Moment My = byes c+ ie ib. eee eereel ee Tp in inches Lin feet Din inches mat T mat 1 a EET | 8.00/32 [49 oar) aio 29 10.0 275 va 6.9 | 0.00 | 0.74 0.25 5.25/40 [3.7 |0.45) 1.92 aba) 9.90 / 1.82 | 1.95 0 | 1.01 | 1.07 0.50 are}s4 [2s joss) 213) aie) 34a) 4.78) 1.20 2.00) 8.8 | 1.40) 1.21 79 2.90/48 |2.0 [035| 253 ws 370/098 200) 28 1 140 | 6.4 eee 410) 13's0 oe Lar os 2.08 10 0 071/98 los loss] 72/21 of 06s 0. 272| 0% 0, 0.62} 0.0210 |o.ss/o7| 8.6 | 28°3 [o%2| 0.52 017/310) 0/0 03/055 126 048077] wo2 | ate jot) ow oslo amo oar jour ta os|is jas fob) 09 0.12 379| 05/0 os jog is.7 [om/oo iz jars jos] 035/01 )4i8) om 0 0.38098 17.2 | 0.85! 0.93/ 14.6 0.31 0.0031 4.50 / 0 28 0 9.35) 035 188 (033/095 16.1 | 45°5 1080 0.29 oom ss) O27 oO 025 pale 8 [178/100 9.8 |i [sb we iar ose 20 oo) w9's 49 [ar |x 10) 57 fro) jo |s loss 13] oa ors) asi [sb Jet jor) ise) a7 | 168 | Jet) 665/052) 112] 34 ats |S 4s [ost 150/38 18) 8b 430/057 120) 30 (2) [tele 022/110) 11 | 1.00) i 18/013 0.90) 13 Baws (034 078) 018 108 0.00 0.78) ar rap 0.0 0.78 900 0.85 0.8 4 s2fo oft 0.2 | 0.008 1140.44 0.60) 0.82 738 0'09 oni? |oossi ow | os 3/137 | 031 0.40) 0.072 1.24 0.34] 0.58} 0.95 | 8°38 0.16 | 0.05 oon oer) 08 “[me 0°32 | 0.38 | 0.087] 1.38 0.90 | 0.57 | 1.06 ise oria | 0.21 032 0.70 0.24 1715 | 0.20. 0.28 | 0.048) 1.45 | 0.25 0.55 0410 | 0.28 | 0.026) 0,74 0.20 a fists oat | 0.28] o.osd 137 | 0.22| 0.50 | 0.20) 0.079 0.80 | 0.18, 9) as | 021 0.20 0,035) 1.68 0.21 | 0.59 f2 or10 | 0,18) 0.019) 0.88 0.37 10 23's [0% | 0.21 0.03 1.80 0.10! 0.51 1.55 | 14's |ovio| ote! 0.017 0,9¢| 0.15 0.49 0.75 | 10 Norn: Letters indicate location of maximum combined stressTHREE DIMENSIONAL 90° TURNS mes mee Tas poe ap 7 0% 0.82 7.0 2.7 0.88 0.25 fet? fetes fis lout 22 | sir ste wislosr jou a9 |e wir jis7 [oss fom ns 36 089 pao ws se 78 (0m lowes jas rw's0 | 878 ]0.38 [om )z4 |e 0.80 b.7 | pes se s8 028 [0m 47 [27 (038 |a's | oy jen 029 oar 52 [an oar) 1 gia jats|ie Jom fosriia [rs low| of | co j1mloo los 1s [16 joss 2) sta o'ae) a7 oo joa 07 [ro oa sia| 0” (09/00 (0.%/070 11 loa] a] 621 | ofa o «7 | oon 0.43 0.4 |070| 0.0 | s's0| of0s | 0.40 | 0.020 0.92) 0.41) 0 80/028 | éu 0051/0. | 00a [oe /o28)ou oa | obs) ols osz 0.0 oa /0m om 022) 5, 1 oft 0.23 00a |0.8/o.22/ 0.54 0.5 | o'2t| oo. 0.2 coi 0.90 0.21 0.57 0.2 8 sou oat aos es) on on oas| «| oot os vou ear |a8 0m 020) 7 seo | o'b5| 0.17 0.015 | 0.47 | 0.15 oaee s'so| oor 0.16 | 0.0103 0.21) 0.14 | 0.47 0.24] 8 9 | te [of 018 02m oo aa) Fon] cae 914 ame oe 9 a ae 7 o'os |o roo. 14 [0.010 0.52] 0.13 0.45 )0.44 | 7°35) 0°08 0.12 | 0007s] 0.99/01 012) 0.27 | 10 maT nae oo Ek = LR E Ee (ee Ete ee | | O25 ir’) 957 24 [08s 0.55 v.58 /83 0.84 RD | Iw 2.0 [0.75 |0.90 220 | 38 0.25 025 o.a0| 1's 335 16.0 0.59 0.76 13.6 [45 [ow | sss | is'72 7.2 [oss [0.88 4.8 | 5.1 | 0.49 0.50 i rs a's nde 98 09 or 84 40 ow a1 Hiio OT [oa og 99 47 047 O75 i jah aubror [om (00 38 aT oa aes wie 73 or oe0) a4 4.2 0.8) iy [sa ) 18 [0.05 | 0.37 16 a 20 [00% 0.35 18 22 0.25) 2 i Is 7 | 0:85 0.03 0.30 2 | 0.91 | 0.023 | 0.25 082 1.4 [019) 3 7 4 3 0.019 | 0.26 ‘950 0013 02/045 1 | 9.16 | 4 . is] z a.014 0.23 | 9925) 0.011 0.19 0.29 0.78 0.18] 5 1 ial 2 omjoo ow | 028 o.00m 0.18/02 08 0158) 6 |r 2 | 0.0m 0.22 | 0.179) 0.0072) 0.17 0.18 0.35 0.127) 7 | s | 0 0083) 0.23 | 0,140| 0.0062} 0.17 | 0.12 0.47 | 0.128) 8 i | 9 00065) 0.23, | 0.118} 0.0051] 0.17 0.10 0 49 0.100) 9 0 003s) 023 {Lo 100) 0 oo44| 0 17 0.00 0.30 | 0 1341 10 oe RoE a | dw [owas ps4 oamimd wi aul [os oun m9 30 025035 00/059 61 (5.7 (0.38 \10e'o i's 202 [ost 0.55 TT 05 0.95 0.90 om [057 02 5.3 0.39 12.5 021 052 59 L 7a [ous [oss 69 (46 (035 ws i's 8.3 [00 0.8 78 $1 05) T 2 2 dot om 19/24 (023! igs | 82523 (oom Om 21 28 Om Fz [8 1 as 096 00 07 085/15 015 88 sit 10 90m 0m Oa tT oss 8 ~ 4] 39; 2 1 o O02 O16; OAT) 11 0 LIB. 3 0:55) 0.012 0.16 050 12 (0.115) 4 3) 36 0.3351 0.0085) 0.18 0.90, 0.88 | 0.102: E035) 0.0073) 0.18 0.32 0.90 010) 5 6| ba 0.28 0.0071! 0.145) 0 21 | 0.80 | 0.102) J 0.24) 0.0m 013 0.21 0710.10) 6 7) $s) Z [our o.onssi 0.10 0.16| 056 0.1101 312! 0 18 | 0.0088) 0.12 0.18 0.57 0.00 7) s\ bs | 0-140) 0.00491 0 138) 0.12 0.49 0.108) 3°25, 0.14 | 0.0040) 0,115) 0.12 0.51 | 0.087) 8) _ D9} Es) F 0.1 0.000 0 97/0 10 0.44 | 0108) 3°3 0.11 0.0084) 0.1131 0.10 | 0.46 | 0.0861 9 wo | fo} | 0 109! 0 038 0 137: 0 09 0 st | 0 108) 34 0.10 | 0.0030 0 1121 0.09 0.44 0.087! 10 Nore: Letters indicate location of maxinuum combined stress.g 5 g a a 8 « a 3 i 3 s 4 fe 2 rr "x g 1 ¥ sada ef 8 8 2 — £2 & E mee eee, : eH sig 2834 ae S| Sle S33¢ os g son (esa "3 7 $a 37g 2353 ass sa “ne & é ee For Stress of 10,000 psi, £ of 29 x 10° Radius of Bend & 38 RE 88 £8 38 98 328 98 $4 82 89 84 ag165 § 5 5 g fi General: Length = 6.283% Modified Length = 6.283RK Te Lele Fy < & i 3 i H 2 £ 3 ip x gz > = & z 2 = 2 a & Din inches Ip in inches’ L distance between anchors in feet ¢ expansion factor Rin feet inches & a Deflection = 4; total thermal expansion in inches 1667le ‘RDB Ree For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 x 10 g eee a fia[en 98 ae 5 82 #8 os gt — oe eee =| |gga]aa 83 $2 52 98 se as 3| |gf¢ 3| [REFS ce o2 So ce 35 = 4) |ige|ae #8 82 28 92 BE EE AE 83 58 82 22 25 SR BF e OG OG 28 S882 6 92 88 3 dfs a3 22 82 BR BA FR Bs SS 48 ae 3y 4 Hu 33 RS 88 85 HE RG 82 88 28 68 G8 8 BR ES gi |s8 98 92 92 92 92 92 99 92 F4 84 AF RA RBEXPANSION U BEND—TANGENTS = 2 FT 166 3, 4 aig 288 gid Sbse lel ligles #2 ee ex oa ae ce an ast 3] [Ae#|re ce 25 68 Se SE EE Se ph 7 ~ £393 3| |se len ae . sags gba|8S 83 92 32 88 82 22 22 89 28 E585 a| |3e 2 G8 22 ak so 88 sh For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 x 10° g + # = & s 3 a 3 ee = Leas 83 28 Sit 72 sa aR ae gece mepas | LL oe oer z eases iis & . oo ee Sst sl Ja | gpa [82 Be 28 Ro au Be As BE ase g peskegeca) diegB | eats [EE GS &8 &2 Be SG 02 BB 28 Ss 88 a8 oe oe ee — — a ae Gigs + a . Pe eomeca . $2 |$8 8B SR 98 SB SR SB eR 98 EY 89 ae aM RB si 2g 34 a 2 2B, s i Z . Zl | psn na He js 8 » Bw nb Bh Y BRR & &167 4 EXPANSION U BEND—TANGENTS = General: Length = 8.283% : Modified Length = 6.283RK + 2% | lel, i = i Tz (about gravity axis X-X) = (8715K + 0.67)R* For Stress of 10,000 psi, B of 29 X 10° (0.577K + 0.011)R* Deflection = pinches Rin feet Din inches Tp in inches* L distance between anchors in feet I ule «expansion factor : Fs = 5 pounds ues As | ‘Rs ® ‘4, total thermal expansion in inches : For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 x 10° i f T T | Radius of Bead & wal pa | | Sch. Thick- | ___ | 8D. i Nee pat | Detee- | Defies” | Anchor | Deflec- | Anchor | Deflee- | Anchor i 3 ‘ion, io | Force, | ton,” | Fore, | “tion,” | “Foren 2 2 b ti | ‘ b | r ~ | Oise | 02 0a 350) 030 ro B | tue | oR om | Bs oR | a8 a wo | om | ow ow | sm | | 009 | me 2 ome | 0m oo | a | | os3 | Rt 3 w | ome | oss | sm | oss | os 1a | we | oS | 0% | wn | om | | ui a wo | 026 | os | wr | om | ge Lt &® | 08s | oss | ia | 058 | soso me . wo | or | 06 | amr | oss | 109g | 1.20 a | sa 3 40 0.258 9. | 1633, ris | 1992 | | 2.36 S| ons | OF | as | oo | ike 200 ° o | om | i | aso} ara | gsr | 3.08 | xr B | om | oO oie | 2h i eee) * wo | osm a2. | age | 3.4 | 2s j S| 350) t Lae | ae 2s | Fas 10° 40 0 365 2. 2.87 3500 | | % | 050 | i 12M | Soo | ae | ams | 3 Fan | ae | a S24 | Se00 | uw n° as BB 0S 3 t a » | o 4 | | eee ae eect | | we | | oss | 404 | asa0 | | | 3) 4 ia | ie | 20" | 20 0 | 5 4580 | | | 3 | os |g 7010d, 8D, 4, total thermal expansion in inches L distance between anchors in feet ¢ expansion factor Radius of Bend 3D. inches EXPANSION U BEND—TANGENTS = 2R For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 x 10° = (174K + 1.933)8° 85 52 88 82 89 se ag ae 38 92 PS 28 28 Bg 28 we ga ge DB pounds ie Lele 1, (about gravity axis X-X) (0.865K + 0.0662)R? 833. p RDB Pr 168 Length = 10.2882 Modified Length = 6.289RK + 48 Fr Deflection = Rin feet Din inches Tp in inches* For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 x 10°: General: RS 88 82 RE AS 28 8g 28 88 98 9B 98 98 SR SR 9B 98 a