bata of the: fask, = Problems References 41 2 1, Bar-Cohen, A. and I. Madhusudan, /EBE Trans, Compo- nents and Packaging Tech, 25, 584, 2002 2. Milles, R., Business Week, November 11, 2004, 53. Diller, KR, and TP. Ryan, J. Heat Transfer, 120, 810, 1998, Problems 4. Datta, AK., Biological and Bioenvironmental Heat and Mass Transfer, Matcel Dekker, New York, 2002, Conduetion LA The thermal conductivity of a sheet of rigid, extruded insulation is reported to be E = 0.029 Win K. The ‘measured temperature difference across a 20-mm-thick. sheet of the materia is T, ~ T= 10°C. (@) What isthe heat lox throngh s 2m x 2m sheet of ‘he insulation? (©) What isthe rate of heat transfer throogh the shest of insulation? T2] A concrete wall, which has @ surface area of 20 m? and is 0.30m thick, separates conditioned room ait from ‘ambient ar. The temperature of the inner surface of the wall is maintained at 25°C, and the thermal condactiv- lty of the concrete is | Wim *K. (@) Determine the heat los through the wall for outer surface temperatures ranging from ~15°C to 38°C, Which corespond to winter and summer extremes, respectively. Display your results graphically (B) On your graph also plot the heat oss as a fonction of the outer surface temperature fr wall ma‘sials hav- ing thermal conductivities of 0.75 and 1.25 Winn * K. Explain te family of curves you have cbtsined, 13 The concrete slab of a basement is 11m long, 8m ‘wide, and 0.20m thick, During the winter, tempera- tures are nominally 17°C and 10°C atthe top and bot tom surfaces, respectively. If the concrete has a thermal conductivity of L4 Wim "K, what isthe rate of heat loss through the slab? Ifthe basement is heated by a gas fumace operating at an efficiency of nj = 0.90 and nat- tral gas is priced at C, = $O.01/MI, What isthe daily cost ofthe heat lest? 14 The heat fux through @ wood slab 0 mm thick, whose inner end outer surface temperatures are 40 und 20°C, respectively, has been determined to be 40 Wren. What is the thermal conductivity ofthe wood? 41.5 The inner and outer surface temperatures of a glass ‘window 5 mm thick aro 15 and 5°C. What i the heat loss through a window that is I m by 3m on a side? ‘The thermal conductivity of glass i 1.4 Wim K. 1L6 A glass window of width WV = 1 mand height H = 2m is 5 mm thick and has a thermal conductivity of f, 14Wim-K. If the inner and outer surface tempera- tures ofthe glass are 15°C and ~20°C, respectively, on ‘cold winter day, what is the rae of heat loss trough the glass? To reduce heat loss through windows, itis ceastomary to use a double pane construction in which adjoining panes are separated by en air space. If the spacing is 10 mm and the glass surfaces in contact with the air have temperatures of 10°C and ~{5°C, what is the rate of heat loss from a Im X 2m window? The ‘thermal conductivity of iris ky = 0.024 Wim K. 117 A fresone compartment consists of cubical cavity that is ‘2m on a side. Assume the botom to be perfec] ins Jstod, Whats the miniraum thickness of styrofeem insule- tion (k = 0.030 Wim K) tht must be applied to the top and side walls to ensoe a heat load of less than 500 W, ‘when the inner and outer surfaces ae ~ 10 and 35°C? 1.8 An inexpensive food and beverage container is sbicated ftom 25:mm-hick polyirene(E = 0.023 Wim K) and has interior dimensions of 0.8 m X 06% O.6 ma, Under nitions for which an inne surtacetempeatre of ap- proximately 2°C is msntsined by an ice-vater mixture and an outer surface temperanre of 20°C is maintained bythe ambient, wat she beat x hough the container wall? Assuming negligible heat gui through te 0.8 m x (0.6 mbar ofthe cooler, what isthe tol eat oad forthe reseed condiions? 1.9 What is the thickness requited of e masonry wall hav ing thermal conductivity 0.75 Wim K if the heat rate is 1 be 80% of the heat rate through a composite strvc- ‘ural wall having a thermal conductivity of 0.25 Wim * K and a thickness of 100 mam? Bath walls ae subjected 1 the same surface temperature difference. 1.10 The Smm-thick bottom of a 200-mm-diameter pan ‘may be made from aluminum (& = 240 Win K) or42 Chapter 18 Introduction copper (# = 390 Wim * K). When used to boil water, the surface of the bottom exposed tothe water is nominally at LIO'C. If heat i transfered from the stove tothe pan atarate of 600 W, whats the temperature ofthe surface ‘in contact with te stove for each of the two materials? |A square silicon chip (F = 150 W/mK) is of width w = Simm on a side and of thickness ¢ = 1 mm, The chip is mounted in a substrate such that its side and back surfaces are insulated, while the front surface is exposed to a coolant If 4 W ae being dissipated in circuits mounted to the back surface of the chip, what isthe steady-state tem- perature difference berween back and front sutfaces? ‘A gage for measoring heat flux to a surface or through ‘laminated material employs five thin-film, chrome! ‘tamel (ype K) thermocouples deposited on the upper and fower surfaces of a wafer with a thermal conduct: ity of 14 Wm K and a thickness of 0.25 mm @) Determine the heat ux 4" through the gage when the voltage output at the copper leads is 350 ,V. ‘The Seebeck covticiont of the typeX thermo. couple materials is approximately 40 VPC. (©) What precsation should you take in using gage of this nature #9 measure heat flow through the lami- nated stactare shown? ume (8) Chrome!) Convection 1.13 You've expesenced convection cooling if you've ever extended your band out the window of a moving vehi- cle or into flowing water steam. With the surface of your hand at emperstre of 30°, determine the con- ‘ection beat fx fo (3) vehicle speed of 35 Kau in tir at ~S°C witha convection coefficient of 40 Win? K and () velocity of 02 mis in @ water steam at 10°C with convection coeticient of 800 Win? K. ‘Which condition would fet colder? Consast these re- sults witha hea lots of approximately 30 Win! under oma oom conditions Lid] Airat 40°C flows over along, 25-mm-diameter cylinder ‘with an embedded electrical heater. In a series of test, measurements were made of the power pec unit lengts, P, required to maintain the cylinder surface tempers tore at 300°C for diferent freesteam velocities V ofthe ai, The results areas follows: Airvelocity, Vim) 12 4 8 12 Power, P' (Wm) 450 658 9831507 1963 () Determine the convection coefficient for esch ve~ lecity, end display your results graphically (@) Assuming the dependence of the convection coeft- cient on the velocity tobe of te fori = CV", de temaine the parameters C and m from the results of part (a). LAS An clecric resistance heater is embedded in a long cylinder of diameter 30 mm, When water with a tem perature of 25°C and velocity of 1 mvs flows crosswise ‘over the cylinder, the power per unit length required to maintain the surface ota uniform temperature of 90°C is 28 kWim, When ar, also at 25°C, but with a velocity of 10 mis is flowing, the power per unit length required to maintain the same surface temperature i¢ 400 W/m. Calculate and compare the convection coefficients for the flows of water and ar. LAG-A cartridge electrical beater is shaped as a cylinder of lengta L. = 200 mm and outer diameter D Under normal operating conditions the heater dissipates, 2 KW while submerged in a water Bow that is at 20°C tnd provides @ convection heat transfer coefficient of a = 5000 Wim!» K. Neglecting heat transfer from the tends of the heater, determine its surface teraperture 7 If the water flow is inadvertently terminated while the beater continues to operate, the heater surface is ex- posed to air that is also at 20°C but for which = 50 ‘Wim? »K. What is the coresponding surface tempers. ‘are? What ae the consequences of such an event? 0 man ay44 Chapter 1 # Introduction ‘fhe transmission efficiency is 7 = 093 and ait flow ov= the ease comesponds 1 Ta = 30°C and = 200 Wie! + Ke vhat she surface termpertare ofthe transmission? Radiation 4124 Under conditions for which the same room temperature is maintained by a heating or cooling system, tis not Ttevommon foe a person to fee] ehiled in the winter but ‘Comfortabe in the sammer. Provide a plausible expla- tation for this sinvation (with supporting calculations) by considering a room whose air temperatare is main- tained at 20°C throughoot the year, while the walls of the 200m ago nominally at 27°C and 14°C in the sum> thar and winter, respectively. The exposed surface of pesson inthe room may be assumed oe at a emipers> te of 32°C throughout the year and to have an emis: ivity of 090, The coefficient esscioted with beat tranafer by natural convection betoeen the petson and the soom ait is approximately 2 Wim?” K. 4.25 A sphericol interplanetary probe of 05-m diameter con- tains electronics that dissipate 150 W. Ifthe probe sur- face has an emissivity of 08 and the probe does not se- teive radiation from other surfaces, a8, for example, from the sua, what is its surface temperature? {Eas ]ar instrorentton package has aspherical outer Sut ace of diameter D = 100 mm and emissivity 6 = 0.25. ‘The package is placed in a large space simulation Chamber whose walls are maintsined at 77 K. Hf opera- tion of the electronic components is restricted t9 the temperatare range 40 = = 85°C, what isthe range of ttoceplable power dissipation forthe package? Display ‘You ests graphically, showing also the eect of vas, Jaons in the emissivity by considesing volues of 020 and 030, 4127 Consider tbe conditions of Problem 1.22. However, tow the plate is in a vacuum with & surrounding ter peraze of 25°C. What isthe emissivity of th pnt? ‘What is the rate at which radiation is emitted by the surface? 4.28 An ovehead 25-m-long, uninsulated indus stesmt pige of 100 mm diameter is rowed through « buling Whose walls and ai are at 25°C. Pressurized steam uintaine a pipe surfece temperature of 150°C, and the efficient associated with natural convection is = 10 ‘Win? K. The surface emissivity is = = 08. (a) Whats the rte of heat loss from te steam line? {b) IF the steam is generated in gos-fred boiler opet- ating at an efficiency of ny ~ 0.90 and natura gas is priged at C, = $0.01 per MJ, what is the annval ‘ost of hea loss from the tne? [Br = Tin Egpton 19 eration Dat vans 4130 1st coeficient maybe approximated 2s hugs eo? where P= (+ Ty. We with to assess the validity Shit epprorimaton by comparing values of hy and see the fooning condions. In each case represent vasa graphicaly and comment on he validity of the approximation (a) Consider pric of iter polished sini (6 = (08) or Hack pein (¢— 09), whose temperanue Sony exced tht ofthe sarounting® Ty = 25°C) Tpit IODC. Also compere your tesa with val ceiccoe enfient anovated wih fee convention in air (T= Tos ‘where he (Wim? *K) = 0:98.87", by Conse initia conditions associated with placing Seiece at, 25°C ie a large furace whose Mal wemperaire may be varied over the cnge Jon 2 T.e = 1090°C. According to the sace fn- ‘shor coting ts emisviry may assume values of 105 0.2, and 09. Foreach est plo he rl five eer, yh, 8a fnction of he fomace temperate consider the conditions of Problem 1.18, With est Sensor by convection fo, the maximim allowable ‘Shp power i found tobe 0.35 W. consideration is soe vento net heat transfer by adit from the chip SMntace to larg surouncngs st 15°C what i he pet ‘ike errs in the maximum allowable chip power Storia by tis consiertion? The chip surface has en emissivity of 09 Chips of width L = 15 mm on a side are mounted to a substrate that is installed in an enclosure whose walls find ait axe msintined at a temperature of Ty = To 25°C. The chips have an emissivity of © 0.60 sod @ ‘maximura allowable temperature of 7, = 85°C: () He heat is ejected ftom the chips by radiation and natura convection, what i the maximum operating f : i= Problems power of each chip? The convection coefficient fee depends on the chip-to-air temperature difference tnd may be approximated a8 = CC, = T, hee C= 4.2. () Hea fan is used to maintain air low through the en- ity closure and heat transfer is by forced convection, = wth = 230 Win?" Kha te maim op act trang power 132 A vcwim stem, a8 vied in aputerngelecally as ending tin lms on miso i comprsed of bia espa mnie yan lea ester 300 sO tod a sroad win te encioniemlnaind 77 K har by «ligudnivoen coat lop. Te clr bee ial pla, inated on he lover es in dameter 7 fo bas an emis 0025, ing ive I} ven ge an ote eet Liquia-nitrog as ‘essed | beat _ — A we 2 sein xcs nae ‘er baste an (0) How much lectin power must be provided tothe dase teatr? (@) Aaa ms eid open be supplied othe don shroud fits het of vpoizan i 25g? walls (©) To reduce the liquid-nitrogen consumption, it is t proposed to bond a thin sheet of aluminum foil ee ( = 0.09) to the baseplate, Will this have the de- Sed eet 133 Consider th tanamision exe of Poblem 1.23, bt tow alow for radian exchange. With the gona! chasis which may be apposite as ag rome ing a iy = °C Ite enisivity of be ce : 0.80, ht i te sures operat? Energy Balance and Multimode Effects 9 1.4 An ele setitor is comet to tatery, a8 shown heal. Ara tie ware their tesomes a ney uf, say sate temper 95%, while th bate td led ies rex a he sand ambiat erapeatire of 25°C esl he ele r= ming Siaos of the ead wes, 45 Ve Lea wie (@) Consider the resistor as a system about which a ‘control surface is placed and Equation I.1ic is applied. Determine the corresponding, values of EA(W), E,W), El W), end EM). IE 2 conch suriace is placed about the entire system, what ae the values of fi, By Boy and E,? (®) Helectrical energy is dissipated uniformly within the resistor, which is a eylinder of diameter D = 60 am and engl L = 250 mam, what isthe volume heat ‘generation rate, g (Wim)? (€) Neplcting radiation from the resistor, what is the convection coefficient? 1.35. An aluminum plate 4 mm thick is mounted in ahorizon- ‘peo and stot sce wel alte, ‘psn thin cong is apie tothe top ste sich Satis 80% my nen slo, we baving a emi of 25. The cesty p and specie beat ¢of aluminum are Known to be 1700 igi? and 900 Jing" Ks respectvey. (© Consider cmos for which he pit i a tea erature of 25°C and its top src is suey ex sed fo ambict ir at Ts = 20° and solar ral fon tht proves nein fa of 900 Wi The convection heat ner office beeen te surface and the air ish = 20 Wim? + K, What is the inl nt of change ofthe plat epee? (®) What wil be the equlistum temperate of the alae when steady-state condons ae reached? (Gl) Te suc adintvepropeties depend on the spe- cic naar ofthe applied coning Compute tad Flt the steadysine tempera a «fin ef the emsvity fr 005 ¢ 1 thal ee coe ‘tions emsinng a pesrbed. Repeat your cle Ison fer vas of = 05 and a pot the res with those obtained fer ay= 8 Te tet to maxi the pate tenga, wha the mont desale combination ofthe pe ese Si andi aborptviy sola acon? 1.36 A blood warmer isto be used during the transfusion of blood to a patient. This device is to heat blood teken from the blood bank at 10°C to 37°C at a How rate of 200 mi/min. The blood passes through tubing of length146 Chapter 1 = Introduction (6) For an inital condition corresponding to a wafer temperature of Ty, = 300 K and the position of the tyafer shown schematically, determine the come {ponding time rate of change of the wafer tempert- ture, (Tyla (ey Determine the steady-state femperatue reached by the wafer if it remains in tis positon, How signi ‘cant is convection heat transfer for ths situation? ‘Sketch how you would expect the wafer fempera- ture to vary as a function of vertical distance Radioactive wastes me packed in Yong, thin-walled inde container. The wastes genecte thermal > cinteinoray according the relation 9 = 2.01 ~ GAT where i he lca ate of energy generation oe volar ds 4 Contant apd ris th rao of contin Stay sate conditions ae maintined by sNpoveging the consiner ina gud that at and provides union convection coeficiet gato) ‘Obtain an expression forthe total rate af which eneray is generated in unit Jeng ofthe container. Use this result to obtain an expression forthe fomperstre 7, of the container wall onside the conducting rod of Exsmmple 1.3 under cady-stte conditions. As suggested in Comment 3, the temperature of the rod may be controlled by vary ing the speed of six Row over the rod, which i tam, Aleve the convection heat wansfercoeiicent. To con Sider tbe effect of the convection coefficient, generate ots of Tvesus {for values of h = 50, 100, and 250 Wim? K. Would variations in the serface emissivity havea significant effect onthe rod temperature? ‘Along bs bar (cylindrica rod used for making electrical Connections) of éiamter D is installed ina large coodeit having a sorface tempecarare of 30°C and in which the bient sir wxperaie is T= 30°C. The elecrcal 1e- Saviy, pad), of the bar material is funtion of temperate, ~ Peg {t+ @T ~ Ta), WEE fee = OoNTT ptm, Te = DSC, and a = 010396 Khe tar experiences fee convection inthe ambient at, and the convection evefficen depends on the bar diameter, ss veel as onthe difference between the surface and erabient temperatures. The governing eaton is ofthe fr, CD2Cr = Ta), where C = 121 Wear “The emissivity ofthe ar surface is o = 085. (4) Recognizing that the electrical resistance per unit length of the bar is R, = p/A where Axis 38 rosy seotional area, calculate the current-carrying Capecity of 20-mm-diameter bus bar if its temper ture is-not to exceed 65°C. Compare the relative jmportance of eat wansfer by fee convestion and radiation exchange. fo assess the trade-off between current-carrying capacity, operating temperature, and‘bardiametes, for diameters of 10, 20, and 40 mm, plot the bar teraperature Tas a fonction of enrent forthe range 100-= 1=5000A. Also plot the ratio of the eat transfer by convection tothe total eat transfer {LAT A small sphere of reference-grade ion with a specific peat of 447 kg K and a mass of 0.515 kg is suddenly fmmecsed in @ waterice mixture. Fine thermocouple ‘ines suspend the sphere, and the temperature is ob- versed to change from 15 o 14°C in 6.35 8. The experi vont is repeated with a metalic sphere of the same ‘ameter, but of unknosrn composition with @ mass of 1.263 ke, If the same observed femperaure change 0° crs in #59 5, what isthe speific heat of the unknown material? 4.48 A spherical, stainless steel (AISL 302) canister is used fo etore reacting chemicals that provide fora uniform treat flux go its ier surface, The canister i suddenly fbmerged ina quid bath of temperaure T.<7h, ‘whore Tis the inital temperate ofthe canister wall. const: Reacting caries re0sm 00k {523% 58 ant r= 0 Winx E5i0 nek rh ey 080 (@) Assoming negligible temperate gradients ip the Canister wall anda constant beat Hux gi, develop a tration that govems the variation ofthe wall tem perature with time daring the transient process. ‘Wat i the initial ete of change ofthe wall rem pesature if ¢f = 10° Win? b) What isthe steady-state temperature ofthe wall? Irie convection coefficient depends on the’ velocity ‘ssociated with fuld flow over the canister and Grnether of noc the wall eperatre is large enough to induce boiling in the liquid. Compute and plot the stoady-sate temperature as a function of & for50 Chapter 1 Introduetion wets 7, tear, (@) Ite temperatre ce ofthe ai (7, ~ 1, oot toexced 15°C, hat tho minim: alloweblevola- metic ow rate V ofthe sir? The deity an pect eat ofthe er may be approximated ss p = 116L gi and cy 1007 Ske, respectively (b) The component that is most susceptible to thermal failuce dissipates 1 W/cm’ of surface area. To mini ize to potential fr thermal fie, where should the component be installed on « PCB? What is sorace temperate a this loeaton? 1.85 The rof of acarin parking ft absorbs a solar radiant flux of 800 Wim?, while the underside is perfectly insu- Int, The convection coefcien between the rof ad ‘the ambient air is 12 W/m? ~ K. (0) Negletng ration exchange with the suroundngs, Caleulte the temperate ofthe rot unde tea stat conn if th ambien temperate is 20°C (For the sane ambient sx tempat, calculate the temperature ofthe oo its suse emissivity 8 08. Te convection coefcieet depends on etiow con- Sion over the oo, neeasing with nereasing sr speeds Comput and pot the rof temperature a & fencton of for 2 = = 200 Win K 1.56 Consider the contons of Problem 122, bat the = roondings temperature is 25°C and raison exchange ‘wth the surroundings isnt negligible Ifthe conve tion coefficient is 6.4 W/m? - K and the emissivity of the lt is = 0.2, determine the tie rte of change of the pie temperate, i, when the plate temperance js 225. Evaluate the teat loss by convection and the eats by radiation. 187 Most ofthe energy we consume as food is converted to thermal energy in the process of performing all our 138. ‘bodily functions and is ukimately lost as beat from our ‘bodies. Consider a person who consumes 2100 keal per day (note that what are commonly referred to as food calories ae actualy kiloclores), of which 2000 Keal is converted to thermal eneegy. (The remaining 100 keal is used to do work on the environment.) The person has ‘surface ares of 1.8 mand is dressed ina bathing suit. (@) The person is in a toom at 20°C, with a convection Inoat transfer coefficient of 3 Winn?» K. AC this sir temperature, the person isnot perspiring much. Es timate the person's average skin temperature (b) Ifthe temperature of the environment were 33°C, ‘what rte of perspiration would be needed to main- ‘ain a comfortable akin temperature of 33°C? Single fuel cells such asthe one of Example 14 can be scaled up by aranging them into a jue! cell stack. A stack consists of multiple electrolytic membranes that ae sand- wicked between electcally conducting Bipolar plates. [Air and hydrogen ae fed to cach membrane through low ‘channels within each bipolar plate, shown in the sletch, With this sack arrangement, the individual fuel culls are connected in series, elecially, producing @ stack voltage of Ejay = NX E., where Bi the voltage produced across each membrane and N i the number of ‘membranes inthe sack. The electrical curents the same for each merbrane, The cell volage, Eas well s the cell efficiency, increases with temperature (the ar and hy- drogen fed tothe stack are humidified to allow operation at temperarres greater than in Example 14), bat dhe membranes will fal at temperatures exceeding 7 ~ 85°C. Consider L * w membranes, where Z= = 100 mam, of thickness f=: 0:43 mam that exch peoduce B= 0.6 volts at = 60 A, and E, = 45 W of thermal enecgy when op- crating a 7 = 80°C. The extemal srfaces of the stack are exposed to ar at T= 25°C and surroundings a Tra = BOC, wih © = 0.88 ane b= 150 Wh? K, Hyirogen tow ‘anne!asfer, por 590, 5,68, ysical vole vetiv- avy, York, shan, pot, heat Tx pent heat Pr athe 8 Problems 2.3 A spherical shell with inee radius r, and outer redius ry has surface temperatures T, and Ty respectively, where T, > Ty. Sketch the temperature distribution on Tr coordinates assuming steady-state, one-dimensional ‘conduction with constant properties. Briefly justify the shape of your curve. 2d Assume steady-state, one-dimensional heat conduction thraugh the symmetric shape shown, Assuring that there is no internal heat generation, derive tn expression forthe thermal conductivity (x) for these conditions: Aa) = (1 — 2), Tx) = 301 = 2 =»), and q = 6000 W, where A is in squaze meters, 7 in elving, and zin meters. 25 A solid, truncated cone serves a a support for a system that maintains the top (truncated) face of the cone at @ temperature 7, while the bese of the cone is ata tem- perature T; <7, } TES ‘The thermal conductivity ofthe solid depends on tem- perature according tothe relation k= k, ~ a7, where @ ‘sa positive constant, end the sides of the cone are Well insulated, Do the following quantities increase, de- ‘tease, of remain the same with increasing x: the heat transfer rate q, the heat fox g the thermal conductiv- ity k and the temperature gradient ads? 2.6 To determine the effect ofthe temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity onthe temperature distrib ‘ion in a soli, consider a material for which this depen- dence may be represented as kw k, tal where fi a positive constant anda isa coefficient thet ‘may be postive or negative. Sketch the steady-state ‘emperatuce distribution associated with heat transfer in 83 4 plane wal fo ire ctses comesponting © ¢ > 0 2=0,anda<0, 2.7 A young engineer is eskod to design a thermal protec- tion barter fora sensitive eloctronic device that might be exposed to iradiation from a high-powered infrared laser. Having leamed as a student that a low thermal conductivity material provides good insulating cherac- teristics, the engineer specifies use of a nanostructured aerogel, characterized by a thermal conductivity off = 0.005 Wim K, for the protective barrier. The engi- neet’s boss questions the wisdom of selecting the aer0- gel because it has alow thermal conductivity. Consider the suddon laser iadiation of (4) pure aluminum, (©) elas, and (c) serogel. The laser provides irradiation of G » 10 X 10° Win. The absorptvities of the mate- rials are a = 02, 09, and 0.8 forthe aluminum, glass, and aerogel, respectively, and the intial temperature of the bari is 7; = 300 K. Explain why the boss is con- cemed. Hint: All materials experience thermal expan- sion (or contraction), and Jocal stresses that develop, Within a material ate, to a first approximation, propor- tional othe local temperature gradient, 28 Consider steady-state conditions for one-dimensional ‘conduction ina plane wall having a thermal conduct ity k= 50 Whi ~ K and a thickness = 0.25 m, with no intemal heat generation, Determine the heat flux and the unknown quantity for each case and sketch the temperature distribution, indi- cating the direction of the heat Hux. Case TCO) CO) aide (Km) 1 50 20 2 30 -10 3 ” 160 4 40 80 5 30 200 2.9 Consider a plane wall 100 mm thick and of thermal ‘conductivity 100 Winn K. Steady-state conditions are known to exist with 7, = 400 K and 7, ~ 600 K. Deter ‘mine the heat flux g¥ nd the temperature gradient dT /é {forthe coordinate systems shown,84 Chapter 2 » Introduction to Conduction re o 2.40 A cylinder of radius r,,ength , and thermal conductiv- ity is immersed in 2 uid of convection coefficient hand tnkenown temperanxeT.- Ata certain instant the tempers: ture dstribation in the cylinder is T() = a + Br’, where ‘@ and b are constants. Obtain expressions forthe heat transfer rate at and the fi temperature, ‘2.11 In the two-dimensional body lustate, the gradient at surface Ais found to be dTiéy = 30 Kim. What are Tidy and IDAs at surfoce BY 8, Tq= 100 k= 10 Wink ie AT=0C 2.12 Sections of the trans-Alaska pipeline ran above the {ground and are supportd by vertical see shafts (k = 29, ‘WimK) that ae 11m long and have a cross-sectional area of (4005 m®. Under normal operating conditions, the temperature variation along the length of a shat is ‘known to be governed by an expression ofthe form T= 100 150e+ 102 where T and x have units of °C and meters, respec- tively, Temperature variations are small over the shaft ‘ross section. Evaluate the erperatare and conduetion heat rate atthe shaft-pipoline joint (r = 0) and at the shaft-ground interface (x = 1m). Explain the differ ‘ence in the heat ates. 243 Steady-state, one-dimensional conduction oceurs in a rod of constant thermal conductivity k and variable cross-sectional area A(x) = Aye, where A, and a are constants. Te lateral surface ofthe rod is well insulated (2) Waite an expression for the conduction beat rate, 94s). Use this expression to determine the temper ‘ture distibution 71x) end qualitatively sketch the istbution for (0) > TL). (b) Now consider conditions for which dhermal nergy ie generaved in the rod at a volumetric rate = Gpesp(—ay), where gis a constant, Obtain an expression for 242) when the left face (x = 0) is ‘well insulated. ‘Thermophysteal Properties 2.14 Consider «300 mm X 300 mm window in an aircraft For a temperate diference of 80°C from the inner to the outer eurace of the window, calculate the heat loss throagh L.= 10-mam-ick polycarbonate, soda lime lise, and aerogel windows, respectively. The thermal conductivities of the serogel and polycarbonate ate = 0014 Wim > K snd ky, = 0:21 Wim> K, respec tively. Evaluate the thermal conductivity of the soda Time glase at 300 K. ithe aircraft has 130 windows and the cost hes the eabin ai is $i/KW = compare the costs associated withthe heat los through th windows for an $-howr intercontinental fight 2.15 Gold is commonly use in semiconductor packaging to form interconnections (also known as interconneets) that cary electrical signals between different devices in the package In addition to being @ good electrical con- ‘ductor, gold interconnects ae also effective at protecting the heat-generating devices to which they are attached by conducting thermal energy avay from the devices to surrounding, coole regions. Consider thin fim of gold that has across section of 60 nm X 250 nn (@) For an applied temperature difference of 20°C, de- termine the energy conducted along a I-ymlong, ‘thin-film interconnect. Evaluate properties at 300 K. {(b) Plot the lengthwise (in the Im direction) and spanwise (in the thinnest direction) thermal con- A, te samples zeach the uniform temperature of T,(#) 33,50°C. The density of the sample materials, deter mined by measurement of volume and mass, is 3065 kg’ Sanpie 1, D9 ater leads Sample 2, Dp Deternine the specific heat and thermal conductivity of the test material. By looking at values of the thermo- physical propemies in Table A.1 or A.2, identify the test sample material ‘The Heat Equation 2.20 At given instant of time the temperate disebution within an infinite homogencous body is given by the funetion Tey.2 Assuming constant properties and no internal heat gen craton, determine the regions where the temperature changes with time 3+ yh de 221 A pan is used to boil weter by placing it on a stove, from which neat is transferred ata fixed rate g,, There fare two stages to the process. In Stage 1, the water is taken from its ital (foom) temperature 7; 10 the boll ing point, as heat is transfered from the pen by natural ‘convection. During this stage, a constant value of the ‘convection coefficient hk may be assumed, while the bulk temperature of the water increases with cime, To = Told. In Stage 2, the water bas come (0 a boll, and its temperature remains ata fixed value, T. = Ty a8 ‘eating continues. Consider a pan bottom of thickness. and diameter D, with a coordinate system correspond ing to x=0 and x= Z for the surfaces in contact with the stove and water, respectively. (a) Weltethe form ofthe heat equation and the boundary! initial conditions that determine the variation of temperature wish postion and time, T(x), in the pan bottom during Stage 1. Express your result in terme of he parameters gD, , hy and To, a8 well a8 appropriate properties of tbe pan materia 222 223 224 2.28 Chapter 2 # Introduction to Conduction (©) During Siage 2, the surface of the pan in contact with the water is ate fixed temperature, T(L,¢) = 7,>T» Weite the form of the heat equation and boundary conditions that determine the temperature K, (a) On a unit surface area bass, determine the rate of, beat transfer into and out ofthe wall and the rate of change of energy stored by the wall. (0) If the cold surface is exposed to a Muid at 100°C, what isthe convection coefiicient? ‘A plane wall of thickness 22 = 40 mm and thermal ‘conductivity k= 5 Wim K experiences uniform volu- metric heat generation ata rate g, while convection heat transfer occurs at both of its surfaces (x = =L, + 1), each of which is exposed to 2 fluid of temperature T. = UOC. Under steady-state concitions, the tempers ture distribution inthe wall is of the form T(x) = a + bx + 2, where a = 820°C, b = —210°Cim, © = 2 x 10Cim*, and z isin meters. The origin of the coordinate isa the midplane of the wall (a) Sketch the temperature distribution and identity significant physical features,