50 Cau PTHPTBPT Giai Chi Tiet

Ti liu phng trnh-h phng trnh-bt phng trnh
Phng trnh-H phng trnh-Bt phng trnh dnh cho lp 10

Tc gi: Nguyn Vn Quc Tun - Lp B K112 - i Hc Y H Ni
Cc bi ton trong ti liu l do Tun tng hp 1 s din n, 1 s ti liu,. . . v phn

li gii th a s l do Tun gii li nhng 1 s cu l do nhc qu :3 nn chp i nguyn
li gii ca n. V th nn ti liu c g sai st mong cc bn ghp chnh sa li.
Ti liu ny Tun vit tng 1 bn ( ng hi l ai nh :v ). Bn cnh hi vng cc bn
c 1 ti liu c th tham kho thm. Chc cc bn hc tt.
Bi 1.
Gii phng trnh sau:
x+3+
3x + 1 = 2 x + 2x + 2
Li gii:
iu kin: x 0
Ta c:
3x + 1 2x + 2 = 2 x x + 3
3x + 1 + 2x + 2 2 6x2 + 8x + 2 = 4x + x + 3 4 x2 + 3x
6x2 + 8x + 2 = 2 x2 + 3x
6x2 + 8x + 2 = 4 (x2 + 3x)
2x2 4x + 2 = 0 x = 1
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l: x = 1
Bi 2.
Gii phng trnh sau:

3
3
x 35 x3 x + 35 x3 = 30
Li gii:
t 3 35 x3 = y x3 + y 3 = 35
Kt hp vi phng trnh ban u ta c h:
(
(
3
3
x + y = 35
(x + y)3 3xy (x + y) = 35
xy (x + y) = 30
xy (x + y) = 30
(x + y)3 = 125
xy (x + y) = 30
x+y =5
xy = 6
"
x=3
x=2
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
"
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:
Bi 3.
x=3
x=2
Gii phng trnh sau:
3
16x4 + 5 = 6 4x3 + x
Li gii:
Ta c V T > 0 nn iu kin phng trnh cho c nghim l V P > 0 x > 0
p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho 3 s dng ta c:
p

3
6 4x3 + x = 2.3. 3 (4x3 + x) .1.1 2 4x3 + x + 1 + 1
Mt khc ta c:

16x4 + 5 2 4x3 + x + 1 + 1 16x4 8x3 2x + 1 0 (2x 1)2 4x2 + 2x + 1 0
Do : V T V P khi
(
16x4 + 5 = 6 4x3 + x
4x3 + x = 1
2x 1 = 0
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x =
Bi 4.
x =
1
2
1
2
Gii phng trnh sau:

3 x2 1 + 4x = 4x 4x 3
Li gii:
iu kin: x
Ta c:
3
4

3 x2 1 + 4x = 4x 4x 3 3x2 + 4x 3 = 4x 4x 3
3x2 4x 4x 3 + 4x 3 = 0
"
x = 4x 3
3x = 4x 3
"

4x 3 3x 4x 3 = 0
x2 = 4x 3
9x2 = 4x 3
"
x=3
x=1
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
"
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
Bi 5.
x=3
x=1
Gii h phng trnh sau:

(
x + 1 + 3y .x + (3y 2 + 1) x + 1 51y 27 = 7y 3 + 36y 2

x2 + y 2 + 3x + 5y + 10 = 0
Li gii:
iu kin: x 1
t:
x + 1 = a (a 0)
Thay a2 1 = x vo phng trnh th nht ta c

(a + 3y) (a2 1) + (3y 2 + 1) a 51y 27 = 7y 3 + 36y 2
a3 + 3a2 y + 3ay 2 = 7y 3 + 36y 2 + 54y + 27
a3 + 3a2 y + 3ay 2 + y 3 = 8y 3 + 36y 2 + 54y + 27
(a + y)3 = (2y + 3)3 a = y + 3 y = a 3 y = x + 1 3
Th xung phng trnh th 2 ta c: x2 + 4x + 5 =

t
x+1
x + 1 = y + 2 (y 2)
Khi ta c h phng trnh:

(
x2 + 4x + 3 = y
y 2 + 4y + 3 = x
(x y) (x + y + 5) = 0
x2 + 4x + 3 = y
x2 y 2 + 5 (x y) = 0
x2 + 4x + 3 = y
x=y
x2 + 3x + 3 = 0
(V N )
Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim.
Bi 6.
Gii phng trnh sau:

2x 1 +
3x 2 =
8x2 2x 2
Li gii:
iu kin: x
2
3
3
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Bin i phng trnh u tr thnh:

q
2x 1 + 3x 2 = 2(2x 1)2 + 2 (3x 2)

1
2x 1 = a
a
3
t:

3x 2 = b (b 0)
Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh:
a + b = 2a2 + 2b2 a2 + 2ab + b2 = 2a2 + 2b2 (a b)2 = 0 a = b

T ta c:
2x 1 =
3x 2 4x2 4x + 1 = 3x 2 4x2 7x + 3 = 0
Bi 7.
x=1
3
x=
4
x=1
3
x=
4
6x
2 = 3x y + 3y (1)
y
p
2 3x + 3x y = 6x + 3y 4 (2)
Li gii: (
iu kin:
3x y 6= 0
3x + 3x y 0
Ta c:
(1) 2 (3x y) = y 3x y + 3y 2 2 (3x" y) y 3x y 3y 2 = 0

2 3x y = 3y
2 3x y 3y
3x y + y = 0
3x y = y
Trng hp 1: 2 3x y = 3y th

2r3x y = 3y
2 3x + 3y = 6x + 3y 4
2
Trng hp 2:
2 3x y = 3y
6x + 3y 0
p
2 (6x + 3y) = 6x + 3y 4
(
2 3x y = 3y
6x + 3y = 8
3x y = y th
(
3x y = y
p
2 3x + 3x y = 6x + 3y 4
(
3x y = y
2 3x y = 6x + 3y 4
4
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
(
3x y = y
2y = 6x + 3y 4
(
3x y = y
6x + 5y = 4
T y cc bn t tm ra nghim.
Bi 8.
Gii phng trnh sau:
2x2 + x + 9 +
2x2 x + 1 = x + 4
Li gii:
Xt x = 4 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh khi ta bin i phng trnh nh sau:
2x2 + x + 9 + 2x2 x + 1 = x + 4
2x + 8

=x+4
2+x+9
2x+1
2x
2x
2x2 + x + 9 2x2 x + 1 = 2
Kt hp vi phng trnh ban u ta c h:

(
2x2 + x + 9 2x2 x + 1 = 2
2x2 + x + 9 + 2x2 x + 1 = x + 4
2 2x2 + x + 9 = x + 6
4 (2x2 + x + 9) = x"2 + 12x + 36
7x2 8x = 0
x=0
x = 78
Th li ta thy tha mn.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l
Bi 9.
x=0
8
x=
7
Gii phng trnh sau:

q
x+
5+
x1=6
Li gii:
iu kin: x 1
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Bin i phng trnh cho nh sau:

q
q
x + 5 + x 1 = 6 x 1 + 5 + x 1 = 5
(
t:
x1=a
p
5+ x1=b
Khi ta c:
(
a2 + b = 5
b2 = a + 5
(a 0, b 5)
a2 + b = 5
a2 b 2 + a + b = 0
" a +b=5
a+b=0
ab+1=0
"
a2 + b = 5
1 21
a=
2
17
a=
2
a2 + b = 5
(a + b) (a b + 1) = 0
a2 + b = 5
a2 a 5 = 0
a2 + a + 1 = 5
1
+
17
a=
2
b = 1 + 17
2
11 17
.
T ta tnh c x =
2
11 17
Vy x =
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
2
Bi 10.
Gii phng trnh sau:

1
x2
2
x
3
2
Li gii:
(
1 x2 0
0 x 1
x0

a= x
2
a 0, b
t:
2
b= x
3
3
iu kin:
Khi ta c h mi.
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
2
a+b= 2
a+b=
3
3
1 a4 = b 2
a4 + b 4 = 1
2
2
a+b=
a+b=
3
3
(a + b)2 2ab2 2a2 b2 = 1
(a2 + b2 )2 2a2 b2 = 1
2
2
a+b=
a
+
b
=
3

2
3
16
65
4
2
2
2
2
2a b ab
=0
2ab 2a b = 1
9
81
9
a+b=
194

ab =
18

2

a+b=
194
8
+
ab =
18
2
8 194
y y+
=0
3
18
a, b l nghim ca phng trnh
2
8 + 194
y2 y +
= 0 (V N )
3
18
"
r #
q

1
97
2 + 2 194 6 +
T ta tm c nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho l: x =
9
2
Bi 11.
p
(3y x) (y + 1) (1)
x+3=2 r
3y 2 x + 5 = xy 2y 2 (2)
2
Li gii:
y3
iu kin:
x 5
(3y x) (y + 1) 0
y3
x 5
3x y 0
Ta c:
(1)
3
(y
+
1)
(3y
x)
=
2
3y
x.
h
i h y+ 1
2
2 i
2
2 y + 1 2 3y x. y + 1 +
y+1
3y x
=0

2 y + 1 y + 1 3y x +
y + 1 3y x
y + 1 + 3y x = 0

" y + 1 3y x 3 y + 1 + 3y x = 0
y + 1 3y x = 0
y + 1 = 3y x x = 2y 1 (3)
0 = 3 y + 1 + 3y x > 0 (L)
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Thay (3) vo (2) ta c
y + 2 = 2y 2 3y 2
2 (y 2)
= (y 2) (2y + 1)

3y
2+ y+2

2
(y 2)
(2y + 1) = 0
3y
2
+
y+2
y=2x=3
(2y + 1) = 0 (4)
3y 2 + y + 2
3y 2
V (2) 2 (2y + 1)
Do
3y 2 +

y + 2 = 0 (5)

r
2
2
2
y (2y + 1) 3y 2 + y + 2 2. + 1
+2
3
3
r3
7 8
(2y + 1) 3y 2 + y 2
3 3
M 2 (2y + 1)
3y 2 +

7
y2 2
3
8
< 0 nn (5) v nghim.
3
So vi iu kin h phng trnh c nghim duy nht: (x; y) = (3; 2)
Bi 12

(
p
x + x2 + 1 = y + y 2 1
x2 + y 2 xy = 1
Li gii:
"
iu kin:
y1
y 1
Bin i phng trnh u nh sau:

p
p
x + x2 + 1 = y + y 2 1 x y = y 2 1 x2 + 1
p
x2 2xy + y 2 = x2 + y 2 2 x2 + 1. y 2 1
p
xy = x2 + 1. y 2 1 x2 y 2 = (x2 + 1) (y 2 1) y 2 x2 = 1
Khi ta c h mi:
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
y 2 x2 = 1
x2 + y 2 xy = 1
2x2 xy = 0
y 2 x2 = 1
x2 + y 2 xy = y 2 x2
y 2 x2 = 1
"
x=0

2x = y
2
y x =1

Th li th h phng trnh c cc nghim: (x; y) = (0; 1) ,
1 2
;
3 3
x=0
y = 1
1
x=
3
2
y=
3
Lu : Bi ton c gii hon chnh nhng ti sao li phi th li nghim. y v khi bin
i phng trnh th nht chng ta khng t iu kin nn sau khi gii ra nghim chng ta phi
th li. Mt khc nu chng ta khng t iu kin m bnh phng th dng du nh.
Bi 13.
Gii phng trnh sau:
4 x2 + x + 1 = 1 + 5x + 4x2 2x3 x4 (1)
Li gii:
2
Ta c: (x2 + x + 1) = x4 + 2x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1

Khi

2
(1) 4 x2 + x + 1 = x2 + x + 1 + 7 x2 + x + 1 5
t: a =
x2 + x + 1 (a > 0)
Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh:
1+ 5

a=
2
a2 a 1 a2 + a 5 = 0
1 + 21
a=
2
a4 7a2 + 4a + 5 = 0
1+ 5
Vi a =
th
2
1
+
5
1
+
5
1
3
+
2
5
x2 + x + 1 =
x2 + x
= 0 x =
2
2
2
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
1 + 21
Vi a =
th
2
p
21
9
+
21
1
19 2 21
1
+
2
2
x + x +
= 0 x =
x +x+1=
2
2
2
1 3 + 2 5
x=
p2
1 19 2 21
x=
2
Bi 14.
Gii phng trnh sau:

16x2 23x + 10 = (x + 2)
4x2 + 4x 7
Li gii:
1 + 2 2
x
2
iu kin:
1 2 2
x
2
Ta c:
16x2 23x + 10 = (x + 2) 4x2 + 4x 7
4x2 + 4x 7 (4x 3) 4x2 + 4x 7 + (5x + 1) 4x2 + 4x 7 (5x + 1) (4x 3) = 0

" 4x2 + 4x 7 + 5x 1
4x2 + 4x "7 (4x 3) = 0
4x2 + 4x 7 + 5x 1 = 0
4x2 + 4x 7 = 1 5x
4x2 + 4x 7 (4x 3) = 0
4x2 +
4x 7 = 4x 3

1
1
x
x
5
5
2

4
2
2
4x + 4x 7 = 25x 10x + 1
21x 14x + 8 = 0
x
=

3

3
3
x=1
x
4
4
4x2 + 4x 7 = 16x2 24x + 9
12x2 28x + 16 = 0
4
x=

3
x=1
Bi 15.
Gii phng trnh sau:
3
3
12x2 + 46x 15 x3 5x + 1 = 2x + 2
Li gii:
t: a =
3
12x2 + 46x 15, b = 2x + 1, c = 3 x3 5x + 1
10
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Ta c:
3
12x2 + 46x 15 3 x3 5x + 1 = 2x + 2
3 12x2 + 16x 15 (2x + 1) = 3 x3 5x + 1 + 1

12x2 + 46x 15 (2x + 1)3
x3 5x + 2
= 2
a2 + ab + b2
c c+1
3
3
8(x 5x + 2)
x 5x + 2
= 2
a2 + ab + b2
c c+1
8
1
3
(x 5x + 2)( 2
)=0
+
a + ab + b2 c2 c + 1
x=2
x = 1 + 2
x = 1 2
x=2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x = 1 + 2
x = 1 2
Bi 16.
Gii phng trnh sau:

x2 + x + 1 + 4x2 + x + 1
5x2 + 1 2x2 + 1 = 3x2
Li gii:
Bin i phng trnh u tr thnh:

x2 + x + 1 + 4x2 + x + 1
5x2 + 1 2x2 + 1 = 3x2

" x2 + x + 1 + 4x2 + x + 1 .3x2 = 3x2 5x2 + 1 + 2x2 + 1
x=0
2
2
x + x + 1 + 4x + x + 1 = 5x2 + 1 + 2x2 + 1
Mt khc:
x2 + x + 1 + 4x2 + x + 1 = 5x2 + 1 + 2x2 + 1
5x2 + 1 4x2 + x + 1 = 2x2 + 1 x2 + x + 1

x2 x
x2 x
=
2x2 + 1 + x2 + x + 1
" 5x2 + 1 + 4x2 + x + 1
x2 x = 0
2x2 + 1 + x2 + x + 1 = 5x2 + 1 + 4x2 + x + 1
"
x=1
x=0
x = 0
x=1
2x2 + 1 = 5x2 + 1
"
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:
x=0
x=1
11
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Bi 17.
Gii bt phng trnh sau:
(x + 1) (x 3) x2 + 2x + 3 < 2 (x 1)2
Li gii:
"
iu kin:
x3
x 1
Bin i bt phng trnh nh sau:
(x + 1) (x 3) x2 + 2x + 3 < 2 (x 1)2
(x2 2x 3) x2 + 2x + 3 < x2 + 2x + 1
t:
x2 + 2x + 3 = t (t 0)
Khi bt phng trnh cho tr thnh:

t3 < t2 2 t3 t2 + 2 < 0
(t + 1) (t2 2t + 2) < 0 t < 1 (KT M )
Vy bt phng trnh cho v nghim.
Bi 18.
Gii phng trnh sau:

q
q
3
3
3
(3x + 1)2 + (3x 1)2 + 9x2 1 = 1
Li gii:
(
3
3x + 1 = a
t:
a3 b 3 = 2
3
3x 1 = b
Khi ta c h phng trnh:
(
(
a2 + b2 + ab = 1
a2 + b2 + ab = 1
a3 b 3 = 2
(a b) (a2 + b2 + ab) = 2
(
(
a2 + b2 + ab = 1
3b2 + 6b + 3 = 0
a=b+2
a=b+2
(
a=1
b = 1
(
3
3x + 1 = 1
Lc :
3
3x 1 = 1
x = 0
12
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: x = 0
Bi 19.
(3 x) x 1 + 5 2x x3 + 10x2 34x + 40 (1)
Li gii:
iu kin: 1 x
5
2
Ta c:
p
(1) 2 (3 x) (x 1) (5 2x) 2x3 + 17x2 47x + 44
2 2x3 + 17x2 48x + 45. x 1 (2x3 + 17x2 48x + 45) + (x 1)
2
2x3 + 17x2 48x + 45 x 1 0
2x3 + 17x2 48x + 45 = x 1

2x3 + 17x2 49x + 46 x = 2 (T M )
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l: x = 2
Bi 20.
x1+
3
x + 8 = x3 + 1
Li gii:
Ta c x = 0 l 1 nghim ca phng trnh.
Mt khc:
Trng hp 1. Vi x > 0 th ta c:
x1+
x+8>
01+
3
0 + 8 = 1 trong khi
x3 + 1 < 1 do phng trnh cho v nghim.

Trng hp 2. Vi x < 0 th ta c
v nghim.
x1+
x + 8 < 1 < x3 + 1 nn phng trnh cng
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x = 0.

Bnh lon: Thng thng khi chng ta gp cc bi ton m s m ca mi phn t khng c
1 t no lin quan n nhau th hay on nghim v s dng nh gi xem sao nh.
13
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Bi 21.
1 + x = 3x + 3 y (1)
2x y 4x2 + 2y
4x + y = 2x + 6 2 y (2)
Li gii:
(
iu kin:
t:
3 x 6= 0
y>0
y = z (z > 0) khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh:

2x2 + z 2
3x + 3z
2
= 2
(2x2 + z 2 ) = xz 2 (3x + 3z)
2
xz
2x + z 2
4x4 + 4x2 z 2 + z 4 = 3x2 z 2 + 3xz 3 4x4 + x2 z 2 3xz 3 + z 4 = 0

2

x 4 x 2
2x
x
x 2 x
1 .
+
3. + 1 = 0
+ +1 =0
4
z
z
z
z
z
z
2x = z 2x = y
Thay vo phng trnh cn li ta c:

4x2 + 8x
( =
2x + 6
x>0
16x + 64x + 64x2 = 2x + 6
x>0
8x + 32x + 32x2 x 3 = 0
4
x>0
(2x + 3x 1) (4x2 + 10x + 3) = 0
3 + 17
13 3 17
x =
y=
4
2
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: (x; y) =
Bi 22.
!
3 + 17 13 3 17
;
4
2
Gii phng trnh sau:

x + 3 x + 1 x2 + x2 + 4x + 3 = 2x
Li gii:
iu kin: x 1
14
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Ta c phng trnh cho tng ng vi:

p
2
2
x + (x + 3) (x + 1) = 2x
x+3+ p
x+1
x2 + (x + 3) (x + 1) = x x + 3 + x + 1

x x + 3 x x+(
1 =0
x0
"
1 + 13
x2 x 3 = 0
x= x+3
x=
2

1
+
5
x= x+1
x
x=
2
2
x x1=0
1+ 5
x=
2
1 + 13
x=
2
Ps: Bi ton nay mnh lm mt kh nhiu thi gian nhng ng ln din n v nhn p n
li thy kh l c bn. Do mnh rt ra 1 kinh nghim l khi lm chng ta nn s dng
cc bin i n gin, khng nn s dng cc bin i phc tp, bin bi ton tr nn
kh khn.
Bi 23.
Gii phng trnh sau:
1 + x2 + x4 + x =
x x3
Li gii:
"
iu kin:
0x1
< x 1
Xt vi x = 0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh.

Vi x (0; 1] ta c:
r
x
r
t
1
+ x2 + 1 + x = x
x2
1
x
x
1
+ x2 + 1 + 1 =
x2
1
x
x
1
1
x = t t4 = 2 + x2 2 khi phng trnh cho tr thnh:
x
x
(
t10
t4 + 3 + 1 = t
t = 1 (loai)
t4 + 3 = t2 2t + 1
Xt vi (; 1] ta c
r
1
+ x2 + 1 + 1 =
x2
15
1
x
x
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
r
Tng t ta c:
1
1
x = t t4 = 2 + x2 2
x
x
Khi
t4 + 3 + 1 = t
t+10
t + 3 = t2 + 2t + 1
4
t = 1 (T M )
Vi
1 + 5
(loai)
1
x=
2
t = 1 x = 1 x2 + x 1 = 0
1 5
x
x=
2
1
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x =
2
Bi 24.
1
x =
2

r
7 2x
4
x x+
>4 x+ 2
x
x
Li gii:
iu kin x > 0.
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi.
x2 2x + 7 > 4 x2 2x + 4 x2 2x + 4 4 x2 " 2x + 4 + 3 > 0

x2 2x + 4 < 1
2
2
x 2x + 4 1
x 2x + 4 3 > 0
x2 2x + 4 > 3
"
x>1+ 6
x2 2x 5 > 0
x<1 6
i chiu vi iu kin ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh l x > 1 +
Bi 25.
Gii phng trnh sau:

x + 3 2 3x2
2
=2
Li gii:
16
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun

t: 2 3x2 = y ta c h
(
x + 3y 2 = 2
y + 3x2 = 2
x = 2 3y 2
y = 2 3x2

(
x=y

x y = 3x2 3y 2
1 3x
y=
2
3
y = 2 3x
y = 2 3x2
Vi y = x thay vo phng trnh cn li ta c 3x2 + x 2 = 0

Vi y =
1 3x
th ta c:
3
x = 1
2
x=
3
1 3x
5
1 21
2
2
= 2 3x 3x x = 0 x =
3
3
6
x = 1
1 21
x=
6
Bi 26.
3x2 12x + 5
x3 1 +
x2 2x
Li gii:
iu kin: x 2
Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
p
3x2 12x + 5 x3 1 + x2 2x + 2 (x 1) (x2 + x + 1) x (x 2)
p
p
x3 2x2 + 10x 6 + 2 (x 1) (x 2). (x2 + x + 1) x 0
(x3 + x2 + x) 3 (x2 3x + 2) + 2 x2 3x + 2. x3 + x2 + x 0
r
x2 3x + 2
x2 3x + 2
1 3. 3
+
2
0
x + x2 + x
x3 + x2 + x
r
t: a =
x2 3x + 2
(a 0) th lc ta c:
x3 + x2 + x
1
a 1 a 1
3
x2 3x + 2 x3 + x2 + x
x3 + 4x 2 0
1 3a2 + 2a 0
17
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Nhn thy vi x 2 lun ng.

Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l: x 2
Bi 27.
Gii phng trnh sau:

4x2 7x 19 =
Li gii:
4x2 4x 14
15
x
2
iu kin:
1 15
x
2
Bin i phng trnh cho nh sau:
2
4x2 7x
( 19 = 4x 24x 14
(4x2 7x 19) = 4x2 4x 14
4x2 7x 19 0
(
16x4 + 49x2 + 361 56x3 152x2 + 266x = 4x2 4x 14
4x2 7x 19 0
(
16x4 56x3 107x2 + 270x + 375 = 0
4x2 7x 19 0

x=1 6

(x2 2x 5) (16x2 24x 75) = 0
3
2
21
x
=
2
4x 7x 19 0
4
4x2 7x 19 0
1+
x=1+ 6

3 2 21
x=
4
x=1+ 6
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l

3 2 21
x=
4
Bi 28.

2x2
2 < x + 21
3 9 + 2x
Li gii:
iu kin:
9
x 6= 0
2
18
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Ta c:
2x2
2 < x + 21
3 9 + 2x
x2
< x + 21
9 + x 3 9 + 2x
x2 < (x + 21) 9 + x 3 9 + 2x
(x + 21) 9 + 2x < 10x + 63

(x + 21)2 (9 + 2x) < (10x + 63)2
7
x2 (2x 7) < 0 0 6= x <
2

9 7
;
\ {0}
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh l P =
2 2

Bi 29.

(
x2 xy + 7x + y = 8
4

x x y =
x+1 x1 4
Li gii:
iu kin: x 1, y 0
H phng trnh cho tng ng
(
(x 1) (x y + 8) = 0
x xy = 8 x2 1 x x2 1
"
x=1
x+8=y
xy = 8 x2 1 x x2 1
Trng hp 1: x = 1 y = 1
Trng hp 2: y = x + 8 thay vo ta c:

x x x + 8 = 8 + 8x x x2 1

x + 8 x + 8 x = 8x x x2 1
8
1
x + 8.
= 8x.
x +8 + x
x + x2 1
2
x + 8 x + x 1 = x x + 8 + x
p
(x + 8) (x2 1) = x x 8x2 x 8 = 0
1 + 257
129 + 257
x=
y=
16
16
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: (x; y) = (1; 1) ,
19
1+
257 129 + 257

;
16
16
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Bi 30.
Gii phng trnh sau:

x=
3 x. 4 x + 5 x. 4 x + 3 x. 5 x
Li gii:
iu kin: x 2
Bin i phng trnh tr thnh:

3 x 2 x + 4 x + 4 x. 2 x x = 0
t:
a2 + b 2
2x=a
= (3 x)
2
4x=b
(a + b) 3 = x + 4 x.2 x
2
(a < b)
Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh h phng trnh sau:

r 2
(a + b)2
a + b2
(a + b) +
=3
2
2
a2 b2 = 2
r
3 2
(a + b)2
a2 + b 2
(a b2 ) =
(a + b) +
2
2
!
r 2
3
a2 + b 2 a + b
(a + b) (a b) = (a + b)
+
2
2
2
r
a+b=0
a2 + b 2
r
2
2
2a
+
b
=
3
a +b
a+b
2
(a b) =
+
2
2
2
b 2a
2
2
4a2 4ab + b2 = a + b
2
(
b
2a
4
2
2x
"
"
b 2a
a=b
4x= 2x
7a2 8ab + b2 = 0
7a = b
7 2x= 4x
(
4x2 2x
47
x =
24
49 (2 x) = 4 x
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x =
Bi 31.
47
24
Gii phng trnh sau:
5x2 + 14x + 9
x2 x 20 = 5 x + 1
Li gii:
iu kin: x 5
20
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Ta bin i nh sau:
P T 5x2 + 14x + 9 = x2 x 20 + 5 x + 1
5x2 + 14x + 9 = x2 x 20 + 25 (x + 1) + 10 x2 x 20. x + 1

p
4x2 10x + 5 10 (x 5) (x + 1). x + 4 = 0

p
4h (x2 4x 5) 5 4 (x2 4x
5).
x + 4 + 6 (x + 4) = 0 i
i hp
p
2
2
4 (x 4x 5) 3 x + 4
4 (x 4x 5) 2 x + 4 = 0
" p
"
x=8
2
4 (x2 4x 5) = 3 x + 4
4x 25x 56 = 0
5 + 61
2
2
4 (x 4x 5) = 2 x + 4
4x 20x 36 = 0
x=
2
Bi 32.
x=8
5 + 61
x=
2
x y+2= 3
2
y + 2 (x 2) x + 2 =
4
Li gii:
iu kin: x 2; y 2
u2 v = 7 (1)
2
t: u = x + 2; v = y + 2 vi u, v 0 h tr thnh
1
2
2
v + 2 (u 4) u = (2)
4
Th (1) vo (2) ta c:

2
7
1
2
u
+ 2u3 8u =
2
4
4
3
2
u + 2u 7u 8u + 12 = 0
(u 1) (u 2) (u2 + 5u + 6) = 0
u = 1 u = 2
V u2 + 5u + 6 > 0, u 0.
5
khng tha mn
2
x=2
1
Vi u = 2 v = ta tm c
7
y=
2
4
x=2
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l:
7
y=
4
Vi u = 1 v =
21
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Bi 33.

(
x2 y 2 2x + y 2 = 0
2x2 4x + 3 + y 3 = 0
Li gii:
Ta c:
(
2 2
x y 2x + y = 0
2x2 4x + 3 + y 3 = 0
2x
1 + x2
2(x 1)2 + 1 + y 3 = 0
y2 =
2x
1 (x R) nn 1 y 1
1 + x2
Khi
2
3
y 1( 1 + y 3 0
( 2(x 1) + 1 + y 0
x1=0
x=1
3
1+y =0
y = 1
Th li vo h phng trnh cho tha mn

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: (x; y) = (1; 1)
Bi 34.
Gii phng trnh sau:
12xy + 12 (x2 + y 2 ) +
9
= 85
(x + y)2
6x (x + y) + 3 = 13 (x + y)
Li gii:
iu kin x + y 6= 0.
Vit li h phng trnh thnh:

2
1
9 x+y+
+ 3(x y)2 = 103
x
+
y

1
3 x+y+
+ 3 (x y) = 13
x+y
a=x+y+ 1
(|a| 2)
x+y
t
b=xy
ta c:
22
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
a = 10
3
b=1
9a2 + 3b2 = 103

3a + 3b = 13
Khi
2b2 13b + 11 = 0
3a = 13 3b
x + y + 1 = 10
x+y
3
xy =1

(x; y) =

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: (x; y) =
Bi 35.

a = 7
11
b=
2
2 1
;
3 3
2 1
;
3 3
(loai)

, (2; 1)

, (2; 1)
Gii phng trnh sau:

2
2
x 2
15 x + x = 15 3 15x x3 4 x
Li gii:
iu kin: 0 x
(
t:
15
a = 15 x2
b= x
(a, b 0) khi phng trnh cho tr thnh:
a2 3ab 4b + 2 (a + b2 ) = 0
a2 + 2b2 3ab + 2 (a 2b) = 0
"
(a 2b) (a b) + 2 (a 2b) = 0
a = 2b
a=b2
Vi: a = 2b th
15 x2 = 2 x 15 x2 = 4x
Vi a = b 2 khi
15 x2 =
Mt khc:
0x
"
x = 2 + 19
x = 2 19 (loai)
x2
15
q
q
x2
15 2 <
16 2 = 0
23
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
nn phng trnh v nghim.

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x = 2 +
Bi 36.
19
Gii h phng trnh:
7x + y 2x + y = 4
7
2 2x + y
5x + 10y = 2
10
Li gii:
(
7x + y = a
t:
2x + y = b
(a, b 0)
Ta c:
5x + 10y = 3 (7x + y) + 13 (2x + y)
= 3a2 + 13b2 5x + 10y = 3a2 + 13b2
Khi ta c h phng trnh mi:
ab=4
7
2b
3a2 + 13b2 = 2
10
a=b+4
7 2
2b
10b 24b 48 = 2
10
(
a=b+4
20b 20 = 7 10b2 24b 48
a=b+4
b1
2
( 90b 376b( 2752 = 0
a = 12
b=8
x = 16
y = 32
(
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l:
Bi 37.
7x + y = 144
2x + y = 64
x = 16
y = 32
Gii phng trnh sau:

r
x+2
r
4
3x 1
4 x + 4
=4
5
20
24
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Li gii:
iu kin: x
1
3
p dng bt ng thc Cosi ta c:

r
3x 1
3x 1
8x + 4
x+
+1=
x+2
5
5
5
Mt khc:
r
r
4
x4 + 4
8x + 4
2x + 1
4 x + 4
4
20
5
20
5
125 (x4 + 4)
4
3
2
16x + 32x + 24x + 8x + 1
4
61x4 128x3 96x2 32x + 496 0
(x 2)2 (61x2 + 116x + 124) 0 (x R)
4
Do :
r
4
x4 + 4
x+2
20
3x 1
5
Du bng xy ra khi: x = 2
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x = 2.
Bi 38.

p
x (x + 2)
1
(x + 1)3 x
Li gii:
iu kin: x 0.
q
Vi x 0 th (x + 1)3 x > 0.
25
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Khi ta c bt phng trnh cho tng ng:

q
p
x (x + 2) (x + 1)3 x
BP T
x2 + 2x x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 1 2 (x + 1)

(x + 1) x2 + x + 1 2 x2 + x 0
x2 + x + 1 2 x2 + x 0
2
x2 + x 1 0
1 5
2
x + x = 1 x =
2
x2 + x
1 +
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh l: x =
2
Bi 39.

(
(x2 + y 2 ) (x + y + 1) = 25 (y + 1)
x2 + xy + 2y 2 + x 8y = 9
Li gii:
(
H phng trnh cho tng ng:
(x2 + y 2 ) (x + y + 1) = 25 (y + 1)
.
x2 + y 2 + x (y + 1) + (y + 1)2 10 (y + 1) = 0
D thy y = 1 khng phi l nghim ca h phng trnh.

Chia c 2 v phng trnh mt v hai cho y + 1 ta c h mi:
2
(x + y 2 ) (x + y + 1)
= 25
y+1
x2 + y 2
+ x + y + 1 = 10
y+1
t a =
x2 + y 2
, b = x + y + 1 khi h phng trnh cho tr thnh:
y+1
(
(
ab = 25
x2 + y 2 = 5 (y + 1)
a = b = 5
2 + b = 10
x + y + 1 = 10
(
x=3
y=1

x = 3

11
y=
2

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l: (x; y) = (3; 1) ,
26
3 11
;
2 2
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Bi 40.

(
(x + y) x y + 2 = x + 3y + 2
(x y) x y + 2 = (x + y + 1) x + y 2
Li gii:
(
iu kin:
(
t
x y 2
x+y 2
a = x + y (a 2)
b = x y + 2 (b 0)
H phng trnh cho tr thnh

(
ab = 2a b2 + 4
(b2 2) b = (a + 1) a 2
"
b=2
a + b + 2 = 0 (V N )
2
(b 2) b = (a + 1) a 2
b
=
2
"
x=
a=3
y=
a=2
a=x+y
b 2=xy
2
a (2 b) + (2 + b) (2 b) = 0
(b2 2) b = (a + 1) a 2
b=2
(a + 1) a 2 = 4
5
2
1
2

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l (x; y) =
Bi 41.

5 1
;
.
2 2

(
x y + x 1 = y 1 (1)
1 (y 1)2 x 1 = (y x) (y 1) (2)
Li gii:
(
iu kin:
xy
x1
Ta bin i phng trnh 1 trc nh. Nhm nhm thy lin hp xut hin nhn t nn ta lm
nh sau:
Trng hp 1: Vi
x y = x 1 y = 1 thay xung phng trnh (2) khng tha mn.
Trng hp 2: Vi
x y 6= x 1 y 6= 1 ta c:
27
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
1y
(1)
= y 1 x y x 1 = 1
xy x1
y2
2
x y + 1 = x 1 y 2 = 2 x y
x= y +4
4
Thay xun phng trnh (2) ta c:

y2
y2 + 4
= y
(y 1)
1 (y 1)
4
4
(4y y 2 4) (y 1)
2 y
1 (y 1) . =
2
4
y=0
3
2
y + y 6y = 0 y = 2
y = 3
y = 2 x = 2
2
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l: (x; y) = (2; 2)
Bi 42.
2 x
2+ x
p
p
+
= 2
2+ 2+ x
2 2 x
Li gii:
iu kin: 0 < x 4.
t:
p
Ta c: ab =
2+
x = a, 2 x = b
a, b 0; b 6=

2
4 x, a2 + b2 = 4.
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:
a2
b2
+
= 2
2+a 2b

a2 2 a2 b + b2 2 + ab2 = 2 2 b 2 + a 2 ab
2 (a2 + b2 + ab 2) ab (a b) = 2 (a b)
2 (ab + 2) = (a b) (ab + 2)
a b = 2 a2 + b2 2ab = 2
ab = 1 4 x = 1 x = 3
28
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun

Bi 43.

(
p
x 5 x2 + y 5 4y 2 = 3
p
5 x2 + 5 4y 2 = 6 x 2y
Li gii:

5x 5
iu kin:
5 y 5
2
2
Ta c:
(
HP T
t:
x 5 x2 + y 5 4y 2 = 3
p
x + 5 x2 + 2y + 5 4y 2 = 6
x + 5 x2 = a
p
2y + 5 4y 2 = b
(
a2 = 5 + 2x 5 x2
p
b2 = 5 + 4y 5 4y 2
x 5 x2 = a 5
2
2
p
y 5 4y 2 = b 5
4
Khi ta c h mi:
2
a 5 b2 5
+
=3
2
4
a+b=6
(
Vi:
3a2 12a + 9 = 0
a+b=6
"
x=2
x=1
a=3
y=1
b=3
y=
2
2a2 + b2 = 27
a+b=6
(
a=3
b=3
(

a=1
b=5

1
1
(x; y) = (2; 1) , 2;
, (1; 1) , 1;
2
2
29
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun

(
Vi:
a=1
h phng trnh v nghim.
b=5
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l:

1
(x; y) = (2; 1) , 2;
2
Bi 44.
1
, (1; 1) , 1;
2
Gii phng trnh sau:
12x 8
2x + 4 2 2 x =
9x2 + 16
Li gii:
iu kin 2 x 2
Bin i phng trnh u thnh
12x 8
2x + 4 2 2 x =
9x2 + 16
6x 4
12x 8

=
9x2 + 16
2x + 4 + 2 2 x
2
x=
3
2 2x + 4 + 2 2 x = 9x2 + 16
Mt khc:

2 2x + 4 + 2 2 x = 9x2 + 16
p
9x2 + 8x 32h = 16 2 (4 x2 ) i
p
9x2 32 = 8 2 2 (4 x2 ) x
i
h p
(9x2 32) 2 2 (4 x2 ) + x = 8 (32 9x2 )
h p
i
(9x2 32) 2 2 (4 x2 ) + x + 8 = 0
"
9x2 = 32
4 2
p
x =
3
2 2 (4 x2 ) + x + 8 = 0 (V N )
Th li ta c nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
Bi 45.
2
3
4 2
x=
3
x=
r
3x
= 2x y
(x 2) 1 +
y
r
3x
y2 1 +
= 2x2 + y 2 4x
y
30
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Li gii:
1 + 3x 0
y
iu kin:
y 6= 0
Trng hp 1:
r
1 + 3x = 0
3x
y
1+
=0
2x y = 0
y
y = 3x
2x y = 0
x = y = 0 (loai)
r
3x
6 0
=
Trng hp 2: 1 +
y
Chi 2 v ca 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
x2
2x y
= 2
2
y
2x + y 2 4x
2x3 8x2 xy 2 2y 2 + 8x + y 3 = 0
(x + y 2) (2x2 2xy + y 2 ) = 0
x
= y + 2

y2
y2
2
2 x xy +
+
=0
4
2
x = y + 2

y 2 y 2
2 x
+
= 0 (V N )
2
2
x = y + 2
Thay vo ta c:
r
3 (y + 2)
= 3y + 4
1+
y
r
2y + 6
y
= 3y 4
y
y3
4
9y 2 24y + 16 = 2y 2 + 6y
y3
y = 2 x = 0
y=2
y=
11
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: (x; y) = (0; 2)
Bi 46.

(
2 x + 3y + 2 3 y = x + 2 (1)
4 x + y 1 = x2 3y + 9 (2)
31
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Li gii:
x + 3y + 2 0
iu kin:
y1
2 x 4
Ta c:
(1) 2 x + 3y + 2 = x + 2 + 3 y 4 (x + 3y + 2) = x + 2 + 9y + 6 x + 2. y
2
3 (x + 2) 6 x + 2. y + 3y = 0
x + 2 y = 0 x + 2 = y
Thay xung phng trnh (2) ta c
4 x + x + 1
= x2 3
(x + 2) + 9 4 x + x + 1 = x2 3x + 3
h
i
x
x
+2 +
+ 1 = x2 3x
4x
x+1
3
3

2

2
x
x
4x
+2
x+1
+1
3

+
3 x
= x2 3x
x
x+1+
+1
4x+
+2
3
3
x2 x
x2 x
+
+
9 3
9 3
+
= x2 3x
x
x+1+
+1
4x+
+2
3
3
x2 3x = 0
"
1
1
x=0

+

=
9
x

x
x=3
x+1+
+1
4x+
+2
3
3
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l (x; y) = (0; 2) , (3; 5)
Bi 47.
Gii phng trnh sau:
(13 4x) 2x 3 + (4x 3) 5 2x = 2 + 8 16x 4x2 15
Li gii:
iu kin:
3
5
x .
2
2
t:
(
a = 2x 3
b = 5 2x
Mt khc: a2 + b2 = 2; ab =
(
(a, b 0)
2a2 + 3 = 4x 3
2b2 + 3 = 13 4x
16x 4x2 15.
32
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun
Do phng trnh cho tr thnh:

(2b2 + 3) a + (2a2 + 3) b = 2 + 8ab
(2b2 + 3) a + (2a2 + 3) b = a2 + b2 + 8ab
2ab (a + b) + 3 (a + b) = (a + b)2 + 6ab
(a + b 3) (2ab a b) = 0
"
7
2 15 =
a+b=3
16x
4x
(V N )
a + b = 2ab
16x 4x2 15 = 1
x = 2 (T M )
Bi 48.
Gii phng trnh sau:
x2 + 5x + 7 = 7 x3 + 1
Li gii:
iu kin: x 1
Bin i tng ng phng trnh u ta c:
x2 + 5x + 7 = 7 x3 + 1
p
x2 + 5x + 7 = 7 (x + 1) (x2 x + 1)
p
2
(x
x
+
1)
7
(x + 1) (x2 x +
"
" 1) + 6 (x + 1) = 0
x2 x + 1 = 6 x + 1
x2 x + 1 = 36 (x + 1)
x2 x + 1 = x + 1
x2 x + 1 = x + 1
37 1509
"
x=
x2 37x 35 = 0
2
2
x
=
2
x 2x = 0
x=0
37
x=
2
x=2
x=0
Bi 49.
1509

(
(x + y)(x + 4y 2 + y) + 3y 4 = 0
p
(x, y R)
x + 2y 2 + 1 y 2 + y + 1 = 0
Li gii:
33
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun

iu kin: x + 2y 2 + 1 0
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi:
(x + y)2 + 4(x + y)y 2 + 3y 4 = 0 (x + y + y 2 )(x + y + 3y 2 ) = 0.
TH 1: x = y y 2 thay vo phng trnh th 2 ca h ta c

p
y 2 "y + 1 y 2 + y + 1 = 0
p
y 2 y + 1 = 1 (loai)
p
y 2 y + 1 = 2.
y 2 y 3 = 0
1 13
y =
.
2
Vi y =
1 + 13
13
th x = 4 + 13 v vi y =
th x = 4 13.
2
2
TH 2: x = y 3y 2 . thay vo phng trnh 2 ca h ta c

p
y 2 y + 1 y 2 + y + 1 = 0
p
( y 2 y + 1 = y 2 y 1
y2 y 1 0
2
y 2 y + 1 = (y 2 y 1)
y2 y 1 0
y(y + 1)(y 2 3y + 3) = 0
y = 1.
Suy ra x = 2
Vy h phng trnh c nghim l:
(x; y) =
Bi 50.
4 +
13;
!
13
,
2

r
1
x +
x
1+
4 13;
r
1
13
!
, (2; 1) .
1
x
x
Li gii:
34
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun

"
iu kin:
x1
1 x < 0
TH 1: Nu 1 x < 0 th n tha mn bt phng trnh.

TH 2: Nu x 1 th bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi.
r
1
x +
x
r
1
1
x x2 1 x x x 1
x
Nhn thy 2 v khng m nn bnh phng 2 v bt phng trnh ta c:
1+ 5

2
x=
2
2
x x 1 0 x2 x 1 = 0
1 5
x=
(loai)
2
1+ 5
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l: 1 x < 0 hoc x =
2
35
Nguyn Vn Quc Tun

50 Cau PTHPTBPT Giai Chi Tiet

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