LASER

BY-PRANAV PATEL(13PGEC027)

INTRODUCTION

L - LIGHT
A - AMPLIFICATION BY
S - STIMULATED
E - EMISSION OF
R - REDIATION

DEFINITION OF LASER

A laser is a device that generates light by a process called

STIMULATED EMISSION .

Semiconducting

lasers are multilayer semiconductor devices that

generates a coherent beam of monochromatic light by laser action. A
coherent beam resulted which all of the photons are in phase.

MECHANISMS OF LIGHT EMISSION

When the atom makes a transition from higher energy state E

to E1 lower
energy state a photon is emitted. This emission process can occur two ways:

1.
2.

Spontaneous emission-when atom return to ground state in a random

fashion.
Stimulated emission-when a photon with energy e2 - e1 interacts with
another atom in the higher energy state sending it to lower energy state with
the creation of another atom.

Therefore 3
process of light
emission:

1. Absorption
2. Spontaneous Emission
3. Stimulated Emission

ABSORPTION
The atom is initially in a lower energy state E1.When a photon with energy
E2 - E1 is incident on the atom, it gets excited to higher level E2.This is
absorption.
E2

E1

SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
Spontaneous emission is the process by which an atom in an excited state
undergoes a transition to ground state and emits a photon by itself without the
help of external radiation.

E2

E1

STIMULATED EMISSION
Consider the atom present in the excited state. After the certain time period
this atom falls due to spontaneous process and it emits a photon; but before
the occurrence of this spontaneous emission process, if the incident photon is
allowed to strike this excited atom then there is no chance for this atom to go
to the further higher energy level. In this case once the external photon
strikes this excited atom, this atom leaves its position form this higher
energy level and emits the photon.
Thus we are getting twos photons at the output. This process is shown in fig.
The emitted photon is in phase with the incident photon and the emission is
known as stimulated emission.

E2

E1

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