You are on page 1of 10

34 2007 2


. 2004-1980 36

.

.
)( .


)(
.
: .

.1









).(Easterly and Rebelo, 1993



.
*
. 2006/5/3
.2006/10/8





.





.


161.4 2003 %2.29

.
) (

) (
.

- 338 -

2007 / . .

...

:


.

:
-1


.
-2 .
-3


.

2004-1980

8 : 7 7
14 .


.
.2





. 1974



.




. (Spiegel and
) Templeman, 2004





. ) (Becsi, 2000



.
) (Ireland, 1994



.

) (Mundell and Adams, 1982

:

.

) (Haughwout et al., 2004
) (Property Tax :
) (Houston ) (Minneapolis
) (New York ) (Philadelphia
%3.3
%2.49 %4.9
%2.5
%12.5 .%3.22
%2.54 %2.1
.
:


. ) (Mathews, 2003

- 339 -

34 2007 2




%19.3


.
%19.3
. ) (Dalamagas, 2003




.
2000-1965
: :




. :




.

1996-1975 ) (Bahl, Bird and Walker, 2003


1.1

.
) (Hsing, 1996 1991-1959


0.3267 1991
0.1958 Hsing
.
) (Aisha, 1995



.

%6

. ) (Ravestein and Vijlbriet, 1988
1985 %70
.%67
) (Robert and Edger, 1982

1979 %33 %57

:
.
) (Robert and Edger, 1983
1979
) (
0.58 .0.62 ) (Stuart, 1981

%70 %80
.
1973 ) (Fullerton, 1982

%78.8
.0.15







.


.


.

- 340 -

...

.3

(6




:
(1

Ln T = a1TR +a2 (TR)2 +U

:T TR
U .
:
: :




).(Theil, 1978
: ) :(Stationarity
-))(Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF


) (t,f
.
: :
)(1
.
:
(2

(1/T) (T/TR)=a1+2a2 TR


) ( :
(3

(T/TR)=T {a1+2a2 TR} =0

(4

a1+2a2 TR=0

(5

)TR=(a1/2a2

)(2T/TR2)=T(2a2)+{a1+2a2 TR}(T/TR

T/TR =0
.
) T(2a2 T
>0
a2 ).(a2<0

2004-1980
) (1
.
OLS
- (Augmented Dickey-
)) Fuller (ADF .
) (Intercept and trend
) Akaike Information Criteria (AIC
.




6-2
Vector
) .Error Correction Model (VECM

) (1

F t
D-W
.
6-1

) .(1



.
- 341 -

Ln T = 71.51TR -96.90 (TR)2

(7

:
(8

(1/T) (T/TR)=71.51-96.90(2) TR

34 2007 2

) ( :
(9

(T/TR)=T{ 71.51-96.90(2) TR} =0

T0 (T/TR)= 0:
71.51-96.90(2) TR =0

(10

:TR
(11

))TR=(71.51/96.90(2

(12

TR=0.369



.
}(2T/TR2)=T(-96.90(2))+{71.51-96.90(2) TR
)(T/TR

(13

T/TR =0
.
)) T(-96.90(2
T >0 )) T(-96.90(2 TR
.
.

0.35
0.664 0.457

0.216
0.266


.

)(1

D-W
F
TR TR2
96.9071.51
0.259
0.369
1.62 148.46

*
)(5.78-
)(6.84
83.9864.36
0.232
0.383
1.43 61.71

)(3.50-
)(6.50
96.3570.30
0.235
0.365
1.93 156.17

)(5.21-) (10.41
152.6187.77
0.237
0.288
1.15 89.16

)(4.18-
)(6.54
72.8766.56

0.254
0.457
1.22 125.24
)(6.20-) (11.17
29.3739.02
0.216
0.664
1.10 21.37

)(1.96-
)(4.56
78.68
129.270.255
0.304
1.29 319.36

)(7.29-) (12.47

* .t

OLS
) (2 F t

D-W

(0.8) D-W
.
t
t

- 342 -

...


.
) (5
0.4 0.64
0.63 0.22
0.187 0.212

0.3 .



-
.

)(2

D-W
F
TR TR2
95.7775.90
0.311
0.396
1.80 311.1

*
)(7.70-
)(14.55
64.1063.41
0.371
0.495
0.80 727.42

)(9.55-) (20.13
108.8780.03
0.314
0.368
1.10 816.95

)(9.44-) (17.22
146.8697.02
0.187
0.330
1.18 352.82

)(8.67-) (18.24
41.3253.33
-
0.368
0.645
1.28 62.56
)(4.28-
)(7.91
43.6655.39
0.405
0.634

1.20 333.54
)(10.62-) (18.27
345.31- 156.91
0.212
0.227
1.38 1559.88

)(14.38-) (25.81
* .t

) (3

F t
D-W

) .(0.9
:
0.296 0.337
0.2
.

.
13
1 OLS ) (4
t F


.
.
D-W 8
6
.

) .(5

- 343 -

34 2007 2


0.204 0.293
. ) (0.19

.0.437



.

.

)(3

F
TR TR2
169.19- 101.50
277.34

)(6.69-) **(10.82
133.3785.99
148.19

)(6.15-
)(10.32
123.9173.30
49.17

)(4.00-
)(6.19
160.9795.54
103.17

)(6.14-
)(9.96
431.1
39.84
6.37
*
)(2.33
)(1.49
164.3699.77
2125.11

)(22.18-) (35.90
115.8678.16

486.88
)(10.34-) (17.73
* .
** .t


) (0.393 0.442
) (0.310
0.28






.


D-W
1.93

0.30

0.298

1.45

0.322

0.213

0.90

0.296

0.219

1.59

0.297

0.173

0.65

0.05

0.07

1.94

0.304

0.296

1.24

0.337

0.292


0.244 0.249
0.212
0.310


)(



%60
.

- 344 -

...

)(4

F
TR TR2
227.45109.59
210.71

)(7.33-) *(11.74
85.67274.908
536.35

)(10.22-) (18.83
26.457
19.105
21.15

)(4.54
)(5.02
451.05
175.44
67.93

)(5.24-
)(7.71
125.8084.013
215.99
/
)(6.98-
)(12.55
362.25138.28
82.62

)(4.08-
)(6.92
93.6574.628
279.32

)(7.98-
)(15.04
167.4898.024
201.99

)(6.64-
)(12.01
22.1041.052
30.92

)**(1.69-) (4.54
162.4491.045
401.53

)(9.23-
)(16.34
199.67115.54
128.12

)(4.91-
)(8.04
177.2598.30
82.20

)(3.90-
)(7.15
* .t
.4
:
-1


.
-2 )
(

.
-3
.


D-W
1.51

0.241

0.191

1.95

0.437

0.344

094

0.98

0.194

0.221

1.44

0.334

0.246

0.36

0.191

0.170

0.79

0.398

0.295

0.99

0.293

0.178

1.49

0.87

0.280

0.211

1.1

0.289

0.228

1.25

0.277

0.205

-4
0.149
) 0.244 (0.393
) 0.132 0.310
(0.442 0.07

.
:
-1

.
-2

- 345 -

2007 2 34

.
-4



.


.
-3
( )

Ireland, P. 1994. Supply-Side Economics and Endogenous

Growth, Journal of Monetary Economics, 33(3): 559-571.


Matthews, Kent. 2003. VAT Evasion and VAT Avoidance:

Aisha, Ghaus, A. 1995. Optimal Local Sales Tax, Urban

is there a European Laffer Curve for Vat? International


Review of Applied Economics, 17(1):105-114.

Studies, 32(8):1369-1381.
Bahl, Roy; Bird, Richard and Walker, Mary. 2003. The

Mundell, Lee and Adams, Jack. 1982. The Laffer Curve,

Uneasy Case Against Discriminatory Excise Taxation:

Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply, Journal of

Soft Drink Taxes in Ireland, Public Finance Review,

Economics and Business, 21(1): 13-25.

31(5): 510-533.

Ravestein, Van and Vijilbrief, H. 1988. Welfare Cost of

Becsi, zsolt. 2000. The Shifty Laffer, Curve Economic

Higher Tax Rates: An Empirical Laffer Curve for the

Review: Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, 85, (3): 53-63.

Netherlands, De Economist, 136, 205-219.

Dalamagas, Basil. 2003. The Effects of Tax Rate Changes

Robert, McGee and Edgar, Feige. 1983. Sweden Laffer

on Output and Government Deficits, Applied Economics

Curve: Taxation and the Unobserved Economy, Scand


Journal of Economics, 85(4): 499-519.

Letters, 10(2): 97-101.


Easterly, William and Rebelo, Sergio. 1993. Fiscal Policy

Robert, McGee and Edgar, Feige. 1982. The Unobserved

and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation,

Economy and the UK Laffer Curve, Economic Affairs,


3(1): 36-43.

Journal of Monetary Economics, 32, 417-458.


Fullerton, D. 1982. On the Possibility of Inverse

Spiegel, Uriel and Templeman, Joseph. 2004. A NonSingular

Peaked

Laffer

Curve:

Debunking

Relationship Between Tax Rates and Government

the

Traditional Laffer Curve, The American Economist,

Revenues, Journal of Public Economics, 19, 3-22.


Haughwout, Andrew; Inman, Robert; Craig, Steven and

48(2): 61-66.

Luce, Thomas. 2004. Local Revenue Hills: Evidence

Stuart, C. 1981. Swedish Tax Rate, Labor Supply and Tax

from Four U.S Cities, The Review of Economics and

Revenues, Journal of Political Economy, 89(5): 1020-1038.


Theil, Henri. 1978. Introduction to Econometrics, Prentice-

Statistics, 86(2): 570-585.


Hsing, Yu. 1996. Estimating the Laffer Curve and Policy

Hall, N.J., 74-78.

Implication, Journal of Socio-Economics, 25(3): 395-402.

- 346 -

...

Estimating Laffer Curve for Profit Tax in Selected Jordanian Companies

Said M. Al-Tarawnih*

ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze the relationship between tax rate and tax receipts, it also aims to determine the
optimal tax rate through estimating laffer curve. For that, the study used data for 36 Jordanian companies for
1980-2004 period. On contrast to previous literature that estimate laffer curve on macro level, this study
estimates laffer curve on micro level.
The optimal tax rate obtained after estimating laffer curve through two steps: in the first, we assure data
stationarity by using unit root test. In the second step, OLS was employed. The result revealed that the actual
tax rate is less than the optimal tax rate. This means that the government could raise profit tax rate,
especially for bank and insurance companies, to increase tax receipts. The results also showed that the actual
tax rate is approximately equal among service and productive sectors (industry). This may require
restructured tax rates among sectors towards encouraging productive sector, since Jordan economy
characterized by service sector dominances.
Keywords: Laffer Curve, Optimal Tax Rate, Tax Policy, Actual Tax Rate.

________________________________________________
* Department of Business and Finance Economics, Faculty of Business Administration, Mutah University, Al-Karak,
Jordan. Received on 3/5/2006 and Accepted for Publication on 8/10/2006.

- 347 -

You might also like