Professional Documents
Culture Documents
This version published: 2012; Review content assessed as up-to-date: July 24,
2012.
Link to full article: [Cochrane Library]
Plain language summary
Labour pain and methods to relieve it are major concerns for pregnant women,
healthcare workers and the general public. These concerns have implications
for the course of labour, for the quality of maternal and infant outcomes as
well as for the costs of obstetric health care.
Women in labour who need pain relief should not only have access to invasive
methods such as an epidural, which may have considerable side effects, but
other means of pain relief as well. Futhermore, even in hospitals with fulltime
obstetric anaesthesia coverage no one may be available to give an epidural,
and in primary care, invasive methods for pain relief are not available at all.
All women in labour should have the opportunity to choose some noninvasive
method of relatively effective and safe analgesia at short notice when they
wish it during labour. Inhaled pain relief, such as nitrous oxide and some
flurane derivatives, may be a very useful additional method for pain relief. It is
relatively easy to administer, can be started in less than a minute, and
become effective within a minute. Nitrous oxide is more widely known and
used as inhaled pain relief during labour compared to flurane derivatives,
probably due to the availability of safe equipment, no pungent smell and the
ease of administration.
In this review of 26 randomised controlled trials of 2959 women, the
effectiveness and safety of inhaled analgesia as pain relief for women in
labour were studied. It was found that inhaled analgesia may help relieve pain
during labour but women have to be informed about the side effects, such as
nausea, vomiting, dizziness and drowsiness.
Inhaled analgesia may help relieve labour pain without adversely increasing
operative delivery rates (forceps or vacuum extraction, caesarian section), or
Data collection and analysis: Review authors independently assessed trials for
eligibility, methodological quality and extracted all data. Data were double
checked for accuracy.
Main results: Twentysix studies, randomising 2959 women, were included in
this review.
Inhaled analgesia versus a different type of inhaled analgesia
Pain relief was measured using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) from 0 to 100
mm where 100 corresponds to the most relief. Pain intensity was measured
using a VAS from 0 to 100 mm, where 0 corresponds to no pain at all and 100
corresponds to the worst pain. The highest score for pain relief is the most
positive in contrast to 'pain intensity' in which the higher score is more
negative.
Flurane derivatives were found to offer better pain relief than nitrous oxide in
first stage of labour as measured by a lower pain intensity score (average
mean difference (MD) 14.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.41 to 24.37, three
studies, 70 women), also a higher pain relief score for flurane derivatives
compared with nitrous oxide (average MD 16.32, 95% CI 26.85 to 5.79, two
studies, 70 women). Substantial heterogeneity was found in the analyses of
pain intensity (P = 0.003) and in the analysis of pain relief (P = 0.002).These
findings should be considered with caution because of the questionable design
of the included crossover trials. More nausea was found in the nitrous oxide
group compared with the flurane derivatives group (risk ratio (RR) 6.60 95% CI
1.85 to 23.52, two studies, 98 women).
Inhaled analgesia versus placebo or no treatment
Placebo or no treatment was found to offer less pain relief compared to nitrous
oxide (average RR 0.06, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.34, two studies, 310 women; MD
3.50, 95% CI 3.75 to 3.25, one study, 509 women). However, nitrous oxide
resulted in more side effects for women such as nausea (RR 43.10, 95% CI
2.63 to 706.74, one study, 509 women), vomiting (RR 9.05, 95% CI 1.18 to
69.32, two studies, 619 women), dizziness (RR 113.98, 95% CI 7.09 to
1833.69, one study, 509 women) and drowsiness (RR 77.59, 95% CI 4.80 to
1254.96, one study, 509 women) when compared with placebo or no
treatment.
There were no significant differences found for any of the outcomes in the
studies comparing one strength versus a different strength of inhaled
analgesia, in studies comparing different delivery systems or in the study
comparing inhaled analgesia with TENS.
Due to lack of data, the following outcomes were not analysed within the
review: sense of control; satisfaction with childbirth experience; effect on
mother/baby interaction; breastfeeding; admission to special care baby unit;
poor infant outcomes at longterm followup; or costs.
Authors' conclusions: Inhaled analgesia appears to be effective in reducing
pain intensity and in giving pain relief in labour. However, substantial
heterogeneity was detected for pain intensity. Furthermore, nitrous oxide
appears to result in more side effects compared with flurane derivatives.
Flurane derivatives result in more drowsiness when compared with nitrous
oxide. When inhaled analgesia is compared with no treatment or placebo,
nitrous oxide appears to result in even more side effects such as nausea,
vomiting, dizziness and drowsiness. There is no evidence for differences for
any of the outcomes comparing one strength verus a different strength of
inhaled analgesia, comparing different delivery systems or comparing inhaled
analgesia with TENS.
TERJEMAHAN
Dihirup analgesia untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit selama persalinan
Versi ini diterbitkan: 2012; konten ulasan dinilai sebagai up-to-date: 24 Juli
2012.
Link ke artikel lengkap: [Cochrane Library]
Ringkasan bahasa sederhana
nyeri Buruh dan metode untuk meringankannya keprihatinan utama bagi
wanita hamil, petugas kesehatan dan masyarakat umum. Keprihatinan ini
memiliki implikasi untuk proses persalinan, untuk kualitas hasil ibu dan bayi
serta untuk biaya perawatan kesehatan kebidanan.
derivatif Flurane ditemukan untuk menawarkan bantuan nyeri yang lebih baik
daripada nitrous oxide dalam tahap pertama persalinan yang diukur dengan
skor intensitas nyeri yang lebih rendah (rata-rata berarti perbedaan (MD)
14.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4,41-24,37, tiga studi, 70 wanita ), juga
lebih tinggi nyeri skor bantuan untuk derivatif flurane dibandingkan dengan
nitrous oxide (rata MD -16,32, 95% CI -26,85 ke -5,79, dua studi, 70
perempuan). heterogenitas substansial ditemukan dalam analisis intensitas
nyeri (P = 0,003) dan dalam analisis nyeri (P = 0,002) temuan .Ini harus
dipertimbangkan dengan hati-hati karena desain dipertanyakan percobaan
cross-over yang disertakan. Lebih mual ditemukan pada kelompok oksida
nitrous dibandingkan dengan kelompok derivatif flurane (rasio risiko (RR) 6.60
95% CI 1,85-23,52, dua studi, 98 perempuan).
analgesia terhirup dibandingkan plasebo atau tanpa pengobatan
Plasebo atau tanpa pengobatan ditemukan untuk menawarkan kurang nyeri
dibandingkan dengan nitrous oxide (rata RR 0,06, 95% CI 0,01-0,34, dua studi,
310 perempuan; MD -3.50, 95% CI -3,75 ke -3,25, satu studi, 509 perempuan).
Namun, nitrous oxide mengakibatkan efek samping yang lebih bagi
perempuan seperti mual (RR 43,10, 95% CI 2,63-706,74, satu studi, 509
wanita), muntah (RR 9,05, 95% CI 1,18-69,32, dua studi, 619 wanita) , pusing
(RR 113,98, 95% CI 7,09-1.833,69, satu studi, 509 wanita) dan mengantuk (RR
77,59, 95% CI 4,80-1.254,96, satu studi, 509 wanita) jika dibandingkan
dengan plasebo atau tanpa pengobatan.
Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan yang ditemukan untuk salah satu hasil dalam
studi membandingkan satu kekuatan versus kekuatan yang berbeda dari
analgesia dihirup, dalam studi yang membandingkan sistem pengiriman yang
berbeda atau dalam studi yang membandingkan analgesia inhalasi dengan
TENS.
Karena kurangnya data, hasil berikut tidak dianalisis dalam review: rasa
kontrol; kepuasan dengan pengalaman melahirkan; berpengaruh pada
interaksi ibu / bayi; menyusui; masuk ke Unit bayi perawatan khusus; bayi
miskin hasil-hasil di jangka panjang tindak lanjut; atau biaya.
kesimpulan penulis: dihirup analgesia tampaknya efektif dalam mengurangi
intensitas nyeri dan memberikan bantuan nyeri dalam persalinan. Namun,
heterogenitas substansial terdeteksi untuk intensitas nyeri. Selanjutnya,
nitrous oxide tampaknya menghasilkan efek samping yang lebih dibandingkan
dengan derivatif flurane. derivatif Flurane menghasilkan lebih mengantuk bila
RESULTS: Analgesia duration was significantly longer in ROPI-SUF and LBUPISUF than in BUPI-SUF administered women with a mean difference (95% CI) of
16.12 (2.56, 29.68); P<0.03 and 18.02 (9.09, 26.96); P<0.0001 respectively
under a random effects model (REM). Effective analgesia achievement was
significantly earlier in the BUPI-SUF than in either the ROPI-SUF (2.61 [1.87,
3.36]; P<0.00001) or the LBUPI-SUF groups (4.53 [3.66, 5.40]; P<0.00001)
under a fixed effects model (FEM) but not under a REM (I(2)=85%). Motor
blockade incidence was higher in BUPI-SUF anesthetized patients, although
the difference was not statistically significant. A higher incidence of
instrumental deliveries was evident in the ROPI-SUF (FEM: 1.68 [1.13, 2.50]; P
<0.02/REM: 1.76 [1.00, 3.11]; P=0.05) and LBUPI-SUF (FEM: 2.03 [1.07,
3.86]; P<0.04/REM: 2.03 [1.07, 3.86]; P<0.04) groups than in the BUPI-SUF
group of patients. Inconsistencies in the availability of parametric data and
use of slightly varying anesthetic dosages in included studies were important
limitations.
CONCLUSION: Whereas significantly longer labor analgesia can be achieved
with ROPI-SUF and LBUPI-SUF and ropivacaine is associated with
comparatively less motor blockade, labor duration after epidural analgesia has
been found to be shorter in BUPI-SUF and there is a low incidence of
instrumental delivery.
TERJEMAHAN
Efikasi dan keamanan anestesi lokal, bupivacaine, ropivacaine dan
levobupivacaine dalam kombinasi dengan sufentanil di anestesi epidural untuk
persalinan: a meta-analisis
Ulasan diterbitkan: 2014.
Rincian bibliografi: Lv BS, Wang W, Wang ZQ, Wang XW, Wang JH, Fang F, Mi
WD. Efikasi dan keamanan lokal anestesi, bupivacaine, ropivacaine dan
levobupivacaine dalam kombinasi dengan sufentanil di anestesi epidural untuk
persalinan: meta-analisis. Penelitian Medis saat ini dan Opini 2014; 30 (11):
2279-2289. [PubMed]
Abstrak
women), longterm backache (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.07, three trials, 1806
women), Apgar score less than seven at five minutes (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.54 to
1.20, 18 trials, 6898 women), and maternal satisfaction with pain relief (RR
1.31, 95% CI 0.84 to 2.05, seven trials, 2929 women). We found substantial
heterogeneity for the following outcomes: pain relief; maternal satisfaction;
need for additional means of pain relief; length of second stage of labour; and
oxytocin augmentation. This could not be explained by subgroup or sensitivity
analyses, where data allowed analysis. No studies reported on rare but
potentially serious adverse effects of epidural analgesia.
Authors' conclusions: Epidural analgesia appears to be effective in reducing
pain during labour. However, women who use this form of pain relief are at
increased risk of having an instrumental delivery. Epidural analgesia had no
statistically significant impact on the risk of caesarean section, maternal
satisfaction with pain relief and longterm backache and did not appear to
have an immediate effect on neonatal status as determined by Apgar scores.
Further research may be helpful to evaluate rare but potentially severe
adverse effects of epidural analgesia on women in labour and longterm
neonatal outcomes.
TERJEMAHAN
Epidural untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit dalam persalinan
Versi ini diterbitkan: 2012; konten ulasan dinilai sebagai up-to-date:
September 30, 2011.
Link ke artikel lengkap: [Cochrane Library]
Ringkasan bahasa sederhana
nyeri penting bagi wanita dalam persalinan. metode farmakologis dari nyeri
meliputi inhalasi nitrous oxide, injeksi opioid dan analgesia regional dengan
epidural untuk blok saraf pusat. Epidural secara luas digunakan untuk
menghilangkan rasa sakit dalam persalinan dan melibatkan suntikan bius lokal
ke daerah yang lebih rendah dari tulang belakang dekat dengan saraf yang
mengirimkan rasa sakit. solusi epidural diberikan melalui suntikan bolus, infus
atau menggunakan pompa pasien-dikendalikan. konsentrasi yang lebih rendah
dari anestesi lokal diperlukan ketika mereka diberikan bersama-sama dengan
candu, yang memungkinkan wanita untuk mempertahankan kemampuan
4816 perempuan). Tidak ada bukti dari perbedaan yang signifikan dalam risiko
operasi caesar keseluruhan (RR 1,10, 95% CI 0,97-1,25, 27 percobaan, 8417
perempuan), jangka panjang nyeri punggung (RR 0,96, 95% CI 0,86-1,07, tiga
percobaan , 1806 perempuan), skor Apgar kurang dari tujuh lima menit (RR
0,80, 95% CI 0,54-1,20, 18 percobaan, 6898 perempuan), dan kepuasan ibu
dengan nyeri (RR 1,31, 95% CI 0,84-2,05, tujuh percobaan , 2929 perempuan).
Kami menemukan heterogenitas yang cukup besar bagi hasil sebagai berikut:
nyeri; keibuan kepuasan; butuhkan untuk sarana tambahan nyeri; panjang
tahap kedua persalinan; dan oksitosin augmentasi. Hal ini tidak bisa dijelaskan
oleh subkelompok atau analisis sensitivitas, dimana data analisis
diperbolehkan. Tidak ada studi melaporkan efek samping yang jarang namun
berpotensi serius dari analgesia epidural.
kesimpulan penulis: analgesia epidural tampaknya efektif dalam mengurangi
nyeri selama persalinan. Namun, wanita yang menggunakan bentuk nyeri
berada pada peningkatan risiko memiliki pengiriman instrumental. analgesia
epidural tidak berdampak signifikan secara statistik pada risiko operasi caesar,
kepuasan ibu dengan nyeri dan sakit punggung jangka panjang dan
tampaknya tidak memiliki efek langsung pada status neonatal yang
ditentukan oleh skor Apgar. Penelitian lebih lanjut dapat membantu untuk
mengevaluasi efek samping yang jarang namun berpotensi parah analgesia
epidural pada wanita dalam persalinan dan hasil neonatal jangka panjang.
SUMBER : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0010612/
the effects of inhalation analgesia, opioids, epidural
The use of opioid intramuscular and intravenous pain relieving drugs in labour
This version published: 2011; Review content assessed as up-to-date: July 06,
2011.
Link to full article: [Cochrane Library] [PMC free article]
Plain language summary
Pain during labour is normal and its management is influenced by an
interaction between a woman's mental and emotional state and the
physiological changes that occur during labour. The use of painrelieving drugs
during labour is now part of standard care in many countries throughout the
world. In recent years, many women in Western countries have chosen to have
epidural analgesia to relieve pain. However, some women prefer not to have
untuk menilai mana opioid wanita obat yang paling puas dengan, atau yang
menyediakan yang terbaik nyeri dengan efek samping minimal untuk ibu dan
bayi.
Dalam ulasan ini 57 penelitian melaporkan pada 29 perbandingan yang
berbeda, dan untuk banyak hasil hanya satu studi kontribusi data. Kami tidak
mengetahui efektivitas dan keamanan (parenteral) opioid intramuscular atau
intravena dibandingkan dengan metode farmakologi lain nyeri pada persalinan
(seperti analgesia epidural) dan ulasan ini perlu diperiksa bersama ulasan
terkait Cochrane. Sebagai obat opioid parenteral begitu banyak digunakan
adalah penting bahwa penelitian lebih lanjut dilakukan agar perempuan dapat
membuat pilihan informasi tentang bentuk-bentuk nyeri.
Abstrak
Latar Belakang: parenteral opioid digunakan untuk menghilangkan rasa sakit
dalam persalinan di banyak negara di seluruh dunia.
Tujuan: Untuk menilai akseptabilitas, efektivitas dan keamanan dari berbagai
jenis, dosis dan cara pemberian opioid parenteral diberikan kepada
perempuan dalam persalinan.
metode pencarian: Kami mencari Kehamilan Cochrane dan Trials Melahirkan
Group Register (30 April 2011) dan daftar referensi studi diambil.
Kriteria seleksi: Kami termasuk percobaan terkontrol acak memeriksa
penggunaan opioid intramuscular atau intravena (termasuk analgesia yang
dikontrol pasien) untuk perempuan dalam persalinan. Kami melihat studi yang
membandingkan opioid dengan opioid lain, plasebo, intervensi nonfarmakologis lainnya (TENS) atau analgesia dihirup.
pengumpulan data dan analisis: Setidaknya dua ulasan penulis independen
dinilai studi kelayakan, mengumpulkan data dan dinilai risiko bias.
Hasil utama: Kami termasuk 57 studi yang melibatkan lebih dari 7000 wanita
yang dibandingkan opioid dengan placebo, opioid lain secara intramuskular
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To review the available evidence regarding history, pharmacology, physiology,
maternal/fetal side effects, and efficacy of magnesium sulfate in pregnant women.
DATA SOURCES:
The literature in Medline was searched from 1966 through April 2003 using the terms
"magnesium sulfate," "tocolytic," "preeclampsia," "eclampsia," and "pregnancy."
Reviews of bibliographies of retrieved articles provided additional references.
RESULTS:
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has long been used for prophylaxis of preterm delivery
(tocolytic affect) and eclampsia prophylaxis (neuroprotective effect). Randomized
controlled trials and systematic reviews have demonstrated the efficacy of
magnesium sulfate in preventingeclampsia in patients with preeclampsia or in
patients with eclampsia. Whether magnesium sulfate should be administered to
patients with severe preeclampsia or to mild preeclampsia is discussed in the
manuscript. Inversely, it appears that magnesium sulfate is ineffective in delaying
birth orpreventing preterm birth when it is used as a tocolytic. Furthermore, there is
evidence that high cumulative doses of magnesium sulfate may be associated with
increased infant mortality.
CONCLUSION:
The evidence to date confirms the efficacy of magnesium sulfate therapy for women
with eclampsia and preeclampsia. However, magnesium sulfate should not be used
in order to treat preterm labor.
TERJEMAHAN
[Magnesium sulfat dalam kebidanan: data saat ini].
[Pasal dalam bahasa Prancis]
Azria E1, Tsatsaris V, Goffinet F, Kayem G, Mignon A, Cabrol D.
informasi penulis
Abstrak
TUJUAN:
Untuk meninjau bukti yang tersedia mengenai sejarah, farmakologi, fisiologi,
efek samping maternal / janin, dan kemanjuran magnesium sulfat pada wanita
hamil.
SUMBER DATA:
Literatur di Medline digeledah dari tahun 1966 hingga April 2003 dengan
menggunakan istilah "magnesium sulfat," "tokolitik," "preeklamsia,"
"eklampsia," dan "kehamilan." Ulasan tentang bibliografi artikel yang tersedia
referensi tambahan.
HASIL:
Magnesium sulfat (MgSO4) telah lama digunakan untuk profilaksis kelahiran
prematur (tokolitik mempengaruhi) dan eklampsia profilaksis (efek
neuroprotektif). Percobaan terkontrol acak dan tinjauan sistematis telah
menunjukkan kemanjuran magnesium sulfat dalam mencegah eklampsia pada
pasien dengan preeklamsia atau pada pasien dengan eklampsia. Apakah
magnesium sulfat harus diberikan kepada pasien dengan preeklamsia berat
atau preeklamsia ringan dibahas dalam naskah. Terbalik, tampak bahwa
magnesium sulfat tidak efektif dalam menunda kelahiran atau mencegah
kelahiran prematur bila digunakan sebagai tokolitik a. Selain itu, ada bukti
bahwa dosis kumulatif tinggi magnesium sulfat dapat dikaitkan dengan
peningkatan kematian bayi.
KESIMPULAN:
Bukti sampai saat ini menegaskan kemanjuran magnesium terapi sulfat untuk
wanita dengan eklampsia dan preeklampsia. Namun, magnesium sulfat tidak
boleh digunakan untuk mengobati persalinan prematur.
SUMBER : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567967
Author information
Abstract
We aimed to use celecoxib to suppress preterm labor instead magnesium sulfate
(MgSO4) to prevent preterm labor.
METHODS:
It was a randomized clinical trial study, which was done on 600 pregnant women. All
subjects were divided into two groups by simple random sampling. One group was
given 4 grams of MgSO4 intravenously and second group was given 100 mg of
celecoxib orally every 12 hours for at least 2 days. The data were entered and
analyzed using SPSS 11 and performed using t-test and chi-square test.
RESULTS:
The finding of this study has shown that preterm labor may be prevented in 75.7% of
subjects who had received celecoxib and there were no significant difference
between two groups in frequency of history of preterm labor (P = 1), frequencies of
nulliparity (P = 0.99), duration of drug use and arrest contraction (P = 0.29), delivery
before 48 hours (P = 0.20), and mean gestational age in lack of response to
treatment (P = 0.24).
CONCLUSIONS:
Result has shown that celecoxib was similar to MgSO4 as a medication
to prevent preterm labor; it was recommended to be prescribe
to prevent preterm labor, because it was cheaper than magnesium sulfate.
TERJEMAHAN
Menggunakan celecoxib untuk menekan persalinan prematur bukannya
magnesium sulfat.
Saadati N1, Moramezi F1, Cheraghi M2, Sokhray L1.
informasi penulis
Abstrak
Kami bertujuan untuk menggunakan celecoxib untuk menekan persalinan
prematur bukan magnesium sulfat (MgSO4) untuk mencegah persalinan
prematur.
METODE:
Itu adalah studi uji klinis secara acak, yang dilakukan pada 600 wanita hamil.
Semua subjek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara simple random sampling.
Satu kelompok diberi 4 gram MgSO4 intravena dan kelompok kedua diberi 100
mg celecoxib oral setiap 12 jam selama minimal 2 hari. Data yang dimasukkan
dan dianalisis menggunakan SPSS 11 dan dilakukan dengan menggunakan ttest dan uji chi-square.
HASIL:
Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa persalinan prematur dapat dicegah
di 75,7% dari subyek yang menerima celecoxib dan tidak ada perbedaan yang
signifikan antara dua kelompok di frekuensi sejarah persalinan prematur (P =
1), frekuensi nulliparity (P = 0.99), durasi penggunaan narkoba dan
menangkap kontraksi (P = 0,29), pengiriman sebelum 48 jam (P = 0,20), dan
berarti usia kehamilan di kurangnya respon terhadap pengobatan (P = 0,24).
KESIMPULAN:
Hasil menunjukkan bahwa celecoxib mirip dengan MgSO4 sebagai obat untuk
mencegah persalinan prematur; dianjurkan untuk meresepkan untuk
mencegah persalinan prematur, karena itu lebih murah daripada magnesium
sulfat.
SUMBER : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25400947
Uterotonics and tocolytics for anesthesiologists.
Sumikura H1, Inada E.
Author information
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW:
Obstetric anesthesiologists are supposed to understand the uterotonics and
tocolytics used in the perinatal period to provide a better clinical practice. This
review describes current consensus of uterotonics and tocolytics used in the
perinatal period that an obstetric anesthesiologist should know.
RECENT FINDINGS:
Rational use of uterotonics for cesarean section has been well studied in the
past decades. Oxytocin remained as a first line uterotonics for cesarean
section. For continuous infusion, it is reported that ED90 is higher for laboring
parturients than for nonlaboring parturients (6.2 vs. 44.2IU/h) implying that
protocol for oxytocin infusion should be different between laboring patients
with prior exposure to oxytocin and nonlaboring patients. For bolus
administration, 'rule of three' has been proposed and its efficacy has been
reported. When oxytocin fails to achieve sufficient uterine contraction, secondline agents must be administered, and it has been reported that
methylergonovine is a superior second-line uterotonic to carboprost. On the
other hand, the role of tocolytic agents in obstetric anesthesia has not been
well studied.
SUMMARY:
Anesthesiologists involved in obstetric anesthesia should be able to determine
the appropriate uterotonic for cesarean section and know the indication of
tocolytics in perinatal period.
TERJEMAHAN
Uterotonics dan tokolitik untuk ahli anestesi.
Sumikura H1, Inada E.
informasi penulis
Abstrak
TUJUAN REVIEW:
ahli anestesi obstetri seharusnya memahami uterotonics dan
tokolitik digunakan pada periode perinatal untuk memberikan
praktek klinis yang lebih baik. Ulasan ini menggambarkan
konsensus saat uterotonics dan tokolitik digunakan pada
periode perinatal yang ahli anestesi obstetri harus tahu.
TEMUAN TERBARU:
penggunaan rasional uterotonics untuk operasi caesar telah
diteliti dengan baik dalam dekade terakhir. Oksitosin tetap
sebagai uterotonics baris pertama untuk operasi caesar.
Untuk infus kontinu, dilaporkan bahwa ED90 lebih tinggi
untuk yang bekerja ibu melahirkan daripada untuk
nonlaboring ibu melahirkan (6,2 vs 44,2 IU / h) menyiratkan
bahwa protokol untuk infus oksitosin harus berbeda antara
yang bekerja pasien dengan paparan sebelum oksitosin dan
nonlaboring pasien. Untuk pemberian bolus, 'aturan tiga'
telah diusulkan dan kemanjurannya telah dilaporkan. Ketika
oksitosin gagal untuk mencapai kontraksi uterus yang cukup,
lini kedua agen harus diberikan, dan telah dilaporkan bahwa
metilergonovin adalah uterotonika lini kedua unggul
carboprost. Di sisi lain, peran agen tokolitik di anestesi
obstetri belum diteliti dengan baik.
RINGKASAN:
Ahli anestesi yang terlibat dalam anestesi obstetri harus
mampu menentukan uterotonika yang tepat untuk operasi
caesar dan mengetahui indikasi tokolitik pada periode
perinatal.
Sumber : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974052