TRNG I HC NNG LM HU

D N HP TC VIT NAM H LAN

BI GING
KHOA HC T

Ngi bin son: TS. L Thanh Bn

Hu, 08/2009

BI M U
1. Khi nim v t
V.V. cutraiep (1846-1903) ngi Nga l ngi u tin xc nh mt
cch khoa hc v t rng: t l tng ngoi ca b bin i mt cch t nhin
di tc dng tng hp ca nhiu yu t. Theo cutraiep: t trn b mt lc a
l mt vt th thin nhin c hnh thnh do s tc ng tng hp cc k phc tp
ca 5 yu t: sinh vt, m, a hnh, kh hu v tui a phng.
V.R.Viliam (1863-1939) Vin s th nhng nng ha Lin X (c) th cho
rng t l lp ti xp ca v lc a, c dy khc nhau, c th sn xut ra nhng
sn phm ca cy trng. Tiu chun c bn phn bit gia " m" v t l
ph nhiu, nu cha c ph nhiu, thc vt thng ng cha sng c th cha
gi l t. ph nhiu l kh nng ca t c th cung cp nc, thc n v m
bo cc iu kin khc cy trng sinh trng pht trin v cho nng sut. Nh
vy ph khng phi ch l s lng cht dinh dng tng s trong t m l kh
nng cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy nhiu hay t. Kh nng nhiu hay t (tc
ph cao hay thp) l do cc tnh cht l hc, ha hc v sinh hc ca t quyt
nh; ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo iu kin thin nhin v tc ng ca con ngi.
ph l mt ch tiu rt tng hp, l s phn nh tt c cc tnh cht ca t.
Nh vy, ngun gc ca t l t cc loi " m" nm trong thin nhin lu
i b ph hy dn dn di tc dng ca yu t l hc, ha hc v sinh hc, to ra
ph nhiu cy trng sinh trng pht trin v cho nng sut.
i vi t trng trt ngoi nhng yu t t nhin, th yu t con ngi c nh
hng mang tnh quyt nh n s tn ti v pht trin ca t.
2. Thnh phn c bn ca t
Cc loi t, d l loi t no cng u c cc thnh phn c bn l:
- Cht v c do ph hy to thnh chim khong 95% trng lng hay
38% th tch ca cht rn;
- Cht hu c do xc sinh vt phn hy chim di 5% trng lng hoc
12% th tch cht rn;
- Khng kh (O2, N2, CO2 ) mt phn t kh quyn xm nhp vo hoc do t
sinh ra;
- Nc ch yu do t ngoi xm nhp vo v v c ha tan nhiu cht cho
nn nc trong t thc cht l dung dch t;
- Sinh vt sng trong t nh cn trng, giun, nguyn sinh ng vt, cc loi
to v vi sinh vt t, l thnh phn rt quan trng, c bit l vi sinh vt,
bi v hu ht cc qu trnh bin ha phc tp xy ra trong t u c s
tham gia ca vi sinh vt.
1

T l nhng thnh phn trn c th rt khc nhau. V d trong t than bn hm

lng cht hu c rt cao, ngc li trong t ct, hoc t xi mn tr si
khng c thc b che ph th hm lng cht hu c rt thp. Khng kh v nc
trong t cng thay i rt nhiu, bi v hai thnh phn ny cng tn ti trong cc
khe h ca t, n ph thuc vo cht, xp v m ca t.
3. t l c s sinh sng v pht trin thc vt
Thc vt mun sinh trng pht trin c phi cn c 5 yu t l: nh sng
(quang nng), nhit lng (nhit nng), khng kh (O2 v CO2), nc v thc n
khong. Trong : ba yu t: nh sng, nhit lng v khng kh l do thin nhin
cung cp (cn gi l cc yu t v tr); Nc l yu t va do thin nhin va do
t cung cp; Cn thc n khong gm rt nhiu nguyn t N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg,... v
cc nguyn t vi lng th hon ton l do t cung cp.
V vy, nu cng mt loi ging cy trng, vi cc bin php canh tc nh nhau
v iu kin thi tit kh hu bnh thng, th trn cc loi t khc nhau nng sut
cy trng cao hay thp ni chung ph thuc vo kh nng cung cp nc v thc n
ca t.
t cn l ni cho cy cm r, "bm tr" khng nghing ng bi ma v
gi.
4. t l t liu sn xut c bn ca nng nghip
Ni n sn xut nng nghip l phi ni n t. Chng ta bit rng nu khng
c thc vt ht thc n trong t qua tc dng quang hp bin thnh cht hu c
thc vt, th ng vt khng th c ngun nng lng cn thit duy tr cuc sng
ca chng. Nh vy t khng nhng l c s sn xut ra thc vt m cn l c s
sn xut ra ng vt. Trng trt pht trin th chn nui cng pht trin.
Bi vy t l i tng lao ng canh tc ca loi ngi, l t liu sn xut c
bn ca nng nghip.
5. t l mt b phn quan trng ca h sinh thi
Trong mi trng thin nhin ca mt vng th thc vt, ng vt, vi sinh vt,
th nhng lm thnh mt h sinh thi.
Khoa hc mi trng khng nh: t khng nhng l t liu sn xut c bn
ca nng nghip m cn c coi l mt b phn quan trng ca h sinh thi mt
vng.
Loi ngi lun tm cch ci to mi trng t ph hp vi yu cu ca sn
xut v cuc sng. Nhng mt khc s hot ng ca con ngi c lc cng lm
ph hy cn bng sinh thi t nhin, hu qu ca n s mang li mt s tn tht
khng b p c. Th d hu qu ca nhim t c th gy nn tnh trng hoang
ha t, thay i h sinh thi t, thay i h sinh thi ng rung, thm ch c th

dn n s dit vong ca mt s sinh vt trong vng, gy nh hng xu n sc

khe con ngi v gia sc.
Bi vy nhng nm gn y, th nhng hc tr thnh mt b phn quan
trng ca khoa hc mi trng. Vic s dng t khng nhng ch cn c vo yu
cu ca nn kinh t quc dn v s pht trin nng nghip, m cn phi xut pht t
gc khoa hc mi trng.
6. S lc v lch s pht trin khoa hc th nhng trn th gii v Vit
Nam
6.1. Lch s khoa hc th nhng th gii
cutraiep (ngi Nga 1846-1903) l ngui a l, a cht, t c s v nn
mng cho ngnh khoa hc th nhng, ng a ra nh ngha v t tng i
hon chnh u tin l: t l mt vt th thin nhin c hnh thnh do tng
hp ca 5 yu t: sinh vt, m, a hnh, kh hu v tui a phng. ng cho
rng nghin cu t phi nghin cu n trong mi quan h phc tp vi mi trng
xung quanh v phi gn l lun v thc tin. T khi c hc thuyt ca cutraiep ra
i, s nghin cu v t mi c ch v ngnh khoa hc th nhng mi bt
u pht trin mnh m.
6.1. Lch s khoa hc th nhng Vit Nam
Nm 1956 Hc vin Nng Lm (Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni) ra i.
Nm 1957 B mn Nng ha Th nhng ca Hc vin Nng Lm c thnh
lp, do KS. L Vn Cn ph trch.
- Trc nm 1975, khoa hc th nhng Vit Nam pht trin theo hai trng
phi: min Bc theo trng phi Lin X (c) v min Nam theo trng phi M.
B mn Nng ha Th nhng Hc Vin Nng Lm, kt hp vi chuyn gia
Lin X V.M.Fridland xy dng c s th nhng min Bc Vit Nam t l
1/1 triu, km theo bn ch gii (1960); V phong ha v t nhit i m (ly v
d min Bc Vit Nam) (1964).
Nm 1964 Vin Khoa hc Nng nghip c tch ra t Hc vin Nng Lm, B
mn Th nhng Nng ha ca Vin l mt c s nghin cu chuyn ngnh v t.
Nm 1969 Vin Nng ha Th nhng c thnh lp, gi chc nng thng
trc ch o nghin cu phn loi t, xy dng bn t v nhiu hot ng
nghin cu v t v phn bn.
- Sau 1975 khoa hc th nhng hai min ha nhp cng pht trin. Nm 1978
hon thnh bn t t l 1/1 triu vi bn phn loi t ton quc.
Ngy 08/6/1991, Hi Khoa hc t Vit Nam ra i. Nm 1996, Hi Khoa
hc t Vit Nam c hon thnh Bn t ton quc t l 1/1 triu, theo
phng php phn loi t ca FAO-UNESCO.

Nh vy, khoa hc th nhng Vit Nam tuy mi ra i, nhng c nhng

bc pht trin nhanh, vng chc, hin nay c th ha nhp c vi s pht
trin nh v bo ca khoa hc th nhng trn th gii.
7. i tng v nhim v ca Th nhng hc
Th nhng hc l mn hc nghin cu t trng. y l mn khoa hc c s
nhm bi dng cho sinh vin kin thc v ngun gc hnh thnh t, quy lut phn
b cc loi trn a cu, nhng c tnh v hnh thi, l hc, ha hc v sinh hc ca
t, cng vi phng hng s dng, ci to v bo v t, nng cao ph t,
nhm t nng sut cy trng cao v n nh.
hc tt Th nhng hc, cn c nhng kin thc nht nh v a cht, thc
vt, vi sinh vt, sinh l thc vt, ton, l v ha hc. Mt khc, nu nm chc kin
thc Th nhng hc, s c iu kin hc cc mn chuyn mn c lin quan nh:
nng ha hc, thy nng, nh gi t, quy hoch t, cy cng nghip, cy lng
thc, rau qu, bo v thc vt...
CHNG 1
CC KHONG VT V HNH THNH T
1.1. KHONG VT
1.1.1. KHI NIM
Khong vt l nhng hp cht ha hc t nhin, c hnh thnh do cc qu
trnh l hc, ha hc, a cht hc phc tp xy ra trong v Tri t.
Phn ln khong vt gm 2 nguyn t tr ln, ch mt s rt t khong vt dng
n nguyn t.
Phn ln khong vt trng thi rn, ch mt s rt t khong vt th lng.
Khong vt c th c dng tinh th, hoc dng v nh hnh. Kch thc v trng
lng ca khong vt c th ln, b, nng, nh rt khc nhau.
Ngi ta thng dng nhng c trng gim nh khong nh: mu sc,
nh kim, vt v, t trng, cng, tnh dn, tnh do, tnh n hi, t tnh hay mt
vi phn ng ha hc,...
1.1.2. PHN LOI KHONG VT
Trn quan im th nhng hc, khong vt c chia lm 2 loi:
1.1.2.1. KHONG VT NGUYN SINH
Khong vt nguyn sinh l khong vt c hnh thnh ng thi vi v hu
nh cha b bin i v thnh phn v trng thi; l khong vt c trong cc loi
, l thnh phn to nn .
Khong vt nguyn sinh c chia ra lm 8 lp nh sau:
1.1.2.1.1. Lp silict
Silict l mui ca axit silic. Silict l lp khong vt ph bin nht trong thin
nhin, chng chim 75% trng lng v Tri t.
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Cc loi khong vt in hnh trong lp silicat l:

livin: (Mg,Fe)2SiO4: C mu xanh hi vng.
Ogit: (Ca, Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6: C mu xanh, xanh en.
Hocnblen: (Ca,Na)2(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti) (Si4O11)2(OH)2: C mu xanh hoc xanh
en, nhng nht hn ogit.
Mica: C cu to dng l bc c d dng; C 2 loi l:
- Mica trng (Muscovit): KAl2(AlSi3O10) (OH.F)2: Mu sc hu ht c mu
trng, c khi vng c.
- Mica en (Biotit): K(Fe,Mg)3(AlSi3O10)(OH.F)2 c mu en. T l mica en
t hn mica trng.
Phenpat: l nhng khong vt ph bin nht, chim ti 50% trng lng v
Tri t. Phenpat c mu trng xm.
C cc loi chnh l:
- Phenpat kali (Octoclaz): (K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2)
- Phenpat natri (anbit): NaAlSi3O8
- Phenpat canxi (anoctit): CaAl2Si2O8
Hn hp phenpat natri v canxi th gi l Plagioclaz.
1.1.2.1.2. Lp cacbonat: l nhng mui ca axit cacbonic, c c im l si
bt khi nh HCl vo. Lp ny c cc khong vt in hnh l:
Canxit - CaCO3: C mu trng c; khi v to ra hnh bnh hnh.
lmit - Ca,Mg(CO3)2: Mu trng xm.
Sirit -FeCO3: C mu pht vng, i khi nu.
1.1.2.1.3. Lp Oxit: L hp cht ca oxi. C cc khong vt in hnh l:
Thch anh - SiO2: l thnh phn chnh trong cc loi macma axit, trong ct,
cui, si,... nh thy tinh, mu sc trong sut.
Hmatit - Fe2O3: C mu nu , Hmatit l nguyn liu ch to st, bt
hmatit dng lm bt ch .
Manhtit - Fe3O4: C mu en, c t tnh, l nguyn liu ch to st.
Coridon - Al2O3: C mu lam, xm, , hng, c khi vng, lc hay khng mu;
1.1.2.1.4. Lp Sunphua: L hp cht ca lu hunh. C cc khong vt in
hnh l:
Galrit - PbS (Sunfua ch): C mu ch xm, khi v thnh nhng khi lp
phng nh c nhng mt bc thang.
Pirit (FeS2): C mu vng (cn gi l Vng sng); khi nh vo te la v mi
kht lu hunh bay ln.
1.1.2.1.5. Lp sunphat: l nhng mui ca axit sunphuric. Cc khong vt in
hnh l:

 Anhydrit (hay thch cao khan) - CaSO4: C mu trng, xm, hi ; Thng

gp dng tp hp ng c, dng ht nh. Anhydrit thng c dng sn xut
xi mng.
Thch cao - CasO4.2H2O: C mu trng, mm, hi trong, tinh th di nh b
si. Khi nung th nc bc hi cn li dng bt trng nh vi. Thch cao dng
nn tng, lm phn,... v lm nguyn liu ci to t mn.
1.1.2.1.6. Lp photphat: l nhng mui ca axit photphoric. Cc khong vt
in hnh l:
Apatit - Ca5(PO4)3 (F,Cl): C mu vng lc, trng, lam, i khi khng mu;
Photphorit [Ca 3(PO4)2]: C mu vng hoc nu trng xen k; thng c to
thnh trong cc hang vi, nn cn c gi l phn ln.
Vivianit [Fe3(PO4)2.8H2O]: c mu xanh l; mm, c dng bt v c hnh
thnh di cc lp than bn.
1.1.2.1.7. Lp Haloit: l nhng mui ca cc axit haloit (HF, HCl, HBr). C cc
khong vt in hnh l:
Mui m - NaCl: C mu trong sut hoc trng; c v mn. c thnh to
trong cc vng bin kh cn t lu. Mui m dng n v trong cng nghip ha
hc.
Kacnalit - KCl, MgCl2.6H2O: Kacnalit l trm tch ha hc bin, c hnh
thnh vng kh lnh. C mu hng hay nu ; Thng gp dng khi ng c;
d chy nc, v cht. Dng kacnalit lm phn manh, phn kali.
1.1.2.1.8. Lp nguyn t t nhin (Khong vt n nguyn t)
Lu hunh (S): C mu vng, nu; C th do hot ng ni la phun ra hoc
bng con ng sinh ha trong trm tch.
Than , than ch (graphit), kim cng (C) l nhng dng ca C v cc kim loi
qu nh vng (Au), ng (Cu), bch kim,...
1.1.2.2. KHONG VT TH SINH
Khong vt th sinh l do khong vt nguyn sinh ph hy, b bin i v thnh
phn v trng thi m to nn. Chng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh phong ha
v qu trnh bin i ca t.
So vi khong vt nguyn sinh th s lng khong vt th sinh t hn nhiu v
c kch thc b. S phn bit khong vt th sinh vi khong vt nguyn sinh
nhiu khi ch l tng i. V d: Thch anh trong l nguyn sinh v thch anh
trong t l th sinh.
Ngi ta chia khong vt th sinh ra 3 lp:
1.1.2.2.1. Lp aluminosilicat
Lp aluminosilicat do cc khong vt lp silicat nguyn sinh b bin i v ph
hy m hnh thnh. Lp ny thng gp cc khong vt sau y:
Hydromica: Do cc loi mica ngm thm nc;
+ Vemiculit: Dng tm mng, mu nu, nu pht vng, i khi c pht lc.
+ Hydromuscovit (cn gi l Ilit): KAl2 [(Si.Al)4O10](OH)2.nH2O: mu trng vy
hoc tm mng, thng gp trong t st.
6

 Secpentin - Mg6(SiO4)(OH)8: L sn phm ca khong Olivin bin i, mu

xanh l cy n xanh en, cn gi l khong "da rn" (v thng nm ln vi
aming to thnh nhng khoang trng en nh da rn cp nong).
Clorit - Mg 4Al2(Si2Al2O10)(OH)8: L sn phm ph hy ca khong Ogit; mu
xanh l cy, mm.
Cc khong vt st: L nhm khong vt c tinh th rt nh, cu to dt, khi
thm nc th trng ln, do, dnh, c kh nng hp ph. Hai khong vt in hnh
ca nhm ny l: Kaolinit (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) v Monmorilonit
(Al2O3.4SiO2.nH2O)
1.1.2.2.2. Lp Oxit v hydroxit
Oxit v hydroxit nhm: Nhng khong vt in hnh l:
+ iaspo - (HAlO2)
+ Gipxit - Al(OH)3
Hai loi ny hn hp vi nhau s to thnh Bxit (Al2 O3.nH2O)
Oxit v hydroxit st: Thng gp trong ong v t ; c mu nu, nu ,
vng hay en. C 2 dng:
+ Gtit - HFeO2
+ Limnit - Fe2O3.nH2O
Oxit v hydroxit mangan: Mu en, mm, thng kt ta thnh nhng ht trn
nh trong t ph sa v t vi. Nh:
+ Manganit: Mn2O3.H2O
+ Psilmlan: mMnO.nMnO2.pH2O
Hydroxit silic: in hnh l pan, SiO2.nH2O thng c mu trng, xm, c
to thnh khi cc loi silicat b ph hy, oxit silic c tch ra.
1.1.2.2.3. Lp Cacbonat, sunfat v clorua
Cc kim loi kim v kim th b tch ra t khong, hay xc sinh vt chng s
kt hp vi CO32-, SO42-, Cl- trong mi trng to thnh cc mui cacbonat, sunfat
v clorua, nh: Canxit: CaCO3 ; Manhzit: MgCO3; Nalit: NaCl; Thch cao:
CaSO4.2H2O.
1.2. CC LOI HNH THNH T ( M)
1.2.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V
l mt tp hp cc khong vt v l thnh phn ch yu to nn v Tri t.
Phn ln l do nhiu loi khong vt to thnh, tuy nhin vn c mt s t
ch do mt loi khong to nn (V d: vi ch do khong vt canxit, CaCO3;
apatit ch do mt khong vt apatit).
Cc loi b phong ha to ra mu cht, lm nguyn liu hnh thnh t th
gi l m.
1.2.2. PHN LOI
Cn c vo ngun gc hnh thnh, ngi ta chia ra 3 nhm: macma,
trm tch v bin cht.
1.2.2.1. macma (cn gi l ni la)
1.2.2.1.1. Ngun gc v phn loi
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 macma l c hnh thnh do khi Aluminosilicat nng chy na lng,

na c (gi l macma) trong lng Tri t phun ra ngoi, do nhit h thp t
ngt b ngng kt li to thnh .
Ty theo v tr ngng kt m ngi ta chia macma ra 2 loi l: macma xm
nhp v macma phn xut.
Da vo t l SiO2 (%) c trong m ngi ta chia macma ra cc loi sau
y:
- Macma siu axit
SiO2 > 75 %
- Macma axit
65 - 75 %
- Macma trung tnh
52 - 65 %
- Macma baz
40 - 52 %
- Macma siu baz
< 40 %
1.2.2.1.2. M t mt s i din ca macma
macma siu axit v axit:
- pecmatit: L macma xm nhp, c mu hng; xm sng; khong vt c
Octoclaz, thch anh v mica.
- Granit (cn gi l Hoa cng): L macma xm nhp, mu xm sng,
khong vt gm Octoclaz, thch anh, mica, i khi c hocnblen hoc git.
- Liparit (hay Riolit): L macma phn xut, thnh phn khong vt ging
granit, mu xm sng.
macma trung tnh:
- Sienit: L macma xm nhp; thnh phn khong vt c octoklaz,
hocnblen,... mu xm.
- Trakit: L macma phn xut, thnh phn khong vt c octoklaz,
hocnblen,... mu xm.
- Diorit: L macma xm nhp; khong vt c plagioklaz, hocnblen; c
mu xm xanh nht.
- Andezit: L macma phn xut; mu xm xanh, thnh phn khong vt c
plagioklaz, hocnblen v ogit,...
macma baz:
- gabro: L macma xm nhp; khong vt c ogit, plagioklaz; mu en
hoc xm lc.
- Bazan (cn gi l Huyn v): L macma phn xut; khong vt c
ogit, plagioklaz, mu en hoc xanh en.
- iaba: L macma phn xut; khong vt c ogit, plagioklaz, c mu en
hoc xanh en.
macma siu baz: C cc unit, Pritit v Pirxnit: L macma
xm nhp; khong vt cc ny u c livin, git.
1.2.2.2. trm tch
1.2.2.2.1. Ngun gc
trm tch c hnh thnh t sn phm ph hu ca cc khc, c th l sn
phm v vn c hc, hoc cc cht ho tan trong nc hoc t xc sinh vt cht i,
8

chng c nc mang i v tch ng sng, bin, h,...lc u thng ri rc,

sau do nhng cht ho hc t nhin, hoc b sc p chng gn cht li vi nhau
to thnh cng rn, gi l trm tch.
Do s vn ng a cht, s hot ng to sn m trm tch nm y
bin, y h c nh ln to thnh cc dy ni . Hin nay trm tch chim
khong 75% din tch mt t.
1.2.2.2.2. c im chung
- a s cc loi trm tch u c cu to phn lp, mi mt lp l kt qu lng
ng ca cng mt loi sn phm trong mt thi gian nht nh.
- Thnh phn ho hc v khong vt n gin hn macma (v d: vi ch
c CaCO3, st ch c st,...).
- C th c di tch hu c.
1.2.2.2.3. Phn loi trm tch
Cn c sn phm gn kt to nn m ngi ta chia trm tch ra lm 4
nhm:
trm tch c hc (cn gi l vn): L m sn phm to nn l do
s ph hu c hc ca cc khc.
Ngi ta thng da vo kch thc ca cc sn phm v vn chia ra: vn
khng gn kt v vn gn kt.
- vn khng gn kt: Sn phm v vn trng thi ri rc. Da vo kch
thc ca cc ht vn. Ngi ta chia ra:
+ tng: C kch thc > 200 mm.
+ Dm, cui: c kch thc 10 - 200 mm. Dm l nhng vn sc cnh, cn
cui l nhng vn m cnh b bo mn.
+ Sn, si: c kch thc t 2 - 10 mm.
+ Ct: c kch thc t 0,1 - 2 mm. C th chia ra:
Ct th
1 - 2 mm
Ct ht ln
0,5 - 1 mm
Ct ht trung bnh
0,25 - 0,5 mm
Ct nh
0,1 - 0,25 mm
+ Bt (alrit): c kch thc t 0,01 - 0,1 mm.
+ St: c kch thc < 0,01 mm.
- vn gn kt: L nhng loi c to thnh do cc ht vn c gn li
vi nhau bi mt cht kt gn hoc mt tc nhn no . Tu theo loi ht vn
khc nhau m s c tn tng ng:
+ Dm, cui, sn, si, gn kt li vi nhau to nn dm kt.
+ Ht ct gn kt li vi nhau to nn ct kt hay sa thch.
+ Ht bt gn kt li vi nhau to nn bt kt (alrlit) hay phn sa.
+ St b p cng li vi nhau to nn st (acgilit); khi b p mnh v b phn
thnh lp r th gi l phin st.
trm tch ho hc

 trm tch ho hc c hnh thnh do cc loi khc b ph hu bng cc

phn ng ho hc gii phng ra mt cht no , cht y kt hp vi mt cht khc
c trong mi trng, to nn mt mi c thnh phn ho hc khc vi ban
u.
C cc loi sau y:
+ Tp vi: xp trng, hi xm hoc hi vng; si bt mnh vi HCl
long. Tp vi c to thnh l do vi kt ta bi cc dung dch nc qu bo ho
vi trong khu vc giu vi, do CaCO3 ho tan ng li.
+ Tp silic (gyrit - ca sui nc nng): To thnh do s lng ng silic
ca sui nc nng cha silic ho tan. gm mt khong cht SiO2.nH2O
(opan), b ngoi ging tp vi nhng khng si bt vi HCl long v c rn ln
hn.
trm tch hu c
trm tch hu c l trm tch m sn phm to nn c ngun gc t xc
sinh vt. C mt s sau y:
- vi: vi c to thnh bin, do nhiu loi sinh vt bin trong c th
cha nhiu canxi khi cht i li, v d: san h, trai, c, nhuyn th, to bin,...
- silic: L sn phm ca cc loi Khu to, Hi min,... rt cng thng
c dng phin nn gi l phin silic.
- phtphat: L sn phm ca ng vt c xng sng v vc ng vt khc,
c th ca chng c nhiu Ca v P 2O5. Vit Nam gp 2 loi sau y:
+ Phtphorit: Ca3(PO4)2: Thng c to thnh trong cc khe ni hoc hang
vi do di tch sinh vt cht t lu, nn cn gi l phn ln. C mu vng nu
hoc trng en xen k, c cu to ng tm nh m no.
+ phin Apatit Ca5(PO4)3(F.Cl): c hnh thnh do xc sinh vt bin cht
i, canxiphtphat trong c th b ha tan ri kt ta li to nn. C dng phin,
ht nh, mu xanh xm hoc nu xanh.
- than: Do xc thc phn hy trong iu kin ym kh to nn.
+ Than bn: L do xc thc vt phn hy khng hon ton trong iu kin
ym kh, to nn mt th than xp, mu nu, nu vng hoc nu en; cn nhiu di
tch ca r, cnh, l cy.
+ Than : Thc vt b chn vi di su, b phn hy ym kh u tin to
thnh than bn, sau lu ngy th b p cng bin thnh than nu. Than nu lu
dn thnh than khi v thnh than khng khi. Da vo t l C v cht bc chy m
ngi ta chia ra: than g, than nu, than m, than gy, than khng khi,...
trm tch hn hp
L nhng cu to t sn phm hn hp: vt liu v vn, vt liu ha hc, vt
liu hu c,... C cc loi nh: st vi, vi ln st, vi ln ct,...
1.2.2.3. bin cht
macma hoc trm tch chu tc ng ca nhit cao hoc p sut ln th b
bin i v thnh phn khong vt, thnh phn ha hc v c v kin trc to nn
bin cht.
10

 bin i do nhit cao gi l bin cht nhit; bin i do p sut ln

gi l bin cht ng lc.
Mt s bin cht ph bin nh:
- phin mica: Do cc vy mica xp thnh lp nn gi l phin mica.
- Gnai: C thnh phn khong vt ging granit (thch anh, phenpat,
mica, hoocnblen). Nu t macma th gi l octognai, nu t trm tch th gi l
paragnai.
- hoa (cm thch): L sn phm kt tinh ca vi hay nhng trm tch
giu canxi khc; c mu trng, hi lc, hng, vng hoc ; si bt vi HCl long
nhng yu hn vi.
- quczit: Do ct v ct kt bin i to thnh. c mu trng, khi b ln th
hi , thm, cn gi l c ch.

11

CHNG 2
S PHONG HA V S HNH THNH T
2.1. S PHONG HA
2.1.1. Khi nim
Cc v khong vt lp ngoi ca v tri t di tc ng ca cc yu t
ngoi cnh s b ph hy bi cc tc nhn khc nhau, di cc hnh thc khc nhau,
c gi chung mt cm t l qu trnh phong ha . Sn phm ca qu trnh ny
gi l mu cht, l cc cht v c, l nguyn liu hnh thnh t.
2.1.2. Phn loi
Da vo tnh cht v tc nhn gy ra qu trnh phong ha, ngi ta phn bit ra
ba loi phong ha l: Phong ha l hc; phong ha ha hc v phong ha sinh
hc. Thc t trong t nhin cc loi phong ha ny cng ng thi xy ra, nhng
ty vo tng khu vc, tng iu kin c th m loi phong ha ny xy ra mnh
hn cc loi phong ha khc hoc ngc li.
2.1.2.1. Phong ha l hc
L s v vn ca cc loi thnh nhng ht nh hn, cha c s thay i v
thnh phn v tnh cht ha hc. Tc nhn gy ra l do cc yu t vt l, ch yu l
nhit , nc v gi.
+ Tc nhn nhit : c cu to t nhiu khong vt khc nhau, cc
khong vt khc nhau li c h s gin n khc nhau. Khi nhit thay i th cc
khong vt co gin khng ng thi, nn s b nt v ra. Bin nhit cng ln
th s nt v cng mnh lit.
+ Tc nhn ca nc: Nc chy cun tri , lm cho va p vo nhau b st
v ra; hoc nc chy mn, nc chy s bo mn , lm cho cc phn t
trn b mt b bt ra khi ; Nc xm nhp vo k nt ca , khi nhit
xung di 0 O C s b ng bng, th tch tng ln p vo thnh k nt lm cho
nt to hn, b v vn thm.
+ Tc nhn ca gi:
Gi thi mnh cun bay , cun cc ht bi nh va p vo cng c tc dng
mi mn dn khi ln ng u ngn gi.
2.1.2.2. Phong ho ho hc
L s ph hu bng cc phn ng ho hc. Tc nhn ch yu l H2O, O2, CO2.
Dng phong ho ny lm cho b bin i su sc v thnh phn v tnh cht
ho hc. C th chia ra 4 loi:
+ Qu trnh xy ho: Do tc dng ca oxi v nc s b ph hy theo qu
trnh oxi ha to thnh cht d tan hn.
V d: FeS2 + n H2 O + n O2 Fe2O3.n H2O + Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4
Pyrit
+ Qu trnh ho tan:

Limonit

12

Do tc dng ca nc v CO2 s b ph hy theo phn ng ha tan to thnh

cht d tan hn.
V d: CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2
vi
Bicacbonat canxi (d tan)
+ Qu trnh hydrat ho (thyhp): L qu trnh nc tham gia vo cu to tinh
th ca khong vt.
V d: CaSO4 + 2H2O CaSO4.2H2O
Anhydryt
Thch cao
+ Qu trnh st ho (thu phn): Di tc dng ca nc v CO2 cc ion kim v
kim th trong khong vt Aluminosilicat v Silicat s b ion H+ ca nc chim
ch trong mng li tinh th, to ra cc khong vt th sinh, tr nn dng d ho
tan hn.
V d:
K2O.Al2 O3.6SiO2 + nH2O + CO2 Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O + K2CO3 +
4SiO2.nH2O
Phenpat kali
Kaolinit
Opan
Cc khong vt th sinh l gi l khong st ca t, chng l nhng tinh th
nh b, thuc kch thc keo t, nn c gi l keo st ca t.
2.1.2.3. Phong ho sinh hc
L s ph hu bi cc nhn t sinh vt, bao gm: vi sinh vt, thc v ng vt
(k c con ngi).
V d: a y v ru bm r vo k nt, ho tan v ht cht dinh dng t . R
cy ln cng c th m vo k nt ca ri ln dn ln lm v to ra. Cc hp
cht hu c do xc sinh vt phn hy mang tnh axit cng c tc dng ph hy ;...
2.1.3. SN PHM PHONG HO
Cc sn phm do s phong ho v khong vt to ra c gi chung l mu
cht. Mu cht l nguyn liu chnh ca t (95 - 98% trng lng t), l c s
hnh thnh t; Mu cht chu tc ng su sc ca hot ng sinh hc dn dn
c b sung thm cht hu c v tr thnh t.
Cn c vo kh nng di chuyn ca mu cht, ngi ta chia mu cht ra 3 loi
l:
+ Tn tch (eluvi): l sn phm phong ho c gi li ti ch.
+ Sn tch (deluvi): l sn phm phong ho b cun tri t trn cao xung v
tch t sn v chn ni ging nh sn phm dc t.
+ Ph sa (aluvi): l loi mu cht ht mn do nc li cun v vn chuyn i xa
ri bi t li dc ng i ca chng.
Cn c vo ngun gc hnh thnh ngi ta phn bit lm 2 loi:
+ Mu cht ti ch: L mu cht sau khi phong ho ra th c gi li ti ch.
+ Mu cht bi t: L mu cht do ni khc a ti.
2.1.4. V PHONG HO
L lp ngoi cng ca v Tri t cha cc sn phm ca cc qu trnh phong
ho v khong. t l phn trn cng ca v phong ha.
13

Do ngun gc ca cc loi mu cht khc nhau nn hnh thnh nn 2 loi v

phong ho khc nhau, l: v phong ho ti ch (cha mu cht tn tch) v v
phong ho trm tch (cha mu cht sn tch v ph sa).
Vit Nam c cc loi v phong ho sau y:
- V phong ha alit: gp vng ni cao >1.700m ( min Bc) v >1.800m ( min
Nam).
- V phong ha feralit: C cao t 25-1.700m ( min Bc) v t 50-1.800m
( min Nam).
- V phong ha macgalit-feralit: gp vng bt bazan v vi.
- V phong ha trm tch sialit: l cc vng ph sa. C cc v phong ha nh:
trm tch sialit khng mn, trm tch sialit mn, trm tch sialit chua mn,...
2.2. QU TRNH HNH THNH T
2.2.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V QU TRNH HNH THNH T
S hnh thnh t l mt qu trnh bin i vt cht rt phc tp din ra lp
ngoi cng ca v Tri t, di tc ng ca nhiu yu t khc nhau.
Khi Tri t cha c s sng, by gi ch din ra s ph hu m (phong ha)
to ra sn phm l cc cht v c c kch thc khc nhau, gi chung l mu cht.
Mu cht b nc cun tri, trm tch li mt ni no , dn dn hnh thnh nn
trm tch. C th gi l vng i tun hon a cht. Thc cht ca vng i
tun hon a cht l qu trnh phong ha to thnh mu cht.
Khi Tri t c sinh vt, b sung thm mt phn mi l cc hp cht hu
c. Mc d cht hu c ch l mt phn nh ca trng lng t, nhng lm cho
mu cht tr thnh t, c thuc tnh sinh hc ca n l ph v c kh nng sn
xut ra sn phm cy trng, gi l vng Tiu tun hon sinh vt. y l vng
tun hon khng khp kn, m theo kiu xoy trn c. Ngha l sau mt chu k sng,
sinh vt tr li cho t mt lng cht hu c nhiu hn, lm cho t ngy cng ph
nhiu, mu m hn.
Nh vy, qu trnh hnh thnh t ch bt u t khi c s sng xut hin. Bi
vy bn cht ca qu trnh hnh thnh t l s thng nht mu thun gia vng i
tun hon a cht v vng tiu tun hon sinh hc. C s ca qu trnh hnh thnh
t la vng i tun hon a cht, cn bn cht ca qu trnh hnh thnh t l
vng tiu tun hon sinh vt.
2.2.2. CC YU T HNH THNH T
Theo -cu-trai-ep th c 5 yu t hnh thnh t l: Sinh vt, kh hu, m, a
hnh v thi gian (tui). i vi t trng cn chu tc ng ca yu t con ngi.
2.2.2.1. Sinh vt: y l yu t ch o, v nh n m mu cht tr thnh t.
Sinh vt c th phn thnh 3 nhm chnh l: Vi sinh vt, thc vt v ng vt.
Vi sinh vt
Vi sinh vt gi vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh hnh thnh t vi hai chc nng
chnh:
- Phn gii v tng hp cht hu c: l qu trnh khong ha v qu trnh
mn ha cht hu c. Qu trnh phn gii cc hp cht hu c cha cacbon v cha
14

m, duy tr v n nh vng tun hon cacbon v vng tun ha m trong t

nhin, m bo cho cy xanh pht trin, t duy tr s sng cc sinh vt khc trn
Tri t.
- To nn m cho t: Trong v khong khng c m, m m trong t
u tin l nh cc sinh vt c nh m t nit kh tri. y l mt kh nng c
bit ch c mt s vi sinh vt, chng c gi l vi sinh vt c nh m. Nh vy
m t c b sung m v ngy cng mu m hn.
Vai tr ca thc vt
Thc vt l ngun cung cp cht hu c ch yu cho t (chim 4/5 tng s cht
hu c ca t). Thc vt xc tin qu trnh phong ha to ra mu cht. R cy
lm tng ti xp v tng ph nhiu cho lp t mt. Thc vt cn c tc dng
gi m cho t, hn ch s xi mn ra tri cc cht trong t. Thm thc vt khc
nhau hnh thnh nn cc loi t c tnh cht khc nhau.
Vai tr ca ng vt
ng vt cung cp cht hu c cho t bng cc cht thi ca chng v bng xc
c th chng khi cht i. Mt khc, ng vt o bi t hoc phn giun thi ra
gp phn ci thin tnh cht vt l ca t, tng tnh thong kh, to kt cu tt,....
2.2.2.2. Kh hu
Cc yu t kh hu c nh hng trc tip v gin tip ti qu trnh hnh thnh
t.
* nh hng trc tip: ma, nhit , gi,... y mnh qu trnh phong ha
to ra mu cht. Ma to ra m cho t, to ra s xi mn v ra tri cc cht
ca t; Nng ko di, t mt nc tr nn kh hn; Nc cn nh hng ti mu
sc ca t.
* nh hng gin tip: cc iu kin ca kh hu c tc dng y mnh hay km
hm s pht trin ca sinh vt. V vy, mi i kh hu khc nhau s c nhng
loi t c th .
2.2.2.3. a hnh
a hnh bng phng, dc hay thp trng,... s c tc dng xi mn hay tch ly
mu cht v cht hu c, lm cho s hnh thnh v cc qu trnh bin i ca t s
theo cc chiu hng khc nhau.
cao tuyt i khc nhau th s phn phi ch ma, m, nhit ,... cng
khc nhau, t s nh hng ti qu trnh phong ha , s pht trin, phn b
chng loi sinh vt v tch ly cc cht trong t. V th cao khc nhau to ra
cc vnh ai t hon ton khc nhau.
2.2.2.4. m
m b phong ha cho ra mu cht, mu cht l nguyn liu chnh ca t. V
th c th ni giu nguyn t no th cho ra t giu nguyn t . V d: t
pht trin t bazan - mt loi kim cho ra t c tng dy, c tng hm lng
dinh dng cao, ngc li t c hnh thnh t granit th c tng t mng,
ngho dinh dng, d b kh hn.
2.2.2.5. Thi gian (tui ca t)
15

S hnh thnh t phi tri qua mt thi gian di. Ngi ta c cc khi nim sau:
- Tui tuyt i ca t i ni c tnh t khi mu cht bt u c tch ly cht
hu c cho n hin ti (ngi ta thng dng phng php cacbon phng x
nh tui ca mn ri suy ra tui tuyt i ca t). Tui tuyt i ca t ng
bng c tnh t khi vng t thot khi nh hng ca thy triu sng hoc
bin. Tui tuyt i c tnh bng nm.
- Tui tng i ca t l s chnh lch v giai on pht trin ca cc loi t
trn cng mt lnh th c tui tuyt i nh nhau. N c nh ga bng mc
pht trin ca t trong nhng iu kin ngoi cnh no .
2.2.2.6. Yu t con ngi
Trong qu trnh s dng t trng trt con ngi c tc ng n t rt
su sc, lm cho t thay i rt nhanh chng, c th lm cho t ngy cng mu
m hoc thoi ha i.
Con ngi c th xc tin s hnh thnh t trng trt sm hn v lm cho t
ngy cng mu m; nhng nu du canh du c, pht rng lm ry, th sau vi v gieo
trng t s b kit qu, mt sc sn xut.
S dng t hp l l cch tc ng tch cc vo t bt t cung cp nhiu
sn phm nht, khai thc t lu di v ph t ngy cng c nng cao.
2.3. HNH THI T
Hnh thi t l nhng c trng ca t m c th quan st c, l kt qu
ca qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca t.
Ngi ta quan st hnh thi ca t qua phu din t (profile). Phu din t
(profile) l mt phng ct thng ng t mt t xung cc tng su ca t.
Cc c trng hnh thi ca t m c th quan st c l:
2.3.1. Cc tng t
Trong qu trnh hnh thnh t, cc vt cht c to ra v nhng l do khc nhau
chng s c di chuyn theo khng gian v c tch ly li cc v tr khc nhau.
Kt qu to ra cc tng t khc nhau m ta c th quan st c d dng. Ngi
ta gi cc tng t trong phu din t l tng pht sinh. Cc tng t khc nhau c
phn bit nh mt s du hiu nh: mu sc, kch thc cp ht (thnh phn c gii),
cht, kt cu,....
Mt phu din t rng t nhin (t a thnh) thng c 4 tng l: O, A, B
v C theo th t t mt t xung su nh sau:
Tng O: l tng hu c (cn gi l tng tho mc). Tng ny cha xc thc vt
v ng vt cha c phn gii hoc mi trng thi bn phn gii.
Cn lu rng tng O ch c t rng cha khai thc, cn t c khai
thc trng trt mt thm thc vt rng, th tng ny xem nh khng c.
Tng A: gi l tng ra tri (eluvial). L tng t cha nhiu mn. Trong thc t
tng ny c nhiu cht b ra tri xung cc tng su ngay c st, chnh v th ngi
ta gi l tng ra tri. Thng nhm ny ngi ta chia ra cc tng ph A1, A2, A3.

16

Tng B: gi l tng tch t (illuvial). L tng cha cc

hp cht nh oxyt st, nhm, khong st b ra tri t
trn xung. Cng c trng hp cc cht ny c hnh
thnh ti ch hoc t nhng tng pha di i ln. Tng B
Tng O
trong nhiu vng t c th tch ra cc tng ph B1, B2,
B3.
Tng A
Tng C: Tng mu cht; cha cc sn phm phong ha t
.
Tng D: Tng m. L tng gc.
i vi t ng bng (t thy thnh):
Tng B
Phu din t khng tun theo ng quy lut trn, cc
tng t trong phu din ca cc loi t khc nhau hoc
nhng v tr khc nhau s rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo ch
nc v phng thc canh tc cy trng cn hay cy
Tng C
trng nc.
V d: c trng mt phu din t la nc vng
Tng D
ng bng c cc tng nh sau:
Tng Ac - tng canh tc.
Tng P - tng cy.
Tng B - tng tch t, loang l vng.
Tng G - tng gly.
Hnh 1 - S cu to phu din
t
2.3.2. Mu sc t
Mu sc t th hin thnh phn ha hc ca t, thnh phn cc cht cha trong
t. Mu sc t rt phong ph, nhng u c to nn bi 3 mu c bn l: trng,
en v .
Mu en ch yu l do mn to nn, mn cng nhiu th t cng en. i khi
mu en cn do oxit mangan (MnO2) to nn.
Mu ca t ch yu do oxyt st (Fe 2O3) to nn. Nu oxyt st ngm nc
chng c mu vng.
Mu trng ch yu l do thch anh (SiO2), khong st (kaolinit) hay canxi
cacbonat (CaCO3) to nn. t cng trng chng t mn cng t, cng ngho dinh
dng.
Ngoi ra t b gly th c mu xanh xm, ch yu l do hp cht Fe ha tr 2
(FeO.nH2O) to ra.
Trong thc t t c nhiu mu sc khc nhau, khng c mt loi t no ng
nht mt mu, m lun c s pha trn gia cc mu, trong c mt mu l ch
o. Ngi ta c th da vo mu sc ca t t tn cho t.
2.3.3. Cht xm nhp v cht mi sinh

17

Trong qu trnh nghin cu phu din t ngi ta gp nhng vt liu khc nhau,
ngi ta phn bit ra 2 loi:
- Cc cht (hoc vt liu) m khng c ngun gc t qu trnh hnh thnh v pht
trin ca t th gi l cht xm nhp (cn gi l cht ln vo), nh: mnh snh,
gch vn,...
- Cc cht (hoc vt liu) c sinh ra c ngun gc (hay l kt qu) ca qu
trnh hnh thnh t th gi l cht mi sinh. Da vo ngun gc hnh thnh c th
chia ra:
+ Cht mi sinh c ngun gc ha hc nh: kt von, ong,...
+ Cht mi sinh c ngun gc sinh hc nh phn giun, t mi,...
Trn c s cht mi sinh ta c th nhn nh c tnh cht t v mt s qu
trnh xy ra trong t, v d: gp kt von hay ong ta bit c t c qa trnh
tch ly st.
2.4. MT S QU TRNH THNG XY RA TRONG T
Di tc ng ca cc iu kin t nhin khc nhau, mi loi t khng ch
chu nh hng ca mt qu trnh nht nh, m chu nh hng ca nhiu qu trnh
khc nhau, trong c mt hoc vi qu trnh chim u th, quyt nh tnh cht
t.
Sau y l mt s qu trnh thng xut hin trong s hnh thnh t Vit
nam.
2.4.1. Qu trnh ha st
Trong qu trnh phong ha hnh thnh t, cc khong th sinh alumin silicat
phc tp c hnh thnh t cc khong vt nguyn sinh silicat nh fenspat, mica,
amphibolit,...
V d: S ph hy ca fenspat kali:
K2O.Al2 O3.6SiO2 + nH2O + CO2 Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O + K2CO3 +
4SiO2.nH2O
fenspat kali
kaolinit
Cc khong vt th sinh gi l khong st ca t, chng l nhng tinh
th nh b, thuc kch thc keo t, nn c gi l keo st ca t.
Nh vy: Ha st l qu trnh bin i khong vt nguyn sinh (ch yu l
silicat v alumin silicat) to thnh cc khong st.
Qu trnh ha st thng km theo s ra tri cc cht kim di dng mui
cacbonat.
iu kin kh hu, a hnh, m,... nh hng n thnh phn v s lng
st trong t. vng kh hu nng m qu trnh ha st din ra mnh v hnh thnh
ch yu l kaolinit. vng kh hu lnh th hnh thnh ch yu l st monmorilonit.
a hnh cao b ra tri mnh, t chua th hnh thnh ch yu l kaolinit. a hnh
thp trng, tch ly nhiu canxi th hnh thnh ch yu l st monmorilonit.
nc ta, kh hu nhit i nng m, sinh vt pht trin mnh, qu trnh ha
st din ra mnh, hu ht vng i ni c thnh phn st ch yu l kaolinit, ch c

18

mt t t en thung lng vi, secpentin th thnh phn st monmorilonit

kh cao.
2.4.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh ong v kt von (cn gi l qu trnh tch ly
tuyt i Fe, Al)
2.4.2.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh ong
V ma ma cc cht Fe b ha tan trong nc di dng oxyt v hydroxyt Fe
ha tr 2, Al th tn ti trong cc keo st, chng c di chuyn theo nc. S di
chuyn bng 2 ng chnh l t nc chy trn trn mt t v t nc ngm. Tt
c c tri xung nc ngm tch ng li chn i ni. n ma kh, khi lp
t trn mt b kh hn, nc ngm theo khe mao qun bc ln tng mt t, ri b
oxy ha thnh oxyt v hydroxyt Fe ha tr 3 kt ta li thnh vt st di dng
HFeO2 (gtit) hoc Fe(OH)3, Fe2O3 nH2O (limonit). Cc vt st ny c tch ly
ri ln dn ln v nhiu ra ni lin li vi nhau lm thnh mt mng li st dy
c, bao bc gia nhiu keo kaolinit (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O), to nn ong.
Khi di t, ong cn mm, khi l ra ngoi mt t cc vt oxyt Fe b oxy
ha thm v b kh nc, nn tip tc kt tinh cng rn li, cc kaolinit mm nn
b n mn i li nhng l nh t ong, nn gi l ong. Thnh phn ch yu ca
ong l oxyt v hydroxyt st.
ong c 3 loi: T ong, ht u v phin.
ong t ong thng gp cc vng i thp tip gip vi ng bng. i
cng trc, cng tr tri th ong cng nhiu v s xut hin cng nng, thm ch
to thnh cc bi ong l thin.
nhng vng ni vi, Fe gp mi trng trung tnh hay kim s kt ta li
cc ht st trn, lu ngy cc ht st trn ni lin vi nhau kt gn li to nn ong
ht u.
Trong trng hp nhiu lp st chng cht ln nhau th to ra ong dng
phin. Loi ny t gp v nguyn nhn cha r.
Nh vy ong hnh thnh l do nc ngm v s bc hi ca nc ngm
quyt nh. V th nhng ni nc ngm khng tch ly c ( nh ni i hoc
sn ni i) hoc vng ng bng thng xuyn c nc trn mt (hn ch c
s bc hi ca nc ngm) th khng hnh thnh ong.
S xut hin ong l du hiu ca s thoi ha t. Nhng t c ong th
chua, ngho dinh dng nh hng xu n sinh trng pht trin ca nhiu loi
cy trng. ong s lm cho tng t mt mng dn, thm ch khng th canh tc
c na.
2.4.2.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh kt von
V c ch hnh thnh cng do Fe2+ b oxy ha thnh Fe3+ tch ly trong t
dng Fe(OH)3 hoc Fe2O3nH2O, to nn nhng gip st bao quanh vt th no
hoc kt ta st dng vin, gi l nhng ht kt von.
Nh vy v ngun gc hnh thnh khng phi ch t nc ngm, m c th ngay
t dung dch t, v bn thn trong t nhit i m vn d cha nhiu st.

19

Da vo hnh dng v nguyn nhn to kt von m chia ra: Kt von trn, kt von
hnh ng, kt von gc nai hoc c gng v kt von gi. Kt von trn c mt nhn
gia v st to thnh nhng vng cu ng tm xung quanh nhn, thng c kt
ta t dung dch tht, c mu nu en, nu mu en v mm l kt von MnO2, kt
von hnh ng thng rng gia, kt von gi l cc mnh hay khong vt c st
bao bc xung quanh.
Quy lut phn b: nhng i thp ch no cng c kt von, nhng nhiu nht l
chn i (v ni y t ng c nhiu st); vng ni t c kt von (hoc ch c
kt von gi m thi); Nhng ni tip gip vi vi hoc t c nhiu v s, hn
th hm lng kt von tng vt (chng t cation kim c nh hng ln n vic kt
ta st); Nhng vng t thp bng th t c kt von hoc ch gp kt von trn m
thi; t ngp nc quanh nm th khng c kt von.
Nu kt von cn t t 10-15% v su th cha nh hng ln, thm ch mt s cy
li mc tt trn loi t ny (nh cy da).
2.4.3. Qu trnh Feralit (cn gi l qu trnh tch ly tng i Fe, Al )
y l qu trnh din ra rt in hnh Vit Nam v l mt qu trnh hnh
thnh t ph bin vng nhit i m, hnh thnh nn t Feralit (t i ni) c
mu vng hay vng.
vng nhit i nng m, cc khong vt b ph hy mnh m to ra cc oxit:
SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 v oxit ca cc kim loi kim v kim th.
Trong iu kin m cao, nn:
- Cc oxit Fe, Al kt tinh thnh cc oxit (R2 O3) ngm nc kt ta:
Fe2O3.nH2O (limonit), Al2O3.nH2 O (boxit), kh ra tri, nn b ra tri t.
- SiO2 b thy phn thnh H2SiO3 ha tan, nn b ra tri nhiu.
- Oxit ca cc kim loi kim v kim th b thy phn thnh cc hydroxyt ha
tan, nn b ra tri nhiu.
Do R2O3 b ra tri t hn nn tn ti trong t nhiu hn, lm cho t l % Fe
v Al trong t tng ln so vi cc nguyn t khc, gi l s tch ly tng i.
S ra tri cng mnh th s tch ly tng i Fe v Al cng thun li.
Qu trnh tch ly Fe, Al tng i v tuyt i c lin quan cht ch vi nhau.
Qu trnh tch ly Fe, Al tng i gii phng ra Fe, Al to iu kin cho vic hnh
thnh kt von v ong. C hai qu trnh u gi l tch ly, nhng hon ton khc
nhau v bn cht, nn khng th coi hai qu trnh l mt. Trong mt s trng hp
nht nh, kt qu ca qu trnh feralit s dn n s hnh thnh kt von v ong.
Tuy nhin khng th coi s hnh thnh kt von v ong l kt qu tt yu ca qu
trnh tch ly Fe, Al tng i.
- Cc nh khoa hc t thng da vo t l SiO2/Al2O3, SiO2/Fe2O3,
SiO2/R2O3 nh gi qu trnh Feralit, t l trn cng thp th qu trnh Feralit
din ra cng mnh:
SiO2
T l
< 2 th qu trnh feralit mnh;
R2O3
20

= 2 th qu trnh feralit in hnh;

> 2 th qu trnh feralit yu.
Cc yu t nh hng n cng qu trnh feralit:
- cao tuyt i: Cng ln cao nhit cng gim dn, kh hu cng lnh, m
cng tng, qu trnh feralit yu dn, qu trnh tch ly mn li tng ln. nc ta
qu trnh feralit xy ra vnh ai cao l: min Bc t 25 - 900m, min Nam t
50 - 1000m.
- m v a hnh: iu kin a hnh cng dc, cng d thot nc th qu
trnh feralit xy ra cng mnh. m cng cng rn th qu trnh feralit cng mnh
(do phong ha t, m li ngho Ca, Mg m ra tri nhiu th t l Fe, Al s tng
nhanh).
- Thm thc vt tha tht th qu trnh feralit xy ra cng mnh (v lm tng s ra
tri).
2.4.4. Qu trnh gly
Qu trnh gly l hin tng c trng xy ra trong t ym kh, t ngp nc
di ngy (t tha m), ph bin vng t ng bng v mt s t ngp nc
vng i ni nh: t ly tht, t thung lng dc t trng la nc,...
Bn cht ca qu trnh gly l qu trnh kh sinh vt rt phc tp trong iu
kin ym kh, vi s tham gia ca vi sinh vt ym kh.
Mt c im quan trng ca qu trnh gly l s tch ly cc sn phm kh:
3+
Fe thnh Fe2+ do kt qu hot ng ca vi sinh vt ym kh (nhm vi sinh vt kh
Fe v vi khun Clostridium), cng vi s kh Mn4+ thnh Mn2+ v cc sn phm
phn gii cht hu c trong iu kin ym kh (CH4, H2, H2S,...). Fe2+ sau khi c
hnh thnh, nu t tip tc b ym kh th n cng vi silicat v khong st ti tng
hp ra silicat th sinh, trong Fe dng ha tr 2 lm cho cc khong ny c mu
xanh, xanh l, hay xanh thm. Tng t cha nhiu khong th sinh ny s c mu
xanh c trng v c mi tanh hi, gi l tng gly (st gan tru).
Nu tnh trng m ca t khng ko di th tng gly khng hnh thnh m
ch hnh thnh nhng vt gly, tng t c ri rc nhng vt gly gi l tng b gly
ha.
Sn phm xut hin u tin trong qu trnh kh st l Fe(HCO3)2. Hp cht
st Fe(HCO3)2 rt d di ng v ho kh, khi gp oxy n b oxyha thnh Fe3+.
4Fe(HCO3)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 + 8CO2
Qu trnh ny n to nn lp vng c mu trn mt rung ngp nc lu
ngy v nhng vt vng loang l xen k vi cc vt xm xanh trong t c iu
kin kh v m xen k. Nu iu kin kh hn ko di th to thnh kt von ri rc
vi cc vt gly.
Trong qu trnh gly cn sinh ra Mn2+ l ion d b ra tri nh st. l hin
tng tng canh tc ca t ph sa b nht dn t mu nu sang mu nu nht, l do
Fe2+ v Mn2+ b ra tri nhiu, to ra t gi l t "bc in" hay t "gan g".
Trong qu trnh gly cn to ra H2S v FeS. H2 S to ra nhiu trong iu kin
t c nhiu cht hu c, lc s gy c cho cy. l hin tng xy ra t
21

bc mu nu vi nhiu cy phn xanh m cy ngay th s lm cho r la b thi en.

FeS sinh ra nhiu hay t ph thuc vo lng Fe trong t, nhng FeS khng hi
cho cy trng nhiu v n rt kh tan.
Trong qu trnh gly cn hnh thnh mt s khong rt kh b oxyha nh
FeCO3 (xirit), Fe 3(PO4)2.8H2O (vivianit), gy ra hin tng t giu ln tng s
nhng ngho ln d tiu.
Trong qu trnh gly, m cng b bin i nhiu: NO3- b kh thnh N2 gy ra
hin tng mt m ca t. Cn i vi ln th phtphat st 3 b kh thnh
phtphat st 2 d tan hn li c li cho cy. V vy bn dng ln kh tan (nh
apatit, phtphorit) mt lng ln s c tc dng lu di cho nhiu v sau.
Nh vy: Qu trnh gly xy ra mnh nhng t ngp nc lu ngy, nh
t ly, t ph sa ng nc, t phn,... nhng t nh t ct, t bc mu, t
vng trng la nc, t trng mt v la v mt v mu th trong phu din t
c th xut hin tng b gly ha m thi.
Ty theo thi gian ngp nc, mc ym kh trong t v su ca mc
nc ngm m tng gly dy hay mng v nng hay su.
c im chung ca tng t gly l c thnh phn c gii nng, do, dnh, b
cht, khng c kt cu, t chua, nhiu cht c cho cy trng nh CH4, H2 S,...
t b gly mnh, tng gly nng th nh hng xu n sinh trng v pht
trin ca cy, k c nhng cy a nc nh la. V vy nhng t b gly mnh ta
phi thay i mi trng t t trng thi kh sang trng thi oxyha.
*
*

22

CHNG 3
CHT HU C CA T
3.1. KHI NIM, NGUN GC V THNH PHN CHT HU C TRONG
T
3.1.1. Khi nim
Cht hu c l mt b phn cu thnh t, l nguyn liu to nn ph nhiu
ca t; l phn qu gi nht ca t, l kho d tr dinh dng cho cy trng.
S lng, thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht hu c c nh hng ln n qu
trnh hnh thnh t v cc tnh cht l, ha, sinh hc xy ra trong t.
3.1.2. Ngun gc cht hu c trong t
Cht hu c trong t c ngun gc t tn tch sinh vt, bao gm xc thc vt,
ng vt v vi sinh vt t (trong xc thc vt chim ti 4/5 tng s cht hu c
ca t) v t cc sn phm phn gii v tng hp c ca vi sinh vt.
i vi t trng trt th cht hu c trong t cn do con ngi b sung vo t
cc ngun hu c khc nh phn chung, phn bc, phn xanh, phn rc, bn ao,...
3.1.3. Thnh phn ca cht hu c trong t
Cht hu c trong t c th chia ra 2 b phn:
- Cht hu c cha b phn gii (cn nguyn hnh th ban u) nh: r cy, thn
l cy, xc ng vt,... y khng phi l phn chnh ca cht hu c trong t.
- Cc cht hu c b phn gii: y l phn chnh ca cht hu c trong t.
B phn ny c chia lm 2 phn:
+ Nhm cht hu c ngoi mn (khng phi l mn): l sn phm phn gii
ca cht hu c, gm cc hp cht hu c n gin cha C v N nh: gluxit, protit,
lipit, cc axit hu c, cc andehyt, lignin, tanin, nha, sp... (chim 10-15%).
+ Nhm hp cht hu c phc tp gi l mn, (chim 85-90%).
3.2. QU TRNH BIN HA CHT HU C TRONG T
S bin ha cht hu c trong t l mt qu trnh sinh ha rt phc tp, bng
cc phn ng ha hc c s tham gia tch cc ca h vi sinh vt t.
C th tm tt qu trnh bin ha cht hu c theo s sau y:
CHT HU C

N2
VSV
c nh
m

Mui khong:
R+ (NO3-, NO2- CO32-,
SO42-, PO43-...), NH3,
CO2, H2O, H2S, CH4,
PH3,..

Cht mn
Khong ha t t

R: c th l: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ , Na+, Fe3+, Al3+, NH4+,...

23

3.2.1. QU TRNH KHONG HA CHT HU C

3.2.1.1. Khi nim: Qu trnh khong ha cht hu c l qu trnh phn gii
hon ton cht hu c trong t di tc dng ca qun th vi sinh vt to ra cc
sn phm nh mui khong, NH4+ , CO2, H2O, cc cht kh H2 S, CH4, PH3,...
S khong ha cht hu c c tin hnh bng cc phn ng sinh ha hc vi
s tham gia ca nhiu loi vi sinh vt t, c th tm tt qua 3 bc:
Thy phn peptit, axit amin, ccloi ng (hexoza, pentoza, sacaroza,
glucoza,...), polyphenol, glyxerin, axit bo.
Thc hin cc phn ng kh amin, oxyha-kh, kh cacboxyl,... Cc ru,
cc andehyt, cc axit hu c mnh vng, mch thng, cc axit hu c no v khng
no, cc hp cht phenon v quynon, cc hp cht cacbon n gin v cc axit v c.
Khong ha hon ton: Theo 2 con ng:
- Ho kh R2SO4, R3PO4, R2(SO4)3, R2(PO4)3, R2 SO3, RNO3, RNO2, NH3,
CO2, H2O,... (R c th l: Ca2+, Mg2 +, K+, Na+ , Fe3+, Al3+, NH4+ ,...)
- Ym kh CH4, H2, N2, H2S, PH3, NH3, CO2, H2O
3.2.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh khong ha
- Kh hu: to mi trng khong ha thch hp, cc vi sinh vt phn gii cht
hu c i hi nhit t 25 - 30 0C v m khong 70%, c trng cho kh hu
nhit i nng m ca Vit Nam.
- Tnh cht t: t c thnh phn c gii nh (t ct, t bc mu, tht nh) ti
xp, thot nc, pH trung tnh l mi trng thch hp cho h vi sinh vt ho kh
hot ng phn gii cht hu c, nn qu trnh khong ha s chim u th.
- c im cht hu c: Cc loi cy thn tho, cy non, cy l to giu ng,
C/N thp,... thng phn gii d hn, nn qu trnh khong ha s nhanh v mnh
hn.
3.2.2. QU TRNH MN HA CHT HU C TRONG T
3.2.2.1. Khi nim
Mn l sn phm tng hp c hnh thnh nh s hot ng ca nhiu loi vi
sinh vt trong t. Qu trnh mn ha l qu trnh kt hp cc phn ng phn gii v
cc phn ng tng hp cht hu c do vi sinh vt m nhim, to ra mt hp
cht hu c phc tp, cao phn t, c cha cc hp cht cu to mch vng (hp
cht thm) gi l mn.
3.2.2.2. Cc bc mn ha trong t
Cc nh khoa hc t trn th gii chp nhn rng: hp cht mn c hnh
thnh theo 3 bc chnh, c th tm tt nh sau:
* Bc 1: T cc hp cht hu c nh protit, lipit, lignin, tanin,... (ca xc sinh
vt hoc sn phm tng hp ca vi sinh vt), chng c cc vi sinh vt phn gii
thnh cc sn phm hu c trung gian.
* Bc 2: Di tc ng ca cc vi sinh vt tng hp, cc hp cht hu c trung
gian to thnh cc lin kt hp cht, l cc hp cht phc tp nh: cc cht to

24

nhn vng, cc cht to mch nhnh v cc cht to nhm nh chc cho hp cht
mn.
* Bc 3: Trng hp cc lin kt hp cht phc tp thnh hp cht mn.
3.2.2.3. Cu to chung ca mt phn t mn
Mt phn t mn c 4 phn:
- Nhn vng: c ngun gc t cc hp cht hu c cha gc phenon, quinon nh:
benzen, naftalin, antraxen, furan, pirol, indol, piridin, quinolin,...

Benzen

Naftalin

Antraxen

Fural

N
H

Pirol
Indol
Piridin
Quinolin
- Mch nhnh: c th l cc hp cht hydratcacbon hay hp cht cha nit.
- Cc nhm nh chc: nh cacboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), cacbonyl
(=CO), metoxyl (-O-CH3),...
- Cu ni: c th l mt nguyn t (-O-; =N-), hoc mt nhm nguyn t (=NH;
=CH2), ...
3.2.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh mn ha
Kh hu
- Ch nhit: nhit thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt tham gia vo qu trnh mn
ha cht hu c l 25 - 300C v m > 70%.
- Ch m: Trong iu kin kh hanh quanh nm th tc mn ha chm,
nhng nu thng xuyn ngp nc th qu trnh mn ha xy ra trong iu kin
ym kh sinh ra nhiu cht c, nh hng n hot ng ca vi sinh vt, lm gim
tc mn ha. Trong iu kin ma m v ma kh xen k th mn c tch ly
nhiu nht. ma nng m thun li cho qu trnh phn gii, n ma kh cc sn
phm phn gii c vi sinh vt chuyn ha, trng hp li, to thnh mn.
Tnh cht t: t c thnh phn c gii nng qu trnh tch ly mn thun li
hn t c thnh phn c gii nh. t ct, t bc mu qu trnh phn gii nhanh
v kh nng gi mn km. pH trung tnh l mi trng thch hp cho h vi sinh vt
mn ha hot ng tt. t giu Ca2+ , Mg2+ th mn c tch ly nhiu hn, v
Ca2+ , Mg2+ va to pH trung tnh, va cung cp dinh dng cho vi sinh vt hot
ng, va to lin ht vi cc axit mn to thnh hp cht bn, t b ra tri.
25

 c im xc hu c: Cc loi cy thn tho, cy non, cy l to giu ng,

tinh bt, protit, lipit, t l C/N thp (< 25), qu trnh hnh thnh mn nhanh hn v
cho ra mn nhuyn. Ngc li cc loi cy thn g lu nm, cy l kim, cy bi gai
cha nhiu xenlulo, sp nha, tanin,... t l C/N ln, th thng cho ra mn th.
3.2.2.5. Thnh phn mn v c im ca chng
Ngi ta dng bin php ha tan mn trong cc dung mi khc nhau tch mn
ra cc thnh phn khc nhau. Kt qu cho thy cht mn gm 3 t hp chnh l:
axit humic, axit fulvic v humin.
Axit humic
L mt t hp ca mn, c mu nu sm hoc nu en, l mt axit hu c cao
phn t cha nit, c cha cc hp cht cu to mch vng, c hnh thnh trong
mi trng trung tnh, khng tan trong nc v axit v c, nhng tan trong dung
dch kim long,....
- Thnh phn nguyn t ha hc ch yu ca axit humic l: C: 50 - 62%; H: 2,8 6%; O: 31 - 41%; N: 2,0 - 6%; cc nguyn t tro nh: P, S, Al, Fe, Si,...(1 - 10%).
Phn t lng ca axit humic rt ln, hin nay cn c nhiu kin khc nhau,
nh: 3.000-1.000.000 (Russel, 1983); 1.300 (Oden, 1912-1919); 30-50.000 (Flaig,
1929),...
Axit humic c cu trc phn t rt phc tp:
- Cc hp cht cu to mch vng chim 50 - 60% trng lng phn t mn.
- Cc hp cht mch nhnh chim 25 - 40% trng lng phn t mn.
- Cc nhm nh chc chim 10 - 25% trng lng phn t mn.
* Nhng tnh cht c bn ca axit humic:
+ Tnh axit thp (pH = 3 - 3,6) do nhiu nhn vng v nhiu nhm nh chc
OH.
+ t di ng, mc ngng t cao do trng lng phn t ln, nn t b ra tri.
+ Kh nng hp thu ca keo mn axit humic rt cao: 300 - 600 ll/100g keo.
+ Tnh m ca axit humic cao do mch nhnh c nhiu hp cht cha nit.
Axit Fulvic
L mt t hp ca mn, c mu vng rm, l mt axit hu c cao phn t
cha nit, c cha cc hp cht cu to mch vng, hnh thnh trong mi trng
chua, d tan trong nc, axit, baz v nhiu dung mi hu c khc.
Thnh phn cc nguyn t ha hc: C: 40 - 52%; H: 3,5 - 5% ; O: 40 - 48%; N:
2,4%, hm lng cc nguyn t tro t 7-10%
- Cu trc phn t axit fulvic tng t nh axit humic, nhng nhn vng t hn,
mch nhnh nhiu hn, nn axit fulvic c tnh a nc, kh nng ngng t keo km,
phn tn cao, kh nng di ng ln, nhiu nhm nh chc COOH nn chua hn
(pH = 2,6 - 2,8).
- Axit fulvic cng c kh nng hp ph trao i cao (T: 120-150 ll/100g keo).
Trng thi tn ti ca cc axit mn

26

Trong t cc axit mn rt t trng thi t do, m ch yu kt hp vi cc

cation to thnh cc phc cht v cc mui humat (H) v mui fulvat (F). Cc mui
v phc cht c chia thnh 3 nhm:
- Nhm H1 v F1: cc axit mn kt hp vi cc cation kim loi kim ha tr 1
+
(K , Na+ v NH4+) to thnh cc mui c mu nu, phn t nh, khng bn, d b
ha tan trong nc nn d b ra tri.
- Nhm H2 v F2: cc axit mn kt hp vi cation kim loi ha tr 2 (Ca2+ , Mg2+)
to thnh cc mui c mu xm, c phn t ln hn, khng tan trong nc, l keo
phc bn nn t b ra tri.
- Nhm H3 v F3: cc axit mn kt hp vi cation ha tr 3 (Al3+, Fe3+) to thnh
cc phc cht ni l nhng chelat kh bn; c th c lin kt vi keo st ca t qua
cu Fe, Al to nn nhng lin kt bn vng rt kh b phn hy.
So snh axit humic vi axit fulvic
- So snh H1, H2, H3 vi F1, F2, F3 th cc mui F1, F2, F3 d tan hn v di ng
hn nhiu, nn d dng ra tri ra khi t, va lm mt mn, va lm mt cht
khong ca t.
- Axit humic l mt t hp mn tt nht ca hp cht mn, c nhng c tnh tt
nh: t chua, t b ra tri, hm lng nit cao, kh nng hp ph ln, cc lin kt
vi cation v khong st kh bn.
- Axit fulvic l mt t hp mn xu hn axit humic. t giu axit fulvic thng
b chua, d b ngho mn, cc nguyn t trong t d b ra tri i di dng cc
mui fulvat d ha tan.
Humin
L t hp ca cc cht mn khng hot ng, nn cn c gi l mn tr, c
cu to bi cc lin kt gia cc axit humic, axit fulvic v cc khong st trong t.
Humin c mu en, khng tan trong nc, trong axit v kim, c phn t lng rt
ln, rt bn vng trong t, kh phn hy cy trng s dng.
3.3. VAI TR CA CHT HU C V MN TRONG T
3.3.1. i vi tnh cht ca t
Mn ci thin tnh cht vt l t:
+ Mn l nhn t ch yu ci thin v to kt cu t lm cho t ti xp.
+ Mn ci thin thnh phn c gii ca t.
+ Mn nh hng n t trng, dung trong, tnh lin kt, tnh dnh, do v sc cn
ca t.
+ Mn l nhn t iu ha nhit , trnh c s thay i t ngt v nhit
ca t nh hng cho cy.
+ Mn lm tng kh nng gi nc, ng thi tng tnh thm nc ca t, hn
ch nc chy trn b mt, lm gim qu trnh ra tri xi mn t.
Mn quyt nh nhng tnh cht ha hc quan trng ca t:
+ S lng mn nh hng n s lng keo t (v mn l mt keo hu c).
+ S lng v thnh phn mn nh hng n phn ng (pH) ca dung dch t.

27

+ t cng giu mn th kh nng hp ph cng cao, lm tng kh nng chu

nc, chu phn cho t .
+ t giu mn c tnh m cao, m bo cc phn ng ha hc v oxyha-kh
xy ra bnh thng, khng gy hi cho cy trng.
3.3.2. i vi sinh vt
- Mn l kho d tr thc n cung cp t t v thng xuyn cho cy trng v vi
sinh vt t.
- Mn cha mt lng kh ln cc nguyn t a lng cng nh vi lng cn
thit cho i sng ca cy v vi sinh vt, c bit l nguyn t m.
- Axit humic ca mn l cht kch thch sinh trng v l cht khng sinh chng
chu bnh i vi cy (tc dng ch yu l nhn Polyphenol ca mn).
3.4. CH TIU NH GI S LNG V CHT LNG CHT HU
C V MN TRONG T
3.4.1. nh gi s lng
- nh gi s lng mn bng mn tng s (% trng lng lp t mt) hoc
bng ch tiu tn/ha mi tng dy no .
3.4.2. nh gi cht lng
* Da vo dng mn:
- Mn th: L mn c t l C/N > 15.
- Mn nhuyn: L mn c t l C/N 15, cng thp th cng nhuyn; xc hu c
c phn gii v tng hp thnh cht mn mu en, trn u vi lp t.
axit humic
* Da vo t l
t l ny 1 l tt, cng cao th cht lng mn
axit fulvic :
cng tt.
3.5. BIN PHP BO V V NNG CAO CHT HU C V MN TRONG
T
3.5.1. Cc bin php bo v
- i vi t i ni: cn p dng cc bin php bo v thm thc vt v che ph
t, hn ch tp qun t nng ry.
- i vi t trng trt: tuyt i khng cy i mt lp t mt.
- t c a hnh dc th phi c bin php ngn chn dng chy, hn ch s ra
tri, xi mn lm mt mn ca t.
- Bn vi trung ha chua ca t to iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt
mn ha hot ng tt, ng thi to lin kt bn vi axit mn hn ch mn b ra
tri.
- Lm t hp l, ti tiu nc khoa hc, s to ra ch nc, nhit v
khng kh thch hp cho qu trnh phn gii v tng hp cht hu c.
3.5.2. Cc bin php nng cao
- Bn phn hu c thng xuyn nng cao hm lng mn cho t.
- Tng cng trng xen cc loi cy phn xanh, nui bo hoa du lm ngun
phn hu c b sung cho t.

28

- Cn p dng cc bin php lun canh, xen canh hp l, va to ra nhiu sn

phm, va to ra lng cht hu c ln trong cc sn phm ph nh: rm, r, thn
l cy vi tr li cht hu c cho t.
- Bn vo t cc loi phn vi sinh vt tng s lng v chng loi vi sinh vt,
thc y qu trnh mn ha thun li.
- Gim t l C/N trong cht hu c, to mi trng thch hp tng t l
axit humic
ca mn t.
axit fulvic
*
*

29

CHNG 4
THNH PHN HA HC T
V CHT DINH DNG I VI CY
Trong t c cha tt c cc nguyn t ha hc t nhin, nhng phng tin
k thut phn tch cho n nay ngi ta mi ch nh lng c khong 45 nguyn
t ha hc trong t. Cc nguyn t c hm lng cao trong t nh sau:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Nguyn t
O
Si
Al
Fe
Ca
K
Na

%
49,0
33,0
7,13
3,80
1,37
1,36
0,63

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Nguyn t
Mg
C
N
S
P
Mn
Cl

%
0,63
2,00
0,10
0,08
0,08
0,08
0,01
( :
99,27%)

Thc t trong cy cng c cha tt c cc nguyn t ha hc t nhin, nhng

cy ch cn 16 nguyn t tng trng tt, gi l cc nguyn t dinh dng
(nutriments or nutritives element), C 3 nguyn t C, H v O c ngun gc t
khng kh v nc (ngi ta gi l nguyn t v tr), cn li 13 nguyn t do t
cung cp, cho nn gi l cc cht dinh dng ca t v c chia ra:
- Nhng nguyn t dinh dng a lng l nhng nguyn t c hm lng trong
cy t 2-30g/kg cht kh, gm 6 nguyn t l:
+ Cc nguyn t dinh dng chnh l: N, P, K.
+ Cc nguyn t dinh dng th yu l: Ca, Mg, S.
- Nhng nguyn t dinh dng vi lng l nhng nguyn t c hm lng trong
cy t 0,3-50mg/kg cht kh, gm 7 nguyn t l: Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, B, Mo, Cl.
Mt s nguyn t nh: Na, Si, Co, Al, Va, Pb,... ch c li cho mt s cy (v
d: Na cn i vi cy ly c, Si cn i vi cy la, Al cn i vi cy ch, Co cn
cho cy h u,....), hm lng ca chng trong cy t n mc kh pht hin,
nn cn c gi l nguyn t siu vi lng.
Cy hp thu cc nguyn t trn cc dng sau y:

30

TT Nguyn t Cy ht dng

TT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

H
C
O
N
P
K
S
Ca
Mg

H2O
CO2
O2, CO2, H2O
NO3- v NH4+
H2PO4- v HPO42K+
SO42Ca2+
Mg2+

31

Nguyn
t
Fe
Mo
Cl
B
Mn
Zn
Cu
Na

Cy ht dng
Fe2+
MoO42ClBO33-, B4 O72Mn2+
Zn2+
Cu2+
Na+

CHNG 5
KEO T V KH NNG HP PH CA T
5.1. KEO T
5.1.1. Khi nim
t bao gm cc ht c kch thc khc nhau; da vo kch thc ngi ta chia
thnh cc cp ht t.
Cp ht c kch thc t 1-100m c nhng c tnh ca ht keo, khc hn cc
cp ht c kch thc ln hn v khi ha tan chng trong nc th to ra dung dch c
c tnh ca mt dung dch keo. Nhng ht t trong phm vi kch thc nh vy
c gi l keo t.
1m (milimicron mt) = 10 -3 (micron mt) = 10-6mm = 10 -9m)
(V kch thc ca ht keo t, cc nc quy nh cn c s khc nhau cha
thng nht).
Nh vy, keo t l ht t c kch thc rt nh, c th chui qua c giy lc
thng thng, khng lng ng trong nc m trng thi huyn ph (l lng v
chuyn ng Brao), mun quan st cu trc v hnh dng ca chng phi dng knh
hin vi in t.
5.1.2. Cu to ca ht keo t
- Nhn keo: L mt tp hp phn t khng mang in. C th l cht v c, cht
hu c, hoc phc cht hu-v c; C th trng thi v nh hnh hay tinh th.
- Tng ion quyt nh in th: Nm st nhn keo. Tng ion ny quyt nh in
th ca ht keo: Nu l cation th cho keo dng, ngc li nu l anion th cho keo
m.
- Tng ion b: L tng ion bao bc tng ion quyt nh in th, c in lng
bng in lng ca tng ion quyt nh in th nhng ngc du. Tng ion b ny
chia lm 2 lp:
* Lp ion khng di chuyn: Nm st tng ion quyt nh in th.
* Lp ion khuych tn (cn gi l lp ion trao i): Do xa tng ion quyt nh
in th, nn linh ng hn, s trao i ion ca ht keo vi mi trng xy ra lp
ion ny.

Tng ion quyt nh in th

Lp ion khng di chuyn
Lp ion khuych tn

Nhn keo

32

Hnh 2 - S cu to ca mixen keo

5.1.3. Tnh cht c bn ca keo t
5.1.3.1. Keo t c t din ln: T din l tng din tch tip xc ca mt n v
th tch. Cng mt n v th tch nu ht cng nh th tng din tch tip xc cng
ln.
5.1.3.2. Keo t c nng lng b mt ln: Trn b mt keo t cc phn t v
ion lun lun trng thi tip xc vi th lng v th kh bao quanh, nn chng
chu lc tc ng trong v ngoi khc nhau, sinh ra mt nng lng t do gi l
nng lng b mt. Do keo t c t din ln nn to ra nng lng b mt rt ln.
5.1.3.3. Keo t c mang in: C 3 loi keo t: Keo m, keo dng v keo
lng tnh. Phn ln keo t mang in m, ch c mt t mang in dng hoc
lng tnh.
5.1.3.4. Tnh a nc v ght nc ca keo t: Nc l phn t lng cc, ht
keo t lun mang in, nn thng to c mt mng nc bao quanh, gi l
mng nc thy ha (hay hydrat ha). Nu ht keo ch to quanh n c mt
mng nc mng th gi l keo ght nc v nu mng nc dy th gi l keo a
nc.
5.1.3.5. Keo t c tnh ngng t v phn tn: Keo t c th tn ti 2 trng
thi:
- Nu cc ht keo ng ring r khng lin kt vi nhau th gi l s phn tn
keo (trng thi sol hay hydrosol). Qu trnh keo t t trng thi lin kt thnh trng
thi ng ring r th gi l qu trnh tn keo. Qu trnh ny do 2 nguyn nhn chnh
l: cc ht keo mang in tri du y nhau hoc do mng nc thy ha bao
quanh cc ht keo dy ln (v d: t kh b ngp nc).
- Nu cc ht keo ring r lin kt vi nhau to thnh ht c kch thc ln
hn th gi l s ngng t keo (trng thi gel) v qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh t
keo. Hin tng ny do 3 nguyn nhn chnh sau y:
+ Do cc ht keo mang in tri du ht nhau:
+ Do b mt mng nc thy ha bao quanh cc ht keo, nn cc ht keo tin li
gn nhau lin kt vi nhau (v d : t ngp nc b kh nc).
+ Do tc dng ca cc ion cht in gii trong mi trng. y l nguyn nhn
ch yu ca s ngng t keo. V a s keo t mang in m, nn ni chung chng
b ngng t ch yu do cc cation trong dung dch t. Tc dng ngng t ca cht
in gii ph thuc vo ha tr ca cation trong cht in gii: cation ha tr 1 <
cation 2 < cation 3. Sc ngng t ca cation ha tr 2 ln gp 25 ln cation ha tr 1,
cation ha tr 3 ln gp 10 ln cation ha tr 2. Nu cng ha tr th kh nng gy t
keo ca cc cation ph thuc vo bn knh ion v dy ca mng thy ha. Nu
bn knh ion b th dy mng thy ha ln, kh nng gy t keo gim i v
ngc li.
Li+ < Na+ < NH4+ < K + < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < H + < Al3+ < Fe3+

33

Khi cc cht in gii trong dung dch t b ra tri hoc b thiu ht th keo t
kh trng thi ngng t m d b phn tn.
S ngng t keo l c li v s to cho t c kt cu tt hn.
5.1.4. Phn loi keo t
5.1.4.1. Phn loi keo t theo tnh mang in
Do kh nng tch in ca cc keo t khc nhau nn chng mang in khc
nhau, l nhng keo m, keo dng hoc keo lng tnh.
+ Keo m (asidoit) mang k hiu chung l X - H.
Cc keomang in m do tng ion quyt nh th hiu ca keo l cc anion, nh:
keo axit silisic, axit mn v cc loi keo st, Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3.
+ Keo dng (basidoit) k hiu chung l X - OH: l cc keo t c tng quyt
nh th hiu l cc cation. Trong t lng keo dng rt t, ch yu l Fe(OH)3,
Al(OH)3 v khong st Kaolinit b ion ha:Al2O3.SiO2.H2O [Al2 O3.HSiO2 ]+ +
OH+ Keo lng tnh (amphliit) k hiu chung X - O - H.
L keo mang in m hay dng ph thuc vo pH dung dch t bao quanh.
Cc keo lng tnh thng gp trong t l Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3, CaCO3 v keo protit.
Tr s pH m ti keo t i du in th gi l im ng in (im ng in
ca Fe(OH)3 l pH =7,1 v ca Al(OH)3 l pH =8,1)
Keo Fe(OH)3: Nu pH < 7,1 l keo dng; Nu pH > 7,1 l keo m.
Keo Al(OH)3:Nu pH < 8,1 l keo dng; Nu pH > 8,1 l keo m.
Keo protit: im ng in thng nh hn 7.
5.1.4.2. Phn loi keo t theo thnh phn ha hc
C 3 loi l: Keo v c, keo hu c, keo hu c -v c.
+ Keo v c (keo khong): Nhn keo l hp cht v c.
Trong t keo v c ch yu thuc nhm khong vt th sinh Alumin silicat
(khong st) v oxyt, hydroxyt (axit silicsic, oxyt, hydoxyt st v nhm).
+ Keo hu c: Nhn keo l cht hu c.
Keo hu c c to thnh do s bin ha ca xc ng, thc vt. Ch yu l
keo mn, lignin, protit, xenlulz, cc hp cht khc. Keo hu c chim t l t hn
nhiu so vi keo v c (<10%).
+ Keo hu c-v c:
Trong t t nhin cc keo hu c t tn ti trng thi t do. Chng thng lin
kt vi cc keo v c (khong st) to ra nhng phc hp keo gi l keo hu cv c.
Nhng keo hu c-v c ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to kt cu bn cho t,
ng thi chng lm tng kh nng gi mn cho t cng nh tng kh nng hp ph
ca t.
5.1.4.3. Phn loi keo t theo khong st
Ngun gc hnh thnh cc loi khong st:

34

Trong qu trnh phong ha hnh thnh t, cc khong th sinh Aluminsilicat

phc tp c hnh thnh t cc khong vt nguyn sinh silicat nh Fenspat, mica,
Amphibolit,...
Cc khong vt th sinh l gi l khong st ca t, chng l nhng tinh th
nh b, thuc kch thc keo t, nn c gi l keo st ca t.
Tnh cht v c im chung ca khong st:
Khong st thng l nhng tinh th c cu to t cc phin (lp), cc phin
(lp) c gi l cc tinh tng. Cc loi khong st khc nhau th c s phin khc
nhau, nhng chng u c cu to t 2 loi phin c bn l: phin t din oxyt
silic (SiO44-) v phin bt din gipxit (Al2O3.nH2O). Mi khong st c to bi
mt s loi phin khc nhau, cc phin lin kt vi nhau to nn li (b-packet)
tinh th, oxy l cc cu ni lin kt gia cc phin t din v phin bt din.
Ngi ta chia kkong st trong t ra lm 3 nhm sau y:
Nhm keo Kaolinit:
Gm cc loi keo chnh: Kaolinit: Al2Si2O5(OH)4; Metahaluzit:
Al2Si2O5(OH)4.4H2O; Haluzit: Al2Si2O5(OH)4.2H2O
Cng thc chung l Al4Si4O10(OH)8 hoc c th vit: Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
SiO2
T s
=2
Al2 O3
Cu to vi loi hnh 1:1 (cu to t 1 phin oxit silic v 1 phin gipxit, nn c
gi l khong 2 lp).
Nhm keo Kaolinit c hnh thnh trong iu kin mi trng t chua, v th
st ha trong iu kin mi trng chua th s hnh thnh nhiu loi keo st Kaolinit
(in hnh nhiu trong t nhit i)
Nhm keo Kaolinit c nhng c tnh sau:
- B dy ca li (b-packet) tinh th ca keo khong 7,1A0 ; khe h gia cc
tinh tng l 0,2A0 .
- Khng c hin tng thay th ng hnh khc cht xy ra trong tinh th.
- Khe h gia cc tinh tng b, nn s lin kt gia cc tinh tng trong Kaolinit
rt cht, v th tnh trng co (gin n) ca keo km, kh ht thm cation hoc
nc. Do dung tch hp ph ca nhm keo ny rt thp: 5 - 15ll/100g keo.
- C nhm OH l trn ca phin gipxit nn c kh nng hp ph ln mnh khi pH
< 6, v vy t giu Kaolinit c kh nng gi cht ln nhiu.
Tm li: t giu Kaolinit th t chua, dung tch hp ph thp, kh nng gi
nc, gi phn km. Tuy nhin, do sc ht m km nn m cy ho thp, cy
chu c iu kin hn nht nh, tnh trng co ca t thp, t t b nt n, cng
vi keo v c ca oxyt st, keo st Kaolinit to nn kt cu vin bn cho t.
Nhm keo st Monmorilonit
Cng thc chung l: Al4Si8O20(OH)4.nH2O, hoc c th vit: Al2O3. 4SiO2.nH2O
T s

SiO2
=4
Al2 O3
35

Cu to vi loi hnh 2:1 (cu to t 2 phin oxit silic kp gia 1 phin gipxit,
nn c gi l khong 3 lp).
Nhm keo st Monmorilonit bao gm cc loi keo chnh l: Monmorilonit:
Al2 Si4O10(OH)2.nH2O;
Baydenlit:
Al3Si3O3(OH)3.nH2 O;
Nontronit:
Fe2Si4O10(OH)2.nH2O
Chng c hnh thnh trong iu kin mi trng t trung tnh- kim. V vy
nu st ha trong mi trng trung tnh n kim th s hnh thnh nhiu loi keo
st nhm Monmorilonit.
Keo Monmorilonit c nhng c tnh sau:
- B dy ca li (b-packet) tinh th ca keo thay i t 9,4 - 21,4A0 (trung
bnh l 14A0); khe h gia cc tinh tng kh ln (4A0).
- C hin tng thay th ng hnh khc cht xy ra rt ph bin trong mng
li tinh th c 2 loi phin, Al3+ th Si4+ trong khi t din ca phin oxyt silic;
Fe3+ hoc Mg2+ thay th Al3+ trong khi bt din ca phin gipxit, nh m s d
ra cc ha tr t do, kt qu lm cho keo tch in m; l nguyn nhn lm cho keo
c kh nng trao i v hp ph trao i cation mnh.
- Khe h gia cc tinh tng ln, nn s lin kt gia cc tinh tng khng cht, v
th tnh trng co (gin n) ca keo ln.
- Dung tch hp ph kh ln: 80-150ll/100g keo.
Nh vy, t giu st Monmorilonit th c c tnh tt nh phn ng trung tnh,
kh nng gi nc, gi phn tt, t mu m. Tuy vy do tnh trng v co ca keo
ln nn t thng b nt n v do gi cht nc nn to cho t c m cy ho
cao.
Nhm keo st Illit (Hydromica)
Cng thc chung l: (Mg2+.Fe2+)(SiAl)4O10(OH)2.4H2 O,
hoc c th vit: (Mg2+ .Fe2+)Al2O3. (3-3.5)SiO2.nH2O
T s

SiO2
= 3 - 3,5
Al2 O3

Cu to ging vi loi hnh 2:1.

Gm cc keo: Illit (Hydromica trng), Vecmiculit.
c im:
- Cu trc tinh th ging keo Monmorilonit.
- B dy ca li (b-packet) tinh th ca keo Illit khong 10A0, khong cch
gia cc tinh tng nh hn (2,5 - 3A0) nn lc lin kt kh cht, nc kh thm vo
trong, tnh trng co km hn Monmorilonit.
- C hin tng thay th ng hnh khc cht xy ra trong mng li tinh th,
3+
Al thay th cho Si4+ trong phin oxyt silic, kt qu lm cho n mang in m, v
vy dung tch hp ph kh cao 30 - 40ll/100g keo.

36

c bit keo ny giu kali, nhng a phn K+ nm su trong mng li tinh th

keo, nn s trao i kali ca keo vi dung dch bn ngoi km, kali trao i ch xut
hin khi li tinh th keo b ph v v khi l ngun cung cp kali cho t.
Nhm keo ny phn b nhiu cc vng t kh hn hoc bn kh hn.
5.2. KH NNG HP PH CA T
5.2.1. Khi nim
- Hp ph l c tnh ca t c th thu gi cc cht (rn, lng, kh) lm thay
i nng hoc s lng ca cc cht y trn b mt t.
- Trong t c cha nhiu ht t kch thc cng nh, s c t din ln, nng
lng b mt ln th kh nng hp ph cao. Nh vy keo t l c s to ra s hp
ph ca t, t cng nhiu ht keo th kh nng hp ph cng cao. Kh nng hp
ph ca t st bao gi cng > t tht > t ct
- Kh nng hp ph ca t cao hay thp ph thuc vo hng lot cc tnh cht
l, ha hc, sinh hc ca mi loi t, ph thuc vo hm lng v bn cht keo
t, ph thuc vo thnh phn c gii v nng ion trong dung dch bao quanh
keo,.v.v...
5.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t
Theo Ghedroiz c 5 dng hp ph sau y:
5.2.2.1. Hp ph sinh hc
Dng hp ph ny do sinh vt m nhim.
- Vi sinh vt c nh m sng trong t ly m kh tri lm giu m cho
t.
- S thu ht cc cation v anion trong t vo trong c th sinh vt t (vi sinh
vt, thc vt v ng vt sng trong t) bin thnh cht hu c trong c th
chng, sau khi chng cht i xc ca chng lm cho cht hu c ca t tng ln v
sau khi c vi sinh vt phn gii th cc cation, anion c tr li cho t, to ra
mt vng tun hon sinh hc: Ion trong t sinh vt tr li cho t.
c tnh ca hp ph sinh hc l hp ph c tnh chn lc.
5.2.2.2. Hp ph c hc
L kh nng ca t c th gi li cc ht vt cht nh cc khe h gia cc ht
t. y l hin tng thu gi cc cht hon ton c hc.
iu kin ca s hp ph ny l:
Khe h ca t c kch thc nh hn kch thc ht vt cht b hp ph.
Khe h ca t c kch c th ln, nhng b khe h g gh hay ngon ngoo,
cn tr s di chuyn ca cc ht vt cht v cc ht nh c gi li nhng ch
g gh hay nhng ch cong ca b khe h .
Cc ht st c in tch tri du vi ion in tch nm trn b mt ht t nn b ht
gi li.
Tc dng ca s hp ph ny l:
- Nh hp ph c hc m to ra cc tng khc nhau trong phu din t.
- Khi tri ma, nh t c kh nng hp ph c hc nn cc phn t th c gi
li trn mt, cc phn t nh c a xung di, to ra mt tng t rn chc,
37

nh m hn ch c s ra tri cc cht dinh dng v hn ch c s thm

nc xung tng su ca t.
- Nh c hp ph c hc m ngi ta c th dng bin php lc nc bin lm
mui, hoc lc nc c qua mt thng ct ly nc trong.
Nhng mt tri ca qu trnh ny l: nu s hp ph ny qu nhiu s lm cho t
b, cht, l tnh t tr nn xu i, ng thi gy ra ly li cho t.
5.2.2.3. Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t)
L s hp ph xy ra khi c s chnh lch nng vt cht trn b mt keo t
v nng ca cht y trong dung dch t, lm tng hoc gim nng phn t
vt cht trn b mt ht t.
Nguyn nhn ca s hp ph ny l do ht keo t c nng lng b mt. T din
ht t cng ln th nng lng b mt cng ln, s hp ph l hc cng mnh.
Hp ph l hc ch hp ph c cc cht kh, hi nc v mt s ion, nhng
kh nng hp ph khng ging nhau: Hi nc > NH3 > CO2 > O2 > N2
C 2 dng hp ph l hc: hp ph dng v hp ph m.
+ Hp ph m lm tng nng cc cht y trn b mt ht t gi l hp ph
dng. V d: lm gim s mt m trong qu trnh phn chung, th ngi ta
trn t bt vi phn chung .
+ Hp ph m lm gim nng cc cht y trn b mt ht t gi l hp ph
m (v d: cc cht in li nh Cl-, NO3-).
S hp ph l hc ph thuc vo:
- Bn cht keo t, kch thc ht t v tnh cht cc cht kh. Cc ht t cng
nh th hp ph cng cao.
- t cng kh th s hp ph cng ln.
- Nhit cng cao th hp ph cng yu.
5.2.2.4. Hp ph ha hc
L s to thnh cc cht kh tan (kt ta) t nhng cht d tan trong dung dch
t thng qua cc phn ng ha hc, nh m cc cht kt ta c gi li trong
t.
V d: Na2 SO4 + CaCl2 CaSO4 + 2NaCl
S hp ph ha hc trong t cn xy ra gia cc ion hp ph trn b mt keo t
v cc cht in gii trong dung dch t:
3+

[K]2Al + Ca(H2PO4)2

[K]Ca

2+ + 4H+

+ 2AlPO4

y l hin tng ln d tan trong t b kt ta (c bit l nhng t giu

Fe , Al3+) lm ngho ln d tiu cho cy (hoc lm gim hiu lc ca phn ln).
Ngi ta gi hin tng ny l s gi cht ln ca t.
+ Tc dng: Nh c hp ph ha hc m cc cht d tan c gi li trong t
khng b ra tri khi t. y cng l nguyn nhn tch ly cc cht trong t nh:
Al, Fe, P, S, Ca...trong c nhng nguyn t c li cho cy trng nh P, Ca, S
hoc gim c s gy c ca mt s nguyn t nh Al chng hn.
3+

38

+ Tc hi: Hin tng hp ph ha hc ca t gy nn mt s bt li, nh lm

tng kh nng gi cht mt s cht dinh dng, gy nn hin tng: hm lng cht
tng s trong t cao nhng cht d tiu vn ngho, cy trng vn b thiu dinh
dng. V d: hin tng gi cht ln trong mt s loi t.
5.2.2.5. Hp ph l ha hc (hp ph trao i ion)
L c tnh ca t c th trao i cc cation v anion trn b mt ht keo t vi
cc cation hoc anion trong dung dch t lm thay i thnh phn v nng ion
ca dung dch t.
Hin tng hp ph trao i ion ny ch xy ra keo t khi c s chnh lch
nng ion gia b mt ht keo v dung dch t bao quanh. V d: nh khi bn
phn vo t, hoc khi c s thay i m ca t.
[K]Ca

2+

+ 2NH4 Cl [K]2NH4 + CaCl2

S trao i ion xy ra lp ion khuch tn ca ht keo t. Cation trn lp ion

khuch tn s c thay th bi cation trong dung dch, anion trn lp ion khuch
tn s c thay th bi anion trong dung dch.
+ Keo m th lp ion khuch tn s l cc cation, nh vy s trao i cation
(hp ph cation) l do keo m m nhim.
+ Keo dng th lp ion khuch tn s l cc anion, nh vy s trao i anion
(hp ph anion) l do keo dng m nhim.
Trong t do lng keo m chim t l ln nn hin tng hp ph trao i
cation l ch yu.
5.2.2.5.1. S hp ph trao i cation
L hin tng hp ph xy ra keo m. Cc cation tng ion khuch tn ca cc
keo m s trao i vi cc cation trong dung dch t khi tip xc.
2+

V d:
[K]Ca + 2H+ [K]2H + Ca2+
S trao i cation trong t tun theo nhng quy lut nht nh:
+ S hp ph trao i cation tun theo ng lng:
Tc l mt ng lng gam ca cation ny trao i vi mt ng lng gam
ca mt cation khc. Tng lng cation hp ph bng tng lng cation b y ra,
lm cho tng lng cation trong dung dch khng thay i.
2+
+
V d:
[K]Ca + 2Na+ + 2Cl- [K]2Na + CaCl2
Nguyn t lng ca Na=23, ha tr Na l 1 ng lng gam Na = 23g
Nguyn t lng ca Ca = 40 ha tr Ca l 2 ng lng gam Ca = 20g
Nh vy: 23g Na ca dung dch t s trao i vi 20g Ca ca keo t;
+ S hp ph trao i cation tin hnh theo 2 chiu thun nghch.
Chiu ca phn ng thun hay nghch ph thuc vo nng v c tnh ca
cation trong dung dch t. Phn ng s dng li khi keo t v dung dch t hnh
thnh s cn bng v nng cation, song trong thc t khng bao gi c s cn
bng ny, v thnh phn v nng cation trong dung dch t lun lun b thay i
(do dinh dng cy, vi sinh vt, bn phn, ti tiu,...).
+ S hp ph cation ph thuc vo nng cation trong dung dch t.
39

Nng cation trong dung dch t cng cao th trao i ca keo t cng mnh,
ngc li nng nng ion ca dung dch t cng nh th cc cation b y t
keo t vo dung dch t cng d.
+ S hp ph trao i cation xy ra rt nhanh.
Cc phn ng trao i thng xy ra rt nhanh, ch sau mt thi gian rt ngn s
cn bng ng cc ion gia keo t v dung dch t c hnh thnh. Tc
ca phn ng ph thuc vo c tnh cation, ph thuc vo t l keo t v dung
dch t, vo nng dung dch t v c nhit ca t.
+ S hp ph cation ph thuc vo ha tr, bn knh cation v dy mng thy
ha ca cc cation:
Ha tr cation cng cao th trao i xy ra cng mnh, ha tr 3 > ha tr 2 t 4-5
ln, ha tr 2 > ha tr 1 n 4 ln. Ring ion H+ l ion c bit, tuy c ha tr nh
nhng c mng thy ha rt mng (1,35AO) (rt t b hydrat ha) nn kh nng trao
i khng nhng vt cc cation ha tr 1, m cn vt c cc cation ha tr 2.
Cc cation cng ha tr th cation no c bn knh ln, tc l dy mng thy
ha mng s trao i mnh hn. S hp ph cation c th xp theo th t nh sau:
Li+ < Na+ < NH4+ < K + < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < H + < Al3+ < Fe3+
Cc cation b keo t hp ph cng d th chng b y ra khi keo t cng kh.

Dung tch hp phu - CEC (T)

Dung tch hp ph ca t l tng s cation c keo t hp ph, tnh bng
ll/100g t. K hiu: CEC hoc T
Cng thc tnh: CEC = S + H
Trong : * CEC l dung tch hp ph (ll/100g t).
* S l tng s cc cation kim hp ph, phn ln l cc cation kim
2+
trao i Ca , Mg2+, K +, Na+, NH4+.
* H l tng s cc cation khng kim hp ph, ch yu l H+ v Al3+
(cn gi l chua thy phn ca t).
CEC ca t ph thuc ch yu vo cc yu t sau:
- CEC ph thuc vo bn cht ca keo t:
Loi keo
CEC (ll/ 100g keo)
Fe(OH)3 v Al(OH)3
Rt b
Kaolinit
5 - 15
Monmorilonit
80 - 150
Illit
30 - 40
Axit mn
350 - 500
- CEC ph thuc t s SiO2/R2O3: t l cng cao th CEC cng ln.
- CEC ph thuc vo thnh phn c gii t: t c thnh phn c gii nng, giu
st th thng c CEC ln. Chnh v vy nhng chn t st th c kh nng chu
nc, chu phn hn nhng chn t ct.
- CEC cn ph thuc vo pH mi trng: pH t tng th CEC thng cng tng
ln.
no kim (V%)
40

T l phn trm cc cation kim c trong dung tch hp ph c gi l no

kim (no baz), cng thc tnh:
S
S
V(%) =
100 =
100
CEC
S+ H
Nh vy V(%) cng ln th t l cation kim trong t cng nhiu. Ngi ta da
vo tr s V(%) nh gi mc bo ha kim ca t v nhu cu cn thit bn
vi cho t.
V 70%: t no kim, khng cn bn vi.
V = 50 - 70%: t c kim trung bnh, ch cn mt t vi.
V < 50%: t i kim cn thit phi bn vi cho t.
Tr s V(%) lin quan cht ch n tr s pH t. V(%) cng ln th pH cng cao (cng
kim).
t Vit Nam ni chung c V(%) thp (tr t ph sa ngoi sng Hng c pH
trung tnh - hi kim nn V(%) > 70%). V vy hu ht cc loi t Vit Nam vic
bn vi l rt cn thit.
5.2.2.5.2. S hp ph anion ca keo t
Vic nghin cu s hp ph anion trong t cn t v cn nhiu hn ch. Tuy
vy, nhng nghin cu v tnh cht mang in ca keo t chng minh rng mt
s anion cng b hp ph trao i ion bi cc keo t dng.
Cc anion trong t c chia thnh 3 nhm theo kh nng hp ph khc nhau:
Nhm 1: L nhm anion khng b t hp ph, gm nhng anion NO3-, NO2v Cl-. Ch trong trng hp rt c bit khi trong t hm lng keo secquyoxyt
cao v c pH rt chua, nng Cl- v NO3- trong dung dch t cao mi c s hp
ph anion ny, nhng trong thc t khng c trng hp ny.
Nhm 2: L nhm anion b hp ph vi mc trung bnh, l cc anion: SO42, CO32-, HCO3-.
Nhm 3: L nhm anion b hp ph mnh, gm cc anion ca gc phosphat
(H2PO4-, HPO42- v PO43-) v OH-.
- Trong t chua th Fe(OH)3 v Al(OH)3 l nhng keo dng nn c kh
nng hp ph trao i ion PO43- .
- Keo st cng c kh nng hp ph trao i anion vi phosphat, do v tr tch
in dng ca keo st m nhim, hin tng ny xy ra ph bin Kaolinit do
phin gipxit ca keo c cc nhm OH l trn c kh nng trao i ion phosphat.
Cc qu trnh hp ph ln ni trn gy nn s gi cht ln trong t, lm cho
cy b thiu ln v lm gim hiu lc ca cc dng phn ln bn vo t.
5.2.3. Kh nng hp ph ca t i vi ph nhiu ca t v ch bn
phn
i vi ph t:
- Nh c kh nng hp ph m cc cht c gi li trong t, lm tng ph
nhiu cho t. V th cho nn t c kh nng hp ph cao bao gi cng ph nhiu
hn, c kh nng gi nc, gi phn tt hn, c tnh m cao hn. Kh nng hp

41

ph thp l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho t chng b thoi ha, ngho
dinh dng v cc cht khng c hp ph s d b ra tri.
- Thnh phn cation hp ph khc nhau c nh hng rt ln n trng thi kt
cu ca t bn hay khng bn, phn tn hay ngng t.
- S hp ph anion phosphat s nh hng n ch ln trong t v hiu lc
ca phn ln.
i vi ch bn phn bi dng ci to t.
- Thng qua kh nng hp ph ca t, ngi ta dng bin php bn phn tng
cc cht d tr cho keo t, ng thi ci to thnh phn ion ca keo t (kh chua,
kh mn,...) y l nguyn l ca bin php ha hc ci to t.
- Cn c vo kh nng hp ph ca t cao hay thp m ngi ta ra quy trnh
bn phn cho thch hp, c th l: t c dung tch hp ph cao th c th dng bin
php bn phn d tr (ngha l tng lng phn trong mt ln bn, m c th gim
s ln bn trong mt v khi tn cng); Ngc li, i vi t c dung tch hp
ph thp th phi gim lng phn trong mt ln bn, nhng tng s ln bn trong
mt v.
CHNG 6
DUNG DCH T
6.1. KHI NIM
Dung dch t gm nc trong t v cht ha tan l cc cht v c, hu c v
hu c-v c c trong t.
Nc xm nhp vo t gm: Nc ma, nc sng, nc bin, nc ti,...
mang theo O2, CO2, NH3, NO3-, NO2-, cc cht kh, cc mui v ct bi, bn thn n
l mt dung dch, khi vo t n ha tan thm cc cht ca t, to nn dung
dch t.
Cht ha tan trong dung dch t gm c:
- Cht v c: dng ha tan hay dng keo nh: NO3-, NO2-, HCO3-, CO32-, PO43-,
SO42-, Cl-,... keo st, keo silic, keo st, nhm,...
- Cht hu c: cc axit mn, cc cht sinh ra trong qu trnh phn gii cht hu
c nh: axit hu c, axit amin, aldehyt, ru,...
- Cc cht hu c-v c: cc mui ca axit mn, cc lin kt mn-st, mn
khong,...
- Cc cht kh: CO2, O2, N2, NH3, H2S,...
Thnh phn, s lng v nng cc cht ha tan trong dung dch t lun thay
i, v hm lng nc trong t lun lun thay i v cc cht ha tan th lun
lun c b sung vo t bi cc ngun sau y:
+ Do m phong ha, do nc mang ni khc ti, do cc cht c phn gii t
cht hu c, do cc cht ha tan c sn trong nc ma,...
+ Do hng nm con ngi bn phn vo t.
+ Do cc ion hp ph trn keo t chuyn vo dung dch t.
+ Do cc cht m thc vt v vi sinh vt trong qu trnh sng thi vo t.
42

Nh vy: Dung dch t l mt b phn linh hot ca t. N tham gia trc tip
vo qu trnh hnh thnh t, vo cc phn ng l hc, ha hc, sinh hc xy ra
trong t; tham gia vo s trao i cht dinh dng gia t vi cy v vi vi sinh
vt t.
6.2. VAI TR CA DUNG DCH T
- Thnh phn v s lng cht ha tan trong dung dch t ni ln kh nng cung
cp cht dinh dng cho thc vt v vi sinh vt.
- Nng dung dch t nh hng n s ht nc ca cy. Nu nng cht
tan qu cao (v d: t b mn) th p sut thm thu ca dung dch t tng ln s
cn tr s ht nc ca cy, nn d trong t c nhiu nc nhng cy vn b ho
(gi l hn sinh l).
- Phn ng ca dung dch t (chua, kim hay trung tnh) nh hng ln n hot
ng ca vi sinh vt; nh hng n tnh cht l hc, ha hc, sinh hc ca t; nh
hng n ha tan cc cht dinh dng c trong t.
- Mt s loi mui, cc anion, cation, cht ha tan trong dung dch t lm cho
t c tnh m, c th gi pH t t b thay i.
- Dung dch t cha mt s cht ha tan c th tng cng qu trnh ph hy
hnh thnh t.
6.3. C TNH CA DUNG DCH T
Dung dch t c cc c tnh l: Phn ng ca dung dch t, tnh m v
tnh oxy ha-kh.
6.3.1. PHN NG CA DUNG DCH T
Phn ng ca dung dch t l tnh chua, tnh kim hay tnh trung ha ca dung
dch t. Ngi ta biu th phn ng dung dch t bng pH: pH = - lg[H+ ]
Nh vy: pH = 7 tc l [H +] = [OH-]: t c phn ng trung tnh.
pH < 7 tc l [H+ ] > [OH- ]: t c phn ng chua.
pH > 7 tc l [H+ ] < [OH- ]: t c phn ng kim.
6.3.1.1. PHN NG CHUA CA T (TNH CHUA CA T)
6.3.1.1.1. Nguyn nhn gy ra tnh chua ca t
t b chua do 5 nguyn nhn sau y:
Do bn thn t c hnh thnh t cc loi ngho cc cation kim v kim
th, giu SiO2 (nh macma axit).
Do cc cation kim trong t b ra tri ra khi t, lm gim cht kim trong
t. Ni chung lng ma cng ln th s ra tri vt cht cng nhiu v t cng
d tr nn chua ha nhanh.
Hng nm cy ht i nhiu cht kim ca cc mui khong trong t nh:
NH4+, K +, Ca++ , Mg ++,... Mt khc, trong qu trnh sng ca mnh r cy v hot
ng ca vi sinh vt t khng ngng thi ra kh CO2, kh ny ha tan trong
nc thnh H2CO3, tuy phn ly khng ln nhng n l ngun gc H+ ch yu
trong t.
Cht hu c trong t c vi sinh vt phn gii v chuyn ha to ra nhiu
loi axit hu c v axit v c lm cho t b chua.
43

c bit trong cc vng t chua mn thng c xc cy s, vt, c,... xc cc

loi cy ny c cha nhiu lu hunh, trong iu kin ym kh s sinh ra H2S, sau
oxy ha to thnh H2 SO4 lm cho t rt chua.
Do con ngi bn phn hu c v phn v c vo t:
- Phn hu c: Vi sinh vt phn gii v chuyn ha to ra nhiu loi axit hu c
v axit v c lm cho t b chua.
- Phn v c:
+ Loi phn chua t do, nh superphotphat c lng axit d gy chua cho
t.
+ Loi phn chua sinh l, nh: KCl, K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl,... cy ht
gc dinh dng, cn li cc anion kt hp vi nc to ra axit v c gy chua
cho t.
6.3.1.1.2. Cc loi chua ca t
Ngi ta phn bit ra 2 loi chua l: chua hot tnh v chua tim tng.
6.3.1.1.2.1. chua hot tnh
chua hot tnh l chua to nn bi ion H+ t do trong dung dch t. C
th rt nhng ion H+ ny ra bng nc ct, nn chua hot tnh c biu th bng
pHH2O . Thng pHH2O ca t bin thin t 3 - 9 v ngi ta chia lm 6 cp nh
sau:
pHH2O

t rt chua

< 4,5

4,6 - 5,5
t chua va
5,6 - 6,5
t chua t
6,6 - 7,5
t trung tnh
7,6 - 8,5
t hi kim
> 8,5
t kim nhiu
chua hot tnh chu nh hng ca cc yu t sau:
- Mc phn ly thnh ion ca cc cht axit v baz c trong t. Cng mt
lng axit nhng axit v c phn ly thnh ion nhiu hn axit hu c, nn pH H2O ca
dung dch t cha nhiu axit v c thp hn. i vi baz cng vy, baz no
phn ly mnh s cho nhiu ion OH- th lm gim chua hot tnh tc l tng
pHH2O .
- Nu c mt chua tim tng m bn nhiu phn v c th s xy ra s trao
i cation lm y H + v Al3+ vo dung dch, lm cho chua hot tnh tng ln.
ngha ca vic xc nh pHH2O:
V chua ny gy nh hng trc tip cho cy v vi sinh vt, nn mi loi cy
v vi sinh vt ch thch hp sng mt khong pHH2O nht nh. V th ngi ta cn
c vo pHH2O b tr cy trng cho ph hp vi tng loi t c th.
6.3.1.1.2.2. chua tim tng
chua tim tng l chua biu hin nng ion H+ v nng ion Al3+ b
hp ph trn b mt keo t, bnh thng th cha gy chua, nhng v mt l do no
chng b y ra khi keo t i vo dung dch, lc gy ra mt chua.
44

Ngi ta dng cc loi mui khc nhau tc ng vo t th s y c cc ion

H v Al3+ ra khi keo t mt lng khc nhau. Cng mt mui m thi gian tc
ng khc nhau cng y c mt lng khc nhau.
Da vo cc loi mui tc ng m ngi ta chia chua tim tng ra 2 loi l:
chua trao i v chua thy phn.
chua trao i
Khi tc ng vo t mt dung dch mui trung tnh nh KCl, NaCl, CaCl2,
BaCl2,... th ngoi chua "hot tnh" ca dung dch t do ion H + gy ra nh
ni trn, cn c mt s ion H+ v Al3+ trn keo t b tng ra do s trao i na,
to ra mt chua, ngi ta gi l chua trao i. Nh vy chua trao i
sinh ra l do nng H+ t do (gy ra pHH2O) cng vi nng H+ v Al3+ c
trao i t keo t.
Nu ch tc ng dung dch mui trung tnh vi t trong thi gian 10 pht, th
ch y c mt t cc ion H+ v Al3+ vo dung dch. Lc ngi ta k hiu l
pHKCl
Tr s pHKCl dng nh gi chung chung chua ca t trn cc bn nng
ha th nhng v dng nh gi mc cp thit phi bn vi cho t:
Nu pH KCl < 4,5
cp thit phi bn vi.
pHKCl : 4,6 - 5,5
cn va.
pHKCl > 5,5
cn t hoc cha cn.
Ngi ta cn c th cn c vo tr s pHKCl tnh liu lng vi bn cho t
mt cch tng i. V d: Theo L vn Cn, lng vi bn da vo tr s pHKCl
nh sau:
Bng 1: Lng vi cn bn da vo tr s pHKCl
(t CaO/ha)
pHKCl
Mc chua
Thnh phn c gii t
ca t
Nh
Trung bnh Nng
< 3,5
c bit chua
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
3,6 - 4,5
Rt chua
7 - 10
10 - 15
15 - 20
4,6 - 5,5
Chua
5-7
7-8
8 - 10
5,6 - 6,5
t chua
2-3
3-4
4-5
Nu tc ng dung dch mui trung tnh vi t trong thi gian 1 gi (60 pht),
th y c kh nhiu cc ion H+ v Al3+ vo dung dch. Lc ngi ta dng n
v o l ll/100g t kh.
Xc nh chua ny xem xt t cn bn vi hay cha, ng thi c th
xc nh c lng nhm di ng trong t.
chua thy phn
Khi tc ng t vi dung dch mui trung tnh th ch y c nhng ion H+ v
Al3+ ht bm ngoi cng ca keo t, do chng b hp ph khng cht, b ht gi
bi mt lc khng ln. Nhng nu tc ng vo t bng mt dung dch mui thy
phn (l mui ca mt axit yu v baz mnh) nh CH3COOK, CH3COONa hoc
(CH3COO)2Ca trong thi gian 60 pht, th s y c hu ht H+ v Al3+ vo dung
+

45

dch. chua pht hin bng cch ny ln hn chua trao i nhiu, gi l

chua thy phn.
Trong dung dch, CH3 COONa b thy phn:
CH3COONa + H2O CH3COOH + NaOH
CH3COOH rt t phn ly thnh ion, cn NaOH th phn ly hon ton thnh Na+
v OH-lm cho dung dch c phn ng hi kim (pH = 8,2), ng thi OH- to ra
mt i lc c tc dng ht cc cation hp ph cht trn keo t. l nhng iu
kin Na+ y ht H+ v Al3+ ra dung dch. Bi vy khi dng loi mui ny s y
c hu ht H+ v Al3 + vo dung dch.
NaOH Na+ + OH+

[K]2H
+ 5Na+ + 5OHAl3+

[K]5Na + Al(OH)3 + 2H2O

Hoc c th vit nh sau:

+

[K]HAl3+ + 4 CH3COONa + 3 H2O [K]4Na + Al(OH)3 + 4CH3COOH

Ta thy, s phn t CH3 COONa b thy phn l s Na+ cn dng y H+ v
Al3+ ra khi keo t. S phn t CH3 COOH sinh ra s bng s CH3COONa b thy
phn, tc l bng s H+ v Al3+ b y ra t keo t. Ngi ta dng dung dch
tiu chun NaOH 0,1N chun lng CH3 COOH th s tnh c chua thy
phn. n v tnh l ll/100g t kh v c K hiu bng ch H. Nh vy
chua thy phn l chua ln nht, v n bao gm c chua hot tnh, chua
trao i v ton b nhng ion H+ v Al3+ ht bm cht trn b mt keo t.
Ngi ta dng chua thy phn tnh lng vi bn trung ha chua ca
t.
6.3.1.1.3. nh hng ca chua n cc tnh cht ca t v vi sinh vt t
nh hng trc tip n i sng ca cy v vi sinh vt t:
Ni chung, phn ln cc loi cy trng v vi sinh vt t u a sng trong mi
trng c pH trong phm vi trung tnh. Nhng cng c mt s cy ch thch nghi
t chua, nn c coi l nhng cy ch th t chua. V d: sim, mua, ch,
da,... Ring cc loi nm c th hot ng c c mi trng chua v kim.
nh hng n tnh di ng ca Fe2+, Al3+ v Mn2+ trong t:
Fe2+, Al3+ v Mn2+ l cc ion gy c cho cy v vi sinh vt t; pH cng thp th
Fe2+, Al3+ v Mn2+ di ng cng nhiu. V d: pH = 6,8 th hm lng Al3+ l 2ppm,
nhng pH = 4 th hm lng Al3+ l 27ppm (Longnecker v Merkle-1952). Theo
Tanaka v Naxarero-IRRI: Fe2+ gy c 300 - 500 ppm v xut hin pH = 5,8;
Theo L.J. Pons, 1965 v N. Van. Bremeen, 1973-1976 t phn BSCL khi pH =
4,5 th Al3+ c th gy c ngay nng 1 - 2 ppm.
nh hng ti ha tan ca cc dng ln trong t:
Mi trng trung tnh th ln d tiu c gii phng vi lng cao nht. Nu pH
thp th Al3+ + PO43- AlPO4 gy ra hin tng gi cht ln trong t, lm
46

cho cy trng thiu ln, mc d ln tng s trong t c th c nhiu. V vy t

chua mun nng cao hiu lc ca phn ln th trc khi bn ln phi bn vi.
nh hng ti ha tan ca cc nguyn t vi lng trong t:
t chua th cc nguyn t vi lng ha tan tt hn (nh Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Co,...),
Zn ha tan tt khi t qu chua hoc qu kim; V th bn vi thng phi b sung
nguyn t vi lng cho t.
Trong cc nguyn t vi lng th duy nht ch c nguyn t Mo ha tan tt hn
trong mi trng kim, trong iu kin t chua th MoO42- b kt ta.
nh hng ti s ngng t keo trong t: t chua th keo ngng t nhanh
nhng khng bn.
6.3.1.1.4. Bn vi ci to t chua
Tc dng ca vic bn vi:
- Kh chua nhanh chng, kt ta Al di ng nn gim c cho cy. Tc dng kh
chua ca vi theo cc phn ng sau:
Nu dng vi CaO: CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
3+

2+

[K]2Al + 3Ca(OH)2 [K]3Ca + 2Al(OH)3

Nu dng CaCO3:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
[K]2H

+ Ca(HCO3)2

[K]Ca

2Al3+

2+

+ 2CO2 + 2H2O

3 Ca2+

[K]
+ 3 Ca(HCO3)2 [K]
+ 2Al(HCO3)3
Al(HCO3)3 + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3H2CO3
- C th iu chnh pH t ph hp vi yu cu ca tng loi cy trng.
- Tng cng hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong t, c bit l cc loi vi sinh vt
c nh m.
- Huy ng thc n cho cy bng cch trao i cc cation l cht dinh dng trn
keo t ra dung dch t cho cy s dng. V th ngi ta ni Bn vi lm giu
i cha m ngho i con, nu khng thng xuyn bn phn hu c v v c b
sung cho t.
+

2+

V d: [K]2NH4 + Ca(OH)2
[K]Ca + 2NH4 OH
- Tng hiu lc mt s phn bn nh: superln, m, cc nguyn t vi lng,...
- Xc tin hnh thnh kt cu t, lm cho t ti xp hn, ng thi lm ngng
t keo mn dng humat canxi, lm tng bn kt cu t v gim c s ra
tri mt mn ca t.
Nguyn tc ca vic bn vi v cch tnh lng vi bn.
- Trc ht, xem xt pH ca t ph hp vi yu cu ca cy trng cha.
- Da vo pHKCl hoc no kim t (V%) xem nhu cu bn vi cp thit
cha.

47

pHKCl
V(%)
Mc cn thit bn vi
< 4,5
< 50%
Rt cn
4,6 - 5,5
50 - 70
Cn va
5,6 - 6,5
Cn t
70%
> 6,5
Cha cn
- Tnh lng vi bn phi da vo chua thy phn:
Nu dng CaO th cn bn: 0,84H (tn/ha).
Nu dng CaCO3 th cn bn: 1,5H (tn/ha).
- Da vo tnh m ca t iu chnh lng vi tnh cho ph hp, ch cn
bn 1/2 hoc 2/3 hoc 3/4 lng vi tnh c; t cng nh tnh m thp th
gim lng bn v ngc li t cng nng, tnh m cao th phi tng lng bn.
Ngoi ra, i vi t la nc th c th gim i mt t lng vi so vi tnh, v
cng vi thi gian ngp nc th pH c tng dn t u v n cui v.
6.3.1.2. PHN NG KIM (TNH KIM) CA T
t c phn ng kim l do nng anion OH- trong dung dch ln hn nng
cation H +. pH cng cao th tnh kim cng mnh.
Nguyn nhn gy ra tnh kim ca t:
Cc Aluminosilicat b phong ha ha hc to ra cc cht kim.
V d: Qu trnh st ha:
K2O.Al2 O3.6SiO2 + H2O + CO2 Al2 O3.2SiO2.2H2 O + K2CO3 + 4SiO2.nH2 O
Phenpat kali
Kaolinit
Opan
K2CO3 + H2O KHCO3 + KOH
KOH K+ + OH t c cha CaCO3:
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2 + 2H2O
2H2 CO3 + Ca(OH)2
t mn cha Na2CO3 (s a):
Na2CO3 + 2H2O H2CO3 + NaOH
t mn cha Na2+ hp ph trn keo t, khi thy phn s sinh ra NaOH:
+

[K]Na + H2O [K]H + NaOH

Do qu trnh kh sinh hc gy nn:
Trong iu kin ngp nc, do tc dng ca vi sinh vt ym kh, cc mui dng
sunfat tc dng vi cht hu c to thnh sunfua ri chuyn ra dng cacbonat, sau
thy phn to ra OH-:
Na2SO4 + 4R-CHO
Na2 S + 4R-COOH
Na2S + 2H2CO3 2NaHCO3 + H2 S
2NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Na2CO3 + 2H2O NaOH + H2CO3
Nhc im ca t kim:
t c phn ng kim th khng ph hp vi sinh trng pht trin cy trng.
c bit khi tch ly nhiu Na2CO3 khng nhng c cho cy (khi c nng trn
48

0,01% l c cho la) m cn lm xu l tnh t (do, dnh qunh khi m, rn cng

khi kh), lm cho mn d b mt i v cho ch nc, kh trong dt khng iu
ha,...
nc ta, din tch t kim rt b. Mt s vng t mn ven bin nh t mn
Hi Hu (Nam nh), G Cng (Tin Giang),...c pH khong 7,8 - 8 khng
gy nh hng xu i vi cy trng v th chng c xp vo nhm t mn
trung tnh.
Thc t nc ta ch c mt t t kim tnh Thun Hi, nhn dn a phng
cn gi l t c giang. Theo Thi Cng Tng (1973) c 2 loi c giang:
- t c giang mui lm thnh nhng m trng xa ni ln trn mt t, khi
tri nng kh lm thnh nhng vng trng. C giang mui c cha nhiu Na2 CO3
nn c ln trong nhng nm 1939 - 1945 ngi ta ly v ch x phng.
- t c giang du c mu en hn v cha nhiu cht hu c.
S liu phn tch mt mu t c giang Phan Rang nh sau; pH = 9,5; NaCl =
0,62%; Na2CO3 = 9,8%; Na2SO4 = 0,22%.
6.3.2. TNH M (PHN NG M) CA T
6.3.2.1. Khi nim: Tnh m l kh nng ca t c th chng li s thay i
pH khi c mt lng axit hay baz tc ng vo t.
Sc m (hay hon xung) c biu th l s ml axit hoc kim nng 0,1N
thm vo 100 ml dung dch t cho n khi pH bt u thay i.
6.3.2.2. Nguyn nhn to nn tnh m ca t
Do tc dng ca s trao i cation trong t:
Nhng cation trn b mt cc keo t c th trao i vi nhng cation ca axit
hay baz khi tc ng vo t, kt qu lm cho pH dung dch t t b thay i.
+

- t kim:
[K]Ca + 2HCl [K]2H + CaCl2
Trong dung dch t by gi ch c cc mui trung tnh, ch khng c H+, nn
dung dch khng b ha chua.
- t chua:

[K]H

+
3+

[K]Al

+ NaOH
+ 3NaOH

[K]Na + H2O
+

[K]3Na + Al(OH)3

Al(OH)3 khng tan trong nc nn khng nh hng n pH ca dung dch t.

Nh vy, s lng keo t cng nhiu th tc dng trao i cation cng mnh, ni
cch khc: hm lng mn cng cao v thnh phn c gii cng nng th tnh m
cng ln.
Do trong t tn ti mt s axit hu c (nh axit humic hoc axit amin):
Nhng axit ny c c gc axit v baz cho nn c th m c c axit hoc
baz (m 2 chiu):
- Axit amin:
NH2
NH3Cl
R- CH
+ HCl R- CH
COOH
COOH

49

NH2

NH2
+ NaOH

R-CH

R-CH

COOH
- Axit humic:
OH
R
+
COOH

COONa
Cl

HCl

H2O

H2O

COOH

OH
R

+ H2O

OH
+ NaOH

COOH
COONa
Nh vy, hm lng cht hu c trong t cng nhiu th tnh m cng cao.
Do trong t c mt s cht c kh nng trung ha: V d: trong t c CaCO3
c th trung ha khi c axit xut hin do pH khng thay i.
CaCO3 + 2HNO3
Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O
3+
Do tc dng ca Al di ng trong t:
Theo R.K.Scofin nu pH t di 4,5 th ion Al3+ trng thi di ng, chung
quanh c 6 phn t nc bao bc, cc phn t nc s phn ly ra H + v OH-, H + c
tc dng trung ha cht kim. Nh vy, nhm ch c kh nng m vi baz (m
mt chiu) m khng c tc dng m vi axit.
Khi pH t > 5,5 th ion Al3+ di ng b kt ta thnh Al(OH)3 lc s mt kh nng
m.
Nh vy: Tnh m ca t ph thuc ch yu vo hm lng mn v thnh
phn c gii t: t giu mn > t st > t tht > t ct
Theo Schffer - Schachtschabel:
- t ct, mun nng pH t 4,0 ln 6,5 ch cn bn 13 t/ha.
- t tht, mun nng pH t 4,4 ln 6,5 cn bn 24 t/ha.
- t st, mun nng pH t 4,7 ln 6,5 cn bn 66 t/ha.
- t en giu mn, mun nng pH t 5,0 ln 7,0 phi bn 90 t/ha.
6.3.2.3. ngha ca tnh m trong thc tin
- Nh c tnh m m pH ca t t b bin i to iu kin n nh mi
trng c li cho sinh trng pht trin ca cy v vi sinh vt t.
- Khi xt liu lng vi v lng phn cn bn cho mt ln bn, cn phi tham
kho tnh m ca t.
6.3.3. PHN NG OXYHA-KH CA T
6.3.3.1. Khi nim
Cc cht trong t c th tn ti trng thi oxiha hoc trng thi kh, gi l
cht oxyha v cht kh, V d:
Cht oxi ha O2
CO2
NO2, NO3 SO42- PO43- Fe3+ Mn3+, Mn4+ Cu2+
Cht kh
H2 CH4, CO NH3, N2 H2S
PH3 Fe2+
Mn2+
Cu+

50

Cht oxy ha k hiu l ox, cht kh k hiu l Red, to thnh tng cp oxyhakh. Cc cp oxyha kh to ra cc phn ng oxyha-kh.
V d:
Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+
Mn4+ + 2e Mn2+
Mn3+ + 1e Mn2+
V trong t lun lun c cc cht oxyha v cht kh, nn qu trnh oxyha-kh
l qu trnh xy ra ph bin trong t. Tuy nhin, tt c cc phn ng oxyha kh
trong t u c s tham gia ca vi sinh vt.
Cng oxy ha kh thng c xc nh bng in th oxy ha-kh, k hiu
Eh, n v tnh l milivn (mV) (1mV = 10-3 V). Cng thc tnh:
59
[ox]
Eh(m V) = E0 +
lg
n
[Red]
n: l s electron trao i trong phng trnh oxy ho-kh.
[ox] v [Red] l nng ng lng gam ca cht oxy ha v cht kh.
E0 l in th tiu chun ca cp oxy ha-kh:
Fe3+/Fe2+ th
E0
=
770 mV
2+
+
Cu /Cu th E0
=
334 mV
3+
2+
Mn /Mn th E0 =
1510mV
4+
2+
Mn /Mn th E0 =
1244mV
V d: 1 dung dch st, trong nng Fe2+ l 0,1N v Fe3+ l 0,001N th in
th oxy ha-kh ca n l:
59 0.001
Eh = 770 +
lg
= 770 + 59lg 10-2 = 770 - (59 2) = 652 mV
1
0.1
Vic phn tch nng ox v Red c kh khn v km chnh xc. Hin nay
ngi ta dng my o Eh, gi l my Eh meter.
6.3.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh oxy ha -kh
Nu dung dch cha nhiu h thng oxy ha-kh, th tr s Eh ca ton dung
dch s tng ng vi Eh ca h thng oxy ha-kh no c nng cao nht.
Lng nc trong t tng th Eh gim, khi t kh th Eh tng.
Phn ng ca dung dch t (pH t): Trung bnh khi thay i 1 n v pH lm
cho Eh thay i t 57 - 59mV.
Mi tng quan gia pH v Eh c th hin theo cng thc Clc sau y:
Eh
rH2 =
+ 2pH
30
Eh tnh bng mV.
rH2 l s logarit m ca p lc kh H2 trong t (l mt tr s, v d: dung dch
nc bo ha H2 c rH2 = 0; bo ha O2 th rH2 = 41).
Eh cng gn r cy th cng gim, v r cy tit ra cht kh. Ring cy la nc
th cng gn r Eh cng tng v r la nc tit ra oxy.
Cc bin php canh tc cng c nh hng n Eh:
- Cy ba, lm t, xi xo, ph vng, sc bn,... s lm tng Eh.

51

- Bn nhiu phn hu c s lm gim Eh v trong qu trnh phn gii s sinh ra

nhiu cht kh.
- Rt nc phi rung (tiu nc) th Eh tng.
- Mt gieo trng: Vi cy la nc nu mt cy tng ln th Eh tng ln;
i vi cc cy trng cn th ngc li, trng cng dy th Eh cng gim.
6.3.3.3. ngha thc tin ca tnh oxy ha-kh
- in th oxy ha-kh l ch tiu nh gi tnh thng kh ca t: Eh cng cao
th xp v thong kh cng cao.
- Khi Eh thay i s dn n s thay i mt lot trng thi cc nguyn t dinh
dng trong t. V d:
Eh t cao chuyn xung thp: Eh gim xung ti 410 mV th NO3- b kh thnh
NO2- cy khng ht c, nu gim ti 250 mV th b kh thnh N2 (phn nitrat)
lm mt m ca t. Nhng Eh t cao thp th NH4+ tng ln v hm lng ln
d tiu (di dng Fe3(PO4)2) tng ln, c li cho dinh dng ca cy.
Eh t thp chuyn ln cao: th Fe2+ b oxyha thnh Fe3+, ln b kt ta di
dng FePO4 cy trng khng dng c.
- Mi loi cy trng cng nh cc loi vi sinh vt t ch sng thch hp trong
mt phm vi Eh nht nh; V d: phn ln cy trng cn cn Eh t 500 - 700mV,
cy la nc thch hp Eh t 200 - 300mV.
- Eh nh hng n pH t:
* i vi t chua: khi Eh gim th pH tng ln (gim bt tnh chua), v trong t
lc sinh ra mt s cht kh c tnh kim (nh Fe(OH)2, NH4 OH), chng trung
ha bt chua ca t.
* i vi t kim th ngc li, Eh gim th pH gim, nguyn nhn cha r.
- Nu Eh qu thp (< 200mV) th qu trnh kh rt mnh, t thiu khng kh,
trong t sinh ra rt nhiu cht kh gy c cho sinh vt nh H2S, CH4, PH3,...;
nhng nu Eh qu cao (>700 mV) th chng t t qu ho kh, mt s cht
schuyn thnh kh tan cy khng ht c (nh Fe3(PO4)2 FePO4 cy thiu
ln v thiu st), ng thi lc t b thiu nc nghim trng.
Nh vy, Eh thch hp mi iu ha c cht dinh dng, ch nc, ch
khng kh, ch nhit cho cy v vi sinh vt. Nhn chung Eh t 400 - 500 mV l
va phi, v lc cc yu t cn thit cho cy v vi sinh vt s c iu ha.
6.3.3.4. iu tit oxy ha-kh
C th iu chnh Eh bng cc bin php sau y:
a. Rt nc phi rung, xi t ph vng sau lc tri ma hoc sau lc ti.
Lm c sc bn oxy ha nhng cht kh c tnh c, chuyn chng ra dng
khng c v to ra bc nhy vt Eh sau Eh gim xung s c tc dng gii
phng dinh dng gim chua, tng NH4+, tng ln d tiu, ...(cho nn ngi ta
thng ni: Cng cy l cng b, cng lm c l cng n.
b. Ci thin kt cu t bng cch bn phn hu c v bn vi cho t ti
xp, thch hp vi cy trng cn.

52

c. Tho nc phi rung, tiu thy, cy i (c bit l t trng) nu ch ng

c ti tiu nc. Lm i l mt bin php canh tc tt c ng cha c kt
trong cu hn t n bng mt gi phn.
Thc vy trong qu trnh phi i, qu trnh oxy ha s c tng cng, c th
kh cc cht c nh H2S, CH4, PH3,... xc tin phn gii cht hu c, tng nhit
t, tr c di... Lc cho nc vo ba ( i) th Eh gim xung c th gii phng
nhiu NH4+ v ln d tiu, gim chua. Mt khc, nu t c phi i trit th lc
ba rt d nn cht lng lm t s tt hn. Ngoi ra phi i l qu trnh oxy
ha ht nhit, nn lc i s ta nhit lm cho n t tm thi tng ln, cng c
tc dng nht nh trong qu trnh sinh trng ca la mi cy trong v ng xun
tri lnh.
Nhng cn lu rng: Nu khng ch ng c ti tiu (kh tiu nc) th
khng nn lm i, m nn lm dm sm, ba k cho ngu t (i thm khng bng
dm ngu).
*
* *

53

CHNG 7
THNH PHN C GII T
7.1. Khi nim
Qu trnh phong ha to ra nhng ht c kch thc ln nh khc nhau, gi
l cc phn t c gii t. Cc phn t c gii t l nhng ht c lp ring r.
Trong t cc phn t c gii ch yu l cc ht v c.
Nhng phn t c gii c kch thc gn nhau th c gp thnh mt nhm v
gi l cp ht c gii. Ngi ta thng chia ra 3 cp ht c gii t l: cp ht ct,
cp ht limon (tht hay bi) v cp ht st. Hm lng cc cp ht c gii c biu
th theo phn trm trng lng t.
T l cc cp ht c gii c trong t c gi l thnh phn c gii t.
7.2. Phn chia cp ht
Tiu chun phn chia cp ht ca cc nc trn th gii c khc nhau. Ta c th
so snh s phn chia khc nhau qua bng sau y.
Bng 2. Phn chia cp ht c gii ca Lin X (c), ca M v ca Lin Hip
Quc
Lin X (c) (1957)
M
LHQ (UN) (1927)
vn
> 3 (mm)
Cui
> 2 (mm)
vn
> 2 (mm)
Cui
3-1
Si
2-1
Ct th
1 - 0,5
Ct th
1 - 0,5
Ct th
2 - 0,2
Ct trung bnh
0,5 - 0,25
Ct trung bnh 0,5 - 0,25
Ct mn
0,2 - 0,02
Ct mn
0,25 - 0,05
Ct mn
0,25 - 0,1
Limon
0,02 - 0,002
Limon th
0,05 - 0,01
Ct rt mn
0,1 - 0,05
St
0,002- 0,0002
Limon trung bnh 0,01 - 0,005
Limon
0,05 - 0,002
Keo
< 0,0002
Limon mn
0,005 - 0,001 St
< 0,002
St th
0.001 - 0.0005
St mn
0,0005 - 0,0001
Keo
< 0,0001
thun tin khi phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii, cc nh Th nhng
Lin X (c) ngh chia cp ht c gii thnh 2 nhm: Ct vt l (> 0,01mm) v
St vt l (<0,01mm).
Cho n nay, Vit Nam thng p dng bng phn cp ht ca Lin X (c). Tuy
nhin xu th gn y cc nh nghin cu dng bng ca LHQ ngy cng ph bin v
2 l: Th nht l trong thc t phn tch cp ht ngi ta c php n gin ha s
cp ht cn 3 cp; th hai l phng php phn loi t ca FAO-UNESCO ang
dn c ng dng rng ri.
7.3. Thnh phn v c tnh ca cc cp ht
Cc cp ht khc nhau c thnh phn ha hc khc nhau, nht l t l ca 3
nguyn t: silic, st v nhm. Nhn chung cp ht cng mn th t l silic cng t v
cc nguyn t dinh dng cng cao, m phn t cc i tng ln, kh nng thm

54

nc gim dn, ct nc mao dn dng cao dn, tnh trng tng, tnh do tng dn,
sc chng nn v sc dnh tng,.....
7.4. Phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii
Ngi ta da vo t l ca cc cp ht c gii trong t m t tn cho t l: t
ct, t tht hoc t st,... gi l phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii.
Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu bng phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii khc
nhau, nhng c 2 bng phn loi ph bin nht l ca Lin X (c) v ca LHQ
(UN). Ngoi ra cn c bng phn loi ca M c trnh by trn mt s hnh
tam gic u.
7.4.1. Phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii ca LHQ (UN)
Bng 3. Phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii ca LHQ (UN)
Loi t
T l cc cp ht
Ct
Limon
St
(2 - 0,02mm)
(0,02 - 0,002)
(< 0,002)
1. t ct
85-100
0-5
0-15
2. t ct pha

55-85

0-45

0-15

3. t tht pha ct

40-45

30-45

0-15

4. t tht nh

0-55

45-100

0-15

5. t tht trung bnh

55-85

0-30

15-25

6. t tht nng

30-55

20-45

15-25

7. t st nh

0-40

45-75

15-25

8. t st pha ct

55-75

0-20

25-45

9. t st pha tht

0-30

45-75

25-45

10. t st trung bnh

10-55

0-45

25-45

11. t st

0-55

0-55

45-65

12. t st nng

0-35

0-35

65-100

Bng phn loi ca LHQ c p dng cho tt c cc loi t. Chnh s n gin

ny nn nhiu nc c th d dng ng dng.
V d: Mt loi t cha 55% ct, 40% limon v 5% st. Tra bng ta c tn l t
ct pha (s 2).
7.4.2. Phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii ca Lin X (c)
Da vo t l 2 cp ht st vt l v ct vt l v p dng khc nhau cho 3 nhm
t Lin X l: t podzn, t tho nguyn vng v t mn.

55

Bng 4. Bng phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii ca Lin X (c)
% St vt l
% Ct vt l
(< 0,01mm)
( 0,01mm)
Tn t
t tho
t tho
t
t
t
t potzon nguyn
nguyn
potzon
mn
mn
vng
vng
t ct ri
0-5
0-5
0-5
100 - 95
100 - 95
100 - 95
t ct dnh

5 - 10

5 - 10

5 - 10

95 - 90

95 - 90

95 - 90

t ct pha

10 - 20

10 - 20

10 - 15

90 - 80

90 - 80

90 - 85

t tht nh

20 - 30

20 - 30

15 - 20

80 - 70

80 - 70

85 - 80

t tht trung bnh

30 - 40

30 - 45

20 - 30

70 - 60

70 - 55

80 - 70

t tht nng

40 - 50

45 - 60

30 - 40

60 - 50

55 - 40

70 - 60

t st nh

50 - 65

60 - 75

40 - 50

50 - 35

40 - 25

60 - 50

t st trung bnh

65 - 80

75 - 85

50 - 65

35 - 20

25 - 15

50 - 35

> 80

> 85

> 65

< 20

< 25

< 35

t st nng

Vit Nam t trc n nay vn dng bng phn loi t theo thnh phn c
gii ca Lin X vi loi t potzon, v d s dng v cng tng i ph hp vi
t Vit Nam.
V d: t c 68% ct vt l, 32% st vt l, tra bng ta gi l t tht trung bnh.
7.4.3. Phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii ca M: cho tin s dng
ngi ta lp mt s hnh tam gic u, trn cc phn din tch tng ng vi
nhng tn t c tnh ton theo bng phn loi.
Mun xc nh tn gi ca t ta lm nh sau: Trn cc cnh theo chiu tng
dn ca st, limon, ct, ly 3 im ng vi t l % st, bi v ct. T 3 im k ln
lt 3 ng thng song song vi cc cnh ct, cnh st v cnh limon. im gp
nhau ca 3 ng min no ta c tn gi ca t .
V d: t A c 15% st + 25% limon + 60% ct; ln lt k 3 ng song song;
3 ng ny gp nhau ti im min s 7. Ta c tn t l t th pha ct.

56

100% st

90

10

80

20

70

30

60

40

12
Limon(%)

50

St (%) 50

10
60

11

40

30

70

20

80

90

10

1
100% ct

2
90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

100% limon

Ct (%)

Ch thch: 1. Ct (Sand); 2. Ct pha tht (Loamy - Sand); 3. Tht pha ct

(Sandy - Loam); 4. Tht (Loam); 5. Tht pha limon (Silty - Loam); 6. Limon
(Silt); 7. Tht pha st v pha ct (Sandy Clay Loam); 8. Tht pha st v pha
limon (Silty Clay Loam); 9. Tht pha st (Clay Loam); 10. St pha limon (Silty
Clay); 11. St pha ct (Sandy Clay); 12. St (Clay).
xc nh nhanh thnh phn c gii t ngoi ng rung, ngi ta thng
p dng cch n gin sau y (gi l phng php "v giun"):
Ly mt t t (nht sch r cy) b vo lng bn tay tri. Thm nc t t vo,
trn u bp vn n mc c th nn hnh c. Ch sao cho lng nc va
phi t khng kh ri nhng cng khng dnh bt vo lng bn tay). V thnh hnh
con giun c ng knh khong 3 mm, ri khoanh thnh vng trn ng knh 3
cm. Nu:
- t ct: khng v thnh giun c v khng nn thnh hnh c, t ri rc.
- t pha ct: khng v thnh giun c nhng nn thnh hnh nn c.
- t tht nh: v thnh hnh giun c nhng vi pht sau th b rn nt thnh tng
on.
- t tht trung bnh: v thnh hnh giun c, nhng nu cun thnh vng trn
(ng knh 3cm) th b t gy.
57

- t tht nng: v thnh hnh giun c v cun thnh vng trn ng knh
3cm khng b gy, nhng b nt rn.
- t st: vng trn vn mn p khng h nt rn g.
7.5. ngha ca vic xc nh thnh phn c gii t
Ngi ta v 3 cp ht c gii: ct, limon v st to nn b xng ca t. V
thnh phn c gii t c ngha rt quan trng i vi tnh cht ca t. C th l:
- Tnh cht vt l ca t ph thuc phn ln vo thnh phn c gii ca t.
Thnh phn c gii quyt nh t trng, dung trng, xp, tnh lin kt, tnh dnh,
tnh do, tnh n hi, sc cn,...ca t. Anh hng n tnh thng kh, tnh thm
nc v nhit dung ca t.
- Thnh phn c gii nh hng n ha tnh ca t nh: s tch ly v phn
gii mn, kh nng hp ph, tnh m, tnh oxyha-kh v ch cung cp cht
dinh dng cho cy ca t.
- Thnh phn c gii nh hng n s hot ng ca vi sinh vt t, nn nh
hng n hot tnh sinh hc ca t.
Vic xc nh thnh phn c gii t nhm: b tr cy trng ph hp vi tng
loi t v p dng cc bin php k thut thch hp trn tng chn t c th.
7.6. Tnh cht cc loi t c thnh phn c gii khc nhau v bin php ci
to
7.6.1. t ct
L loi t trong t l cp ht ct cao (ct vt l > 80%, c th t ti 100%;
st vt l < 20%). t ct c nhng nhc im v u im nh sau:
- Do cc ht t c kch thc ln nn tng din tch khe h ln, c bit l th
tch khe h phi mao qun, nn nc d thm xung su v bc hi mnh, t d b
kh hn.
- Trong t ct iu kin oxy ha tt, Eh qu cao ( > 700mV), nn cht hu c b
khong ha mnh dn ti t ngho mn.
- t ct d b t nng v cng d mt nhit (nng ln v ngui i nhanh, to ra
bin nhit trong t ln), bt li cho s pht trin ca cy trng v vi sinh vt
t.
- t ct ri rc, d cy ba, tn cng lm t, nhng nu ma to hay ngp
nc th t d lng, b cht.
- t ct cha t keo, nhiu SiO2, nn ngho dinh dng, kh nng hp ph thp,
gi nc v gi phn km, tnh m thp. V vy nu bn nhiu phn tp trung vo
mt lc th cy khng kp s dng ht, mt phn ln b ra tri, b lng ph phn
bn.
- t ct thch hp vi nhiu loi cy c c nh khoai lang, khoai ty, lc,...
Trong t, r v c d dng vn xa, vn su m khng b t chn p. Cc cy h
u cng c th thch ng t ct. Mt s vng t ct ngi ta cn trng cc loi
da hu, da l hoc cc cy c chng nh thuc l,...
Bin php ci to: Thc t sn xut trn t ct, mun t nng sut cao ch c
th chn c cu cy trng ph hp vi t ct, ng thi p dng nhng bin php
58

k thut canh tc hp l nh: khng bn phn v c tp trung mt ln m chia ra

nhiu ln bn; dng bin php cy su dn lt st ln tng mt; bn nhin
phn hu c, nhng khi bn phn hu c phi vi su gim s t chy, nng
cao lng st v keo mn, bng cc cch nh: Ti nc ph sa, bn bn ao, bn
ph sa, t ,...
7.6.2. t st
t st l loi t trong cp ht st chim t l cao, ngc li t t ct thp
(ct vt l < 40%; st vt l > 60%).
Nu t st khng c kt cu hay kt cu km th nhng u nhc im ca n
hon ton ngc li vi t ct, c th l:
- Kch thc ht nh nn khe h gia cc ht b, dn ti thot nc km, d b
ng, gy tc hi cho cy trng cn.
- thong kh km nn d b gly ha, r cy d b thiu khng kh, tuy nhin
xc hu c b phn gii chm, nn lng cht hu c c tch ly nhiu hn.
- t gi nhiu nc hn nn chm b t nng, nhng cng chm b ngui, iu
ha nhit tt.
- t cha nhiu st nn sc cn ln, tnh dnh cao, gy cho vic lm t kh
khn.
- Do nhiu ht st nn t c kh nng hp ph ln, tnh m cao, cc cht t b
ra tri, tuy nhin cy trng kh ly cht dinh dng, v b t gi cht.
- m cy ho cao, nn trong t cn nhiu nc m cy vn b thiu nc.
- t cha nhiu ht nh nn lng bn chm, nu lm t xong m cy ngay th
r la d b b gc dn ti kh nng km.
- V t l cp ht st cao nn t st cha nhiu cht dinh dng, kh nng cung
cp c nhiu cht dinh dng cho cy trng.
Bin php ci to: Cn nng cao thong kh cho t bng cch: p dng bin
php cy i, bn thm t ct, bn phn xanh, rm, r, tru, bn phn hu c to
kt cu tt cho t.
7.6.3. t tht
t tht l loi t c t l cc cp ht cng nh cc tnh cht l ha hc nm
mc trung gian gia hai loi t ct v t st. Nu l t tht nh th t l ct ln,
ngc li t tht nng t l ct gim, m t l st tng.
Ni chung t tht trung bnh l tt, v c t l ca 3 cp ht ct, limon v st
tng ng nhau, va c nhng c tnh l hc, ha hc v sinh hc ph hp cho
nhiu loi cy trng, va d dng trong vic lm t v chm bn.
*
*

59

CHNG 8
KT CU T
8.1. Khi nim
Cc ht n l ca t (cc phn t c gii t) dnh li vi nhau nh mt l do
no thnh ht t c kch thc ln hn, ta gi l cc ht kt t (cn gi
l on lp). Nh vy, ht kt t l do 2 hay nhiu ht n dnh li vi nhau. Ta
gi trng thi t c cha cc ht kt l t c kt cu.
Tuy nhin, nu trng thi ht n ri rc hoc ht kt c kch thc qu nh
hoc to thnh tng tng ln th u t c ngha v mt nng hc. i vi cy
trng, nhng ht kt c kch thc t 0,25 - 10mm v bn trong nc mi l ht kt
tt, trong nhng ht c kch thc t 1 - 3mm l nhm bn trong nc nht v c
nhiu mn, m, ln hn c.
t cha nhiu cc ht kt c ngha v mt nng hc l t c kt cu tt v
t cha nhiu ht kt t c ngha v mt nng hc l t c kt cu xu.
Kt cu t c coi nh l mt yu t ca mu m t.
8.2. Cc loi ht kt t
Cn c vo hnh dng, kch thc phn bit cc ht kt t v c tn gi khc
nhau. Theo akharop c th gp thnh 3 nhm:
8.2.1. Nhm ht kt hnh khi
- Ht kt tng: ng knh 20mm; ht kt th hin km.
- Ht kt cc: ng knh 10 - 20mm; ht kt th hin hi km.
- Ht kt ht: ng knh 5 - 10mm; ht kt th hin r.
- Ht kt vin: ng knh 0,5 - 5mm; ht kt th hin rt r.
8.2.2. Nhm ht kt hnh tr
- Tr ln: ng knh 30mm; ht kt th hin km.
- Tr trung bnh: ng knh 10 - 30mm; ht kt th hin mc trung bnh.
- Tr nh: ng knh < 10mm; ht kt th hin r.
8.2.3. Nhm ht kt hnh tm
- Tm dy:
c b dy 5 mm
- Tm va:
c b dy 3 - 5mm
- Tm trung bnh (va): c b dy 1 - 3mm
- Tm mng (phin):
c b dy < 1mm.
Trong cc loi kt cu t th t c kt cu vin l tt hn c.
Mi mt loi t thng c mt hnh thi kt cu c trng. Ngay trong cng
mt loi t th cc tng t khc nhau trong phu din cng c kt cu khc
nhau. V d: t phn (chua mn) thng c kt cu hnh tr; t mn thng c
kt cu hnh tm; t st thng c kt cu hnh tng; t c thnh phn c gii
tht nng thng c kt cu cc; t bazan, t vi, t i ni ni chung
thng c kt cu vin, kt cu ht;...
8.3. S hnh thnh ht kt t
8.3.1. C ch hnh thnh ht kt
60

Ht kt t c hnh thnh do mt trong 3 c ch sau:

- Do s ngng t ca keo t. Hai ht keo t mang in tri du ht nhau to
nn ht kt cp 1. Nhng ht kt cp 1 cha trung ha v in, chng li cp i vi
nhau to ra ht kt cp 2, c nh vy n khi trung ha v in th s to ht kt
ngng .
Nhng ht kt c hnh thnh theo kiu ngng t ny khng bn trong nc.
- Do tc dng kt gn cc ht nh thnh ht ln hn nh mt s yu t no
trong t, nh: Mn, Ca, Fe, Al,...
- Do tc dng ca cc bin php canh tc ca con ngi.
8.3.2. Nhng yu to kt cu t
- Hp cht mn: Hp cht mn l nhng keo hu c c trng trong t, c kh
nng to thnh mng bao bc quanh cc ht t, chng c th gn cc ht t v c
li vi nhau; Mn to lin kt vi cc nguyn t khong trong t nh: cc humat,
cc fulvat, mn - st,...
- Keo st: Theo c ch trung ha v in, bn thn cc ht st c th to ra c
kt cu v khi mt nc chng cng c kh nng to ra kt cu tng do nt n. Khi
trong t c nhiu mn th st s to ra ht kt vin rt tt.
- St v nhm: Khi st 3 (Fe3+) v nhm trng thi kt hp vi st v mn s
to ra phc h bn vng ngay c trong mi trng chua. Bn thn st ha tan (Fe2+)
di chuyn n khe h gia cc ht kt, khi nc b mt gn cc ht t li ging
nh xi mng. t vng c nhiu st nhm nn to cho t c kt cu tt v
bn.
- Canxi: Canxi ng vai tr l cu ni gia cc keo v c v hu c to ra kt cu.
Ngoi ra canxi cn kt hp vi mn to ra mng bao bc xung quanh cc ht t kiu
xi mng.
- Sinh vt t: Hot ng sinh vt tit ra cc cht c th gn cc ht t vi nhau.
Phn giun l nhng ht kt t tt, cha nhiu cht dinh dng cho cy trng
(mn trong phn giun khong 2%, Ca2+ c th ti 16 - 72 ll/100g). Chnh v th
ngi ta v giun t l anh th cy cn mn. Ngoi ra mt s sinh vt khc
sng trong t nh chut, d, mi,... o bi lm t ti xp, c kt cu.
- Ch nc: t nng b t khi kh thng to ra nt n; chnh nhng
ng nt n ny to ra t c kt cu tng. Lp mn ph sa mi c bi khi
kh cng to ra kt cu dng tm.
- Canh tc: Lm t, cy ba, xi xo, chm sc, phn bn,... ni chung t
tr nn ti xp, ti to kt cu.
8.4. Nhng nguyn nhn lm t mt kt cu
Ht kt c th b ph hy lm cho t mt kt cu, do nhng nguyn nhn sau
y:
8.4.1. Nguyn nhn c gii:
Trong qu trnh canh tc, tru b, my mc, dng c thng xuyn tc ng ln
lp t mt, c th lm t mt kt cu tng canh tc dy ti 15 - 18cm. Lm t
qu k hoc lm t trong iu kin ngp nc s ph v cc ht kt.
61

Nhng trn ma hay ma ro cng c tc ng ph v cc ht t nm trn

cng, hoc lm tan mng keo mn lm cho cc ht t ri nhau ra.
8.4.2. Nguyn nhn l ha hc:
Ch yu l s ph v mi lin kt gia mn v st qua cu ni canxi. S ph v
ny l do ion ha tr mt thay th canxi, V d:
2+

[Mn]Ca + (NH4)2SO4 [Mn]2NH4 + CaSO4

2+

[Mn]Ca + 2NH4 Cl

[Mn]2NH4 + CaCl2

Lin kt [Mn]2NH4 l lin kt km bn vng do mng hu c quanh ht t

d b mt i, nn kt cu s b ph v. l nguyn nhn gii thch ti sao bn
nhiu phn v c th li lm cho t chai xu i. t rng (nng) lm ry li
tro cha K2CO3 hay K2O cng c tc dng ph hy kt cu tng t.
8.4.3. Nguyn nhn sinh hc:
Vi sinh vt trong t tin hnh ph hy mn s lm cho t tr nn ngho mn,
gim cht keo mn nn lm cho kt cu t b ph hy.
8.5. Vai tr ca kt cu i vi t v cy
8.5.1. Kt cu t vi ch nc trong t:
- Nu t c kt cu, c bit kt cu vin, kt cu ht th s c nhiu ng mao
qun, nc ma hay nc ti a vo t s c gi li trong cc khe h mao
qun. V th nc thm nhanh m vn gi c nhiu nc nhiu hn v lu hn,
cy khng b hn nu khng c ma hoc khng c ti mt thi gian di.
- Nu t khng c kt cu: ri rc nh t ct th khi ma hay khi ti khng
gi c nc, do cy d b hn; t st khng c kt cu, b cht th khi ma
hoc khi ti nc d chy trn lan trn b mt lm cho t b xi mn v mt cht
dinh dng.
8.5.2. Kt cu t vi ch khng kh v ch thc n cho cy:
Tng s th tch khe h t c ln nht nhng t c kt cu, c bit l c
kt cu vin. t thong kh, y oxi cho cy v vi sinh vt hot ng. t c kt
cu th hu nh lc no ch khng kh v nc cng iu ha, nc khng
chim ch khng kh trong t, nn hai loi vi khun ym kh v ho kh cng tn
ti v hot ng, hai qu trnh phn gii v tch ly cht hu c cng xy ra cn i,
do cy c thc n v mn vn hnh thnh v tch ly.
t ct c kt cu ri rc, kh nng gi nc km, nn hu nh lun tnh trng
thiu nc, khng kh qu nhiu, vi sinh vt ho kh hot ng mnh, v th cht
hu c b phn gii mnh, mn khng tch ly c; Ngc li t st th qu b
cht, t thiu khng kh, vi sinh vt ym kh hot ng mnh cht hu c c tch
ly nhng t c phn gii, nn cy trng thiu thc n.
Hn na, t c kt cu tt th lng nc trong t nhiu nn ch nhit cng
c iu ha hn, ma ng t m v ma h t li mt, thun li cho cy trng
pht trin.
8.5.3. Kt cu t vi iu kin canh tc:

62

t c kt cu th ti xp, lm t d dng, t tn cng lm t, xi xo, ht d

mc, r cy d pht trin.
8.6. Bin php duy tr v ci thin kt cu t
Cho n nay ngi ta thng vn dng cc bin php canh tc c bn duy tr
v ci thin kt cu t. C th l:
8.6.1. Lm t:
Lm t hp l l mt bin php va duy tr kt cu sn c, va c th to ra cho
t c kt cu tt hn. Cy ba khi t va chn, m thch hp nht (khong
60-80% m ng rung) th t d ti thnh nhng ht kt c 5 - 10mm. Nu t
ang qu m hoc qu kh th s to ra cc hay tng t ln, kh lm v tn cng
lm nh t.
p dng phng php lm t ti thiu ph hp vi tng loi cy trng, gim
s ln my mc, nng c i li trn rung, hn ch nn t v lm cho kt cu t b
ph hy.
t trng mu, vic chm bn, xi xo ph vng sau nhng cn ma cng
gp phn lm cho t c kt cu tt.
8.6.2. Tng cng hm lng mn cho t bng cch bn nhiu phn hu c
nht l phn chung; trng cy h u lm cho t giu m thm; nui th bo hoa
du rung la nc,...
8.6.3. Ci thin thnh phn c gii: i vi t qu nng th c th bn ct, bn
phn xanh, vi gc r, lm i t,... Cn i vi t qu nh th c th bn thm t
ph sa, bn ao, t ,... hoc cy su dn.
8.6.4. Thc hin ch lun canh, xen canh, gi v cc loi cy trng mt cch
hp l phc hi kt cu cho t.
Theo Vin la quc t (IRRI) th vic thay i mt v mu - mt v la, lm
cho nng sut la tng ln 12%, nh sau v trng mu kt cu c phc hi.
Ngi ta c th nui giun t bn vo rung, va tng lng phn, va
nng cao s lng ht kt vin cho t.
Ngoi ra cc nc tin tin ngi ta cn dng cc ha cht l nhng hp cht
cao phn t phun vo t gn cc ht t to thnh ht kt bn cho t.

63

CHNG 9
MT S TNH CHT VT L V C L CA T
9.1. T TRNG T
T trng ca t l trng lng t cc ht t st vo nhau khng c khe h
(khng c khong hng khng kh) trng thi kh kit trong mt n v th tch.
K hiu l d; n v tnh: g/cm3 hoc kg/dm3 hoc tn/m3.
T trng ca t ph thuc vo 3 yu t sau y:
- Thnh phn khong vt: Nhng loi t pht trin trn c cha khong vt
nng th c t trng ln v ngc li.
- Thnh phn c gii t: Ht t cng nh th t trng cng ln; t c thnh
phn c gii nng th t trng ln v ngc li. V d: t ct t trng: 2,65 0,01;
t tht: 2,7 0,02; t st: 2,74 0,027.
- Hm lng cht hu c trong t: Trn cng mt loi t, nu t giu cht
hu c th th t trng gim i v ngc li.
- ngha:
Thng qua t trng t c th nhn xt s b hm lng cht hu c, thnh phn
khong vt, thnh phn c gii ca mt loi t no . Ngoi ra, t trng t c
ng dng trong cng thc tnh xp.
9.2. DUNG TRNG T
Dung trng l trng lng kh kit ca mt n v th tch t trng thi t
nhin (k c khe h). K hiu l D; n v tnh; g/cm3 hoc kg/dm3 hoc tn/m3.
P
Cng thc tnh: D =
V
D: l dung trng
P: l trng lng t trng thi t nhin kh tuyt i.
V: Th tch cha t.
- Dung trng ca t ph thuc vo 3 yu t nh t trng, ngoi ra cn ph thuc
vo kt cu v xp ca t. Cc loi t ti xp thng c dung trng nh v
ngc li nhng t b cht, km ti xp th dung trng ln. Cc tng t cng
xung su th dung trng tng dn.
Bng 5. nh gi dung trng ca mt s loi t c thnh phn c gii t tht v st
(theoKatrinski)
3
Dung trng (g/cm )
nh gi
Dung trng
nh gi
3
(g/cm )
< 1,0
t giu cht hu c
1,3 - 1,4
t b nn cht mnh
1,0 - 1,1
t trng trt in hnh
1,4 - 1,6
Nhng tng t di tng canh tc
1,1 - 1,3

t hi b nn

1,6 - 1,8

Tng tch t b nn

- ngha:
+ Dung trng c s dng trong vic tnh trng lng t trn mt din tch no
: Trng lng t = S h D (trong : S l din tch, h l lp t cn tnh, D l
dung trng t).
64

+ Dung trng c s dng trong vic tnh xp ca t, tnh tr lng cc

cht dinh dng hay tr lng nc trong t,... Dung trng cn dng kim tra
cht lng cng trnh thy li, mng mng cn c D > 1,5.
9.3. XP CA T
xp ca t l t l % cc khe h chim trong t so vi th tch chung ca
t.
K hiu: P; n v tnh: %
d- D
D
Cng thc xp ca t: P (%) =
100 = (1 - ) 100
d
d
Trong : P: xp ca t
d: T trng t
D: Dung trng t
- xp ca t ph thuc vo cc yu t nh t trng, dung trng v kt cu ca t.
Ngoi ra xp t cn ph thuc rt ln vo cc bin php canh tc nh: cy, ba, xi
xo,...
- xp ca t c th bin ng t 30-70% ty thuc vo loi t v kt cu
t.
- xp ca t thng c phn cp nh sau:
P(%)
Mc
60 - 70
Rt xp
50 - 60
Xp
40 - 50
Xp va
30 - 40
Km xp
20 - 30
t b d cht
< 20
t b b
Theo mt s ti liu: xp t trng trt tt nht l 50%, khi ch nc v
khng kh trong t c iu ha v ch cung cp thc n cho cy cng c iu
ha tt.
- ngha thc tin
xp rt c ngha trong thc t sn xut nng nghip, v ph t ph thuc
ng k vo xp ca t. Nu t ti xp th r cy pht trin c d dng, kh
nng thm nc v khng kh cng ht sc thun li v nhanh chng.
9.4. TNH LIN KT CA T
Tnh lin kt l s dnh kt gia cc phn t t vi nhau.
Khi t kh, nhng loi t c tnh lin kt ln thng to thnh kt cu tng.
n v o tnh lin kt ca t: xc nh bng lc n vo t g/cm2 hoc kg/cm2.
- Nguyn nhn gy ra tnh lin kt:
+ Do nng lng b mt ca ht t. T din tng th tnh lin kt tng. Ht t
cng nh th t din cng ln.
+ Do nhng cht kt gn trong t.
+ Do sc nn c gii.
- Nhng yu t nh hng n tnh lin kt ca t l:
65

+ Thnh phn c gii: t c thnh phn c gii nng nhiu st c tnh lin kt
cng ln v ngc li. Tnh lin kt ca t st t tht t ct
+ m t: t cng kh tnh lin kt cng mnh (in hnh l t st kh), khi
m tng th tnh lin kt gim i, cy ba d hn.
+ Bn phn hu c s c tc dng tng kt cu t, gim tnh lin kt. t c thnh
phn c gii nng nu bn phn hu c s gim tnh lin kt, t b ra, cy ba d
dng hn.
+ t c kt cu vin lc lin kt nh d cy ba, ngc li nhng t c kt
cu tng ln tn nhiu cng lm vn t.
+ Thnh phn cation hp ph: Nhiu cation ha tr 1 (nh Na+, K+) th sc lin
kt ln khi kh lm cc loi t ny thng chai cng.
- V mt ngha thc tin: Tnh lin kt ca t nh hng rt ln n b r ca
cy (nu tnh lin kt ln th r cy kh n su). Tnh lin kt ca t cn nh hng
ti vic lm t d dng hay kh khn.
Ngi ta phn cp nh sau:
15 kg/cm2
Lc lin kt mnh
2
5 - 15 kg/cm
Lc lin kt hi mnh
2
2 - 5 kg/cm
Lc lin kt trung bnh
2
0,5 - 2 kg/cm
Lc lin kt yu
2
< 0,5 kg/cm
t ti
t st nng: lc lin kt 27,5 kg/cm2; t tht: lc lin kt 1,5 kg/cm2
t ct: lc lin kt 0,9 kg/cm2
9.5. TNH DNH CA T
Tnh dnh ca t l c tnh ca t c th bm vo cc vt bn ngoi khi tip
xc vi t, nh cy ba, my mc, nng c,...
- Nguyn nhn gy ra l do sc cng mt ngoi ca cc ht t to ra sc ht
gia cc ht t vi vt bn ngoi. dnh c o bng lc (g/cm2)
- Tnh dnh ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+ Thnh phn c gii t: t cng nng th tnh dnh cng ln.
+ Kt cu t: t c kt cu tt th tnh dnh gim.
+ m: m t tng th tnh dnh tng, nhng tng n mt gii hn no
khi t b nho ra th tnh dnh gim dn v mt tnh dnh. Hu ht t bt u dnh
khi m trong t t 60-80% m bo ha.
+ Ha tr ca cc ion trn b mt ht keo t: Ha tr 1 > ha tr 2 > ha tr 3.
V d: t c nhiu Na+ th tnh dnh ln hn 3-4 ln t c nhiu Ca2+ .
* Ch tiu nh gi:
+ t rt dnh:
A > 5 g/cm 2
+ t hi dnh:
A: 0,5 - 2 g/cm2
+ t dnh nhiu:
A: 3 - 5 g/cm 2
+ t t dnh (t A: 0,1 - 0,5 g/cm2
ct):
2
+ t dnh trung bnh:
A: 2 - 3 g/cm
Tnh dnh ca t ln th vic lm t phi hao tn thm nng lng.
9.6. TNH DO CA T
66

Khi t m, nu tc ng vo mt lc no m hnh dng ca n c th thay

i m khng b v nt ra, l tnh do ca t.
Tnh do th hin kh nng nn to c nhng hnh dng nht nh, nn cn
gi l tnh to hnh hay tnh nn.
Nguyn nhn gy ra l do lc lin kt ca cc ht t.
- Tnh do ca t ph thuc vo cc yu t sau y:
+ Thnh phn c gii t: t c thnh phn c gii cng nng, cng giu st th
cng do.
+ m: t qu kh hay qu m u khng c tnh do, tnh do ch xut hin
trong m nht nh. Nu t nc qu th hn t c th v ra, cn qu m th t
b nho ra khng c tnh do na.
m t t c khi t bt u c tnh do gi l gii hn di ca tnh do
v m t khi bt u chy nc ra, mt tnh do th gi l gii hn trn ca tnh
do. Hiu s ca 2 gii hn ny gi l tr s do hay tr s to hnh ca t. Tr s
ny cng ln th t cng do.
+ Lng cht hu c trong t: t st nu lng cht hu c tng ln th tnh
do gim dn v ngc li t ct khi lng cht hu c tng ln th tnh do
tng.
+ Thnh phn cation hp ph trn b mt keo t: Cc cation ha tr cng cao
th th tnh do ca t cng tng.
- ngha thc tin: Tnh do ca t c tc dng tt trong vic sn xut gm, s
v to hnh. Tuy nhin tnh do gy kh khn cho vic lm t. Nu t c tnh do
ln, gp trng thi t s to thnh thi, kt cu tng, khng ti v cn trng thi
kh th ngc li rt cng rn, tng lc cn i vi nng c, lm t v kh v vn.
9.7. TNH TRNG V TNH CO CA T
Tnh trng v tnh co ca t l c tnh ca t c th thay i th tch khi
m thay i. C th l: khi m th th tch ca t gia tng gi l tnh trng; khi
kh th th tch t gim i gi l tnh co.
- Tnh trng co ca t ph thuc vo cc yu t sau y:
* Thnh phn c gii: t cng nng th tnh trng v co cng tng.
* Thnh phn v hm lng keo st: t c nhiu khong st Monmorilonit th
trng co ln hn t cha nhiu khong st Kaolinit; Hm lng keo st tng th tnh
trng co tng.
* Thnh phn cc cation hp ph trong t: Nhiu cation ha tr 1 (nh Na+ , K+)
th tnh tng co mnh hn cation ha tr 2 v 3.
- V mt ngha thc tin: Tnh trng v tnh co u bt li. Trn nhng t
tht nng v t st khi bo ha nc s trng phnh lp ht cc khe h to nn
dng chy b mt gy xi mn ra tri. t c tnh trng co mnh, khi lm rung
m nu b kh cn mt t s nt n lm t r cy v cng lm tng qu trnh bc
hi nc lm t mt m.

67

9.8. SC CN CA T
Sc cn ca t l kh nng chng li cc vt tc ng vo t (ch yu l nng
c lm t), gi l lc cn ring ca t.
Nguyn nhn gy ra l do tng hp ca lc lin kt, lc dnh, lc do, lc ma st ca
t.
n v o l: kg/cm2, thng c do bng lc k nc gn sau my ko.
Vic nghin cu sc cn gim chi ph v nng cao cht lng lm t. Sc
cn (P) c th tnh bng cng thc:
P = k.ab
k l h s ch sc cn ring ca tng loi t, c th: t ct 0,2-0,3 kg/cm2; t
tht 0,6 kg/cm2; t st 0,9 kg/cm2.
a: Chiu su cy (cm)
b: Chiu rng hot ng li cy (cm)
- Cc yu t nh hng n lc cn ring ca t:
* Thnh phn c gii t: t c thnh phn c gii cng nng th sc cn ca
t cng tng: t st t tht t ct
* m t: t kh c lc cn ln hn t t (ring t ct khi ngp nc th
cy ba nng hn). Tuy nhin t kh qu (< 15%) hoc t t (35-40% m
ton phn) th sc cn ring u rt cao, cy ba tn cng v cht lng lm t s
km; m t 60-70% m ton phn s c sc cn ring thp nht, lm t
tn cng.
* Kt cu t: t c kt cu dng vin th lm gim sc cn.
* Bn phn hu c s lm gim lc cn mt cch r rt.
Vic nghin cu lc cn c ngha rt ln trong sn xut nng nghip, v c th
nhn nh c thnh phn cp ht t, mc pht trin ca b r cy trng, mc
lm t d hay kh v c bit l dng cng c lm t cho thch hp.

68

CHNG 10
NC TRONG T
10.1. VAI TR CA NC TRONG T
G.H.Vuxki v nc trong t nh mu trong c th ng vt. Bi v nc
c vai tr c bit quan trng, l yu t khng th thay th c, quyt nh s sng
ca tt c sinh vt trn Tri t.
10.1.1. i vi t
- Nc tham gia vo s phong ha hnh thnh t v di chuyn cc cht trong
t to ra cc tng trong phu din t.
- Nc tham gia vo tt c cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong t.
- Hm lng nc trong t nh hng n nng , thnh phn cht tan trong
dung dch t, t nh hng n cc tnh cht ca dung dch t nh: pH, tnh
m, Eh.
- Nc nh hng n trng thi keo ca t v kh nng trao i ca n.
- Nc l nhn t iu ha nhit v kh trong t; chi phi cc tnh cht c l t
nh: tnh lin kt,tnh dnh, tnh do, tnh trng co, cht,...
- Hm lng nc chi phi chiu hng chuyn ha vt cht trong t (ngp
nc th ym kh, kh hn th ho kh), t nh hng n kh nng cung cp
thc n cho cy v vic tch ly cc cht hu c trong t.
- Nc lin quan cht ch ti s hnh thnh cc cht mi sinh trong t nh: kt
von, ong, gly,..
- Nc cn gy ra s ra tri cht dinh dng, ph v kt cu v gy xi mn
t.
10.1.2. i vi sinh vt t
- Mi sinh vt mun sng, sinh trng pht trin c cn phi c nc; khng
c nc th mi sinh vt u cht. Thc vt mun to c 1g cht kh cn phi ht
200-1000g nc.
- Nh c nc ha tan cc cht dinh dng trong t th cy mi ht c.
- Nc nh hng n s phn b cc qun th vi sinh vt trong t: tha nc
th vi sinh vt ym kh pht trin mnh, kh hn th vi sinh vt ho kh chim u
th.
10.2. CC DNG NC TRONG T
Nc trong t c 7 dng:
10.2.1. Nc lin kt ha hc
Nc lin kt ha hc l nc tham gia vo thnh phn cu to ca cc hp cht
ha hc hoc cc khong vt trong t. N b gi bi mt lc rt ln (> 10.000
atm); nc lin kt ha hc c 2 loi l: nc cu to v nc kt tinh.
* Nc cu to (cn gi l nc ha hp): l nc tham gia vo thnh phn cu
to mng li tinh th ca nhng khong vt, lm thnh mt lin kt rt bn vng,
nc ny ch mt i nhit cao 400 - 8000C, khi nc cu to mt i th khong
vt cng b ph hy. V d: Nc trong Kaolinit (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O);...
69

* Nc kt tinh: c phn t nc tham gia vo s hnh thnh tinh th khong vt

(V d: thch cao: CaSO4.2H2O; gipxit: Al2O3.3H2O; limonit: Fe2O3.3H2O;...).
Nc kt tinh b mt i nhit 100-2000C, V d: nung CaSO4.2H2O 170 0C th
phn t nc tch ra, nhng thch cao khng b ph hy m ch thay i l tnh.
Nc lin kt ha hc thc vt hon ton khng th s dng c.
10.2.2. Nc hp ph:
L dng nc c cc ht t ht v gi li trn b mt ca n nh lc hp ph.
Ht t cng nh th nng lng b mt cng ln, lc hp ph cng cao v th nc
hp ph cng nhiu. Thnh phn c gii t cng nng, th lc hp ph cng ln, do
nc hp ph cng nhiu.
Ngi ta chia nc hp ph ra lm 2 loi:
10.2.2.1. Nc hp ph cht: L nc c cc ht t hp ph t hi nc trong
khng kh, lc gi nc rt ln t 50-10.000 atm. Dng nc ny c th tn ti 2
trng thi:
* Nc hp ph b (k hiu l Hy - hydroscopic): Trong iu kin m khng
kh bnh thng, lp nc hp ph b t on, cha vy kn ht t. Trng hp
ny xy ra khi t trng thi kh khng kh. m khng kh cng cao th lng
nc hp ph b cng ln.
* Nc hp ph ln nht (k hiu l Hymax): Khi khng kh bo ha hi nc (
m khng kh > 96%), lc lp nc hp ph s bao kn ht t.
Nc hp ph cht b mt i khi sy t nhit 105-1100C.
10.2.2.2. Nc hp ph h (nc mng)
Khi ht t t trng thi Hymax nu c tip xc vi nc th ht t s ht
thm mt lp nc bn ngoi nc hp ph cht, lp nc c gi l nc
mng hay nc hp ph h. Lc gi nc trong trng hp ny yu hn (6,25 - 50
atm), trong mt phn c gi kh cht (15 - 50 atm), cy hon ton khng s
dng c, phn cn li c gi bi mt lc yu hn (6,25 - 15 atm) nn cy c
th s dng c, mc d rt kh ly v tnh linh ng ca nc mng km. p lc
ht nc ca b r a s cy trng l 15,2 bar (khong 15atm) (1atm = 1,013bar)
10.2.3. Nc mao qun
Nc mao qun l nc c gi v di chuyn trong t do tc dng ca lc mao
qun. Lc mao qun bt u xut hin trong nhng l hng c ng knh < 8mm;
nhng lc ng k l nhng l hng c ng knh 0,1 - 0,001mm, nn nc mao
qun di chuyn tt nht trong nhng ng c ng knh 0,1 - 0,001mm, nu
0,001mm th lc mao qun tr thnh lc hp ph phn t. Trong phm vi ng knh
ng t 0,1 - 0,001mm th ng knh cng nh, lc mao qun cng ln v v dng
nc mao qun cng cao.
Lc gi nc mao qun ca t rt b (t 0,08 - 6,25 atm), nn dng nc ny
cy s dng d dng. V th nc mao qun l ngun cung cp nc ch yu cho
cy trng v l ngun nc d tr chnh c ch trong t.
Nc mao qun chia lm 2 loi:

70

10.2.3.1. Nc mao qun treo: L nc trong cc ng mao qun khng lin

h vi mch nc ngm, m do ti hoc do ma. y l dng nc gi m ch
yu cho tng t mt. Lc gi nc mao qun ca t t 0,3 - 6,25 atm.
10.2.3.2. Nc mao qun leo (cn gi l nc mao qun dng): L nc
trong cc ng mao qun ni vi mch nc ngm v do nc ngm dng ln. Chiu
cao ct nc dng ln trong mao qun t l nghch vi ng knh mao qun:
15
h=
Trong : h: l dng nc trong ng mao qun.
r
r: l ng knh ng mao qun.
15
Nu r = 0,001mm th h =
= 15000 mm = 15 m
0.001
Trong thc t dng nc mao qun thp hn nhiu, l do l cc ng mao qun
khng phng, trong ng c bt kh, nc mng ca cc ht t ngn cch,... Theo
Katrinski th nc dng mao qun cao nht t st l 6 - 7 m; t tht l 3 - 4 m;
t ct l 0,3 - 0,6 m. Tng t c cha nc mao qun leo gi l vin mao qun.
10.2.4. Nc trng lc
Nc trng lc l nc cha trong nhng l hng phi mao qun ca t v di
chuyn do nh hng ca trng lc xung cc tng su ca t, l ngun cung cp
cho dng nc ngm trong t. Nc trng lc ch tn ti cc tng trn trong mt
thi gian ngn sau khi ma hoc sau khi ti. S tn ti lu hay mau ca dng nc
ny tng trn ph thuc vo kh nng thm nc ca tng loi t.
Mc d lc gi nc ca t rt nh (10 -4 atm) nhng cy s dng c rt t
dng nc ny (v thi gian tip xc ngn, n di chuyn qu nhanh).
10.2.5. Nc ngm
Nc ngm l nc trng lc c gi li pha trn tng t hoc tng khng
thm nc trong t. Do thm t tng trn xung nn n ha tan v ko xung
nhiu mui khong trong t, v th nc ngm l dng nc giu mui khong.
su t mt t cho n mt nc ngm gi l su xut hin mch nc ngm.
su ny c lin quan n kh nng cung cp nc cho cy v su tng gly trong
t.
Nc ngm c chia ra 2 loi:
- Nc ngm tm thi : L nc ngm xut hin su nht nh ph thuc
vo thi tit, nu hn hn th nc ny c di chuyn xung su hn.
- Nc ngm vnh cu: Nc kp gia 2 tng t khng thm nc. Nc ny
c a t cc vng ni cao xung. Nu tng khng thm nc pha trn b nt th
n phun ln, nn cn gi l nc phun.
10.2.6. Hi nc:
L nc th hi, cha trong nhng l hng t do khng cha nc trong t.
Hi nc trong t rt linh ng v c th khuych tn t ni c p sut hi nc
cao n ni c p sut hi nc thp hoc di chuyn theo gi mt cch th ng.
Thc ra hm lng nc th hi trong t khng ng k.
10.2.7. Nc th rn:
71

L nc trong t trng thi rn (ng bng). Dng nc ny trong t ch c

vng n i hoc cc vng ni cao Vit Nam khi nhit xung qu thp. Cy
hon ton khng s dng c dng nc ny.
10.3. CC HNG S NC CA T
Trong mt loi t nht nh mi loi m sau y s c tr s khng i hoc
rt t thay i, cho nn ngi ta gi l cc hng s nc ca t (hay cn gi l
cc gii hn m c trng trong t).
10.3.1. m cy ho: L lng nc cn li trong t khi cy ho (tnh theo %
trng lng t). y l gii hn di ca lng nc hu hiu. C th chia lm 2
loi:
- m cy ho tm thi: L m t m cy b ho tm thi, nu cung
cp thm nc th c th sng li bnh thng.
- m cy ho vnh vin: L m t m cy b ho v cht hn.
Cng mt loi t th m cy ho tm thi bao gi cng ln hn m cy
ho vnh vin.
C th xc nh m cy ho bng phng php trng cy hoc c th tnh gin
tip nh sau:
+ m cy ho tm thi: Wch = 1,5 Hymax
+ m cy ho vnh vin: Wch (%) = 0,6 - 0,9 m phn t cc i.
m cy ho ph thuc loi cy trng, thi k sinh trng ca cy v thnh
phn c gii t (t c thnh phn c gii nng th m cy ho cao; cy chu
hn tt th m cy ho thp). Trong thc t th s chnh lch v m cy ho
nhiu nht l do thnh phn c gii t, cn s chnh lch gia cc loi cy trng
khng ln.
10.3.2. ht m ti a (cn gi l nc ht m cao nht): L lng nc ln
nht m t kh ht c t khng kh bo ha hi nc (> 96%), k hiu l Hymax.
10.3.3. m hp ph ti a (cn gi l m phn t cc i): L lng
nc ln nht m t gi li c bi lc hp ph ca t.
m hp ph ti a = Hymax + Nc mng.
10.3.4. m mao qun: L lng nc t gi c trong cc ng mao qun
bi nhng lc mao qun (k c nc mao qun treo v nc mao qun leo).
m mao qun = m ng rung ln nht - m cy ho.
10.3.5. cha m ng rung (hoc sc cha m ng rung): L m
biu th lng nc ln nht m t c th gi li c sau khi loi tr nc
trng lc (tnh bng %). Ngi ta c th phn bit m ng rung lm 2 loi:
* m ng rung b nht: L m ng rung m lc ch c nc mao
qun treo, lc ny nc ngm su nn khng c nc mao qun leo.
* m ng rung ln nht (cn gi l m ti a ng rung): L m
ng rung m lc c c nc mao qun treo v nc mao qun leo (do mc
nc ngm dng cao).
T m ng rung v m cy ho ta c th tnh c m hu hiu:
m hu hiu (%) = cha m ng rung b nht (%) - m cy ho (%)
72

C th xc nh liu lng nc ti cho tng t mt mt dy no , theo cng

thc:
M(m3) = WR - W
Trong : M: l lng nc cn ti; WR l lng nc tng ng vi cha
m ng rung; W l lng nc c trong lp t cn ti).
10.3.6. m bo ha (hay m ton phn): L lng nc ln nht t cha
c khi tt c cc l hng trong t u cha y nc (thc ra cn 5-8% cha
khng kh).
m bo ha = m ng rung + nc trng lc. Trng thi ny ch tn
ti trong mt thi gian ngn, v nc trng lc s b di chuyn xung cc tng t
su hn.
Thng thng ngi ta thng tnh m ton phn bng xp (nu tnh theo
% th tch), nu theo % trng lng t th m ton phn c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
P
Wb (%) =
(trong : W b l m ton phn; P l xp; D l dung trng
D
t)
Lng nc trng lc: WT = Wb - m ng rung b nht.
10.4. S BC HI NC CA T
L mt trong cc hin tng lm mt nc ca t. S bc hi nc ca t c 2
dng:
10.4.1. S bc hi nc vt l ca t (cn gi l bc hi nc b mt):
S bc hi nc vt l ph thuc nhng yu t sau:
- Tc bc hi nc tng khi m t tng.
- Nhit lp t mt cng cao th nc bc hi cng mnh.
- Cng gi cng ln v thi gian gi thi cng lu th s bc hi cng nhiu.
- Mt t ln sng, sm mu bc hi mnh hn mt t bng phng v nht
mu.
- m khng kh cng thp s bc hi nc cng mnh.
- Mt t khng c che ph th bc hi nc nhiu hn mt t c che ph.
10.4.2. S bc hi nc sinh hc ca t (cn gi l s thot hi nc ca
thc vt):
L s bc hi nc t b mt l do nhu cu sinh l ca cy. y cng l mt chi
ph nc rt ln ca t, v cy cn rt nhiu nc sinh trng pht trin (thc
vt mun to c 1gam cht kh cn phi ht 200 - 1000g nc, c ti 98% lng
nc cy ly l dng thot hi nc, ch c 2% lng nc l dng cu thnh
nng sut.
S i hi nc ca thc vt thng c xc nh nh h s thot hi nc
(TK):
Lng nc thot hi bi thc vt trong thi gian nht nh
TK =
Lng gia tng cht kh trong thi gian y
H s TK ph thuc vo tng loi thc vt, vo m ca t v ph thuc vo
iu kin kh hu.
73

Trong iu kin ng rung, h s tiu hao nc (TH) ca t trn mt n v

din tch c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Lng nc bc hi vt l + Lng nc bc hi sinh hc
TH =
Lng cht kh thu c t thc vt
10.5. S THM NC CA T
S thm nc ca t l kh nng tip thu nc v cho nc di chuyn trong
t.
Nu t thm nc qu km, khi a hnh dc th s to ra dng chy gy xi
mn ra tri, khi a hnh bng phng th gy ra t nc lm cho t ym kh, ly
li.
S thm nc ca t chia lm hi giai on:
+ Giai on ht: Nc i vo rt nhanh khi cc khe h ca t cha chon nc
nh lc thm thu.
+ Giai an thm: L giai on cc khe h trong t cha y nc, nn nc
bt u chy ngang, chy dc do trng lc.
Tc thm nc ca t c tnh bng lng nc thm qua trong mt n v
thi gian trn mt n v din tch t:
Q
V=
St
Trong :
V l tc thm nc (mm/giy, cm/pht, dm/pht, m/gi)
Q l lng nc thm (mm3, cm3, dm3, m3)
S l din tch thm (mm2, cm2, dm2, m2 )
t l thi gian thm (giy, pht, gi)
Ngi ta phn cp nh sau:
V > 1000 mm/pht:
t thm nc qu nhanh
1000-500 mm/pht:
t thm nc mnh
500-100 mm/pht:
t thm nc tt
100-70 mm/pht: t thm nc kh
70-30 mm/pht: t thm nc trung bnh
< 30 mm/pht:
t thm nc km
S thm nc ca t ph thuc vo thnh phn c gii, xp, cht ca lp
t,...v thi gian thm (v d t ct thm nc tt hn t st; thi gian thm cng
di th tc thm gim dn).
10.6. CN BNG NC TRONG T
Cn bng nc trong t l ch s thu, chi nc trong mt th tch t nht
nh (thng tnh tng t thuc khu r cy).
Cn bng nc c th biu th nh sau:
N1 + N2 + N3 + N4 + N5 + N6 = N7 + N8 + N9 + N10 + N11 + N12
Trong v tri l lng nc thu vo (input) bao gm:
N1: Nc c trong t lc bt u quan st
N2: Lng nc ma trong thi gian quan st
74

N3: Nc ngm
N4: Nc ngng t t kh quyn
N5: Nc xm nhp t mt t
N6: Nc xm nhp theo mch ngang (t ni cao n ni thp).
V phi l nc mt i (output) bao gm:
N7: Nc bc hi b mt trong thi gian quan st
N8: Nc bc hi do pht tn (bc hi nc sinh hc)
N9: Nc thm su xung tng di
N10: Nc chy trn trn mt
N11: Nc mt i theo mch ngang (n ni c a hnh thp hn)
N12: Nc cn li cui k quan st
Trong thc t nng nghip, nc thu vo trong t ch yu l nc ma v nc
mt i ch yu l do nc bc hi vt l v nc pht tn.
Gi Y l h s m t, ta c:
Nc thu vo
Nc ma
Y =
=
Nc mt i
Nc bc hi vt l + Nc pht tn
Nu Y > 1: t ang tha nc.
Nu Y = 1: t ang nc.
Nu Y < 1: t ang thiu nc.
Cn c vo h s m t c ch iu ha nc cho t.
10.7. CCH TNH TR LNG NC TRONG T
Tr lng nc trong t l tng s nc c trong mt tng t su no .
Tr lng nc (lng nc tng s) trong mi tng pht sinh ring bit c
tnh theo cng thc: N (tn/ha) = W1 D h 104
Trong : N l lng nc tng s c trong tng t (tn/ha)
W1 l m truyt i tnh theo % khi lng t kh kit.
D l dung trng t (tn/m3)
h l chiu dy tng t (m)
104 i m2 ra ha.
Lng nc cht (nc cy khng s dng c) tnh nh sau:
Nc (tn/ha) = Wch D h 104
Trong : Wch l m cy ho ca lp t thuc khu r cy (%).
D l dung trng t ca lp t thuc khu r cy (g/cm3).
h l dy lp t thuc khu r cy (cm).
Lng nc hu hiu l lng nc trong lp t thuc khu r cy c th xm
nhp vo cy:
Lng nc hu hiu = Lng nc tng s - Lng nc cht.
*
*

75

CHNG 11
PH NHIU CA T
11.1. KHI NIM V PH T
Khi nim v ph nhiu t c bit t lu, nhng trc y ngi ta
nh gi t ch yu da vo kinh nghim khi quan st mu sc t, kh nng to ra
sn phm, nng sut cy trng,.... Sau khi ngnh khoa hc t ra i th khi nim
v ph mi c nhn nhn mt cch ng n, c khoa hc.
Theo Viliam: ph nhiu ca t l kh nng ca t c th cung cp cho cy
nc, thc n khong v cc yu t cn thit khc (khng kh, nhit ,...) cho
cy sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng.
Khi nim v ph l mt khi nim ht sc phc tp v mang tnh cht tng
i, cho nn hiu mt cch my mc th d mc sai lm. ph ch mi l kh nng
ca t, kh nng ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Loi cy trng, kh nng s
dng t ca con ngi v iu kin ngoi cnh,...Ngoi ra, ph nhiu ca t
nng nghip cn ph thuc vo trnh khoa hc, k thut v ch chnh tr x
hi.
Ni tm li, ph nhiu l tnh cht rt phc tp ca t, n chu tc ng ca
cc yu t t nhin v nhn to.
11.2. PHN LOI PH NHIU CA T
Khi nghin cu a t trong nng nghip Cc Mc phn tch su sc v ton
din ph nhiu ca t. Mc chia ph nhiu ca t ra lm cc loi sau:
11.2.1. ph t nhin: L ph c to ra trong qu trnh hnh thnh t do
tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin, hon ton khng c s tham gia ca con ngi.
ph nhiu ny ph thuc vo thnh phn, tnh cht ca m v cc yu t tham
gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh t; ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo nhng qu trnh l ha
hc, sinh hc xy ra trong t. ph t nhin l tnh cht c trng t nhin ca
bt k mt loi t no.
ph t nhin gm 2 phn:
ph tim tng: L mt phn ca ph t nhin m cy trng tm thi
cha s dng c sinh trng pht trin v to ra nng sut.
ph hiu lc (hu hiu): L mt phn ca ph t nhin bin thnh
hin thc cung cp nc, thc n v nhng iu kin sng khc cho cy trng to ra
nng sut v c nh gi bng nng sut cy trng. ph hiu lc cao hay thp
ph thuc vo hm lng cc cht dinh dng d tiu ca t i vi cy.
t trng trt, ph nhiu hiu lc ph thuc rt ln vo k thut canh tc,
trnh pht trin khoa hc k thut v ch x hi,... l tng biu hin ca ph
t nhin v ph nhn to.
11.2.2. ph nhn to: L ph c hnh thnh do canh tc, bn phn, ci
to t, p dng k thut nng nghip, lun canh, xen canh,... ca con ngi.
ph nhn to cao hay thp cn ph thuc vo lc lng sn xut, quan h sn
xut, trnh khoa hc k thut v ch chnh tr x hi.
76

Trong thc t trn cng mt mnh t kh c th phn bit u l ph t nhin

v u l ph nhn to, m c th ni thi gian canh tc t cng lu, k thut
canh tc cng hon thin th tnh cht ban u ca ph t nhin cng gim v tnh
cht ph nhn to tng ln.
11.2.3. ph kinh t: Nu ph t nhin v ph nhn to c nh gi
bng nng sut cy trng, th ph kinh t c nh gi bng nng sut lao ng,
bng hiu qu kinh t cao hay thp khi canh tc trn mnh t y.
ph kinh t ph thuc vo iu kin t nhin v x hi nht nh, ph thuc
vo trnh qun l kinh t, mc pht trin ca lc lng sn xut, ca khoa hc
k thut v quan h sn xut x hi.
11.3. CC C S NH GI PH T
ph nhiu ca t c th cn gi l kh nng sn xut ca t, l tng hp cc
iu kin, cc yu t m bo cho cy trng sinh trng v pht trin tt. Bi vy
mun nh gi ph cn phi nh gi mt cch ton din, phi hp nhiu yu t.
C th l phi da vo 3 c s sau y:
11.3.1. Quan st tnh hnh sinh trng pht trin v nng sut cy trng
y l c s quan trng, v cy trng phn nh trung thc nht ph ca t.
S liu theo di v tnh hnh sinh trng pht trin v thng k nng sut tin
hnh trong nhiu nm th tin cy cng cao v t nht l thng k trong 3 nm lin.
11.3.2. Da vo tnh cht thc t ca t
11.3.2.1. Quan st hnh thi phu din t:
Khi quan st hnh thi phu din t cn ch ti nhng ch tiu sau y: dy
ca t, tng mn dy hay mng, mu sc t, c im cc tng trong phu din
t, a hnh v dc ca t, mc nc ngm, kt von ong nhiu hay t, mc
gly, cc vt tch hot ng ca sinh vt t,...
11.3.2.2. Xc nh cc ch tiu l tnh t:
Cc ch tiu l tnh cn xc nh nh: Thnh phn c gii, kt cu t, xp,
m, tnh thm nc, thnh thng kh, ch nhit,....
11.3.2.3. Xc nh cc ch tiu l tnh t ha tnh v sinh tnh t:
Ha tnh t l mt trong nhng yu t hng u quyt nh n kh nng sinh
trng pht trin ca cy trng. Bi v mun cho cy trng sinh trng pht trin
tt th cn phi m bo cc yu t sau: Trong t phi c cc cht dinh dng
cn thit dng d tiu cng nh tng s; c phn ng mi trng thch hp, m
thch hp; khng c cht c hoc c cha th hm lng rt thp cha ti ngng
gy c;...
Cc ch tiu ha tnh cn xc nh l: hm lng cht hu c, mn, m, ln, kali
c tng s ln d tiu, dung tch hp ph, no kim, pH, Eh,... Xc nh cng
nhiu ch tiu th s nh gi ph cng chnh xc.
Mun vy phi ly mu t, em v phn tch trong phng th nghim, phn cp
mc , cho im tng ch tiu, ri tng hp im nh gi ph nhiu ca t.
nc ta hin nay ngi ta phn cp mt s ch tiu nh sau:
Bng 6. Phn cp mc mt s ch tiu ha hc ca t
77

Cht tng s (%)

Cht d tiu (mg/100g t)
Mn
N
P 2O5
K2O
N
P 2O5
K2O
Rt ngho
< 0,5
< 0,05
< 0,03
< 0,2
<4
<3
<5
Ngho
0,5 - 1,0 0,05 - 0,10 0,03 - 0,06 0,2 - 0,5
4-8
3-5
5 - 10
Trung bnh 1,0 - 1,5 0,10 - 0,15 0,06 - 0,10 0,5 - 1,0
>8
5 - 10
10 - 15
Kh
1,5 - 2,0 0,15 - 0,20 0,10 - 0,15 1,0 - 1,5
10 - 15
15 - 20
Giu
> 2,0
> 0,2
> 0,15
> 1,5
> 15
> 20
+ t c dung tch hp ph < 10 ldl/100g t l thp.
+ t c dung tch hp ph 10 - 20 ldl/100g t l trung bnh.
+ t c dung tch hp ph > 20 ldl/100g t l cao.
pHKCl < 3,5
c bit chua
3,6 - 4,5
Rt chua
4,6 - 5,5
Chua
5,6 - 6,5
t chua
11.3.3. B tr cc th nghim theo di
Nhng bin php trn s b nh gi c ph ca t v hng bi
dng, ci to nng cao ph t. Tuy nhin cn phi b tr cc th nghim trong
chu hoc th nghim ng rung kim tra li cc ch tiu xc nh c
trn v theo di din bin v nng sut cy trng, t c kt lun mt cch
chnh xc.
11.4. BIN PHP NNG CAO PH T
C nhiu bin php nng cao ph nhiu t, tuy nhin c th s dng mt s
bin php c bn sau:
Thy li: ngoi mc ch cung cp nc v tiu ng cho cy trng cn c tc
dng ci to t rt ln. V d nh thau chua ra mn, rt nc phi rung lm
i t,...
Bn phn va c tc dng cung cp dinh dng cho cy ng thi lm tng
ph cho t, khc phc tnh trng thiu ht mt s cht dinh dng trong t, iu
ha mi quan h gia: t, phn bn v cy trng.
K thut lm t mc du khng b sung thm cc cht dinh dng vo t
nhng c th gip cho cy trng sinh trng pht trin tt hn nh kh nng s
dng cc cht dinh dng trong t, ci thin ch nc, ch nhit trong t.
V th lm t cn phi ng m, ng nng c, ng phng php ty theo
tng loi t.
Phi la chn mt c cu cy trng thch hp, mt h thng lun canh hp l
t mc tiu: va tng c tng sn lng, va tng hoc ti thiu gi vng
ph t
Mun m bo cho cy trng sinh trng pht trin tt, cn c nhng bin
php k thut ci to thch hp i vi tng loi t, tng iu kin c th nhm
mang li hiu qu tt nht.
Mc

*
78

CH NG 12
XI MN T
12.1. KHI NIM V TC HI CA XI MN T
12.1.1. Khi nim
T xi mn (erosion) c ngun gc t ting latinh erosio ngha l co mn (to
gnaw away). Hiu vi ngha chung th xi mn l s chuyn di vt l lp t mt t
cao xung thp hoc t ni ny n ni khc do cc tc nhn khc nhau nh nc
chy, gi, sc ko trng lc. Xi mn c nh ngha nh l s mang i lp t mt
do nc chy, gi, tuyt hoc cc tc nhn a cht khc, bao gm cc qu trnh st l
do trng lc (Rattan Lai,1990). Qu trnh di chuyn lp t do nc u ko theo cc
vt liu tan v khng tan.
Xi mn lm cho t b mt mn v cc cht dinh dng khong.
Vit Nam l mt l mt nc vng nhit i m c ch gi ma, lng ma
trung bnh nm khong 1500mm, c ni ln ti 3000mm v tp trung ch yu vo
ma ma. min Bc lng ma tp trung vo thng 5-10; min Trung t thng
7-10 v cng ma ln rt ln. Nhng trn ma trn 100mm chim ti 50% nn
to ra tc dng chy mnh. Bn cnh , vng i nc ta li c dc ln:
dc t 10-25% chim hn 65% din tch, dc > 25% (ti 40-450) chim 20%.
V th s xi mn vng i xy ra rt mnh v gy thit hi ln.
tnh lng t xi mn, ngi ta s dng phng trnh ca Wischmeier W.H
v D.D. Smith (1976):
A = R.K.L.S.C.P
Trong :
- A: Lng t b mt do xi mn (tn/ha/nm).
- R: ng nng gy xi mn (ng nng ca ht ma).
- K: H s xi mn t (tnh ng chu xi mn ca t) (ph thuc vo tnh cht
t)
- L: Chiu di sn dc.
- S: dc ca mt t.
- C: H s mt che ph.
- P: H s cc bin php chng xi mn.
Da vo lng t mt hng nm trn 1 ha, ngi ta nh gi mc xi mn
theo cc cp v quy m nh sau:
Bng 7. nh gi mc xi mn theo cc cp v quy m
Cp xi mn
Mc xi mn
Lng t mt
(tn/ha/nm)
1
Yu
0 - 20
2
Trung bnh yu
20 - 50
3
Trung bnh kh
50 - 100
4
Mnh
100 - 150
79

5
6

Rt mnh
Nguy him

150 - 200
> 200

12.1.2. Tc hi ca xi mn
Xi mn t cn c ngha l s o ln cn bng t - thm thc vt - kh hu.
Nhng xo trn ny gy nh hng ti cc mt c th sau:
12.1.2.1. V mt sn xut nng nghip
- Tng t mt b bo mn, t tr nn ngho dinh dng, tr si , mt s tnh
cht t b thay i do ch nhit, m t b thay i.
nhng vng t c dc 20O, lc mi khai hoang tng t trn cng giu cht
hu c v c tng dy khong 20cm, sau 2 nm b bo mn mt 5cm, sau 3 nm ch
cn li 13cm, c mu xm tro.
V d: Nghin cu nhiu nm Ty Bc cho thy: bnh qun hng nm t b
bo mn 1,5cm; c ngha l trn 1 km2, nc ma cun i 20 - 30 ngn tn t
cng vi 30 - 40 tn N, 10 - 15 tn P 2O5 v 12 - 18 tn K2O.
- Nng sut cy trng gim nhanh chng, c khi khng cho thu hoch. y l vn
cn thit phi quan tm khi khai hoang vng t mi, v a s din tch ch trng
c mt s v l ngi dn b i, to nn hin tng du canh du c, khng n
nh i sng cho ng bo min ni.
12.1.2.2. V mt lm nghip
Do xi mn t, nng ry ch gieo trng c vi ba v l phi b ha. Ch
canh tc ba bi theo kiu t nng lm ry cht ph, khai thc g, ci lm cho
t ch cn tr i ni trc.
Rng cy b ph, khai thc ba bi s km theo nn l lt, hn hn v tiu kh
hu thay i do ch nc, nhit v cc hot ng sng sinh vt b o ln.
12.1.2.3. V mt thy li
Mc xi mn nc ta thuc loi cao, ph sa cc con sng u bt ngun t
i ni v ( l nhng sn phm do xi mn gy ra) bi p cc lng sng h
lu, nng mc nc sng ln to p lc ln cho cc con sng, gy l lt vo ma
ma cho cc vng ng bng, qu trnh tiu thy kh khn hn.
Ph sa cn lm cho cc h, p cha nc, knh mng b lp y v thu hp
nn gy kh khn cho vic ti tiu, nu khng c no vt hng nm.
Ngoi ra xi mn cn gy ra nhiu thit hi khc nh lm cho t st l, t
trt ph hoi cu ng, tn ph nh ca, rung ng, c khi nh hng n i
sng v tnh mng con ngi.
12.2. CC LOI XI MN T
Xi mn c th gy nn bi cc yu t nh gi, nc, trng lc. nc ta do
nm trong iu kin kh hu gi ma, lng ma tp trung nn hin tng xi mn
do nc xy ra l ch yu, cn xi mn do gi v trng lc t hn.
12.2.1. Xi mn do nc
Trong nhng vng kh hu nhit i m hng nm c tng lng ma ln, tp
trung theo ma vi cng cao v iu ny to ra nhng dng chy trn rt ln
80

trn b mt t. nhng vng t dc hin tng nc chy trn trn mt khng

nhng lm mt i mt lng ln nc ma (khong 50 - 60%) hng nm, m km
theo l vic t b xi mn mnh, l s thit hi nghim trng rt ng quan
tm.
Thng thng nhng thnh phn ht mn th li d b nc y i, m chng li
cha nhiu cht dinh dng nht. Hm lng cc cht dinh dng trong t b mt
i do xi mn rt cao. Th nghim ca Batic (1983) v xi mn vng Missouri
(M) cho thy lng dinh dng bnh qun hng nm b mt i do xi mn nh
sau:
Bng 8. Hm lng dinh dng b ra tri/nm (kg/ha)
iu kin trng trt
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
S
Trng ng lin tc
74
20
678
247
93
19
Lun canh: ng - la m
29
9
240
95
33
7
Anh hng ca ma i vi t c 3 tc ng chnh:
Lm tch ri cc ht t.
Va p v ph hy cc ht t.
Vn chuyn cc ht t b ph hy theo cc dng chy trn mt t.
V nguyn l, Ellison (1994) xc nh tc nhn gy xi mn mnh m nht l
xung lc ht ma p vo t lm tch ri cc ht t. ng chia qu trnh ny thnh 3
pha nh sau:
- Pha 1: Tch cc ht t ra khi khi t.
- Pha 2: Di chuyn cc phn t b tch ra i ni khc.
- Pha 3: Lng ng chng mt ni khc.
Nu hn ch c pha 1 th s khng xy ra pha 2 v pha 3. Do cc bin php
tng cng che ph mt t s tr nn quan trng nht.
Hin tng xi mn do nc c cc loi sau:
12.2.1.1. Xi mn b mt (Sheet erosion)
y l s di chuyn c lp t mng trn mt din rng. Loi xi mn ny lm
cho tng mn b bo mn dn, cc phn t st mn ca t b cun tri lm cho t
nh i v thnh phn c gii, nhng vng c dc ln xi mn ny c th bc
hn i c tng t v v phong ha, lm tri ra c lp m l thin.
12.2.1.2. Xi mn khe, rnh ln (gully ersion) (cn gi l xi mn tuyn tnh)
Xi mn ny do nc tp trung dng chy o mn thnh cc mng rnh c
su v rng khc nhau. Nguyn nhn l do lc u a hnh mt t khng bng
phng, c nhng ch trng v nc tp trung li v to ra dng chy mnh khot
su xung t to thnh rnh nh, t c bo mn dn thnh rnh ln hn sau
nhng trn ma.
12.2.2. Xi mn do gi
Xi mn do gi l hin tng t b gi cun i ni khc.

81

Tng t nh trng hp xi mn do nc gy ra, hin tng mt t do gi

cng lin quan ti hai qu trnh, l s tch ri cc ht t v vn chuyn mang
chng i theo gi. u tin bng nhng hot ng va p, gi lm tch ri nhng
phn t nh t cc ht hoc cc t, sau chng li cun cc ht ny theo gi v
to ra sc va p mi mn ln hn. Sau ty thuc vo sc gi m cc ht b
tch ri s b li cun i khi v tr ban u ca chng, nhng ht ln th b li cun
i mt khong cch ngn hn, cn cc ht mn (bi) th b cun i xa hn.
Qu trnh xi mn do gi xy ra mnh vng kh v bn kh hn, cn vng
nhit i gi ma th t hn. min Trung c mt s din tch t ct bin thng
xuyn b gi cun i, ph ln cc cnh ng, lng mc gi l hin tng ct bay,
ct nhy. Tc hi ca xi mn ny cng rt ln, lm thu hp din tch t canh
tc, lp cc cng trnh giao thng, mt s nh ca.
Nhng nhn t nh hng n xi mn do gi l: m t, tc gi, mc
g gh b mt, cc c tnh ca t (tnh lin kt ca ht t lc kh, tnh bn vng
ca lp t mt, t trng, kch c ht,...), lp thm thc vt v cy trng che ph,....
Xi mn do gi xy ra mnh khi c cc iu kin sau:
- t b mt nc kh v nt nh vn ra.
- Mt t tr tri, t cy ci.
- Cnh ng rng v c gi ln to cc lung gi mnh.
12.2.3. Xi mn do trng lc
L hin tng c khi t b st l hay trt t cao xung thp do trng lc.
Nguyn nhn l do nhng vn ng a cht hoc trong qu trnh hnh thnh t
to ra cc lp t khc nhau, c nhng khe nt nht nh v trng lc ln nn t
b trt theo dc. Xi mn ny thng gy ra nguy him i vi cc cng trnh
giao thng, e da i sng con ngi v ng thc vt.
12.3. NHNG YU T NH HNG N XI MN T
12.3.1. Yu t t nhin
12.3.1.1. Ma
nc ta th yu t ma nh hng rt ln v trc tip n xi mn t.
Lng ma nc ta rt ln, vng ni c ni ti 300mm/nm. c bit 85%
lng ma ny li tp trung trong 6 thng ma ma, t thng 5-10. Nhn chung,
lng ma cng ln v cng ma (lng ma trong mt n v thi gian) cng
mnh th lng t b xi mn cng nhiu.
Cng thc tnh lng nc dng chy:
d = R - (P 1 + P 2)
Trong : d: l lng nc dng chy
R: l lng nc ma
P 1: l lng nc bc hi
P 2: l lng nc thm
82

Khi P 1 khng ng k th d s t l nghch vi P 2, lng nc thm cng t th

nc chy cng nhiu v xi mn cng mnh. Thi gian ma cng di th P 2 cng
nh dn v xi mn cng tng ln. Sc cng ph ca git ma l giai on u tin
ca xi mn do nc. Git ma cng ln th sc cng ph cng mnh v dn n s
xi mn cng tng.
Bng 9. Kt qu quan trc v lng t b xi mn trn t trng ch, dc 80
cc a im khc nhau:
a im
Ph h
Khi
Th)

Xun

Di Linh

(Ph

Lng ma
(mm)

Lng t xi mn
(tn/ha/nm)

1500

52

1769

58

2041

150

2447

189

Plyku
Nh vy, lng t b xi mn tng quan thun vi lng ma.
12.3.1.2. a hnh
y l yu t ch yu quan h ti vic gy ra xi mn.
a hnh nh hng ti s xi mn t do yu t dc (slope) gy nn. dc
c tc ng ti mi kiu xi mn; s phn chia v cng ca dng chy u b
chi phi bi dc. Nhng c trng dc c lin quan ti xi mn l su ca
dc (steepness), chiu di dc v hnh dng dc (shape).
- Cng xi mn t l thun vi dc. Nhn chung xi mn c th xy ra
3 , nu dc tng ln 2 ln th cng xi mn s tng ln 4 ln, nu dc tng
4 ln th dng chy tng 2 ln v khi lng vt cht b cun tri tng ln 64 ln (theo
nh lut Ery).
O

Bng 10. Phn cp mc xi mn trong sn xut nng nghip:

+ t bng phng:

khi c dc < 1O

+ t thoi:

khi c dc 1 - 3O (xi mn yu)

+ t hi dc:

khi c dc 3 - 5O (xi mn trung bnh)

+ t dc:

khi c dc 5 - 10O (xi mn mnh)

+ t rt dc:

khi c dc 10 - 20O (xi mn rt mnh)

83

Bng 11. nh hng ca dc n xi mn t:

Loi t

Cy trng

t bazan

dc ( O )

Ch 1 tui

t nu vng
trn ph sa c

t vng trn
st v bin
cht

Ch lu
nm

Rng tha

t b mt

Tc gi

(tn/ha/nm)

v nm nghin
cu

96

211

15

305

Nguyn Quang
M
(Ty
Nguyn, 19781982)

12

22

167

15

47

16

124

30

147

Ph Th (19801987)

Nguyn
Danh
M
(Nng
trng sng Cu
(1966-1967)

- Cng xi mn ph thuc vo chiu di dc: Dc cng di th khi lng

nc chy, tc dng chy, lc qun tnh cng tng v cng xi mn cng
mnh. Nu chiu di sn dc tng ln 2 ln th lng t b mt s tng ln 7 - 8
ln.
Bng 12. nh hng ca chiu di sn dc n xi mn t
Cy
trng

C ph

dc
(O )

Chiu di sn
dc (m)

t b mt
(tn/ha)

20

27

40

204

Cc hnh dng dc khc nhau cng gy ra xi mn khc nhau:

+ Dc thng: gy ra xi mn mt phng.
+ Dc li: gy ra xi mn pha trn nh, pha di mnh.
+ Dc lm: gy ra xi mn pha di nh, pha trn mnh.
+ Dc g gh: gy ra xi mn phc tp.

12.3.1.3. Mc che ph t
Lng t b xi mn ph thuc cht ch vo mc che ph ca cy, v n
ngn cn dng chy, phn tn xung lc ca git ma v phn tn dng chy b mt.

84

V th t c che ph cng dy th xi mn cng yu v mi loi cy khc nhau

c nh hng ti mc xi mn khc nhau.
Theo ti liu ca nhiu tc gi Vit Nam, t c hnh thnh trn phin
mica v gnai, dc 18-200 cho thy:
- t khng trng trt mi nm b cun tri i 173 tn t/ha.
- t trng sn mi nm b cun tri i 147 tn t/ha.
- t c rng mi nm b cun tri i gn 1 tn t/ha.
Bng 13. Phn tch v thnh phn dinh dng mi nm t b ra tri.
Loi t

Lng dinh dng b ra tri hng nm (kg/ha)

t khng trng
trt
t trng sn

P 2O5

K2O

422

123

2088

321

81

1276

t c rng
12.3.1.4. t
Tnh cht t c tng cho tnh cht ng chu xi mn ca t (erodibility). Xi
mn t l biu hin ca 2 lc i lp: lc di chuyn ca tc nhn xi mn v lc
chng ca t.
Tnh ng chu ca t ph thuc vo thm nc ca t. thm nc ca t
cng ln th cng hn ch c s xi mn. thm nc ca t ph thuc vo:
thnh phn c gii t, dy tng t, kt cu t, hm lng hu c,... Nu t ti
xp, c kt cu th nc ma s thm vo t nhiu, lng dng chy b mt t v t
t b xi mn.
12.3.2. Yu t con ngi
Ngoi cc yu t thin nhin th yu t con ngi cng gy nh hng rt ln
n s xi mn t bi cc hot ng sau:
- Khai ph t ba bi, khai hoang v thc, khng bo v rng u ngun, khai
ph cht cy c nhng ni dc ln, t chy rng lm ry, trng t dc
khng c cy che ph,...
- Cc bin php canh tc trn t dc khng hp l, cy, ba, lm t khng ng k
thut, khng trng cy theo ng ng mc, khng ch c cy che ph t vo ma
ma,...
12.4. CC BIN PHP CHNG XI MN T
12.4.1. Cc bin php cng trnh

85

Trong cc vng nhit i th bin php cng trnh l rt cn thit. Chc nng ch
yu ca cng trnh l dn dng, ngn dng, lm cho nc chy chm li, lu cha
nc tm thi hay b tr dng chy lm xi mn t nht,...
Cc bin php cng trnh bao gm:
- o mng, p b trn mt t dc l chia sn dc thnh nhiu mnh nh,
phn tn ngn chn dng chy.
- o h vy c: c th tin hnh nhng nng ry trng cy lu nm, h
trn, hoc na trn, ng knh h v su h ty thuc vo loi cy trng (thng
thng ngi ta o h c ng knh 1 - 1,2 m, su 40 - 60 cm). Mi vnh ai h
cch nhau khong 10m, h trong vnh ai ny xen k vi h vnh ai khc.
- Bng chn nc: c th xp hoc cy g thnh bng ng mc chn nc
hoc trng bng rng, bng cy phn xanh hoc bng c. Tt nht l canh tc
theo bng, ngha l c mt bng trng cy th mt bng cha li cy rng (rng 30 50 cm) hoc trng cy phn xanh.
- Xy dng b vng b tha. San bng dc lm thnh rung bc thang c
th lm rung, cy la nc, trn rung bc thang c th p thnh cc b vng, b
tha v ty thuc vo dc m cc loi b c cao, rng khc nhau.
12.4.2. Bin php lm nghip
L bin php c tc dng rt ln n phng v chng xi mn. C th thc hin
cc bin php nh sau:
- Trit bo v rng, nht l rng u ngun, rng hnh lang hn ch nc
l, phng hn, lin quan trc tip n xi mn.
- Xc nh din tch khai ph, v tr khai ph c th, hp l, cha rng nh i,
bng rng, trnh khai ph lin khu ni c dc cao.
- Trng rng trn t trc, trng rng bo v sn i dc, trng rng xen vi
cc cy phn xanh.
- p dng bin php Nng - Lm kt hp mt cch nghim ngt.
12.4.3. Bin php nng nghip
- Lm t gieo trng theo ng ng mc: L bin php ch yu khi s dng
t i ni trng trt.
- Che ph mt t: Trng cy che ph bng cch trng xen, trng gi, ph t
bng cc loi c rc vo ma ma. Trng cc cy h u b sung thm ngun
cht hu c cho t.
- Lm mng v rung bc thang: Canh tc trn vng i ni bng cch lm
rung bc thang l bin php chng xi mn tt nht.
Rung bc thang l mt di t nm ngang hay gn nm ngang cng mt mc
cao chy ct ngang sn dc, khong cch gia cc di t ny tu thuc vo
dc, cng dc th cc di t cng hp v cng gn nhau. Cc di t nm ngang
c dng canh tc, chng c gi bng cc b dc hay mi dc bng t hoc
bng .
- Bi dng t: Cn thng xuyn bn phn y cho t nhm to iu kin
cho cy trng sinh trng pht trin tt che kn t nhanh, b r pht trin mnh c
86

tc dng chng xi mn. Bn phn hu c, bn vi, tng lng mn cho t ng

thi duy tr v ci thin kt cu t, hn ch xi mn.
Tng cng xi xo lm ti xp t, tng thm nc ca t, gi m cho
t,...
*
* *

87

CHNG 13
CC LOI T CHNH CA VIT NAM
Theo bng phn loi t Vit Nam nm 1996, nc ta c tng din tch t t
nhin l: 33.104.200 ha, trong :
- t:
31.339.211
ha
- Ni :
1.026.229 ha
- Sng sui
738.760 ha
13.1. CC LOI T CHNH VNG I NI VIT NAM
t vng i ni nc ta c din tch khong 24 triu ha (chim khong 4/5
din tch t nhin ca c nc), phn b rt phc tp sut t Bc vo Nam. Cc yu
t hnh thnh t thay i theo tng vng, th hin r nht l m, a hnh, kh
hu v thm thc vt. Mt khc vng i ni nc ta cn chu nhng tc ng su
sc ca con ngi. Nhng tc ng tiu cc nh khai thc rng ba bi, t ph
rng lm nng ry, khng thc hin tt cc bin php chng xi mn t,... lm
cho nhiu din tch t vng i ni b thoi ha nghim trng. Theo tnh ton ca
mt s nh khoa hc t Vit Nam, vng i ni nc ta hin nay c trn 13 triu
ha t c vn (xi mn tr si , thoi ha sn xut khng c hiu qu, t
trng i ni trc).
Tuy nhin vn c nhiu loi t qu c th trng c nhiu loi cy cng
nghip, cy n qu v mt s cy c sn,... cho nng sut cao v phm cht tt.
khai thc t i ni v s dng c hiu qu, i hi phi nm vng c tnh, tnh
cht t c bin php k thut tc ng hp l nhm thu c hiu qu kinh t
cao, li va bi dng v khng gy thoi ha t.
13.1.1. NHM T (F) - Ferralsols (Fr)
Phn b cao tuyt i t 25 - 1.800m nn kh ph bin vng i ni
nc ta; tp trung nhiu nht Ty Nguyn v ng Nam b.
t nm a hnh cao, dc hoc ln sng, chia ct mnh, phong ha
nhanh, m in hnh l bazan, ngoi ra cn c cc khc nh phin st, bin
cht v vi. Qu trnh tch ly tng i Fe, Al din ra rt in hnh.
Nhm t ny c 4 loi chnh:
- t nu (Fd) - Rhodic Ferralsols (FRr).
- t nu vng (Fx) - Xanthic Ferralsols (FRx).
- t mn vng trn ni (Fh) - Humic Ferralsols (FRu).
- t vng c tng st loang l (Fl) - Plinthic Ferralsols - FRp
Trn bn t t l 1/1.000.000 nhm t ny ch c 3 loi u m thi.
13.1.1.1. t nu (Fd) - Rhodic Ferralsols (FRr).
Din tch: 2.425.288 ha, chim 7,33% din tch t t nhin.
Phn b: Cc tnh Ty Nguyn, ng Nam b, Qung Tr, Ngh An, Thanh
Ha, Cao Bng, Lng Sn, H Giang, Sn La...
Loi t ny c tng phong ho dy, mu thm, cu trc tt, xp cao,
dung trng thp, t l khong ang phong ho v cha phong ho thp. t c
88

thnh phn c gii nng, hm lng st cao. m cy ho kh cao (27-30%); sc

cha m ng rung cao (50-60%); nc hu hiu cao (28-32%); phn ng ca t
chua; no baz thp; dung tch hp ph thp ( 16 ll/100g t).
m: Ch yu l bazan (trong phn loi t theo pht sinh l t nu
trn bazan). Ngoi ra trong n v t ny cn c t nu pht trin trn
vi.
t nu trn bazan.
+ Cu to phu din.
t c 3 tng A, B, C, tng t rt dy, mu c trng nu, nu .
i din cho n v t ny l phu din 29 o ti bun Chung, x Eap,
huyn Cfut, tnh c Lc. cao tuyt i 350m, dc 3 O, a hnh ln sng,
t trng hoa mu, u xanh. Trong khu vc cn trng nhiu cy khc nh cao su,
c ph...
Cu to phu din 29 nh sau:
0 - 25cm: Mu nu (10R 2,5/2 M), st, ti xp, kt cu ht v vin, nhiu
r cy, chuyn lp t t theo mu sc nhng r v cht.
25 - 60cm: Mu nu (10R 3/4 M), m, st, xp, cht hn tng trn, kt cu
vin, chuyn lp t t v mu sc.
60 - 120cm: Mu nu (10R 3/6 M), m, st, kt cu vin, cht hn tng
trn.
+ Tnh cht t.
Thnh phn c gii nng, kt cu ht v vin, xp cao, dung trng b.
t c tng dy v rt dy, dc nh.
Phn ng ca t chua v rt chua, pH KCl bin ng t 3,5 - 4,5. no baz thp,
phn ln < 50%, cation trao i thp (Ca2+ + Mg2+ < 2 ll/100g t), CEC 16
ll/100g t).
Hm lng mn% trong t trung bnh v kh P 2O5 cao nhng P 2O5 d tiu
ngho, K2O% v trao i trung bnh v ngho.
Bng 14 - Kt qu phn tch l ha hc phu din 29
su tng t (cm)
Ch tiu
0 - 25
25 - 60
60 - 120
pHKCl
5,0
4,3
4,4
C
1,29
0,83
0,58
Tng s
N
0,15
0,11
0,07
(%)
P 2O5
0,42
0,47
0,38
K2O
0,67
0,07
0,07
CEC
- Trong t
12
8,6
8,5
(ll/100g)
- Trong keo st
24
15
14
2+
Cation trao i
Ca
5,0
2,0
2,6
2+
(ll/100g t)
Mg
1,8
1,0
1,2
V%
63
42
49
Thnh phn c > 0,05mm
20,6
30,0
18,0
89

gii (%)

0,05 - 0,002
25,8
6,9
11,2
< 0,002mm
57,7
63,0
70,5
t nu bazan c nh gi l n v t vo loi tt nht so vi cc n
v t khc vng i ni Vit Nam. Nhng u im ni bt ca t l dc nh,
tng t dy, ti xp, cha kh nhiu cc cht dinh dng. Nhc im chnh ca
t ny l thng b hn, c bit trong ma kh.
n v t ny hin ang c trng nhiu loi cy trng c gi tr kinh t cao
nh cao su, c ph, ch, cam, h tiu, ma... Khi s dng loi t ny vo sn xut
nng lm nghip cn thc hin tt bin php chng xi mn, che ph gi m cho
t trong ma kh, p dng phng php lm t ti thiu bo v kt cu t.
Cn bn thm cc loi phn khong N, P, K c bit l phn ln.
t nu trn vi:
Gp cc tnh c vi nh Sn La, Lai Chu, Ha Bnh, Cao Bng, Bc
Cn, Lng Sn, Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ha...).
+ Cu to phu din.
i din cho n v t ny l phu din C.142, o sn ni vi cch
ng i Ch Vin, huyn Trng Khnh, tnh Cao Bng khong 100m, dc 10 O,
trng ng, xi mn trung bnh.
0 - 18cm: Mu sm (5YR 4/3 M), kh, tht nng, kt cu vin, nhiu r
ng v c, hi cht, c ln mnh nh, chuyn lp t t v mu sc.
18 - 44cm: Mu sm (5YR 4/6 M), st, kt cu vin, m.
44 - 80cm: Mu nu sm (5YR 4/3 M), st, kt cu vin, m.
+ Tnh cht t.
Thnh phn c gii nng, kt cu ti xp. t c phn ng chua cho thy qu
trnh ra tri cht kim trong t din ra rt mnh trong iu kin nhit i m, pHKCl
4,5-6,0. Hm lng mn trong t kh. t thng xuyn kh hn v nhiu l
u, ngm...
Bng 15 - Kt qu phn tch l ha hc phu din C.142
Ch tiu
pHKCl
C (%)
CEC
- Trong t
(ll/100g t) - Trong keo st
Cation trao i Ca2+
(ll/100g t) Mg2+
V%
Thnh phn
> 0,05mm
c gii
0,05 - 0,002
(%)
< 0,002

0 - 18
4,2
1,94
9,2
15
3,7
0,3
50
37
28
35

90

su tng t (cm)
18 - 44
44 - 80
4,8
5,0
0,69
0,50
6,8
6,2
11
10
2,7
1,3
0,5
0,4
45
48
22
37
36
18
42
45

80 - 120
5,0
0,30
6,9
13
1,5
0,8
50
30
22
48

t ch yu trng ng, u tng, khoai lang, sn, la nng, ma, bng, gai.
Ch chng xi mn v bn phn b sung cho t.
13.1.1.2. t nu vng (Fx) - Xanthic Ferralsols (FRx)
Din tch: 421.159 ha, chim 1,27% din tch t t nhin. Phn b tp trung
Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B, Lng Sn, Cao Bng, Sn La, Ngh An,...
t pht trin trn sn phm phong ha ca macma baz, macma trung
tnh v vi.
+ Cu to phu din.
i din cho n v t ny l phu din TN. 226 o ti x Trng Bom 1,
huyn Thng Nht, tnh ng Nai. m bazan, thc vt t nhin c c heo, c
sy, c tp, cy trng nng nghip l iu, sn.
0 - 15cm: Mu nu vng sm (7,5 YR 3,5/4 M), tht pha st, kt cu vin, xp
ti, chuyn lp r v mu sc.
15 - 35cm: Mu nu vng (7,5YR 4/6 M), tht pha st, kt cu von trn kh
nhiu (30 - 40% th tch), kt cu vin, m hi xp, cn t r cy.
35 - 80cm: Mu nu vng sm (7YR 4,5/6 M), tht pha st, ln nhiu ht kt
cu von trn (60 - 70% th tch), kt cu vin v cc nh, m, cht, t xp, t r cy,
chuyn lp t t v mu sc v cht.
80 - 150cm: Mu nu vng sm (5YR 4/6 M), st, kt von nh tng trn, kt
cu vin v cc nh, m, cht, t xp.
+ Tnh cht t.
Bng 16 - Kt qu phn tch l ha hc phu din TN226
su tng t (cm)
Ch tiu
0 - 15
15 - 35
35 - 80
80 - 150
pHKCl
4,1
4,2
4,2
4,3
Tng s
C
2,34
1,67
1,38
0,69
(%)
N
0,15
0,10
0,08
0,05
P 2O5
0,15
0,11
0,14
K2O
0,64
0,60
0,58
0,45
CEC
(ll/100g
13,4
10,5
9,3
14,1
st)
Cation trao i
Ca2+
1,00
1,10
1,28
1,45
2+
(ll/100g t)
Mg
1,52
2,14
1,20
1,27
D tiu
P 2O5
2,12
2,12
2,37
2,62
(ll/100g t)
K2O
4,60
2,40
4,80
2,40
V%
36
48
43
45
Thnh phn
> 0,05mm
20,2
18,4
19,1
26,9
c gii
0,05 - 0,002
17,6
14,5
14,5
28,3
(%)
< 0,002
62,2
67,2
66,6
45,8
91

Loi t ny c mu ph bin l nu vng, thnh phn c gii nng, tng t

trung bnh v dy, thot nc tt, hnh thi phu din tng i ng nht, kt cu
vin kh ti xp. Phn ng t chua, no baz thp. Hm lng mn % trung
bnh, P 2O5 kh nhng d tiu thp, K2O % v trao i thp.
Mt s ni t b ra tri xi mn, thoi ho do khng s dng hp l, trong
phu din t xut hin lp ong hoc loang l vng, t tr nn kh, rn,
ngho dinh dng. Nhn chung cc loi t ny c phn ng chua, no baz v
dung tch hp ph thp. c trng tng tch t p ng yu cu ca tng B. feralit.
+ V tnh thch nghi v hng s dng:
t nu vng thch hp vi nhiu loi cy trng cn, nh ng, cc loi , khoai
lang, sn, la nng, cc loi cy n qu, cy cng nghip.
Tuy nhin cn quan tm chng xi mn, bo v t, gi m, gi mu, bn cn
i cc loi phn khong kt hp vi phn hu c ph hp vi mi trng sinh thi
v yu cu ca nhng cy trng c th.
13.1.1.3. t mn vng trn ni (Fh) - Humic Ferralsols (FRu)
Din tch: 168.247 ha.
Phn b: Nm vng ni, trong cao tuyt i t 700 - 900m n 2000m.
Kh hu lnh v m, nhit bnh qun trong nm t 15 - 20 0C. Thm rng xanh
tt. Do a hnh cao, dc, him tr nn t thng b xi mn mnh, mt khc do
qu trnh phong ho yu nn a s t c phu din khng dy.
y l loi t feralit pht trin trn macma baz, trung tnh hoc vi c
tng A tch ly nhiu mn (>5%), xm en ti xp, khng c kt von, ong.
+ Cu to phu din.
i din cho n v t ny l phu din KT19 o ti lm trng Mang
Knh 1. Rng cy l rng, a hnh ln sng, dc 4 O, m bazan, cao tuyt
i trn 800m.
0 - 25cm: Mu hi vng (7,5YR 3/4 M), xp, nhiu r cy, khi tng c
kch thc 6 - 20mm gc cnh r, chuyn lp t t.
25 - 45cm: Mu vng (7,5YR 3/4 M), tng va c gc cnh, st, hi xp,
chuyn lp t t, cn t r cy.
45 - 80cm: Mu nu sm (2,5YR 3/4 M), st, tng c gc cnh, cht,
chuyn lp t t.
80 - 110cm: Mu nu sm (2,5YR 3/4 M), st, tng sc cnh, th, cht.
+ Tnh cht t.
t c thnh phn c gii nng, t kh ti xp tng mt. Phn ng ca t
chua va n t chua; hm lng mn cao; ln tng s v ln d tiu t ngho n
trung bnh; kali tng s t ngho n trung bnh; kali trao i thp; dung tch hp
ph thp (<16 ll/100g st); ngho cc cation kim v no baz thp.

92

Bng 17 - Kt qu phn tch l ha hc phu din KT19

su tng t (cm)
0 - 25
25 - 45
4,2
4,3
5,17
4,65
0,21
0,19
0,10
0,07
0,47
0,40
6,5
6,0
1,1
1,0
0,1
0,4
0,4
0,1
5,2
4,7
1,6
1,6
14
14

Ch tiu
pHKCl
Tng s
(%)

C
N
P 2O5
K2O

CEC (ll/100g t)
Cation
trao i
(ll/100g t)
D tiu
(ll/100g t)
C/N

Ca2+
Mg2+
H+
P 2O5
K2O

+ V tnh thch nghi v hng s dng:

t mn vng trn ni thch hp cho vic s dng theo phng thc nng
lm kt hp. s dng c hiu qu v bn vng loi t ny, cn c bit quan
tm bo v t, chng xi mn.
t ny nn trng rng hoc rng t nhin pht trin.
13.1.2. NHM T XM (X) - Acrisols (AC)
Din tch: 19.970.642 ha.
Phn b: tt c cc vng i ni Vit Nam v mt phn vng ra ng bng.
Trn bn t t l 1/1.000.000, nhm t xm c 5 n v l:
- t xm bc mu (X) - Haplic Acrisols (ACh).
- t xm c tng loang l (Xl) - Plinthic Acrisols (Acp)
- t xm gly (Xg) - Gleyic Acrisols (ACg).
- t xm Feralit (Xf) - Ferralic Acrisols (ACf)
- t xm mn trn ni (Xh) - Humic Acrisols (ACu).
13.1.2.1. t xm bc mu (X) - Haplic Acrisols (ACh).
Din tch: 1.791.021 ha.
Phn b: Gp ng Nam b, Ty Nguyn, trung du v vng ni Bc b.
m l macma axit (granit), ct v mu cht ph sa c.
+ Cu to phu din
C th ly phu din BL4 i din cho n v t ny. Phu din o ti x
Chn Thnh, huyn Bnh Long, tnh Sng B. a hnh i ln sng, t trng cy
iu.
0 - 19cm: Mu xm trng (10YR 6-7/2M), ct pha, kh, cht, kt cu ht
nh, nhiu r cy iu, ln t than ci nh, chuyn lp r v mu sc.
19 - 68cm: Mu xm vng (10YR 6-7/3M), kh, ct pha, cht, nu bp th
ti, t r cy, kt cu ht to, cc hoc tng, c hang kin mi.
93

68 - 150cm: Mu nu xm vng (10YR 6-8/6M), m, tht nh, hi cht, kt

cu tng n ht.
+ Tnh cht l ha hc:
Nhn chung, tng t mt c thnh phn c gii nh, kt cu km, d b cht,
b, thng b kh hn.
t c thnh phn c gii nh; dung trng 1,3 - 1,5 g/cm3, t trng 2,65 - 2,7
g/cm3, xp 43-45%; sc cha m ng rung 27-31%; m cy ho 5-7%;
nc hu hiu 22-24%; thm nc lp t mt 68 mm/gi, lp t su 25
mm/gi.
t c phn ng chua t n rt chua, pHKCl bin ng t 3,0 - 4,5, ch yu t
4,0 - 4,5, hm lng Ca2+, Mg2 + trao i rt thp (Ca2+ + Mg2+ < 2 ll/100 g t);
no baz v dung tch hp ph thp; hm lng mn tng t mt t ngho n rt
ngho (0,50-1,50%); mc khong ha din ra mnh (t l C/N < 10). Cc cht
dinh dng tng s v d tiu u ngho.
Bng 18 - Kt qu phn tch l ha hc phu din BL4
su tng t (cm)
Ch tiu
0 - 19
19 - 68
68 - 100 100 - 150
pH
H2O
4,40
4,44
4,38
4,40
KCl
3,79
3,80
3,77
3,70
Tng s
C
1,34
0,91
0,34
0,38
(%)
N
0,11
0,09
0,04
0,04
P 2O5
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
K2O
0,03
0,03
0,30
0,03
D tiu
P 2O5
1,35
1,00
1,05
1,00
(mg/100g t)
K2O
6,1
4,5
5,6
4,5
CEC
- Trong t
4,5
4,4
4,3
4,0
(ll/100g t)
- Trong keo
9
8
8
8
st
Cation trao i
Ca2+
1,1
0,7
0,8
0,9
2+
(ll/100g t)
Mg
0,5
0,4
0,6
0,3
+
H
0,7
1,5
1,8
1,8
H thy phn
2,8
3,1
2,7
2,7
(ll/100g)
V%
36
25
34
31
Thnh phn c
> 0,05mm
67,4
55,0
50,6
49,0
gii (%)
0,05 - 0,002
15,0
16,6
18,8
21,4
< 0,002
17,6
28,4
30,6
29,6
Nhc im chnh ca t xm bc mu l chua, ngho cht dinh dng,
thng xuyn kh hn. Tuy nhin do a hnh bng, thoi, thong kh, thot nc,
t nh d canh tc nn loi t ny thch hp vi nhu cu sinh trng, pht trin
ca nhiu loi cy trng cn nh: khoai lang, sn, u , rau qu, la cn, cy n
qu, cao su, iu,...
94

13.1.2.2. t xm c tng loang l (XL) - Plinthic Acrisols (ACp).

Din tch: 221.360 ha.
Phn b: Ch yu tp trung Trung du Bc b. a s din tch t xm c
tng loang l nm a hnh bng, thoi hoc ln sng vi dc < 15 O, t pht
trin trn mu cht ph sa c.
+ Cu to phu din.
Phu din A6 o ti thn Thy H, x Bc Hng, huyn ng Anh, thnh
ph H Ni. a hnh cao, cao tuyt i 10m. t trng la, khoai ty, khoai
lang.
0 - 10cm: Mu xm sng (5YR 8/1 M), tht pha limon, nh, vin nh khng
r gc cnh, nhiu la, c di, m, chuyn lp t t.
10 - 17cm: Mu xm hi nu nht (5YR 7/1 M), tht pha limon trung bnh,
kt cc b hi r gc cnh, cn t r la, m, cht, chuyn lp t t.
17 - 30cm: Mu xm xanh nht hi nu (5YR 7/2 M), tht pha limon trung
bnh, cc va r gc cnh, cht, gly trung bnh, chuyn lp r.
30 - 38cm: Mu xm xanh nht (7,5YR 5/1 M), tha pha limon nng, cc to
cht, gly mnh, chuyn lp r.
38 - 100cm: Mu vng loang l (5YR 8/1 M), st, tng, kt von st 5 10%.
100 - 125cm: Mu xm nht (7.5YR 8/1 M), g st (7.5YR 8/6 M), st, tng,
do, m, kt von st 5%.
+ Tnh cht l ha hc.
Thnh phn khong ca t ph bin l thch anh, kaolinit, halozit, gtit. Thnh
phn tng s ch yu l SiO2 v cc secquyoxit.
n v t ny c thnh phn c gii nh lp t mt v nng dn theo chiu
su, lp t mt c kt cu km hoc khng c kt cu (ct ri); dung trng 1,4 - 1,6
g/cm3, t trng 2,6 - 2,7 g/cm3, xp trung bnh < 40%; sc cha m cc i 2831%; m cy ho 11-13%; Phu din t thng c tng kt von ong su
hn 50cm.
t c phn ng chua, pHKCl thay i t 3,5 - 5,5, ngho mn (<1,0%); no
baz v dung tch hp ph thp; cc cht tng s v d tiu u ngho.
Trong tng loang l vng thng gp kt von st trn.
t hin ang c s dng gieo trng nhiu loi cy khc nhau nh la, ng,
khoai, cc loi rau, thuc l, cy u ... Nhn dn thng trng 1 v la - 1 v
mu hoc trng 2 v mu. Hin nay nh c h thng ti, tiu kh hon chnh tp
trung vng ng bng

95

Bng 19 - S liu phn tch l ha hc phu din A6

su tng t (cm)

Ch tiu
Tng s (%)

0 -10

10 -17

17 - 30

30 - 38

38 - 100

100 - 125

0,90

0,80

0,23

0,23

0,42

0,19

0,08

0,05

0,02

0,01

0,01

0,01

P 2O5

0,04

0,04

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,02

K2O

0,17

0,18

0,13

0,60

0,63

0,94

CEC
t)

(ll/100g

17

16

16

24

17

19

Al3+
t)

(ll/100g

0,09

0,08

0,06

0,09

1,52

1,65

Fe3+ (ll/100g t)

4,2

2,6

1,6

4,2

4,8

5,2

Thnh phn c > 0,05mm

gii
0,05
(%)
0,002

38

37

44

35

31

28

42

43

39

36

25

30

20

20

19

29

44

42

< 0,002
sng Hng nn c nc ti, c ni cy 2 v la - 1 v mu. Cn lu
ngn chn nc chy trn b v d dn n thoi ho, bc mu.
ci to cc tnh cht xu cn bn cc loi phn theo yu cu ca cy
trng v cung cp nc, tt nht l c ti bng ph sa, bn ph sa, bn
ao, cy su.
13.1.2.3. t xm gly (Xg) - Gleyic Acrisols (ACg)
Din tch: 101.471 ha.
Phn b: Phn b ch yu trung du Bc b, Ty Nguyn v ng Nam b,
a hnh bc thang, bng, thp, t thot nc.
+ Cu to phu din
Tng t mt c mu xm trng khi kh, ri rc pha di gp cc tng t
c c tnh Plinthic v Gleyic.
i din cho n v t ny l phu din HN3 o ti x Hin Minh, huyn
Sc Sn, thnh ph H Ni. cao tuyt i > 10m. a hnh bc thang (vng bn
sn a), thot nc tt. t trng 1 v la, 2 v mu, cu to phu din HN3 nh
sau:
0 - 25cm: Mu xm (10YR 7/1 M), c t m vng nu (7,5YR 6/78 M), m,
nhiu r la, chuyn lp r v mu sc.
25 - 33cm: Mu xm vng (10YR 3/2 M), c m vng (7,5YR 6/78 M), cn
t r la, hi m, gly trung bnh, cc to, chuyn lp t t.

96

33 - 70cm: Mu vng loang l (10YR 6/8 M), xm hi xanh (10YR 7/1

M), st, gly trung bnh, do, cht, kin trc tng.
70 - 110cm: Mu loang l vng xen xm xanh, t, st, gly trung bnh,
c mch nc ngm.
+ Tnh cht l ha hc.
V mt l tnh, t c thnh phn c gii t nh n trung bnh, khng c kt
cu hoc kt cu rt km. Cc tng t di c thnh phn c gii nng, kt cu to
hoc tng. Phu din t c tng cy v tng gly r.
Bng 20 - S liu phn tch l ha hc ca phu din t HN3 (H Ni)
su tng t (cm)
Ch tiu
0 - 25
25 - 33
33 - 70 70 - 110
pHKCl
4,0
4,4
3,7
3,4
C
1,09
0,15
0,33
0,32
Tng s
N
0,09
0,06
0,08
0,08
(%)
P 2O5
0,06
0,02
0,01
0,01
K2O
0,05
0,07
0,31
0,60
D tiu
P 2O5
0
(mg/100g t) K2O
0
CEC
- Trong t
4,8
3,7
9,8
14,6
(ll/100g t)
- Trong keo
13
10
25
37
st
Cation trao i Ca2+
1,05
1,15
1,44
1,06
2+
(ll/100g t) Mg
0,48
0,77
1,15
0,76
+
H
0,54
0,22
2,22
2,28
V%
39
59
44
25
Thnh phn
> 0,05mm
40,2
33,8
30,2
26,4
c gii (%)
0,05 - 0,002
51,6
55,4
41,0
35,8
< 0,002
8,2
10,8
28,8
37,8
Cc tnh cht ha hc thay i ty tng vng. Phn ng t thay i t chua
n rt chua, pH KCl t 4,0 - 5,5; ngho mn; no baz v dung tch hp ph thp;
ngho cc cht dinh dng tng s v d tiu. y cng l mt n v t xu
nc ta.
t xm gly cc vng khc nhau c khc nhau v tnh cht, nhng u a
hnh thp, hng nc cc khu vc ln cn v thng c trng la nc. Hin
ti c s dng gieo trng mt s cy ngn ngy nh la, ng, khoai, sn... Nng
sut cc loi cy trng thp. Hiu lc cc loi phn bn trn n v ny t ny rt
cao.
Cn lu b tr ma v trnh ngp ng trong ma ma. Mt s ni ngi ta
dng bin php vt t trng cy n qu v thu hiu qu cao nh Li
Thiu, Sng B.
97

13.1.2.4. t xm Feralit (Xf) - Ferralie Acrisols (Acf)

Din tch: 14.789.505 ha.
Phn b: Gp hu ht cc tnh trung du v min ni trong ton quc (l
nhm t vng theo phn loi pht sinh hc).
t xm feralit chia ra 5 n v ph l:
- t feralit trn phin thch st (Xfs):
6.876.430
ha
- t feralit trn macma axit (Xfa)
4.646.474
ha
- t feralit trn ct (Xfq)
2.651.337
ha
- t feralit trn ph sa c (Xfp)
455.402 ha
- t feralit bin i do trng la (Xfl)
159.882 ha
M t cc n v ph ca t xm feralit:
t xm Feralit pht trin trn phin thch st (Xfs)
Din tch: 6.876.430 ha. y l n v ph c din tch ln nht trong t xm
feralit.
Phn b: Vit Bc, Ty Bc, Trng Sn, Ty Nguyn...
m: st, phin bin cht, gnai, phin mica...
+ Cu to phu din
Phu din TQ9 o ti x Yn Nguyn, huyn Hm Yn, tnh Tuyn Quang,
m phin st, dc chung 20 25O, t trng ch, thot nc tt. Phu din c 3
tng A, B, C.
0 - 25cm: Mu vng (5YR 5-4/2M), tht pha st, m, khng cht, cc b,
xp, nhiu r cy, chuyn lp r v cht.
25 - 65cm: Mu vng (2.5YR 5/6M), tht nng, m hi cht, cn nhiu r
cy, cc ln, chuyn lp khng r.
65 - 125cm: Mu (2.5YR 5/8M), tht nng pha st, m, rn chc, cu trc
tng ln, cn t r cy.
+ Tnh cht t.
t ny c thnh phn c gii trung bnh v nng, thng c kt cu cc,
lp t mt kh ti xp. dc thay i t 15 - 30 0, tng dy trn di 1m. Dung
trng t thp (0,96-1,26 g/cm3); t trng t cao (2,73-2,80 g/cm3); xp 5564%; m cy ho 19-23%; nc hu hiu 12-17%; khong st ph bin l
kaolinit, halozit v gtit.
Hm lng mn kh nhng cc cht dinh dng khc nh ln v kali tng s v
d tiu mc ngho, ring t trn phin thch mica c hm lng kali tng s v d
tiu mc kh. Phn ng ca t chua v rt chua (pHKCl ph bin t 3,6-4,8); no
baz < 50%.

98

Bng 21 - S liu phn tch l ha hc phu din TQ9

su tng t (cm)
Ch tiu
0 - 25
25 - 65
65 - 125
pHKCl
4,45
4,48
4,72
C
2,80
0,99
0,56
Tng s
N
0,27
0,13
0,09
(%)
P 2O5
0,09
0,05
0,05
K2O
0,38
0,50
0,62
CEC
- Trong t
11,2
7,9
5,3
(ll/100g)
- Trong keo st
21,3
15,1
9,0
2+
Cation trao Ca
1,8
1,4
1,6
2+
i
Mg
0,2
0,1
0,3
3+
(ll/100g)
Al
9,00
10,98
6,48
3+
Fe
24,6
14,2
22,4
V%
19,5
20,4
39,3
Thnh phn
> 0,05mm
38,88
28,84
37,62
c gii
0,05 - 0,002
28,60
25,94
9,78
(%)
< 0,002mm
32,52
45,22
52,60
n v ny c din tch kh ln hin ang c s dng rt c hiu qu trong
sn xut nng lm nghip. Cc cy cng nghip c ch, tru, s, sn; cc cy n qu
c da, cam, qut... u pht trin rt tt. Cn thc hin tt cc bin php chng xi
mn, cc m hnh nng lm kt hp hn ch s thoi ha t.
t xm Feralit macmaaxit (Xfa) - Ferralic Acrisols
Din tch: 4.646.474 ha.
Phn b: Gp nhiu tnh nh Lo Cai, Lng Sn, Vnh Phc, Ngh An,
Qung Tr, Qung Nam, Ty Nguyn...
m: Ch yu l granit, riolit, phoocphia thch anh.
+ Cu to phu din.
Phu din in hnh c 3 tng A, B, C.
Phu din QT14 o gn cu Dakrong, huyn Hng Ha, tnh Qung Tr.
cao ni o phu din 400m, sn dc 25 O. Thm thc vt gm c tranh, sim
mua, lau lch. m l granit.
0 - 20cm: Mu nu vng (10YR 4/6 M), ct pha, hi cht, nhiu r c tranh,
ri rc, chuyn lp r v mu sc.
20 - 50cm: Mu nu vng (7,5YR 5/4 M), ct pha, m, cht, ht thch anh
nh (khong 20%), cn t r cy, chuyn lp t t v mu sc.
50 - 110cm: Mu nu vng ti (7,5YR 5/6 M), ct pha limon, m, cht, ht
thch anh nh 30 - 50%, cu trc ri rc, cn t r cy.
+ Tnh cht t.

99

t ny c thnh phn c gii nh, thng c kt cu km hoc khng c

kt cu, tng t mng do d b ra tri.
Hm lng mn % thp, P 2O5% v d tiu thp, K2O% v trao i thp, t
c phn ng chua v rt chua, n v t ny km hn n v Xfs.
Bng 22 - Kt qu phn tch l ha hc phu din QT14
su tng t (cm)
0 - 20
20 - 50
50 - 100
pHKCl
3,5
4,4
C
0,98
0,89
0,41
Tng s
N
0,07
0,05
0,05
(%)
P 2O5
0,08
0,09
0,08
K2O
0,48
0,37
0,30
CEC
- Trong t
6
8
6
(ll/100g)
- Trong keo st
19
20
19
2+
Ca
3,04
2,40
2,32
Cation trao i
2+
Mg
1,12
1,64
1,84
(ll/100g)
+
H
0,44
0,52
0,60
V%
50
45
40
Thnh phn c > 0,05mm
82,9
85,4
80,6
gii (%)
0,05 - 0,002
14,0
12,2
17,4
< 0,002mm
3,2
2,4
2,0
n v t ny c s dng trng nhiu loi cy nh ch, s, hi, qu, ng,
khoai, sn, la nng... v trng rng. c bit cn thc hin tt cc bin php
chng xi mn v cc m hnh nng lm kt hp.
t xm Feralit pht trin trn ct (Xfq) - Feralit Acrisols (ACf)
Ch tiu

Din tch: 2.651.337 ha.

Phn b: Bc Giang, Bc Ninh, Vnh Phc, Ngh An, Qung Bnh, cc tnh Ty
Nguyn...
m: Ct kt cc loi, quczit, phin silic.
n v t ny c mt s tnh cht chung nh sau: Thnh phn c gii nh,
t l ct trong t cao, t khng c kt cu hoc kt cu rt km. Tng t mng,
dy thng di 1m.
Phu din t in hnh cng c 3 tng A, B, C trong tng B v tng C
cha nhiu tinh th thch anh cn sc cnh.
Hm lng mn % thp, xung quanh 1% lp t mt, P 2O5% v d tiu rt
thp (0,02 - 0,06% v 0,5 - 8,4mg/100g t), K2O% v trao i thp v trung bnh.
t c phn ng rt chua, pH KCl t 3,8 - 4,3.
Tm li t xm feralit pht trin trn ct c nhiu tnh cht kh ging t
xm feralit pht trin trn macma axit.
100

Nhng ni c dc nh c th dng vo sn xut nng nghip, cn li nn

trng rng. Cn thc hin cc bin php bo v v chng thoi ha t nh chng
xi mn t, bn phn v gi m cho t.
t xm Feralit pht trin trn ph sa c (Xfp) - Feralit Acrisols (ACf)
Din tch: 455.402 ha.
Phn b: Ni tip gip gia ng bng vi trung du v min ni. Pha Bc
gp cc tnh Vnh Phc, H Ty... Pha Nam gp ng Nam b nh tnh ng
Nai, Ty Nguyn gp c Lc.
+ Cu to phu din.
i din cho n v t l phu din D.54 o ti x Tn Tin, huyn
Krong Pc, tnh c Lc. t trng lc, ng, iu. a hnh ln sng, thot nc
tt, dc 8O.
0 - 30cm: Mu nu xm (7,5YR 3/2 M), m, tht pha ct, kh xp, b ti,
ht ri, ranh gii tng t r rng. Chuyn lp r v mu sc, t t v cht v
xp.
30 - 50cm: Mu nu vng (7,5YR 5/4 M), m, cht, tht pha limon, xp, rt
b, kt cu ht nh.
50 - 80cm: Mu nu vng (7,5YR 5/4 M), tht pha limon, m, xp, b, kt
cu ht ri, chuyn lp t t.
80 - 120cm: Mu nu vng (7,5YR 6/6 M), tht pha limon, m, xp, b, kt
cu ht ri.
nhng vng khc nhau, cu to phu din c nhng nt khc nhau kh r.
V d: pha Bc, trong tng B thng c kt von st, thm ch gp ong, iu
ny chng t trong t din ra c qu trnh tch ly tuyt i Fe. Nhng bng
chng v ngun gc ph sa c, l tch c cn li trong t thng l tng cui si
trn nhn c kch thc khc nhau v c thnh phn khng ging gc.
+ Tnh cht t.
t ny c thnh phn c gii nh, kt cu km hoc khng c kt cu, tng t
mt d b ra tri hay xi mn, nn hm lng cp ht st tng di cao hn tng t
mt.
t c phn ng chua, no baz thng < 50%. Hm lng mn % thp
xung quanh 1%. P 2O5% v d tiu rt thp, K2O% v trao i cng rt thp.
Trn t ny hin c s dng vo sn xut nng lm nghip vi hng lot
cc loi cy trng khc nhau nh ch, ng, khoai, la nng, c ph,... v trng
rng. Ch chng xi mn v bn b sung cc loi phn bn cho cy trng nng
nghip.

101

Bng 23 - Kt qu phn tch l ha hc phu din D.54

Ch tiu
pHKCl
Tng s
(%)
CEC
(ll/100g t)
Cation trao i
(ll/100g t)
V%
Thnh phn
c gii (%)

C
N
P 2O5
K2O
- Trong t
-Trong
keo
st
Ca2+
Mg2+

0 - 30
4,16
0,64
0,08
0,02
0,15
6,18
17

su tng t (cm)
30 - 50
50 - 80
80 - 125
4,12
4,08
4,08
0,47
0,19
0,12
0,08
0,06
0,06
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,19
0,23
0,20
3,21
6,17
6,60
17
16
17

1,6
1,8
1,8
2,0
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,8
33,01
35,46
35,82
45,45
> 0,05mm
73,64
70,36
68,40
66,96
0,05 - 0,002
17,14
15,00
15,24
13,48
< 0,002
9,22
14,64
16,36
19,56
13.1.2.5. t xm mn trn ni (Xh) - Humic Acrisols (ACu)
Din tch: 3.139.285 ha.
Phn b: Gp cao > 700m - 2000m so vi mt bin a hnh chia ct,
dc nhiu, tng t thng khng dy.
m: Ch yu l macmaaxit, phin cc loi v ct kt...
+ Hnh thnh v phn loi:
cao > 700m, cng qu trnh feralit gim dn theo cao, tuy nhin
tng B vn din ra qu trnh tch ly st kh in hnh. Mt khc, khi cao tng th
nhit gim v m tng, to iu kin thut li cho s tch ly mn. Kt qu
hnh thnh nn t xm mn trn ni. n v t ny ng vi nhm t mn vng
trn ni cao trong bng phn loi t theo pht sinh hc ca Vit Nam.
Trn bn t t l 1/1.000.000 n v t ny c chia thnh:
- t xm mn trn ni pht trin trn phin st (Xhs) - Humic Acrisols
(ACu).
- t xm mn trn ni pht trin trn philit (Xhp) - Humic Acrisols
(ACu).
- t xm mn trn ni pht trin trn macma axit (Xha) - Humic Acrisols
(ACu).
Trong 3 n v t ph trn y, t xm mn trn ni trn sn phm phong ho
ca macma baz v trung tnh, st v bin cht c ph v kh nng sn xut
cao hn c.
+ Tnh cht t:
Ly n v t xm mn trn ni pht trin trn macma axit i din cho t
xm mn trn ni.
- Cu to phu din t:
102

i din cho n v t ny l phu din LC25 o ti nh o Fanxipan,

huyn Sa Pa, tnh Lo Cai, rng t nhin, dc 20 O.
0 - 25cm: Mu xm thm (7,5YR 4/1 M), tht pha limon, kt cu ht c
ng knh 1 - 2mm, kh xp, chuyn lp t t.
25 - 42cm: Mu xm thm, tht pha limon, kt cu vin ng knh 1 2mm, khng cht, kh xp, 15 - 40%, chuyn lp t t theo mu sc.
42 - 60cm: Mu xm, tht pha limon, kt cu ht ng knh 1 - 2mm, b,
kh xp.
> 60cm: Gp gc ti.
- Tnh cht t:
Thay i ty thuc vo gc v v tr khc nhau. Nu m l phin st th t
c thnh phn c gii nng, nu l macma axit t c thnh phn c gii trung bnh
v nh.
Hm lng mn % trong t cao, ln tng s cao, ln d tiu giu, kali tng
s v trao i thay i ty thuc vo m. t pht trin trn phin philit c
hm lng kali tng s v d tiu rt cao, phn ng chua v chua t.
Bng 24 - Kt qu phn tch l ha hc phu din LC.25
su tng t (cm)
Ch tiu
0 - 25
25 - 42
42 - 60
pHKCl
5,02
4,45
4,82
C
8,73
7,76
6,96
Tng s
N
0,40
0,43
0,32
(%)
P 2O5
0,24
0,25
0,21
K2O
0,09
0,08
0,07
D tiu
17,0
16,0
12,6
(ll/100g )
5,5
4,2
3,0
CEC
- Trong t
12
10
8
(ll/100g)
- Trong keo st
23
20
15
2+
Cation trao i
Ca
3,7
2,8
1,6
2+
(ll/100g)
Mg
1,8
1,1
1,6
+
H
V%
50
44
35
Thnh phn c gii > 0,05mm
53,36
57,84
64,08
(%)
0,05 - 0,002
19,26
18,62
14,48
< 0,002mm
22,38
23,54
21,44
+ V tnh thch nghi v hng s dng:
t xm mn trn ni hin c s dng trng rng l ch yu, ngoi vic pht
trin cy rng vi nhiu loi c sn nh pmu, qu,... c th trng mt s cy
trng nng nghip nh la nng, ng, cc loi cy n qu hoc trng c
chn nui. Ch chng xi mn, bo v t.

103

13.2. CC LOI T CHNH VNG NG BNG VIT NAM

13.2.1. NHM T PH SA (P) - Fluvisols (FL)
Din tch 3.400.059 ha (chim 10,27% din tch t nhin c nc).
Theo phng php nh lng ca FAO-UNESCO t ph sa c chia lm 5
loi l:
- t ph sa trung tnh t chua (P)-Eutric Fluvisols (FLe), c din tch 225.987 ha
(0,68%)
- t ph sa chua (Pe) -Dystric Fluvisols (FLd), c din tch 1.665.892 ha (5,03%)
- t ph sa gly (Pg) - Gleyic Fluvisols (FLg), din tch nh, khng thng k.
- t ph sa mn (Pu) - Umbrie Fluvisols (FLu), din tch nh, khng thng k.
- t ph sa c tng m g (Pb) - Cambie Fluvisols (FLb), din tch nh, khng thng
k.
Trn bn t t l 1/1.000.000 ch th hin c 2 loi l: t ph sa trung
tnh t chua v t ph sa chua.
13.2.1.1. t ph sa trung tnh t chua (P) - Eutric Fluvisols (FLe):
Din tch 225.987 ha (0,68% din tch t t nhin)
Phn b ch yu cc h thng sng nh sau: Trung tm tam gic chu sng
Hng v trung tm tam gic chu sng Cu Long.
y l loi t ph sa mu m, dung tch hp ph v no baz cao, do c
im mu cht ca cc h thng sng, iu kin a hnh v ch nc ch ng
ti tiu.
Hnh thi phu din in hnh nh sau:
* Phu din t s 1: Vng III thn T nh, x Long Bin, huyn Gia
Lm, thnh ph H Ni: ( cao 8 m, bc thm ph sa ven sng, t chuyn mu,
thng lun canh u , ay, ng; cy trng pht trin tt).
0 - 18 cm
Mu nu ti, m, limon pha tht, cu trc phin mng, nhiu r
cy, c cc ct xen trong tng t, ti xp, chuyn lp t t.
18 - 53 cm Mu nu ti, m, limon pha st v tht, ti xp va, nhiu l
hng nh, c vt vng nh chy dc thnh phu din, cu trc
phin mng, xen lp ct mng, chuyn lp t t.
53 - 85 cm Mu nu ti, m, limon pha tht, xp va, cu trc phin mng
c vy mi ca ng nh, chuyn lp t t.
85 - 110 Mu nu ti, limon pha tht, ti xp va, cu trc phin, c
cm
nhiu vy mi ca.
* Phu din t s 2: p Vnh Lc, x Vnh Ha, huyn Chu Ph, tnh An
Giang: (t chuyn cy trng cn: ma, chui v hoa mu).
0 - 16 cm
Mu nu ti, m, st cu trc ht v cc nh, hi cht, chuyn lp
t t.

104

Mu nu ti hi thm hn tng trn, m, st, hi xp, c hang

giun, chuyn lp t t.
54 - 140 Mu nu thm hn tng trn, m ln t vt trng vng, st pha
cm
tht, cu trc cc nh, xp va.
y l n v t kh non tr, cha phn ho r, cn gi bn cht mu nu
ti.
t c phn ng trung tnh hoc t chua, dung tch hp ph cao, c bit l t
2+
l Ca cao, hu c v cc cht dinh dng thuc loi kh.
Bng 25 - Mt s ch tiu nng ho t ph sa trung tnh - t chua.
- Phu din t s 1:
16 - 54 cm

Tng t (cm)

Ch tiu

0 - 18

18 - 53

53 - 85

85 - 115

pHKCl

7,10

7,67

7,80

7,85

- Mn (%)

1,25

0,65

0,46

0,40

- CEC (ll/100g t)

23,0

19,0

26,0

23,0

+N

0,12

0,09

0,06

0,05

+ P 2O5

0,11

0,10

0,10

0,08

+ K2O

1,9

1,9

2,1

1,9

- Cht d tiu

+ P 2O5

29

25

23

23

(mg/100g t)

+ K2O

35

14

19

18

2+

14

13,8

18,5

18,4

- Cht tng s
(%)

- Cation trao
i
(ll/100g t)
- Thnh phn
c gii (%)

Ca

2+

Mg

8,4

4,3

4,3

2,9

0,05

0,10

0,10

0,10

< 0.002

14,8

29,0

21,0

15,0

0.002-0.05

66,8

59,0

78,6

64,8

0.05 - 2

18,4

12,0

0,4

20,2

99

100

100

100

V (%)
- Phu din t s 2:
Ch tiu
pHKCl
- Mn (%)
- CEC (ll/100g t)
+N
- Cht tng s
+ P 2O5
(%)
+ K2O
- Cht d tiu
+ P 2O5

0 - 16
5,6
1,77
0,11
0,12
105

Tng t (cm)
16 - 54
5,5
0,83
0,08
0,09
-

54 - 140
5,8
0,57
0,04
0,09
-

(mg/100g t)
- Cation trao
i (ll/100g
t)

+ K2O
2+
Ca
8,6
10,8
10,5
2+
Mg
2,8
2,3
3,6
+
H
< 0,002
44,5
42,5
38,5
- Thnh phn
0,002-0,05
32,0
34,0
36,0
c gii (%)
0,05 - 2
23,5
23,5
25,5
- t ph sa trung tnh t chua ang c s dng rt a dng: La 2 v;
la-mu 2 - 3 v; hoa mu, cy cng nghip ngn ngy, rau u, c bit l nhng
vng ng tp trung, vng cy n qu cc loi; t cho nng sut v hiu qu kinh t
cao, tim lc s dng cao v a dng.
iu cn lu l nn tng cng cht lng lm t pht huy ph tim
tng ca t; ht sc tit kim t canh tc, hn ch n ti a hin tng s dng
t vo mc ch phi nng nghip. ng thi ch chng thoi ha v nhim t
nht l nhng vng quanh cc th v khu cng nghip.
13.2.1.2. t ph sa chua (Pe) - Dystric Fluvisols (FLd):
Din tch 1.665.892 ha (5,03% din tch t t nhin)
t ph sa chua l n v t ph bin nht Vit nam trong nhm t ph sa
sut t Bc vo Nam, thng bao quanh loi t ph sa trung tnh t chua hai tam
gic chu ln v chim i b phn din tch ca nhm t ph sa vng ng
bng ven bin min Trung. Din tch phn b nh sau:
+ Trung du min ni Bc B:
353.711 ha
+ ng bng Bc B:
355.048 ha
+ ng bng ven bin min Trung: 276.398 ha
+ ng bng sng Cu Long:
180.799 ha
+ Ty Nguyn:
230.864 ha
+ ng Nam B:
91.082 ha
Hnh thi phu din in hnh nh sau:
* Phu din t s 1: x Khnh An, huyn Kim Sn, tnh Ninh Bnh: (la 2
v, nng sut trung bnh 3,2 - 3,7 tn/ha/v).
0 - 12 cm
Mu xm nu, m, tht trung bnh, st pha ct v tht, cu trc cc
trung bnh, rt t l hng b, cht, chuyn lp r.
12 - 30 cm Mu xm nu hi vng, m, tht nng - tht pha st, rt t l hng,
cu trc cc, trung bnh, cht, chuyn lp r.
30 - 70 cm Mu xm nu nht, t, tht nng - tht pha st gly trung bnh,
c nhng vt g st nh, chuyn lp t ngt.
70 - 120 Mu xm, t, tht nh - tht pha ct, c nhiu vy mica nh ng
cm
nh, ti.
* Phu din t s 2: x Din Hng, huyn Din Khnh, tnh Khnh Ho:
(t trng chui, nng sut: 35 - 40 tn/ha).
0 - 24 cm
Mu nu nht, m, st, t l hng b, cu trc cc trung bnh,
cht, chuyn lp t t.
106

Mu nu nht, m, st, cu trc cc trung bnh, cht, chuyn lp

t t.
53 - 100 Mu nu nht, m, st, cu trc cc trung bnh, cht, gly yu.
cm
* Phu din t s 3: x H M Bc, huyn Ci B, tnh Tin Giang: (la 2
v ng Xun v H Thu).
0 - 18 cm
Mu xm en, m, st, cu trc cc trung bnh, tng, t cht, c t
l hng nh, gly yu, chuyn lp r v mu sc.
18 - 40 cm Mu xm nu, m, st, cu trc cc trung bnh, gly yu, chuyn
lp r v mu sc.
40 - 60 cm Mu nu vng, m, st, c ln nhiu st mu trng, dnh do,
gly trung bnh, chuyn lp r v mu sc.
60 - 95 cm Mu xm nu, m, st, t cht, do, gly trung bnh, chuyn lp
r v mu sc.
95 - 125 Mu nu vng, nho, st, ln cc vt hu c mu en ri rc, t
cm
cht, gly mnh.
Bng 26 - Mt s ch tiu nng ho t ph sa chua.
su
Mn CEC Cation trao i
Cht
Cht d tiu
Thnh phn
(cm)
pH
(%) (ll/100 (ll/100g t)
tng s (%)
(mg/100g
c gii (%)
g t)
t)
2+
2+
pH H 2 O pH KCl
Ca
Mg
N P2 O 5 K 2 O P2 O 5 K 2 O < 0,002 0,002- 0,05 0,05
2
Phu din t s 1: x Khnh An, huyn Kim Sn, tnh Ninh Bnh
0-12
5,15 4,25 1,30 10,94 5,50 0,90 0,11 0,05 0,85 10,0 15,0
32
26
42
12-30 5,35 4,76 0,76 7,75 5,30 0,50 0,07 0,09 1,71 7,5 7,5
33
39
28
30-70 4,80 4,05 0,,73 8,10 4,70 1,20 0,06 0,03 1,16 5,0 11,5
36
40
24
70-120 4,05 3,55 0,48 9,44 3,80 1,70 0,05 0,03 0,79 10,0 11,5
14
13
73
Phu din t s 2: x Din Hng, huyn Din Khnh, tnh Khnh Ho
0-24
4,50 3,77 2,06 14,00 2,30 2,20 0,11 0,10 0,03 11,8 12,3 52,64 22,00 25,36
24-53 4,60 3,70 1,03 18,00 1,60 2,80 0,08 0,09 0,02 16,1 6,00 52,64 18,00 29,36
53-110 4,10 3,61 0,86 19,00 0,80 2,90 0,08 0,08 0,02 9,90 4,85 50,64 18,00 31,36
Phu din t s 3: x H M Bc, huyn Ci B, tnh Tin Giang
0-18
4,40 4,10 5,16 12,0 8,40 4,10 0,22 0,05 0,59 4,95 10,0 63,36 5,2 31,36
18-40 4,80 4,20 6,19 11,0 7,20 4,90 0,28 0,04 0,58 4,58 8,00 49,36 19,28 31,36
40-60 4,70 4,00 6,40 10,0 8,50 4,90 0,31 0,04 0,59 5,21 9,00 53,36 17,28 29,36
60-95 4,50 3,90 5,33 13,0 8,10 5,50 0,21 0,06 0,58 5,58 12,0 49,36 19,28 31,36
95-125 4,50 3,90 4,64 12,0 9,90 6,30 0,14 0,06 0,61 4,58 11,0 57,36 17,28 25,36
Qua phn tch hng lot phu din loi t ny cho thy:
- Hm lng cht hu c trung bnh.
- m, kali trung bnh.
- Ln trung bnh v ngho.
- Dung tch hp ph trung bnh.
24 - 53 cm

107

V
%)

45
42
40
35
40
42
38
48
48
45
42
40

Ca2+ trao i
> 1 - 10
Mg2+ trao i
V ph nhiu, hnh thi phu din thng gn vi cc h thng sng: bn
cht do cht lng sn phm phong ha t thng ngun. Ni chung tr nhng t
ph sa chua mang sn phm t m giu thch anh th ngho, cn i b phn c
cc cht dinh dng nh hu c, m, ln, kali, Ca2+, Mg2+ trung bnh v kh; c
bit nhng ph sa mi, cha khai thc nhiu thng giu kali.
-

V tnh thch nghi v hng s dng:

y l loi t ch lc gii quyt lng thc cho ngi, cho chn nui v
xut khu. t ph sa chua chim hu ht din tch t ph sa vng duyn hi Trung
B t h thng sng M n sng Quao, sng La Ng, l nhng va la trung bnh v
nh ca min Trung v ang c s dng rt a dng: La; Hoa mu, cy cng
nghip ngn ngy.
y l nhng va la ln hoc nh cng ngy cng phong ph theo s pht
trin ca ging v h thng canh tc mi. Nhng vng t cao hoc ch ng ti
tiu nng dn xen thm v cy trng cn c rau qu v ng (xut khu, chn
nui) hoc cy h u bi dng t. Vi tnh cht t v s thch nghi rng nn
nhiu vng t ph sa cn pht trin nhng cy thuc, du tm, ma v nhng cy
c sn khc, c nhng cy n qu c gi tr nh cam, qut, nhn, vi,....
V yu cu, i i vi vic tng cng ch ng ti tiu, cn tng cng bn
cn i dinh dng (v trong t thng thiu v mt cn i NPK), ng thi bn
phn hu c nng cao hm lng mn cho t v bn vi h dn chua ca
t.
13.2.2. NHM T CT (C) - Arenosol (AR)
Din tch ton nhm: 533.434 ha, chim 1,61% din tch t nhin c nc.
Phn ln din tch t ct tp trung thnh mt di chy dc b bin min trung
t Thanh Ha n Bnh Thun v ri rc mt s t vng ven bin Bc b v Nam
b.
Trc y ta vn dng t ct bin v ch yu phn b ven bin, nhng cng c
mt s t ct phn b ven mt s sng ln hoc mt s vng t pht trin ti
ch trn m sa thch hoc granit.
V s hnh thnh: t ct l loi t rt tr (t k t n hin i). N l sn
phm ca hai qu trnh chnh: Qu trnh vn ng nng ln ca thm bin c v qu
trnh bi t to lp ng bng ca h thng sng min Trung v hot ng a
cht ca bin. Do h thng cc con sng min Trung ngn, dc ln, nn vn tc
dng chy ln, khin sn phm tch t c thng th, ch yu l ct cc loi. Mt
khc, cc sng sui li bt ngun t cc khu vc c cu to bi cc loi m kh
phong ha nh granit, riolit, ct kt... nn cc sn phm phong ha trong nc sng
cng rt th.
Theo phn loi hin nay t ct c 7 loi (n v) l:
108

- t cn ct trng vng (Cc) - Luvic Arenosols (ARl)

- t cn ct (C) Rhodic Arenosols (ARr)
- t ct in hnh (C) Haplic Arenosols (ARh)
- t ct mi bin i (Cb) Cambic Arenosols (ARb)
- t ct potzon (Co) Albic Arenosols (ARa)
- t ct gly (Cg) Gleyic Arenosols (ARg)
- t ct feralit (Cf) Feralit Arenosols (ARo)
Trn bn t l ln hay trung bnh, cc nh th nhng cn tch ra mt s
loi na:
- t ging ct - y l t ct c tp trung vng ng bng sng Cu Long.
Thng l nhng di ct di, hnh vng cung theo b bin nhng su trong lc a
( Cu Long, Bn Tre, B Ra...).
- Ct san h - v s - pht trin trn nn bin c l san h hay s hn.
Nhng ch c 3 loi c din tch nhiu nht l: t cn ct trng vng, t cn
ct , t ct in hnh.
Bng 27 - Din tch t ct ca cc tnh v ton vng duyn hi Bc Trung b
(Vin Quy hoch v Thit k Nng nghip - 2002) (ha)
T
Loi t
Din tch
Thanh Ngh
H
Qung Qung
TT
T
Ha
An
Tnh
Bnh
Tr
Hu
ha
%
1 Cn ct
74.725 36,3
27.659 21.706 25.360
trng
2 Cn ct
19.102
9,3
1.190
1.990
12.340
3.582
vng
3 t ct bin 106.148 51,7
19.590 26.430 25.680
5.653
8.945
19.850
4 t ct gly
5.723
2,7
3.850
323
1.550
Cng
205.698 100
20.780 28.420 38.020 37.162 34.556 46.760
13.2.2.1. Cn ct trng vng (Cc) - Luvic Arenosols (ARL)
Din tch v phn b
Cn ct trng vng c din tch khong 222.043 ha, thng phn b vnh
ngoi st bin, c ni su vo bn trong chy dc song song vi b bin.
S hnh thnh
Do hot ng ca thy triu, do c im hnh thnh nn a hnh ca cc khu
vc khc nhau c ni tng i bng phng, c ni ln sng, nhng c ni li to
thnh nhng n ct cao thp; C ni cn ct cao n 20-30 m, c ni ct cn ang
tnh trng di ng mnh (ct bay, ct nhy) gy nh hng ln n i sng
dn sinh trong vng. Nhng cn ct chy song song vi b bin c sn dc v
pha t lin: l do hot ng ca gi bin. Vo ma gi bo c th c n ct
ln di chuyn v lp c mt khu ng nm su hn v pha t lin v c khi ma
ln to thnh cc rnh xi su 8-9m v rng 2-3m.
Tnh cht cn ct trng vng
109

Ni chung l loi t cha pht trin, cc tng cha phn bit r rng; ng
nht t trn xung v thnh phn cp ht.
Thnh phn cn ct ch yu l thch anh (SiO2 99%), nn c th s dng
vo xy dng c.
Thnh phn nng ha c th ni l rt ngho pHKCl dao ng t 4,7-5,6; mn
v m rt ngho (<0,5% v <0,03%); ln tng s v ln d tiu ngho (0,02 1,1mg/100g t); cation trao i ch t 2ll/100g t. Do thong kh nn t l C/N
thp (< 7).
Hng s dng
Hin nay trn t cn ct vng c m kh, ngi dn thng trng cc
loi sn, khoai lang, , vng, k, thuc l,... tuy nhin nng sut t c thp.
Cn loi cn ct trng gn nh khng trng cy g hoc ch c cy phi lao phng
h ngn chn tnh trng di ng mnh ca cc cn ct khi c gi bo.
13.2.2.2. t cn ct (C) - Rhodic Arenosols (ARr)
Din tch v phn b
Cn ct vi din tch 76.886 ha, phn b hai tnh Ninh Thun v Bnh
Thun.
S hnh thnh
t cn ct hnh thnh trong iu kin tng t nh t cn ct trng vng
nhng c hn v nm cao ln hn cn ct trng vng. t cn ct l do
hot ng nng ln ca i Lt vo k t.
Qu trnh tch ly Fe2O3 (lm cho t c mu ) c gii thch nh sau:
Trong thi k cui Plioxen n Pleitoxen hot ng ni la rt mnh khu vc
ng nam chu (t Malaixia n Hi Nam), cc khu vc Bazan c hnh thnh
trong nc bin c hm lng mui tan cao. Mui tan trong nc cng cao
nc cng trong, nh sng mt tri cng c iu kin chiu xung su v nhit
nc c tng ln. Nh vy lng oxit tan trong nc bin nhiu, thm vo s
hot ng ca vi sinh vt cng mnh ln, kt qu mui ca oxit st mi to thnh
Fe2O3. Mt mt y l vng kh hn lng ma t hn lng bc hi nn mui st
dn dn cng c di chuyn ln mt t.
Cu to phu din
So vi t cn ct trng vng s phn tng r nt hn. Ly phu din Bc
Bnh (Bnh Thun) lm v d:
0 - 10cm: Nu , ct pha, c r cy.
10 - 14cm: nu, ct ti, hi m, chuyn lp t t.
14 - 110cm: nu ti, ct ti, hi m.
T l st v limon cao hn cn ct trng vng (st vt l khong trn 10%).
Tnh cht
S liu phn tch phu din trn cho thy t chua (pHKCl 5.0) ngho dinh dng
cc cht tng s mn, ln, kali thp (0,32 ; 0,01 v < 0,1). Cc cht d tiu rt thp

110

(1,9mg P 2O5/100g t); tng cation trao i b (Ca2++ Mg2+ = 1,75ll/100g t); t l
C/N rt b (3,8).
t ct nn d b xi mn, kh nng gi phn v nc km.
Hng s dng v ci to
Hin nay i b phn t ang b b hoang. Mt s ni thp hn, ma ma
ang c trng cc loi cy nh khoai lang, sn, lc, u , vng, da ly ht,
o ln ht, mt, mng cu,... c bit mt din tch Ha Thng - Bc Bnh c
trng bng vi nng sut 10 - 12 t/ha.
nhng ni c iu kin ti c th trng u xanh (thng 1-4), khoai lang
(thng 8 - 12), da ly ht (thng 3 - 7), lc (thng 7 - 10).
Vi nhng cn ct di ng, phi kp thi trng phi lao ngn ct. Vng i
cao, dc cn rng th phi bo v v b sung trng thm cy lm vnh ai phng
h.
13.2.2.3. t ct in hnh (C) - Haplic Arenosols (ARh)
Din tch v phn b
t ct c din tch ln nht trong nhm t ct khong 234.505 ha. Phn b
ch yu t Thanh Ho n Bnh Thun.
Hnh thnh do s bi lng ph sa bin kt hp vi s hnh thnh cn ct ven
bin thp, thoi, to ra nhng di t kh bng phng tip gip vi bin hoc cn
ct.
Cu to phu din t
M t hnh thi cc phu din in hnh:
- Phu din bi ct thn Quang Trung, x Minh Hi, huyn Tnh Gia, Thanh
Ho:
0 - 19 cm:
Mu trng vng, hi m, rt t mn, ct mn, ri rc, chuyn lp
t t.
19 - 60 cm: Mu xm trng, m, ct mn, chuyn lp t t.
60 - 110 cm: Mu trng, m, ln v trai, c.
- Phu din thn Ninh c, x Din Tn, huyn Din Chu, Ngh An:
0 - 20 cm:
Mu nu nht, hi m, ct mn, chuyn lp t t.
20 - 55 cm: Mu nu vng, ct mn, hi xp, c ln v s, hn, kt von mu
en, chuyn lp t t.
55 - 100 cm: Mu vng nu, ln nhiu v s, hn, trai, c, ct mn, hi cht,
chuyn lp t t.
- Phu din x Nhn Hi, huyn Ninh Hi, Bnh Thun, t trng khoai lang
v rau, cao so vi mt bin 3 m:
0 - 18 cm: Mu xm tro, ct pha, ht nh, hi m, nhiu r cy, chuyn lp
tng i r.
18 - 30 cm: Mu xm trng, ct pha, hi m, c t r c, chuyn lp hi r v mu
sc.
30 - 54 cm: Mu xm vng, ct ti, ri rc, m, chuyn lp t t.
54 - 80 cm: Mu vng nht, ct ti, ri rc, m, c nhiu vt loang l vng,
111

80 cm:
115-150
cm:

chuyn lp tng i r.
115 Mu vng xm, ct ti, ri rc, rt m, chuyn lp t t.
Mu xm en, ct ti, ri rc, rt m, chuyn lp t t.

- Phu din t ct in hnh trng la:

A: Tng canh tc - dy 13-15cm: Ct pha, xm trng.
D: Tng cy:
Ct pha st, cht.
V: Tng vng gch cua - dy 10- Tng pht sinh do trng la nc st nh.
15cm:
G: Tng gly:
Xm xanh nht, pht sinh do trng la.
B: Tng bi t:
C sn phm gly, feralit, loang l
vng, thng gp nhiu kt von.
Tnh cht t
- Ni chung t c thnh phn cp ht t ct pha n ct pha st. t ri rc,
ti, kt cu km gp ma thng b lng r nh t bc mu.
- V tnh cht ha hc: hm lng cc cht tng s thp (mn 0,1-1,25%; N
0,03-0,08%; P 2O5 0,02-0,04%; K2O 0,1-1%); cc cht d tiu cng ngho (m thy
phn 2-3mg/100g t, P 2O5 3-6mg/100g t, K2O 4-8mg/100g t); t l C/N thp
( 5); CEC b (3,3-8ll/100g t), tng s cation kim trao i t 1,5 - 6 ll/100g
t. t c phn ng trung tnh - t chua (bin ng t 4,5-7,5); t c kh nng gi
phn v nc km, tnh m yu.
Hng s dng v ci to
Ty theo a hnh v iu kin thy li m c th trng la, cc loi hoa
mu, u , ma, ni cao hn th c th trng cy lu nm cc loi.
Ni chung l loi t c ph nhiu thp. Mt phn c a vo sn xut,
nhng mt phn kh ln ang b b hoang c bit l pha Nam.
+ Trc ht phi ch ti thy li m bo nc, nht l nhng khu
trng hn th c th a vo trng la nc p ng mt phn nhu cu lng
thc ti ch.
+ V phn bn cn ch tng cng hu c tng mn v to kt cu.
Bn phn hu c v phn bn tng hp NPK vi mt t l cao hn cc loi t
khc; bn phn hu c vi su trnh khong ha qu nhanh; Phn ha hc nn
chia ra bn nhiu ln mi c hiu qu, khng nn bn tp trung mt lc. Vic
tng bn ao, st l bin php hiu qu nht, nhng kh thc hin. Nhiu ni c
ngun rong cc m ph th dng rong bn cho vng t ct rt tt.
+ V cy trng cn c c cu cy trng ph hp vi iu kin t ngho dinh
dng, kh hn v kh hu khc nghit. y nn lun canh trng cy h u nh
lc, cc loi u gii quyt ngun m.
V lu di dnh nhiu cho vic bo v ven bin, to nhng c s cho ngh mt du
lch, pht trin mt s cy trng thch nghi: la ( a hnh thp), u , da hu (
a hnh cao) v cy ly g, phn xanh, iu. Duy tr nhng cy c th nh da,
112

pht trin lm vn nhng phi h t v thm canh cao, c bit ph kn lp t

mt, chng ra tri.
13.2.3. NHM T MN (M) - Salic Fluvisols (FLS) hoc Solonchaks (SC)
Din tch 971.356 ha, chim 2,93% din tch t nhin ca c nc.
Phn b ch yu ven bin ng bng Nam B (nh cc tnh Minh Hi, Bc
Liu, Kin Giang, Tr Vinh, Bn Tre, Tin Giang,...), ng bng Bc B (Nam
nh, Thi Bnh, Hi Phng...) v ng bng cc tnh min Trung.
t mn c hnh thnh nhng ni c a hnh thp, ven bin (phn ln <
1m; cao nht ch khong 2m); nhng ni thng xuyn chu nh hng trc tip
ca thy triu, hoc nh hng gin tip ca bin (nc ngm mn cha nhiu mui
ha tan), hoc hi mn t bin do gi thi vo.
Trong t mn c cha nhiu loi anion, theo th t: Cl- > SO42- > HCO3- >
CO32- trong 2 anion Cl- v SO42- gy nhiu tc hi cho cy trng.
Cn hm lng cc cation trong t mn thng theo th t: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+
> K+
Da vo nng mui tan hoc nng Cl- phn cp mn ca t nh
bng sau:
Bng 28 - Phn cp mn ca t
Phn cp
Nng mui tan (%) Nng Cl- (%)
+ t rt mn
> 1,0
> 0,25
+ t mn nhiu
0,5 - 1,0
0,15 - 0,25
+ t mn trung bnh
0,25 - 0,5
0,05 - 0,15
+ t mn t
< 0,25
< 0,05
Nng v thnh phn mui tan quyt nh mc gy hi. Khi nng mui
tan cao, p sut thm thu ln ngn chn s xm nhp ca nc v t bo thc
vt, mt khc, nu cc mui xm nhp vo c th nhiu, tch ly li cng c kh
nng gy c.
- Da vo iu kin hnh thnh v tnh cht mn, nhm t mn c chia lm 3
loi:
+ t mn s vt c (Mm)-Gleyic salic Fluvisols (FLsg) hoc Gleyic Solonchaks
(SCg)
+ t mn nhiu (Mn) - Haplic salic Fluvisols (FLs) hoc Haplic Solonchaks
(SCh).
+ t mn trung bnh v t (M)-Mollic salic Fluvisols (FLsm) hoc Mollic Solonchaks
(SCm).
Trong din tch t mn trung bnh v t chim t l cao nht (75%).
13.2.3.1. t mn s vt c (Mm) - Gleyi Salic Fluvisols (FLsg)
Din tch: 105.318 ha, chim 0,34% din tch t nhin ton quc v 10,63%
din tch nhm t mn.
Phn b: Ch yu ven bin Nam B, nhiu nht C Mau. Hng ngy t cn
chu nh hng trc tip ca bin khi thy triu dng. Thc vt gm nhng cy a
nc v chu c mn nh: s (Acgiceras magas), vt (Bruguiera pavirora;
113

Bruguiera xexangula), c (Rhizophora), bn (Sonneratica caseolaris L.) v mt

s cy khc nh da nc (Nipa fruticans), rng,... pht trin mnh to thnh rng
rm.
Loi t ny nhiu ni cn dng bn lng, ly, rt mn, phn ng trung tnh
hoc kim yu. Hm lng mn cao do tn tch thc vt nhiu. t c thnh phn
c gii nng ( Nam B) v trung bnh ( min Bc). m tng s trung bnh - kh,
ln tng s trung bnh (0,06-0,11%), ln d tiu ngho (3 8 mg/100g t), kali
tng s giu, kali d tiu kh - giu, cation trao i thp.
t ny nn u tin cho lm nghip pht trin rng cy s, vt, c, ngoi
tc dng chn gi, chn sng, cung cp ci, g, rng cn gp phn c nh t, tng
cng s lng ng ph sa lm cho t cao dn, cht dn, tin ti thot khi nh
hng ca thy triu. Khi t t mn dn, ngi ta c th quai , ra mn s
dng trng trt cc loi cy trng khc trong sn xut nng nghip.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng m hnh Ng - Lm kt hp nui trng cc
loi thu, hi sn (nh: tm, cua,...).
13.2.3.2. t mn nhiu (Mn) -Hapli Salisols hoc Haplic Salic Fluvisols
(FLs)
hoc Haplic Solonchaks (SCh).
Din tch: 133.288 ha, chim 0,42% din tch t nhin ton quc v 15,0%
din tch nhm t mn, nhiu nht l ng bng sng Cu Long (102.000 ha).
t mn nhiu thng a hnh thp ven bin, ca sng, cao 0,5 - 0,8 m,
s thay i mn theo 2 ma: V ma ma, lung nc ma, nc ngt t
thng ngun ui nc mn ra xa lm ngt tng t mt, nn ngi ta vn c th
trng cy c. V vy c th gi y l loi t mn thi v.
t mn nhiu thng cha cc cht dinh dng t trung bnh - kh, nht l
Nam B; Thnh phn c gii t st n limon hay tht pha st. t mn nhiu Nam
B thng c thnh phn c gii nng hn v su hn. t mn min Bc thng
c thnh phn c gii trung bnh (limon hay tht pha st) v c nn ct hay ct pha
su cha n 100 cm v su khong 50 - 80 cm thng gp lp ct xm
xanh, c xc v s, c bin.
Bng 29 - S liu trung bnh v t mn nhiu mt s vng(tng t 0 - 20 cm):
Mn Cation trao i Tng s (%)
Vng t
pHKCl (%) (ll/100gt)
C/
Cl Ca++ Mg+
N
P 2O5 N
(%)
+

+ ng bng sng Cu Long

5,5 2,52 3,62 9,34 0,11 0,04 13 0,25
+ ng bng sng Hng
7,0 2,56 6,64 5,92 0,20 0,11 7 0,29
+ Duyn hi Nam Trung B
4,8 2,35 6,28 4,92 0,14 0,08 10 0,17
+ Khu 4 c
6,4 2,60 3,70 2,66 0,16 0,06 7 0,47
Hin nay loi t ny thng ch s dng trng mt v la v ma ma, cn v
ma kh thng b hoang. Mt s vng s dng gieo trng la c sn a
phng cht lng cao.
114

Bin php thu li, quai , dn nc ngt, ra mn trng la l bin php

truyn thng, nhng chi ph cao v khng pht huy th mnh ca vng. Nng dn
nhiu vng ng bng sng Hng p dng bin php vt t c cc di t
cao trng cy trng cn, vng t thp cy la hay lm ao nui c.
Nhiu vng t mn nhiu Nam B, nng dn li dng nc thu triu, a
vo ng rung c ngun tm cua. y nui tm theo cch vt t, pht trin
rnh. Vi phng thc ny, nng dn thu ngun li tm gp mi ln trng la.
13.2.3.3. t mn trung bnh v t (M) - Molli Salic Fluvisols (FLsm) hoc
Mollic Solonchaks (SCm).
Din tch l 732.584 ha, chim 2,4% din tch t nhin ton quc v 75% din
tch nhm t mn, nhiu nht l ng bng sng Cu Long: 586.422 ha (80,5
%).
Phn b bn trong vng t mn nhiu tip gip t ph sa, i b phn a
hnh trung bnh v cao, nhng cn chu nh hng ca thu triu.
t mn l loi t tr, c hnh thnh trong thi gian gn y, do vy cu
to phu din tng i n gin, cc tng pht sinh th hin cha r rt, cc tng
t khc nhau ch yu l thnh phn c gii.
V d: phu din t mn t Vnh Thnh-Vnh Linh-Qung Tr trn t
trng la, m, khoai lang:
0-12cm: Xm nu vng, m g nu , mn, do qunh, mt t xc thc
vt, chuyn lp r v cht.
12-32cm: Nu xm, m g st, mmu vng, st mn, rt cht, cu trc tng,
chuyn lp r v mu sc.
32-55cm: Vng loang xm, m g st nu , st, mn, rt cht, cu trc
tng, chuyn lp r v mu sc.
55-100cm: Xm, loang l vng, st, mn, cht, b, gly trung bnh, cu trc
tng.
+ Tnh cht vt l:
t c thnh phn c gi nng, t phn tn, do tc dng ca ion Na+ nn t
thng phn tn mnh, khng c kt cu, rt do, dnh khi gp nc, khi kh th nt
n, rn chc, vng mui bc hi ln mt t. C st vt l t 50-60%, ct vt l 1520%, tnh cht xu nn cy ba kh khn.
+ Mt s tnh cht ha hc:
Hm lng mn tng mt 1,4-3,3%, t l C/N 7-11; N% 0,11-0,18%; P 2O5%
0,03-0,09%, ln d tiu ngho 2-7mg/100g t. kali trao i kh (c bit cao khu
4 c v nam Trung B 16-27mg/100g t). t c phn ng trung tnh, hi chua
hoc trung tnh, pHKCl thay i t 4,9-6,3.

115

Bng 30 - S liu trung bnh v t mn trung bnh v t mt s vng (tng t 0 - 20

cm):
Mn Cation trao i Tng s (%)
Vng t
pHKCl (%) (ll/100gt)
C/N Cl Ca++ Mg+
N
P2O
(%)
+
5

+ ng bng sng Cu Long

4,9 3,33 6,47 8,67 0,18 0,04 11 0,15
+ ng bng sng Hng
5,8 1,90 6,00 8,80 0,14 0,09 7 0,08
+ Duyn hi Nam Trung B
5,3 1,42 3,40 4,50 0,11 0,03 8 0,18
+ Khu 4 c
6,3 1,61 3,60 6,13 0,14 0,05 8 0,10
- Hin nay i b phn t ny c trng 2 v la, nhng ni ch ng ti
tiu thng vn cho nng sut cao. Ni chung khai thc vng t mn trng la l
vic lm cn thit gii quyt lng thc ti ch, c bit l trng cc ging la
c sn cht lng cao.
Ngoi ra tng bc ginh u tin cho nui trng thu sn, khng nn ngt ho
tu tin, v lm nh vy s khng gi c mi trng sinh thi s dng a dng
v hiu qu hn.
- Ci to t mn:
t mn l mt loi t xu, mun s dng t t hiu qu cao phi tin hnh
ci to, mc ch ci to t mn nhm:
- Gim tng s mui tan n mc bnh thng.
- Tng hm lng cc cht dinh dng cn thit.
- Dn dn ci thin tnh cht vt l, lm t c kt cu.
ci to t mn, cn thc hin mt lot cc bin php nh thy li, c cu
cy trng, phn bn... trong thy li l bin php hng u.
+ Bin php thy li: Xy dng h thng mng ti ra mn, h thng
mng tiu tiu mn v h thp mc nc ngm mn.
Thng p dng 3 hnh thc ra mn: Ra trn mt, ra thm v ra theo
phng php kt hp hai kiu trn.
- Ra trn mt: Dn nc ngt vo, lm t, mui tan c rt ra khi phc h
thp thu ha vo dung dch t tho nc ny xung cc mng tiu sau mt thi
gian ngm. Bin php ny lm gim tng mui tan ca lp t mn trong thi gian
ngn.
- Ra thm: Dn nc ngt vo, ngm lin tc thi gian di. Do p sut thy
tinh, dung dch t ha tan nhiu mui s thm xung su, theo cc mch nc
ngm rt ra mng tiu, ra c mn su xung cc tng t di.
- Ra kt hp: Kt hp 2 phng php ra trn.
+ Bn phn:
- Phn hu c: c tc dng rt r, mt s loi cy phn xanh pht trin tt
trn t mn nh bo du, in thanh ht trn. Ngoi gi tr lm phn bn, phn hu
c dn dn ci thin kt cu t.

116

- Phn khong cc loi: u t NPK ph hp vi tng loi cy trng, nhng

khng s dng m dng clorua hoc sunpat, dng ur hoc nitrat; phn ln th nn
s dng dng t nhin hay thermophosphat.
+ Bin php ho hc:
Dng Ca2+ thay th Na+ trn keo t:
[K]2Na+ + CaSO4
[K]Ca2+ + Na2SO4
Sau dng nc ngt ra Na2SO4 nhm lm gim lng Na+ trong t
mi pht huy hiu qu cao.
nc ta do thiu thch cao nn c th dng vi bn.
[K]Na+ + CaO + H2 O
[K]Ca2 + + 2NaOH
Sau khi bn vi dng nc ngt ra NaOH nhm lm gim lng Na+ trong
t.
+ Bin php cy trng:
Xy dng ch canh tc hp l, tt nht l trng cc cy chu mn nh ci,
phn xanh... sau khi ci to s trng la.
Ch , t ci to khng c hn, vng no khng c thy li bo m
th khng nn lm i v vng t mi khai hoang cng khng nn lm i.
13.2.3.4. t mn kim (MK) - Solonetz (SN)
Trn bn t t l 1/1.000.000 khng th hin c nhm t ny.
Din tch: 202 ha.
Phn b: Ch gp Thun Hi.
Trong t cha nhiu Na2CO3 v NaHCO3, pH kh cao, thng l > 8, nhn
dn a phng gi l t mn c giang.
Theo Thi Cng Tng (1973) c 2 loi t c giang:
- C giang mui: Khi tri kh hanh, nng, mui bc thnh nhng m trng
xa trn mt. C giang mui cha nhiu Na2CO3: nn c thi k (1939 - 1945) c
khai thc nu x phng.
- C giang du: en hn do cha nhiu cht hu c, pH cng thng cao hn
9.
S liu phn tch mt mu c giang Phan Rang Na2CO3: 9,8%; NaCl:
0,62%; Na2SO4: 0,22%, pH = 9,5.
Ci to: Dng CaSO4 hoc CaSO4.2H2O tch Na+ ra khi keo t.
C ch ca phn ng xy ra nh sau:
+

2+

[K]2Na + CaSO4.2H2O
[K]Ca + Na2SO4 + H2O
tan nn d b ra tri khi ta kt hp vi ra mn)
Nu khng c thch cao th c th dng dng vi CaCO3 bn:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
+

2+

(Na2SO4 d

[K]2Na
+ Ca(HCO3)2
[K]Ca + 2NaHCO3 (NaHCO3 d tan
nn d b ra tri khi ta kt hp vi ra mn)
Sau lc ba k trn u dng nc ra NaOH hoc Na2 SO4 ra khi t.
117

13.2.4. NHM T PHN (S) - Thionic Fluvisols (FLt) hoc (Thionic Gleysols
- GLt)
Din tch l 1.863.128 ha chim 5,63% din tch t t nhin ton quc.
t c hnh thnh cc tnh ng bng Nam B nh Tin Giang, Hu Giang,
ng Thp, Kin Giang,... cc tnh Hi Phng, Thi Bnh v l t mt s tnh min
Trung.
Ring t phn ng bng Sng Cu Long l 1.616.138 ha, trong :
Bn o C Mau:
556.179 ha;
Vng t ven bin:
54.223 ha.
Vng gia sng Tin v sng Hu:
67.200 ha;
T gic Long Xuyn:
281.563 ha;
ng Thp Mi:
656.973 ha (1v la: 43%; b hoang:
21,9%).
t b phn l do trong t tch ly nhiu mui phn: Fe2(SO4)3 v Al 2(SO4)3
Nguyn nhn lm cho t tch ly nhiu SO42- c th do 2 con ng:
SO42- c ngun gc t nc bin trn vo, cc mui sunfat t tan khi nng
tng ln th kt ta li to ra nhiu SO42- trong t.
SO42- to ra do con ng tch ly sinh hc: Cc cy chu mn nh s, vt,
c, bn,... trong qu trnh sng hp thu v tch ly nhiu S, khi cht i, xc ca
chng c phn gii ym kh sinh ra nhiu H2S, cht ny tip tc b bin i trong
iu kin oxy ha s to ra SO42- .
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O

2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2 SO4

Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O

2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 SO4

Mui sunfat s lm cho t b mn; cn H2SO4 sinh ra trong qu trnh thy phn
mui phn s lm cho t rt chua, nn t phn cn gi l t chua mn.
Cc hydroxyt st, nhm l cc keo dng gp cc keo m ca t th b kt ta
lng xung y, to ra lp vng c mu vng hoc trng v lm cho nc rung
trong veo. V th t c nhiu phn st nng dn min Nam gi l t "ct chut".
Nhn chung t phn nm su vo t lin hn so vi t mn. ng bng
sng Cu Long t phn nm su trong t lin v xen k vi cc loi t khc.
Trong t din ra cc qu trnh chnh: mn ha, chua ha, gly ha v st ha lm
cho cc ht khong tip tc b ph hy, nn t tr nn c thnh phn cp ht mn
hn. Tuy vy, hai qu trnh mn ha v chua ha din ra mnh nht v quyt nh
s hnh thnh v tnh cht t phn.
Theo bn t t l 1/1.000.000 c 2 loi t phn:
- t phn tim tng (Sp) - Proto-thionic Gleysols (FLtp)
- t phn hot ng (Sj) - Orthi-thionic Fluvisols (FLto)
13.2.4.1. t phn tim tng (Sp) - Proto-thionic Gleysols (FLtp)
Din tch: 652.244 ha, chim 35% tng din tch t phn.
t phn tim tng c cc loi hnh c th nh sau:
- t phn tim tng di rng ngp mn.

118

- t phn tim tng mn.

- t phn tim tng.
Sau y ta m t mt phu din lm th d:
Loi t: t phn tim tng nng - mn (SP2M).
a im: Vnh Long, Hu Giang.
Thc vt: La mt v ma (t 24 t/ha).
su nc ngm 80cm (ma kh).
M t hnh thi
0-20cm: Nu xm - kh st, nt n, kt cu cc tng, nhiu r la, nhiu vt
r st mu nu dc gc r, cng, cht thun thc, chuyn lp t t.
20-43cm: Nu nht, kh st, kt cu cc tng ln cc r la si mn trng, cc
m g nu ri rc, cng, thun thc, chuyn lp t t.
43-65cm: Nu hi tm, m, st, kt cu cc c rnh khi v, cn t r la trng
mn, c nhiu m g nu kch thc b (1-2mm) ri rc, bn thun
thc, hi cng, hi dnh, chuyn lp t t.
65-92cm: Xm nu, m st, kt cu cc (khi lng tr khi kh), c t m g
nu kch thc nh ri rc trong tng t, bn thun thc, hi dnh,
chuyn lp t t (pH H2O = 4,5).
92-130cm: Xm xanh, t nho, st, khng kt cu, ln t vt hu c en ri
rc kch thc 3-5mm, khng thun thc (pHH2O = 2,0).
(Bng 31)
Khi tng phn nm su di 2m hoc khi cc tnh cht ca tng phn sunfat
Fe, Al b thy phn, ra tri, pH xp x v > 5 th phn ng ca t khng cn
mang tnh cht t phn na.
Trong iu kin canh tc t phn tim tng d b oxyha, chuyn ha thnh phn hot
ng.
13.2.4.2. t phn hot ng (Sj) - Orthi-thionic Fluvisols (FLto)
Din tch: 1.210.884 ha, chim 65% tng din tch t phn.
Sau y ta m t mt phu din lm th d:
a im: x c Bnh Kiu, huyn Thp Mi, tnh ng Thp.
Thc vt: La hai v (t 9 tn/ha/nm).
Bng 31 - Mt s ch tiu nng ho t phn tim tng nng - mn.
Ch tiu
Tng t (cm)
0 - 20 20 - 43
43 - 65 65 - 92 92 - 130
- pH

H2O

4,2

5,2

4,7

4,6

3,1

KCl

3,3

4,1

3,6

3,6

2,0

- C%

2,100

1,020

0,450

0,420

0,660

- Mn%

3,620

1,754

1,774

0,720

1,135

+N

0,162

0,098

0,049

0,056

0,042

+ P 2O5

0,047

0,040

0,085

0,078

0,067

- Cht
tng s (%)

119

+ K2O

1,675

1,459

1,486

1,216

1,514

- P 2O5 d tiu (mg/100g

t)

1,500

1,500

2,625

2,500

2,125

- C/N

13,0

10,4

9,2

7,1

15,7

- Ca2+ (ll/100g t)

2,8

4,0

4,2

2,8

3,6

- Mg2+ (ll/100g t)

11,0

14,2

11,8

12,4

11,2

- Al3+ (ll/100g t)

0,2

0,2

0,3

0,4

4,8

- Fe3+ (%)

0,237

0,117

0,126

0,130

0,114

- Cl- ha tan (%)

0,127

0,007

0,122

0,210

0,402

- SO42- ha tan (%)

0,20

0,06

0,06

0,08

0,24

- Thnh phn

St

58,84

60,84

54,84

54,84

52,84

Limon

17,42

7,44

23,60

19,40

23,44

Ct

23,74

31,72

21,56

25,76

23,72

c gii (%)

M t hnh thi
0-15cm:
Mu xm en, m, st ln nhiu r la v cc ng r st nu
chy dc theo ng r, cu trc tng, cht, c nhiu k nt 2-5 cm,
chuyn lp dn dn v mu sc.
15-32cm:
Mu xm en nht, m, st ln cc ng r la mn, nhiu g st
nu phn b dc theo cc k nt, cu trc khi, chuyn lp r
v mu sc.
32-69cm:
Mu xm nht, m, st ln cc vt hu c en, nhiu g st mu
nu ti v nu sm, ln nhiu vt gch, cu trc khi, cht, dnh
do, chuyn lp t t v mu sc.
69-110cm: Mu xm, t, st c cc nu vng ln cc mu vng Jarosite
chim khong 10-15% b mt tng t, dnh, do, cht, chuyn lp
r v mu sc.
110-150cm: Mu xm, t, st nho, gly mnh c mi H2 S.
i trn t ny ta c cm gic kh chu ca mi H2S.
Bng 32 - Mt s ch tiu nng ho t phn hot ng.
Tng t (cm)
Ch tiu
0 - 15
15 - 32 32 - 69 69 - 110 110 - 150
pHKCl
3,75
3,26
2,75
2,51
2,50
- Mn (%)
11,44
12,01
2,41
4,79
3,77
- Cht
+N
0,37
0,24
0,29
0,23
0,24
tng s (%)
+ P 2O5
0,06
0,03
0,03
0,04
0,07
+ K2O
1,60
1,89
2,54
2,02
1,94
- P 2O5 d tiu (mg/100g
2,50
1,25
0,65
1,50
3,29
t)
- C/N
17
17
4
8
9
120

- Ca2+ (ll/100g t)
4,00
3,31
2,63
2,46
3,87
2+
- Mg (ll/100g t)
4,96
6,15
5,82
5,51
8,35
3+
- Al (ll/100g t)
10,93
7,03
13,87
11,87
16,07
2- SO4 ha tan (%)
0,34
0,10
0,13
0,75
0,78
- Thnh phn
St
64,00
66,50
66,50
64,00
69,00
c gii (%)
Limon
32,50
27,50
30,00
32,50
25,00
Ct
3,50
6,00
3,50
3,50
6,00
Tnh cht chung ca t phn:
- t phn c thnh phn c gii nng.
- t rt chua.
- Hm lng mn v m tng s kh.
- Mc phn gii cht hu c thp.
- Hm lng ln rt ngho c tng s v d tiu.
- Hm lng kali giu.
- Lng mui tan cao.
- Nhm di ng cao, nht l tng sinh phn.
- SO42- ha tan cao.
S dng: Hin nay nng dn bit khai thc din tch t phn
trng la v nhiu ni c trng 2 v la: ng xun v h thu hay ng xun
v v ma. Tuy nhin mun khai thc mt cch c hiu qu th cn phi nm vng
mt s tnh cht trc khi s dng c nhng bin php k thut nh b tr cy
trng hp l v c cc bin php ci to ph hp.
Ngoi la, vng phn tim tng di rng s vt c v mt s vng phn
nhiu c th cn bo v gi b bin v mi trng kt hp vi chim th a dng
sinh hc; nhng vng "rn phn" cn li cng nn bo v t ln sinh khi v sinh
vt cho nhng yu cu lu di. Mt s cy thch hp vi vng phn nhiu, trong
chuyn i c cu sn xut cn ch nh: khoai m, iu, da, bng, trm,...
Ci to:
- V thy li: Din tch t phn b hoang cn rt ln, ch mt phn
c khai thc nhng nng sut cn thp v ph thuc rt ln vo lng ma hng
nm. Mun a vo sn xut trn vng t cha khai hoang phi tin hnh thau
chua ra mn. Nh vy thy li c t ln hng u. thau ra mn ngi ta
c th tin hnh ln lp hoc xy dng h thng knh ti v knh tiu song song.
Mt s ni c kinh nghim khoan cc ging su ri thng xuyn dng bm ht
nc ln mng tiu h thp mc nc ngm mn (mi ging ph trch mt
vng khong 100 ha).
t phn cha ci to ch thch nghi vi mt s cy c bit, nhng trong iu
kin trng la vi kh hu 2 ma r rt, v phn ha lng ma, mc thy triu,
th chin lc s dng ng n va qua l ci to t phn trng la vi kinh
nghim "m phn" ca nng dn ng bng sng Cu Long, tc l:
- Cy nng ba sc.
- Gi nc lin tc.
121

- Tho nc thng k.
Nh vy, mt mt "chung sng" vi cc tng phn di, mt khc ci to
c dn tng phn b thy phn ra tri h thp. Vi h thng cp nc cng di
do t khi c knh Hng Ng, vi s thay i ca ging c nng sut cao v lng
phn bn c tng cng, hn 1 triu ha t phn c ci to s dng lm
tng thm 6 - 7 triu tn thc cho vng v c nc. Trc y, c nhng nh nghin
cu v d n nc ngoi cho rng nn li vng t phn cho th k XXI.
- Bin php ha hc:
+ Bn vi: Vi c tc dng lm gim chua, kt ta Al3+ di ng, ci
thin c l tnh ca t. Al2(SO4)3 + 6Ca(OH)2 2Al(OH)3 + CaSO4
Bn vi c tc dng rt tt, kh chua th lng vi phi dng rt nhiu,
nhng nu ngng bn vi mt, hai v th t s b chua tr li. t phn, lu
hunh cc tng di d dng bc ln trn v b oxi ha, sau kt hp vi nc
to ra H2SO4 gy chua. Nn theo nhiu kt qu nghin cu th cn bn vi hng
nm, mi nm ch bn mt t vi (khong 0,25 chua thy phn) l kinh t nht.
Tt nht khi bn vi phi kt hp vi thau chua ra mn th hiu qu mi
cao.
+ Bn ln: Cc loi phn ln bn t phn u c hiu qu cao, nhng
tt nht l dng Thermo photphat hoc bt Apatit, bt photphorit (cn phi bn sm
v lng bn nhiu th hiu qu mi cao).
- Bin php canh tc:
+ i vi t phn vng min Bc th cn p dng bin php cy su, cy i
phi t, kt hp bn vi, phn hu c c tc dng kh c H2S, CH4,...gy chua
cho t.
+ Cn i vi t phn vng ng bng sng Cu Long th iu cn lu l
nn gi nc thng xuyn trong rung trng la, nn dng nc ngt m
phn l tt nht, khng nn cn nc, khng nn cy i. Trong thc t vic thau
chua ra mn y gp kh khn v thiu ngun nc ngt, ch gii quyt c
mt s vng cc b.
13.2.5. NHM T G LY (GL) - Gleysols (GL)
y l loi t mi tch ra theo phn loi ca FAO-UNESCO-WRB, theo phn
loi pht sinh hc trc y th nhm t ny c chung vo t ph sa hoc
t ly.
t gly c hnh thnh t nhng vt liu khng gn kt, tr cc vt liu c
thnh phn c gii th v trm tch ph sa c c tnh fluvic; chng biu hin c
tnh gly mnh phn trn mt su 0 - 50cm cng nh ton phu din.
Din tch ton nhm: 452.418 ha, chim t l 1,3% din tch c nc.
V n v v phn b:
Trong phn loi hin nay t gly c chia ra 3 n v l:
- t gly trung tnh t chua (GL) - Eutric Gleysols (GLe)
- t gly chua
(GLc) - Dystric Gleysols (GLd)
122

- t ly (GLu) - Umbric Gleysols (GLu)

Trn bn t t l 1/1.000.000 ch th hin c 2 loi l: t gly chua v
t ly. Trong t gly chua chim 77% ton nhm v thng phn b vng
trng tip gip vi t ph sa. Tp trung ng bng sng Hng v Khu Bn c, ri
rc Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B v Duyn hi Nam Trung B.
t gly hnh thnh vng trng, ng chim c, thung lng hoc nhng vng
t thot nc km, ng nc v ni c mc nc ngm gn mt t.
t hnh thnh v pht trin trong iu kin ym kh, st iu kin kh (FeO)
mu xm xanh, thnh phn c gii thng nng (nht l lp di).
t thng c tng hu c dy v t l kh cao, nht l n v t ly, t chua,
m trung bnh hoc kh, ln v kali ngho.
13.2.5.1. t gly chua (GLc) - Dystric Gleysols (GLd)
Din tch: 350.568 ha, chim 1,06% din tch t t nhin.
- S hnh thnh t.
t ph sa gly chua thng hnh thnh v tr cch xa cc sng ln, trn a
hnh thp trng, khp kn (dng lng cho) hoc l di t trng gia cc i g ca
bc thm ph sa c, l ni hi t d dng ca cc dng nc v khi ma to hoc
ngp lt theo qui lut "nc chy ch trng". V vy ni ny thng xuyn tch
ng mt lp nc ma trn mt v c mt mc nc ngm nng pha di (30 50cm). Vo ma ma, c khu rung trng to thnh mt ng nc mnh mng. V
ma kh, nc c rt i mt phn, mt s din tch c lp nc mt nng (10 20cm) c th cy la chim hoc chim xun (gi l t ng chim trng). Tuy
nhin so vi cc chn t ph sa khc th vic canh tc, thu hoch la y rt vt
v v kh khn, chim ng cui v, ma nhp u v, nng sut bp bnh, thp
km.
M t phu din:
* Phu din t s 3: ng Su, thn Yn Tng, x Bc Ph, Sc Sn, H
Ni; a hnh trng; La sinh trng km.
0 - 8 cm

Mu xm xanh nht, hi vng, tht trung bnh, cu trc cc khi

nh, khng r gc cnh, nho, gly mnh, nhiu r cy, chuyn
lp t t.

8 - 30 cm

Mu xm xanh, hi nu vng, tht nng, cu trc cc r gc cnh,

hi cht, gly mnh, ri rc c r cy, m, chuyn lp t t.

30 - 55 cm

Mu xm xanh ln cc nu vng, g st, ct pha st nng, cu

trc tng, hi cht, gly mnh, chuyn lp t t.

55 - 130 Mu xm nht, xanh, st tng, hi cht, chuyn lp t t.

cm

123

Bng 33 - Tnh cht l ha hc mt s loi t ph sa gly chua BSH (Vin

QH-TK)
Cc ch tiu
Thanh Tr
Vit Yn
Gia Vin
Nam H
H Ni
H Bc
Ninh Bnh
Tng t (cm)
0-20
0-10
0-10
0-15
pHKCl
3,73
4,9
5,5
5,2
Mn %
2,9
4,0
2,5
4,3
N%
0,166
0,20
0,10
0,31
P 2O5%
0,05
0,06
0,035
0,04
K2O%
2,35
1,22
1,52
P 2O5 mg/100g
8,25
vt
vt
6,0
t
K2O
mg/100g
9,0
30,0
12,5
20,5
t
Ca2+
ll/100g
4,13
2,2
9,38
9,5
t
Mg2+
2,11
0,40
3,86
2,50
+
H
0,91
2,90
5,42
V%
54,62
CEC
ll/100g
13
15,5
t
Ct
3,20
7,60
19,88
TPCG Limon
39,00
48,80
44,72
t (%) St
57,80
43,60
35,40
Tnh cht vt l t:
- Thnh phn c gii (TPCG) ca t ch yu l tht nng, n st, t l
limon v st thng chim > 80% cp ht c gii.
- Kt cu t khng c, lp t mt khi ngp nc l lp bn nho, t b
phn tn mnh, canh tc kh khn. Khi nc rt ht, t mt kh b cht cng, d
nt n, r cy pht trin kh. Nhn chung t b ym kh mnh, kh thot nc, bt
thun cho sinh trng cc loi cy trng.
Tnh cht ha hc:
+ t c phn ng rt chua (pHKCl= 3,2 - 4,0) tng t mt.
+ Hm lng mn trung bnh (2,39 - 2,66%)
+ m tng s trung bnh (0,15 - 0,20%)
+ Ln tng s: Rt ngho - hi ngho (0,02 - 0,09%)
+ Kali tng s: trung bnh (0,78 - 1,18%)
+ Cc cht d tiu u ngho: Ln 0,6 - 4,8 mg/100g t; Kali 2,6 - 10
mg/100g t.
+ Tng s cation kim trao i (Ca2+ + Mg2 +) trong t thp (< 6 ll/100g t),
kh nng trao i cation thp (11 - 17 ll/100g st)
+ T l N/P mt cn i nng.
124

- Do iu kin ym kh, qu trnh kh chim u th nn xc hu c tch ly cao

m km phn gii to nn hin tng hm lng cht hu c v mn kh nhng
cht lng km (mn th, chua, axit fulvic > axit humic); t l N% kh cao, chng
t t ny c ph tim tng kh.
- Do ngp nc lin tc nn cht hu c phn gii trong iu kin ym kh
sinh ra mt s axit hu c lm t chua v ngho dinh dng v Ca, Mg v vi
lng.
c bit t ny ngho n rt ngho ln tng s v ln d tiu, gy nn hin
tng mt cn i nghim trng v NPK trong t, nh hng n dinh dng ca
cy trng, lm cho la r b su bnh v phm cht ht go km. C th ni ngho
ln cng l mt yu t hn ch nng sut ng ch trong s dng v thm canh
ph sa gly chua.
- Qu trnh kh chim u th trong t trng cng l nguyn nhn t cha
kh nhiu cc cht kh gy c hi cho cy trng, d lm thi r la, gim kh nng
chng chu bnh, t khng gii phng c cc cht dinh dng trong iu kin
thong kh cung cp cho cy trng.
V tnh thch nghi v hng s dng:
t ph sa gly thng c thi gian ngp ng trn 6 thng trong nm. y
thng ch trng 1 v la, nng sut thp v bp bnh. Mun s dng c hiu qu
phi c h thng thot nc ton vng, mt s ni trng la c nng sut cao.
- Hng ci to t:
+ Ci to t bng thy li ha:
Ci to t thp trng ph sa gly, ch yu bng bin php thy li ha
"nghing ng nc ra sng", tiu thot nc (knh mng v b vng b tha)
cng cc cng trnh trm bm tiu thot nc, hn ch din tch t ngp ng, to
nn cc cnh ng thm canh la nng sut cao v c th trng c hoa mu v
ng khng khc g cnh quan ca cc vng sinh thi t ph sa khc ca ng
bng.
+ Ci to t bng bin php canh tc:
i vi nhng vng t trng ci to bng thy li c kh nng tiu thot
nc th cn tip tc ci to bng bin php canh tc nh cy ba, phi i, lm c
sc bn, xi xo khc phc tnh trng ym kh cha nhiu cht kh gy c hi
v ngho cht d tiu. Mt s chn thot nc tt hn c th thm v rau u vo
v ng xun va tng thu nhp cho nng h va lm cho t ti xp, thong kh.
Hon thin ch phn bn cho vng t trng cng rt quan trng. Da vo
c im l ha tnh ca vng t trng, ch bn vi, ln v mt phn m. Tng
lng phn ln cho t ny cn bng hm lng dinh dng. a s cc chn t
trng ng rt ngho cc nguyn t vi lng nn cn b sung thm phn vi lng theo
nhu cu ca cy trng.
+ S dng t hp l:

125

 nng cao hiu qu kinh t cn chuyn hng sn xut theo hng a

canh. Ngoi la c th pht trin thnh nhng khu nui trng thy sn, hoc cy c
sn ph hp, hoc h thng la, c, vt,...
13.2.5.2. t ly (GLu) - Umbric Gleysols (GLu)
Din tch: 43.289 ha, chim 0,13% din tch t t nhin.
Tp trung nhiu nht Khu Bn c. t thng b ng nc quanh nm. Phu
din t khng c tng A, khng r kt cu, gly mnh ton phu din.
t ly thng giu hu c, t l mn thng t 3 - 4%, do xc cc sinh vt
thu sinh phn hu ra v do mn khong ho chm. Phn ng ca t rt chua
(pHKCl thng di 4,4). Trong t cha nhiu cht kh oxy, c cho cy nh: Fe2+,
H2S,.v.v..., t ngho ln v kali, mc phn gii cht hu c chm.
M t phu din:
* Phu din t ng Gii, thn Th Xun, x Thanh Ct, Thanh Chng,
Ngh An; a hnh trng; Cy mt v la chim.
0 - 20 cm
Mu xm en, bn nho, tht trung bnh, chuyn lp t t.
20 - 45 cm Mu en xm, t ln t xc thc vt mc nt, t nho, chuyn lp
t t.
45 - 64 cm Mu xm en, t ln xc thc vt, t nho.
> 64 cm
Mu xm vng, xc thc vt mc nt bn phn gii.
Bng 34 - Tnh cht ha hc t ly.
su
Mn
Cht tng s
chua
(cm)
pHKCl
(%)
(%)
thu phn
C/N
N
P 2O5
K2O (ll/100g t)
0-20
4,4
7,07
0,19
0,03
0,11
15
15
20-45
4,4
9,53
0,16
0,22
17
32
45-64
4,4
13,9
0,19
0,01
0,12
16
41
64-140
4,4
18
Bin php ci to t ly ch yu l tiu nc bn vi, ln nung chy, kali v
lm t i, ti xp t. Nu ci to thu li kh khn th cn chuyn sang a canh:
nui trng thu sn, vt, kt hp vi cy la chu chua v chu ngp ng.
*
*

126

PH N T H C H N H

127

Bi 1
O PHU DIN, M T V LY MU T
I. NGHA:
Khi iu tra, kho st, lp bn t, hoc nghin cu t quy vng sn
xut nng nghip th cn o phu din t (trc din t).
Mc ch l nh gi tnh cht chung ca t, ng thi kt hp ly tiu
bn t v ly mu t phn tch cc ch tiu l ha ca t trong phng th
nghim.
II. YU CU:
- Phu din phi phn nh y nht c trng ca vng nghin cu. V vy
phi xc nh v tr o phu din:
- Nu a hnh t bng phng:
5 ha/1 phu din.
- Nu a hnh t phc tp:
3 ha/1 phu din.
- Nu a hnh t rt phc tp:
< 3 ha/1 phu din.
Bnh qun t la 2 ha/1 phu din; t mu 3 ha/1 phu din.
Bn cnh phu din chnh phn tch, phi o thm mt s phu din ph
kim chng thm kt qu kho st ca phu din chnh, ng thi o thm mt s
phu din thm d (nhm thm d thm mt s tnh cht no ca t).
Ngi ta thng quy nh: 1 chnh : 4 ph : 4 thm d
Mi loi t ti thiu phi c 3 phu din chnh phn tch.
- Khi o phu din phi theo ng thao tc quy nh v phu din phi ng
quy cch.
III. TIN HNH:
1. o phu din:
- Chn v tr o phu din phi i din cho khu vc nghin cu.
- Mt thnh phu din phi hng v pha mt tri, pha i din l cc bc
ln xung. ch t dc th mt thnh phu din ct ngang hng dc; rung
nc th phi be b tt cn nc ri mi o.
- Kch thc: Di Rng = 1,2 m 0,8 m ; Chiu su th ty loi t: Nu
t i th o n m, cn t ph sa ng bng th o n mc nc ngm.
- t o ln phi sang 2 bn: t mt ring mt bn, cn t cc tng
di ring mt bn.
- Khng c ng dm ln vng t trn mt quan st, v s lm mt trng
thi t nhin ca t.
- Mt quan st phi phng.
2. M t phu din:
Quan st ri m t, ghi chp y vo Bn t phu din t.

128

BN T PHU DIN T
Mt trc:
- S chung:
- S ngoi ng:
- Ngy thng nm:
- Thi tit:
- n v hoc ngi iu tra:
- a im: Thn.......................... x ................... huyn ............... tnh
..................
- V tr phu din so vi tiu, trung v i a hnh:
- cao tuyt i (m)..................... cao tng i (m)....................
- dc ni o phu din (O).................... Hng dc ........................
- dc chung (O)....................
- Thm thc vt:
- Trng thi mt t (nt n, xi mn, si ,....):
- su xut hin nc ngm (cm):
- Mu th hoc m:
- Tn t ca a phng:
- Tn t xc nh ngoi ng:
- Tn t xc nh chnh thc:
Ngi iu tra k tn
Mt sau:
S
phu din

su
Phn
tng t
t:
(cm)

Mu sc, m, pH, TPCG, kt cu,

cht, xp, cht xm nhp, cht mi
m
sinh (vt st, mangan, kt von, ong,...),
gly, hang hc ng vt, chuyn lp r
khng?, .....

3. Ly mu tiu bn:
- Theo cc tng pht sinh t di su ly ngc ln: Ly dao khet mt khi
t c mang c im ca tng cho vo hp tiu bn (nu tng pht sinh dy trn 50
cm th c th ly 2 mu b vo 2 ngn gn nhau.
- Trn np hp ghi s th t ca phu din v a im o.
- Mt bn phi ca hp ghi su cc tng t.
- Mt bn tri ghi tn cc tng pht sinh theo k hiu quy nh.
4. Ly mu t phn tch:
Ly mu v chun b mu l khu c bn quyt nh cho s ng n ca kt
qu phn tch t. Nhng yu cu c bn ca cng vic ly mu v chun b mu l:
129

- Mu phi i din c cho i tng nghin cu.

- Mu phi c x l tt, nghin nh, ng nht, x l v bo qun mu
gi nguyn c tnh cht.
Ty mc ch nghin cu m quyt nh trng lng, s lng mu cng nh
cch ly mu t khc nhau:
+ Nu nghin cu tnh cht vt l th phi ly khong 2 kg c mt tng ln.
+ Nu nghin cu tnh cht nng ha th ch cn ly khong 0,5 - 1 kg.
C 2 cch ly mu t:
- Ly mu ring bit ti mt v tr nht nh, khng trn vo mu t ni
khc. Cch ly mu ny dng nh gi tnh cht cc tng t khi lm bn th
nhng. Cn lu l phi ly ring t tng di cng ca phu din ngc ln
trnh t tng trn ri ln vo tng di.
V tr ly mu:
Tng t
V tr ly mu
0 - 20 cm
0 - 10 cm
20 - 50 cm
30 - 40 cm
50 - 80 cm
60 - 70 cm
80 - 110 cm
90 - 100 cm
Nu tng dy 50 - 90 cm th ly 2 mu; Nu tng dy > 90 cm th ly 3 mu.
- Ly mu hn hp: nhiu v tr khc nhau ta ly cc mu ring bit sau
trn u cc mu t y li ri ly mt phn i din phn tch.
Ty theo hnh dng v a hnh mnh t cn ly t nht 5 im phn b u
trn ton din tch theo quy tc ly theo ng cho, ng vung gc hay ng
dch dc... Cn trnh ly mu cc v tr c th nh ni phn, vi hay v tr
gn b, cnh ng i li v cc v tr qu trng hay qu cao. Cc mu ban u
c gom li thnh mt mu hn hp chung c khi lng t nht 2 kg.
Nhng mu xc nh dung trng, t trng hoc xp c ly nguyn trng
thi bng ng v cc cng c ring.
T mu hn hp chung, chn thnh mu hn hp trung bnh em v phn tch
bng cch bm nh t trn u v ri ra trn khay hoc t giy ri rch 2 ng
cho gc ly mt phn (c th lp li 2 - 3 ln ri trn t mang v). Loi mu ny
thng dng nghin cu cc c tnh nng ha. Mu trung bnh c khi lng
khong 0,5 - 1 kg.
- Cc mu t sau khi ly phi cho vo ti polytilen v ghi vo mt phiu ghi
cc ni dung nh: k hiu mu, su, a im, tn t, tng t, ngy ly v
ngi ly mu... Nu t t th cho phiu ghi vo mt ti polytylen nh khc
v buc cht ri mi cho vo ti ng t. Nu ly mu t cc tng phu din th
cc ti theo tng nn buc thnh mt chm ring mt cng tm khi v nh.
5. X l mu:
- Cc mu t khi mang vo phng phn tch phi ri mng trn cc khay, mt
hoc nong nia. Hong kh t ni thong kh, sch, khng c cc kh nh H2 S, NH3,
130

HCl... Khng phi trc tip ngoi nh nng mt tri, tt nht phi trong phng sng
c lp my ht m hoc thng gi. Nhng cc t to cn phi p nh, nht sch
cc r cy, si ... .
- Nu phn tch kt cu t th dnh ring 1 kg nguyn trng thi t nhin,
sau ny ch dng tay bp vn.
- Ly ring khng 200 gam t hong kh trong khng kh b vo ci s,
dng chy tay c bc cao su nghin ri cho qua ry 1 mm phn tch thnh phn
c gii, vi ht kt...(nhng hn cui, dm hoc kt von nm li trn ry th cn
ring ri tnh %).
- Phn t cn li (khong 0,5 kg) th nghin nt ri cho qua ry 1mm, s cn
li trn ry (tr rc v r cy) li tip tc nghin ri li ry. C lp li nh vy cho
n ht t lt qua ry th trn u, ng trong l thy tinh, hp nha c np hoc
ti polytylen, pha ngoi ghi k hiu t. y l phn dnh phn tch ha tnh
(khi phn tch mn hoc silic, st nhm cn phi qua ry 0,25 mm).
6. Bo qun mu:
t sau khi nghin, c trn u v ng trong cc l thy tinh, hp nha c
np hoc ti polytilen c nhn v phiu ghi r: k hiu ngoi ng, k hiu trong
phng ni ly mu, su ly mu, loi t v cc yu cu phn tch.
Mu c trn gi trong phng mu. Phng mu phi thong, sch,
kh ro, khng c cc loi kh nh NH3, H2S, HCl... tt nht bo qun trong phng
lnh.
Bi 2
XC NH M, T TRNG, DUNG TRNG V XP T
I. XC NH M T
1. L thuyt chung:
- m l lng nc cha trong t tnh theo t l % so vi trng lng t
kh tuyt i ( m tuyt i) hoc so vi trng lng t cn m ( m tng
i).
- Tham kho m t c th xc nh thi k lm t, nhu cu ti nc
cho cy, tnh lng nc hu hiu trong t...
- T m t c th suy ra h s kh kit (K) dng trong cc cng thc tnh
kt qu phn tch t.
C nhiu phng php xc nh m t. Thng s dng nht l phng
php sy kh mu to = 100-1050C cho n khi trng lng khng i. T lng
nc bay hi c th suy ra m t.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng cn t trc tip xc nh m t. u im
ca phng php ny l nhanh chng, khng i hi thit b t sy v d lm.
Nhng nhc im l chnh xc thp, trong qu trnh t c th nhit tng
cao qu lm chy xc hu c cho nn khng th xc nh m nhng t c t
l mn trn 5%.
131

2. Xc nh m t bng phng php sy:

- Dng hp nhm hoc chn s sy kh, b vo bnh ht m i ngui ri cn
c trng lng P 0 gam
- Ly khong 10gam t hong kh trong khng kh (nu t m t dng
khong 20gam) cho vo hp nhm hoc chn s ni trn ri cn chnh xc c trng
lng P 1 gam.
- B vo t sy nhit 100-1050C trong khng 4 - 6 gi (nu hp nhm c
np th m np ra)
- Ly ra v ngui trong bnh ht m, ri cn khi lng ln th nht.
- Tip tc sy 100-1050C thm khong 2 gi. Ly ra ngui trong bnh ht
m, ri cn khi lng ln th hai v tip tc lm nh vy cho n khi khi lng
ln cn sau khng thay i hoc thay i khng qu 0,001g so vi ln trc v ta
thu c trng lng P 2 gam.
- Tnh kt qu:
m tuyt i (A) (%) =

P1 - P2
100
P2 - P0

m tng i (B) (%) =

P1 - P2
100
P1 - P0

* H s kh kit (K):
Lc phn tch chng ta s dng t hong kh trong khng kh tc cn cha
nc ht m. V vy lc tnh kt qu phi nhn vi h s K quy v t kh tuyt
i. K bao gi cng ln hn 1.
K=

100 + A
100
hoc K =
100
100 - B

Trong : A l tr s ca m tuyt i
B l tr s ca m tng i
3. Xc nh m t bng phng php t cn:
Trnh t phn tch:
- Chun b hp nhm (hoc chn s) cn c trng lng P 0 gam. Ly 510gam t ti nht sch r cy b vo hp nhm hoc chn s ni trn cn
c trng lng P 1 gam. Thm 7-10ml cn, dng a thy tinh trn u ri chm
la t. Lc la tt li thm 3-5ml cn, trn u v t ln 2, c tip tc nh vy
cho n khi cc ht t ri ra tc l bay ht nc. Co sch t a thy tinh
nhp vo y, ri cn c trng lng P 2 gam.
- Tnh kt qu nh trn

132

Ch : Khi la ang chy khng c thm cn vo hp nhm hoc chn

s.
II. XC NH T TRNG T
1. L thuyt chung:
T trng ca t l t s trng lng ca mt n v th tch t trng thi
rn kh kit cc ht t st vo nhau (khng c khe h), so vi trng lng mt khi
nc nguyn cht c cng th tch 40C.
- T trng th rn ca t ph thuc vo thnh phn khong vt, thnh phn c
gii v hm lng cht hu c trong t. T trng cc loi t thng phm vi 2,3
- 2,9, a s t c t trng t 2,5 - 2,7.
2. Trnh t phn tch (Phng php Picnomet):
- nc ct un si ngui vo y bnh picnomet y nt li, lau sch
kh bn ngoi ri cn c P 1 gam.
- bt ra 1/2 lng nc trong bnh, cn 10gam t (P 0) qua ry 1mm ri
dng phu cho vo bnh, lc u, ri un cho si nh 5 pht loi khng kh ra
khi t, ngui.
Dng nc ct un si ngui thm vo cho y bnh, y nt li, lau
kh bn ngoi ri cn c trng lng P 2 gam.
- T trng d ca t c tnh theo cng thc:
P0 K
d=
K l h s kh kit ca t
P0 + P1 - P2
III. XC NH DUNG TRNG T
1. L thuyt chung:
- Dung trng l trng lng (gam) ca mt n v th tch t (V) trng thi
t nhin kh kit (c c khe h).
- Cng mt loi t dung trng lun b hn t trng. Dung trng t ph
thuc: thnh phn c gii, trng thi kt cu , hng v hm lng cht hu c
trong t.
- Dung trng t thng thay i t 1,0 - 1,8; t c hm lng cht hu c
kh dung trng t 1,3 - 1,6. t feralit c mn trn ni trung bnh 0,95 - 1,39. t
ph sa sng Hng t 1,3 - 1,4.
- T dung trng ta c th tnh c trng lng t, lng nc trong t, xp
t,...
2. Trnh t phn tch:
- Dng ng tr kim loi (thng c th tch 50-100 cm3), t ng tr ln ch
t bng phng xi sch c, l cy trn b mt. Pha trn ng tr chp mt dng
c lc ng c th gi c trng thi t nhin ca t.
- Khi ng tr ln n mc cn thit, ly ng chp ra. Dng xng hoc dao
ly t t ton b ng tr v t ln.
Dng dao mng ct phng t hai u ng tr ri cho vo ti polietilen mang
v phng phn tch.

133

Cn ton b khi t ghi c kt qu (gam). Ly ra 5-10gam t xc nh

m bng phng php trn ri t xc nh c khi lng t kh kit ca ton
ng (P).
Nu trong iu kin c t sy th b c khi t vo sy nhit 105 0C cho
n trng lng khng i v xc nh c trng lng t kh kit ca ton ng
(P gam).
- Tnh kt qu theo cng thc:
P
D=
V
Trong : P l trng lng t kh kit
V l th tch ng tr
IV. XC NH XP T
- xp t l t l % cc khe h trong t so v th tch t
xp t ph thuc vo thnh phn c gii v kt cu t. t ct xp
khong 35 - 45%, t st 45 - 50%. xp t thng thay i t 25 - 65%. Kt
cu t cng tt th xp cng ln.
- T t trng d v dung trng D c th tnh xp theo cng thc:
d- D
D
P (%) =
100 = (1 - ) 100
d
d

Bi 3
134

XC NH CHUA, CANXI V MAGI CA T

I. XC NH CC LOI CHUA CA T
1. L thuyt chung:
pH = -lg[H+ ] l i lng biu th hot H+ trong mi trng t. l ch
tiu n gin u tin v chua thng c xc nh nht, n c ngha rt ln
trong vic nh gi tnh cht t. pH phn nh mc ra tri cc cation kim
v kim th cng nh mc tch t cc cation st, nhm trong t.
Ch tiu nh gi:
pH < 4,5
t rt chua
pH = 6,6 - 7,5
t trung tnh
pH = 4,6 - t chua va
pH = 7,6 - 8,5
t kim t
5,5
pH = 5,6 - t chua t
pH > 8,5
t kim nhiu
6,5
a. Xc nh pHH2O v pH KCl theo phng php Aliamopxki:
Nguyn l:
- chua hot tnh gy nn bi ion H+ t do trong dung dch t. Hm lng
ion H+ cng tng th dung dch t cng chua. Chit rt ion ny bng nc ct.
Nng ca n rt thp nn chua hot tnh c biu th bng pH H2O.
Trnh t phn tch:
- Cn 5 gam t kh khng kh qua ry 1mm cho vo bnh tam gic c
dung tch 250cc. Cho vo 25ml nc ct (nu phn tch pHH2O) hoc 25ml dung
dch KCl 1N (nu phn tch pHKCl) v lc 10 pht ri lc ly dch trong.
- Ht 5ml dch lc t cho vo ng nghim c kch thc tng t cc ng
tiu chun pH. Thm 6-7git ch th mu Aliampxki, lc u ri em so mu vi
cc ng pH tiu chun. Nu trng mu vi ng nghim no th c s o bng s o
ghi trn ng chun. Nu mu nm gia khong 2 ng tiu chun th ly s o
trung gian.
iu cn lu l tr s pHKCl bao gi cng b hn pHH2O mt loi t. Mt
khc, pHKCl cng l mt hnh thc th hin ca chua trao i, tuy nhin cha th
hin ht c chua trao i v ch tc ng mi 10 pht.
b. Xc nh chua trao i bng chun (Phng php Xclp):
Nguyn l:
- chua trao i (CT) l mt dng ca chua tim tng, gy nn do s
c mt ca ion H + v Al3+ nm trn b mt hp ph ca keo t. chua ny c
th hin khi t b tc ng bi dung dch mui trung tnh KCl hay NaCl. Lc ny
cation ca mui trung tnh s y H + v Al3+ vo dung dch t v lm xut hin
mt axit mnh.
+

[K]H + KCl
3+

[K]K + HCl
+

[K]Al + 3KCl
[K]K + AlCl3
AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl
Axit t do ny c chun bng dung dch kim v tnh ra ll/100g t
135

iu cn lu l: CT = [H +] + [H + + Al3+ ], nn pHKCl < pHH2O

T do Trao i
- Dng dung dch NaOH 0,02N chun s bit c tng s chua trao
i. Sau nh lng ring H+ ri suy ra Al3 + trao i.
Trnh t phn tch:
Cn 10gam t kh khng kh qua ry 1mm cho vo bnh tam gic dung
tch 250cc, thm 50ml dung dch KCl 1N, lc 1 gi ri lc ly dch trong. Ht 20ml
dch lc cho vo cc thy tinh ri nh vo 2 git ch th mu Fenolphtalein lc
u. Dng dung dch tiu chun NaOH 0,02N chun n khi dung dch c mu
hng nht (bn trong mt pht) l c.
Cng thc tnh chua trao i:
V N 50 100
CT (ll/100g t) =
K = 25 V N K
20 10
Trong : V, N l th tch v nng dung dch NaOH dng chun
K l h s kh kit t.

nh lng ring H+:

Ht 20ml dch lc ni trn cho vo cc thy tinh, ri thm 2,5ml dung dch
NaF 3,5% kt ta Al3+. Phng trnh phn ng:
AlCl3 + 6NaF = Na3 AlF6 +
3NaCl
Thm vo 2 git Fenolphtalein lc u. Dng NaOH 0,02N chun n
khi xut hin mu hng nht (bn trong mt pht) l c.
H+ (ll/100g t) = 25 V N K
T suy ra Al3+ (ll/100g t) = CT - H+
c. Xc nh chua thy phn (Phng php Kapen):
L thuyt chung v nguyn l:
- chua thy phn (HT P ) cho ta bit c ton b chua tim tng trong
t, n biu th lng ln nht ca H+ v Al3+ c trng thi hp ph trao i, khi
ta cho t tc ng vo t mt mui thy phn.
CH3 COONa + H2O
NaOH + CH3COOH
NaOH l mt baz mnh phn ly hon ton trong dung dch thnh ion Na+ v
ion OH-, v vy dung dch CH3 COONa c phn ng kim ( pH = 8,2 - 8,5) v l
iu kin Na+ y tt c H + v Al3+ trn b mt keo t vo dung dch.
+

2H

[K] 3+
Al

+ 5Na+ + 5OH-

[K]5Na + Al(OH)3 + 2H2O

Hoc c th vit nh sau:

+

[K]

3+

Al

+ 4 CH3COONa + 3 H2O

[K]4Na + Al(OH)3 +

4CH3COOH
Nh vy, khi x l t chua vi dung dch CH3 COONa th s xut hin
CH3COOH. C bao nhiu ion Na+ tham gia y H+ v Al3+ th c by nhiu phn t
CH3COONa b thy phn v c by nhiu phn t CH3 COOH sinh ra trong dung
dch v do dng NaOH chun th ta bit c HT P.
Trnh t phn tch:
136

- Cn 20 gam t kh khng kh qua ry 1mm cho vo bnh tam gic dung

tch 250ml. Thm vo 50ml dung dch CH3COONa 1N, lc 1 gi ri lc ly dch
trong. Ht 25ml dch lc cho vo cc thy tinh hoc bnh tam gic, nh vo 3 git
Fenolphtalein, lc u. Dng dung dch NaOH 0,05N chun cho n khi c mu
hng nht (bn trong 1 pht) l c. Cng thc tnh HTP:
V N 50 100
HT P (ll/100g t) =
1,75 K = 17,5 V N K
25 20
Trong : V, N l th tch v nng dung dch NaOH chun ; K l h
s kh kit t; 1,75 l h s Kapen.
Ghi ch: S d c h s Kapen l v tc ng CH3COONa 1gi vn cha y
ht H+
v Al3+, theo Kapen th phi nhn kt qu vi 1,5 hoc 2 (ly trung bnh 1,75).
II. XC NH CANXI V MAGI TRAO I (phng php trilon B)
1. L thuyt chung:
Canxi v Magi l hai nguyn t quan trng nht ca kim loi kim v kim
th trong t. Hm lng ca chng nh hng n phn ng dung dch t, no
kim t, v th nh hng n tnh cht t v sinh trng ca cy.
2. Nguyn l:
Trilon B (cn gi l EDTA, Chelaton, Comphexon III, ...) l mui dinatri ca
axit etylen diamintetra axetic:
NaOOC - CH2
CH2 - COONa
N - CH2 - CH2
. 2 H2O
HOOC - CH2
CH2 - COOH
Trong dung dch nc Trilon B phn ly theo phng trnh:
Na2H2 Y = 2 Na+ + H2 Y-2
Anion H2 Y2- to phc vi cc kim loi:
M2+ + H2 Y2- = MeY-2 + 2 H+
M3+ + H2 Y2- = MeY- + 2 H +
Dng dung dch mui trung tnh nh KCl, NaCl y ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ trn keo
t vo dung dch:
2

KDCaMg

nKCl

KD4 K

CaCl 2 MgCl 2 ( n 4) KCl

Sau , dng dung dch Trilon B tiu chun chun dch lc nh lng
(Ca , Mg2+) ri nh lng ring Canxi, t suy ra Magi.
3. Trnh t phn tch:
Cn 5 gam t kh khng kh qua ry 1mm cho vo bnh tam gic c dung
tch 250ml. Thm 100ml dung dch KCl 1N, lc 1 gi, ri lc ly dch trong.
a. Xc nh tng s Ca2+ v Mg2+
Ht 25 ml dch lc trn cho vo bnh tam gic khc. Thm 5 git
Hydroxylamin v 2ml Na2 S 1% (trng hp t khng mn th khng cn 2 cht
ny). Thm 2,5 ml dung dch m amoniac duy tr pH quanh 10. Nh vo 5 git
2+

137

ch th mu Cromogen en, lc u dung dch s xut hin mu anh o. Dng

dung dch Trilon B tiu chun 0,05N chun ti khi bt u xut hin mu xanh.
- Tnh kt qu:
V N 100 100
Ca2+ + Mg2+ (ll/100g t) =
K = 80 V N
25 5
K
Trong : V, N l th tch v nng dung dch Trilon B dng chun .
K l h s kh kit t.
b. nh lng ring Ca2+
Ht 25 ml dung dch ni trn cho vo bnh tam gic. Thm 2ml dung dch
Na2 S v 5 git hydroxilamin v 2 ml dung dch KOH hay NaOH 10% a pH =
12. Thm mt t ch th mu murxit (lng murxit sao cho dung dch c mu tm
l c), ri lc u.
Dng dung dch Trilon B 0,05N chun t t n lc dung dch chuyn sang
mu tm hoa c l c.
Tnh kt qu nh trn.
c. Xc nh Mg2+ : Mg2+ (ll/100g t) = (Ca2+ + Mg2+) - Ca2+
Bi 4
PHN TCH MT S CHT TNG S TRONG T
I. MN (CHT HU C) (%):
1. L thuyt chung:
Cht hu c bao gm ton b phn khng phi khong ca t v mt t xc
ca ng thc vt trong t. Cn phn bit cht hu c v mn trong t:
Cht hu c trong t c th chia ra 2 b phn:
- Cht hu c cha b phn gii (cn nguyn hnh th ban u) nh: r cy,
thn l cy, xc ng vt,... y khng phi l phn chnh ca cht hu c trong t.
- Cc cht hu c b phn gii: y l phn chnh ca cht hu c trong
t. B phn ny c chia lm 2 phn:
+ Nhm cht hu c ngoi mn (khng phi l mn): l sn phm phn
gii ca cht hu c, gm cc hp cht hu c n gin cha C v N nh: gluxit,
protit, lipit, cc axit hu c, cc andehyt, lignin, tanin, nha, sp... (chim 10-15%).
+ Nhm hp cht hu c phc tp gi l mn, (chim 85-90%). Mn l mt
hp cht cao phn t c hnh thnh t qu trnh phn gii v tng hp cht hu
c trong t.
Khi xc nh hm lng mn trong t th kt qa ch t tng i v cn
mt phn cht hu c khc khng phi l mn cha loi ra ht.
2. Cc phng php phn tch mn:

138

Thnh phn ch yu ca mn l C, N, H, O mt t S, P v cc nguyn t khc.

Nu phn tch tng s H v O rt kh. V vy, thng ngi ta ch phn tch N hoc
C ri suy ra mn.
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php phn tch mn nh: phng php Tiurin,
phng php Walkley - Black,...
3. Nguyn l ca phng php Tiurin:
xc nh C ngi ta dng mt lng d Bicomat kali (K2Cr2O7) oxi ha
cht hu c ca t trong mi trng H2SO4.
2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 + 3C = 2K2SO4 + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3CO2 + 8H2O
Lng K2Cr2O7 tha s c chun bng dung dch FeSO4 hoc mui
Mhor tiu chun (FeSO4(NH4)2SO4):
K2Cr2O7 + 7H2 SO4 + 6FeSO4 = K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 7H2O
K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 6(NH4)2SO4
+ K2SO4 + 7H2O
T lng K2Cr2O7 dng oxi ha c th suy ra C. T C suy ra mn bng
cch nhn vi h s 1,724.
- Lu : Phng php ny ch p dng cho nhng t c mn di 15%. (V
trn 15% th K2Cr2O7 khng kh nng oxi ha).
4. Trnh t phn tch:
Cn 0,2 gam t kh khng kh qua ry 0,25mm cho vo bnh tam gic.
Thm 5ml dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,4 N ri dng phu con y kn ming bnh
ngng lnh. un si dung dch trong 5 pht bng bp in, ri nhc ra v ngui.
Thm vo 1 ml H3PO4 kt ta Fe. Nh 8 git ch th mu Fenylantranyl hoc
diphenylamin. Dng mui Mhor 0,1N chun lng K2Cr2O7 d, n khi no
dung dch xut hin mu xanh lc l c (t mu tm nu chuyn thnh mu xanh
l cy).
Khi phn tch cn tin hnh ng thi mt th nghim tng t lm i chng
nhng khng c t.
Tnh kt qu:
(V1 - V2) N 0.003 1.724 100
K
C
Trong : V1 l th tch mui Mhor dng chun th nghim i chng
(khng c t)
V2 l th tch mui Mhor dng chun
N l nng mui Mhor (0,1N)
C l trng lng t dmg phn tch (0,2 gam)
K l h s kh kit t (ly K = 1,05)
0,003 l c 1 ll K2Cr2O7 oxi ha c 0,003 gam C:
OM (%) =

139

Theo phng trnh phn ng: 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2 SO4 + 3C = 2K2 SO4 +
2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3CO2 + 8H2O th c 2 phn t K2Cr2O7 (bng 12 ng lng)
36
oxyha c 36 gam Cacbon, do 1 ldl ch oxyha c
= 0,003 g C.
12 1000
II. PHN TCH N, P, K TNG S
1. NGUYN L:
a. Phn tch N (%) bng phng php Kjendhal:
L thuyt chung:
Nit (N) l nguyn t quyt nh nng sut cy trng, l ch tiu hng u nh
gi ph ca t. N khng c ngun gc t khong vt m ch yu do ngun hu
c v ngun c nh t khng kh cung cp. Bnh qun N chim t 5 - 10% tng s
cht hu c (t l C/N t 6 - 12). Trong t 95 - 99% N dng hu c, ch c 1 5% dng v c (dng NH4+ hoc NO3-).
N v c trong t c dng NH4+, NO2- v NO3- c to thnh do qu trnh
khong ha v tng hp vi 2 qu trnh amon ha v qu trnh nitrat ha c s tham
gia ca vi sinh vt.
C th chia m trong t thnh ba nhm:
- Nhm m v c gm NH4+ v NO3- d tan trong nc.
- Nhm hu c gm axit amin, protid,... ha tan khi tc ng vi axit long.
- Nhm m hu c kh thy phn, ch bin thnh m v c sau mt qu
trnh phn gii nh vi sinh vt.
Nguyn l ca phng php Kjendhal:
Dng H2SO4 c v cht xc tc un nu t oxi ha cacbon trong cht hu
c. H2SO4 thot oxi v sinh ra SO2t.o cao
2 H2SO
2SO2 + 2O + H2O
C + 2O
CO2
SO2 kh oxi ca N hu c sinh ra NH3. NH3 tc dng vi H2SO4 sinh ra
(NH4)2SO4.
2CH3CHNH2COOH + 13H2SO4 = (NH4)2SO4 + 6CO2 + 12SO2 + 16H2O
Dng NaOH trung ha axit v phn ly (NH4)2SO4 :
(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH = 2NH3 + Na2 SO4 + 2 H2O
Thu hi NH3 bng dung dch axit boric (H3BO3 + 3NH3 = (NH4)3BO3) v
chun amon borat bng dung dch chun HCl 0,01M.
b. Phn tch P (%) theo phng php so mu:
L thuyt chung:
Sau N, P l nguyn t rt cn thit i vi cy trng, c ngha v mt dinh
dng cng nh v mt khc phc mt s yu t c hi ca t.
Trong t, ngun P ch yu t cc apatit, photphorit phong ha to thnh
chim khong 0,08 %. P dng v c ch yu l cc mui phtphat Ca, Al, Fe. Trong
t trung tnh v kim dng photphat canxi chim u th v trong t chua phtphat
st, nhm chim u th. P dng hu c l nhng hp cht P lin kt vi cht hu c

140

trong c th sinh vt, trong xc thc vt, trong cc sn phm hu c ang phn gii
trung gian v trong mn.
Thng P% tng st mt t cao hn cc lp su do s tch t trong cht hu
c. t Vit Nam c P% bin thin t 0,03%- 0,35% P 2O5.
Nguyn l:
Dng H2SO4 m c (d=1,84) vi s c mt ca axit pecloric (HClO4) 70%
lm xc tc v c nhit cao tc ng vo t chuyn ton b P % trong t
dng hp cht hu c v v c kh tan thnh dng d tan, ri dng Molipat amon
c cht kh l Hydrazin sunphat Mo tc dng vi ln to thnh phc cht mu
xanh photpho molipat. Cng mu xanh biu th nng P 2O5 ca t, em so
mu dung dch bng my so mu quang in hoc so mu bng mt vi dy mu
tiu chun xc nh P(%) trong t. Thng dung dch cng ph ri vn cha st
dng Fe3+ lm cn tr n s hin mu xanh ca photpho molipat, do trc
khi ln mu ln phi dng Na2SO3 kh Fe3+ .
c. Phn tch K2O (%) bng quang k ngn la:
L thuyt chung:
Hm lng Kali tng s ph thuc vo ngun gc pht sinh, tc phong ha
v mc ra tri. Khong vt ch yu cha Kali dng Aluminosilicat nhiu nht
l fenpat. Qua qu trnh phong ha lu di hnh thnh t, Kali c gii phng
v c gi li trong tt c cc cp ht ch yu trong cc cp nh i vi khong
th sinh v trong limon cha nhiu khong nguyn sinh giu Kali. Phn tch Kali
tng s gip bit c lng Kali tim tng trong t. Kali c tc dng r nht
i vi cy n c v la trng trn t c thnh phn c gii nh.
Ni chung, t l Kali tng s trong t khc nhau chnh lch nhau r rt: t
feralit nhit i c 0,5 - 2% K2O; t ct c 0,2 - 0,3%, t ph sa Sng Hng 1,2 1,8%; t than bn 0,1 - 0,15%.
Nguyn l:
Nhng dng Kali silicat khng nhng khng tan trong nc m cn khng tan
ht trong c axit mnh, do phi dng hn hp cc axit mnh nhit cao tc
dng vo t (cng ph t) chuyn Kali dng kh tan sang dng d tan, ri tin
hnh nh lng bng phng php quang ph (trn my quang k ngn la).
2. CC BC CNG PH MU XC NH N, P, K%.
C hai cch cng ph mu t:
a. Cng ph kh: Cho mu t vo l kh oxi ha cc cht.. Lm bng
cch ny th rt kh xc nh N, P, K%.
b. Cng ph t: Dng cc ha cht oxi ha. Ngi ta thng s dng
cch cng ph ny.
Cc bc tin hnh:
Cn 1gam t kh khng kh qua ry 0,25mm, cho vo bnh tam gic dung
tch 100ml hay bnh Kjelhdal, thm 5ml nc ct thm t t ri t t vo 5ml
dung dch H2 SO4 c (d=1,84). Cm trn ming bnh mt phu con ngng lnh.
141

em un trong t ht kh (nu khng c t ht kh th phi un bng bp in trong

phng kn) n khi bc khi trng, ly ra ngui v thm vo 5 git axit pecloric
(HClO4) 70%, tip tc un nh n khi t y bnh c mu trng tc l ph
hy ht cht hu c.
Ly ra ngui, chuyn ton b sang bnh nh mc dung tch 100ml (dng
nc ct trng nhiu ln cho sch bnh ri nhp vo bnh nh mc). Ln nc
ct cho n vch 100ml ta s c dch cng ph.
3. TH TC XC NH N, P, K%.
a. Xc nh N (%) bng phng php Kjendhal:
- Lp dng c ct m (thng dng loi Macro Kjendhal).
- Bnh ng dch ct m: Ly 25 ml dch cng ph vo bnh tam gic dung
tch 100ml, thm nc ct n khong 1/2 bnh, nh vo 3 git fenolphtalein v
thm vo mt t NaOH 45% n khi xut hin mu hng, sau ng nt li
ngay.
- Bnh hng m: Cho vo bnh tam gic 10 ml axit boric H3BO3 2% v 3 git
Tashiro (trc khi em chun th thm 1 git Tashiro na. Bnh hng mun th
xem ht m cha th dng giy fenolphtalein, nu khng mu l c, cn mu
hng l cha ht m. (Thng un si khong 15 pht l ht m).
- Chun amon borat bng dung dch H2SO4 0,01 N n khi xut hin mu
hng.
H3BO3 + 3NH3 = (NH4)3BO3
H2SO4 + (NH4)3BO3 = (NH4)2SO4 + H3BO3
- Tnh kt qu:
a N 0.01401 100 K
n
Trong : a l s ml H2SO4 chun n mu hng.
N l nng H2SO4 dng chun ( 0,01N)
n l khi lng mu tng ng vi lng dch em chng ct (n =
0,25g, bi v ly 25ml dch cng ph = 1/4 ca 100ml ca 1 t).
K l h s kh kit t (ly K = 1,05)
0,01401 l mili ng lng gam ca N (g).
b. Xc nh P (%) theo phng php so mu:
- Ly 10 ml dch cng ph trn vo bnh nh mc dung tch 50ml.
- Thm vo khong 15 - 20 ml nc ct v 2 - 4 ml dung dch natrisulfit
Na2 SO3 20% kh st.
- Ngm bnh vo ni cch thy un cho n khi mu dung dch trng trong
sut (khong 3 - 4 pht): Fe3+ c Na2SO3 kh thnh Fe2+ khng mu. Nu dung
dch vn cn vng, chng t cn Fe3+ th cho thm 0,5 ml Na2SO3 na v un li
kh tip.
- ngui v cho vo 15 ml hn hp molipdat amon-hydrazinsulfat.
N%=

142

- Thm nc ct n khong 45 ml ri nhng vo ni un cch thy 95 100 C trong khong 12 - 15 pht dung dch hin mu xanh.
- Ly ra ngui v thm nc ct n vch, lc u.
- Mu xanh ca dung dch bn v n nh trong 8 - 12 pht.
- em so mu bng my hoc bng mt vi dy tiu chun.
So mu bng my:
dung dch ln mu ln lt vo cu-vet, ri t vo my, o mt
quang, ri tra th ca thang dung dch tiu chun v tnh ra lng P 2O5%.
So mu bng mt: (trong trng hp khng c my)
Rt mt th tch nht nh dung dch ln mu vo ng nghim, ri dng
mt so mu vi thang mu tiu chun (Lu : phi dng ng nghim cng c vi
ng nghim ca thang mu tiu chun).
c. Xc nh K2O (%) bng quang k ngn la:
Rt mt th tch nht nh dung dch t cng ph trn vo mt cc c
m dung tch 50ml (hoc l pnixilin). Ri t cc vo vi nhng ca my quang k
ngn la.
Phn iu khin my v c s trn my do cn b chuyn mn ph trch.
Tra th ca thang dung dch tiu chun v tnh ra lng K2O%.
o

*
* *

143

Bi 5
PHN TCH MT S CHT D TIU TRONG T
I. PHN TCH LN D TIU THEO PHNG PHP ONIANI
1. Nguyn l:
Ln d tiu trong t c rt ra bng H2SO4 0,1N vi t l t: axit l 1 : 25.
Dng dung dch Molipat amon c cht kh l SnCl2 ln mu xanh ca dung
dch cha ln. Cng mu xanh biu th nng P 2O5 d tiu c trong t dung
dch t.
2. Trnh t phn tch:
Cn 2gam t kh khng kh qua ry 1mm cho vo bnh tam gic. Rt vo
50ml dung dch H2SO4 0,1N lc trong 3 pht ri lc ngay. Dch lc trong dng
ln mu ln. em so mu bng my so mu hoc bng mt.
So mu bng mt: (trong trng hp khng c my)
Ht 1ml dung dch lc cho vo ng nghim. Thm 4ml nc ct v 1ml
Molipat amon 2,5%, lc u. Trc khi so mu th nh vo 2 git SnCl2 2,5% ri
lc u. em so mu vi dy ng nghim ng dung dch tiu chun, suy ra c
lng ln d tiu ca t.
Ch : Khng c dung dch ln mu ln qu 15 pht ri mi so mu, v
nh vy s c hin tng dung dch so mu b c v SnCl2 l cht kh khng bn,
d b oxi ho.
Bng dy mu tiu chun ca cc l nh sau:
ng
mg P 2O5/ 100g t
ng
mg P 2O5/ 100g t
1
1,25
6
7,50
2
2,50
7
10,50
3
3,75
8
12,50
4
5,00
9
20,50
5
6,25
10
25,00
Ch tiu nh gi ln d tiu theophng php Oniani
< 5 mg
P2O5/ 100g t: t rt ngho ln
5 - 10 mg P 2O5/ 100g t: t ngho ln
10 - 15 mg P 2O5/ 100g t: t c lng ln trung
bnh
> 15 mg P2O5/ 100g t: t giu ln
II. PHN TCH KALI TRAO I THEO PHNG PHP QUANG K
NGN LA (ph ng php Matlova)
1. Nguyn l:
Kali trao i rt t t ra bng dung dch CH3COONH4 1N vi t l t vi
dung mi l 1/10. Phn mg xy ra nh sau:
+

[K]K + CH3COONH4
144

[K]NH4 + CH3 COOK

Sau nh lng Kali trong dung dch bng my quang k ngn la.
2. Trnh t phn tch:
- Cn 5gam t kh khng kh qua ry 1mm cho vo bnh tam gic dung
tch 100ml, thm vo 50ml dung dch CH3COONH4 (pH= 7) 1N, lc trong 1 gi.
- Lc qua giy lc mn.
- Rt dch lc trong sut vo cc c dung tch 50 ml (hoc l penixilin) ri a
vo vi nhng ca my quang k ngn la xc nh Kali trao i.
Phn iu khin my v c s trn my do cn b chuyn mn ph trch.
Tra th ca thang dung dch tiu chun v tnh ra lng K2O trao i.
Cng thc tnh:
X M 100
K2O (mg/ 100g t) =
C 1000
Trong : X: S mg K2O tnh c t th.
M: Th tch rt tinh ca t (ml).
C: Lng t cn phn tch.
100: H s quy ra cho 100g t.
1000: H s tnh i ra cho ph hp vi nng mg/ml.
*
*

145

MC LC
Trang
1

BI M U

Chng 1 - Cc khong vt v hnh thnh t................................4

1.1. Khong vt.................................................................................................4
1.1.1. Khi nim. ................................................................................................
4
1.1.2. Phn loi khong vt. .....................................................................................
4
1.2. Cc loi hnh thnh t ..........................................................................................
6
1.2.1. Khi nim chung v . .................................................................................
6
1.2.2. Phn loi . ................................................................................................
6
Chng 2 S phong ha v s hnh thnh t .....................................................
10
2.1. S phong ha .................................................................................................10
2.1.1. Khi nim................................................................................................. 10
2.1.2. Phn loi. ................................................................................................................
10
2.1.3. Sn phm phong ha. ............................................................................................
11
2.1.4. V phong ha. ................................................................................................
11
2.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh t. ..............................................................................................
11
2.2.1. Khi nim chung v s hnh thnh t................................................................
11
2.2.2. Cc yu t hnh thnh t: ....................................................................................
12
2.3. Hnh thi t. ..................................................................................................................
13
2.4. Mt s qu trnh thng xy ra trong t. ................................................................
15
2.4.1. Qu trnh st ha ................................................................................................
15
2.4.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh ong v kt von. .............................................................
15
2.4.3. Qu trnh Feralit. ................................................................................................
16
2.4.4. Qu trnh gly.................................................................................................
17
Chng 3 - Cht hu c ca t......................................................................................
19
3.1. Khi nim, thnh phn v ngun gc cht hu c ca t ................................
19
3.2. Qu trnh bin ha cht hu c trong t...............................................................
19
3.2.1. Qu trnh khong ha cht hu c ................................................................
19
3.2.2. Qu trnh mn ha cht hu c ................................................................
20
3.3. Vai tr ca cht hu c v mn i vi t v cy. ................................22
3.4. Ch tiu nh gi s lng v cht lng cht hu c v mn
23
trong t. ................................................................................................................................
3.5. Bin php bo v, nng cao cht hu c v mn trong t.
23
Chng 4 -Thnh phn ha hc t v cht dinh dng i vi cy .....................
24
Chng 5 Keo t v kh nng hp ph ca t .....................................................
25
5.1. Keo t. ...........................................................................................................................
25
5.1.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................
25
5.1.2. Cu to ca ht keo t. ........................................................................................
25
146

5.1.3. Tnh cht c bn ca keo t................................................................. 25

5.1.4. Phn loi keo t.................................................................................................
26
5.2. Kh nng hp ph ca t.............................................................................................
29
5.2.1. Khi nim................................................................................................................
29
5.2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t ....................................................................................
29
5.2.3. Kh nng hp ph i vi ph t v ch bn phn.................................
32
Chng 6 - Dung dch t ................................................................................................
34
6.1. Khi nim. ..................................................................................................................
34
6.2. Vai tr ca dung dch t: ........................................................................................
34
6.3. c tnh ca dung dch t. .....................................................................................
34
6.3.1. Phn ng ca dung dch t: ................................................................
34
6.3.2. Tnh m hay phn ng m ca t. ...........................................................
39
6.3.3. Phn ng oxyha - kh ca t. ................................................................
40
Chng 7 - Thnh phn c gii ca t ................................................................
43
7.1. Khi nim ..................................................................................................................
43
7.2. Phn chia cp ht. ................................................................................................
43
7.3. Thnh phn v c tnh ca cc cp ht.................................................................
43
7.4. Phn loi t theo thnh phn c gii. ................................................................
43
7.5. ngha ca vic xc nh thnh phn c gii t .................................................
46
7.6. Tnh cht cc loi t c TPCG khc nhau .. ........................................................
46
Chng 8 - Kt cu t ................................................................................................
48
8.1. Khi nim. ..................................................................................................................
48
8.2. Cc loi ht kt t. ................................................................................................
48
8.3. S hnh thnh ht kt t..........................................................................................
48
8.4. Nhng nguyn nhn lm t mt kt cu...............................................................
49
8.5. Vai tr ca kt cu t i vi t v i vi cy. ................................ 49
8.6. Bin php duy tr v ci thin kt cu t. .............................................................
50
Chng 9 - Mt s tnh cht vt l v c l ca t ....................................................
51
9.1. T trng t................................................................................................................
51
9.2. Dung trng t.................................................................................................
51
9.3. xp ca t.................................................................................................
51
9.4. Tnh lin kt ca t. ................................................................................................
52
9.5. Tnh dnh ca t. ................................................................................................
53
9.6. Tnh do ca t ................................................................................................
53
9.7. Tnh trng v tnh co ca t ................................................................................
53
9.8. Sc cn ca t................................................................................................
54
Chng 10 - Nc trong t .............................................................................................
55
10.1. Vai tr ca nc trong t. ....................................................................................
55
10.2. Cc dng nc trong t ........................................................................................
55
10.3. Cc hng s nc ca t .....................................................................................
57
10.4. S bc hi nc ca t.........................................................................................
58
10.5. S thm nc ca t .............................................................................................
59
147

10.6. Cn bng nc trong t. .......................................................................................

59
10.7. Cch tnh tr lng nc trong t ................................................................
60
Chng 11 - ph nhiu ca t...................................................................................
61
11.1. Khi nim v ph nhiu ca t ................................................................
61
11.2- Phn loi ph nhiu ca t ................................................................ 61
11.3- C s nh gi ph nhiu ca t ................................................................
62
11.4- Bin php nng cao ph nhiu ca t ............................................................
63
Chng 12 Xi mn t................................................................................................
64
12.1. Khi nim v tc hi ca xi mn t ................................................................
64
12.2. Cc loi xi mn t...............................................................................................
65
12.3. Nhng yu t nh hng n xi mn t. .........................................................
67
12.4. Cc bin php chng xi mn t.................................................................
69
Chng 13 Cc loi t chnh ca Vit Nam.............................................................
71
13.1. Cc loi t chnh vng i ni Vit Nam ...............................................................
71
13.1.1. Nhm t (F) - Ferralsols (FR)................................................................
71
13.1.2. Nhm t xm (X) - Acrisols (AC)................................................................
75
13.2. Cc loi t chnh vng ng bng vit nam ...........................................................
83
13.2.1. Nhm t ph sa .............................................................................................
83
13.2.2. Nhm t ct................................................................................................
87
13.2.3. Nhm t mn ................................................................................................
90
13.2.4. Nhm t phn (t chua mn). ................................................................
94
13.2.6. Nhm t gly ................................................................................................
98
PHN THC HNH ................................................................................................
102
Bi 1. o phu din, m t v ly mu t ................................................................
103
Bi 2. Xc nh t trng, dung trng v xp t .....................................................
106
Bi 3. Xc nh chua, canxi v magi ca t .........................................................
108
Bi 4. Phn tch mt s cht tng s trong t..............................................................
112
Bi 5. Phn tch mt s cht d tiu trong t ..............................................................
117
Ti liu tham kho. ................................................................................................
119

148

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

15.
16.

17.
18.

19.
20.

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