2 Exercises Vietnamese

Bi tp 1: Gii thiu v ILWIS v b
d liu Yn Bi
Thi gian d kin:
2.5 gi
D liu:
d liu t th mc con: YenBai_exercises/exercise01/data
Mc tiu:
Sau bi tp ny bn c th:
- hiu c cc chc nng v cc i tng c bn ca phn mm ILWIS
- hin th cc nh dng ng, dng vng v dng raster, v phn tch cc thuc tnh
ca chng
- hin th v phn tch biu ca m hnh s cao c phn gii cao
- thc hin cc php tnh bn n gin.
Gii thiu
Bi tp ny s gii thiu mt cch tng quan cc c im chnh ca ILWIS v cu trc
ca phn mm cng cc biu tng c s dng. Mc tiu ca bi hc ny cng l
tm hiu tp d liu u vo c cho nghin cu th nghim ny, v gii thiu mt s
c im v Yn Bi cng cc tai bin v cc ri ro c lin quan.
Mi mt bi tp s s dng b d liu ring. V vy bn nn sao chp d liu vo cng ca
bn v lu gi trong mi th mc con ring bit. Khng nn s dng d liu ca bi tp trc
bi v c mt s phn s c thay i cho ph hp hn vi bi tp tip theo.
ILWIS l ch vit tt ca Integrated Land and Water

Information System H Thng tin Tch hp Ti nguyn t
v Nc. y l mt H thng Thng tin a l (GIS) c kh
nng x l nh. IlWIS c php trin bi Hc vin Quc t
kho st khng gian v khoa hc Tri t ITC, Enschede, H
Lan.
ILWIS phin bn 3.4 l mt phn mm m ngun m v c
th c ti xung min ph t 52North:
http://52north.org
Cng l mt gi d liu GIS nn ILWIS cho php bn nhp d liu, qun l, phn tch
v hin th cc d liu a cht. Vi cc d liu ny, bn c th to ra cc thng tin c
cu trc khng gian v thi gian cng nh cc qu trnh din ra trn b mt tri t.
Bi tp ny s gii thiu cc chc nng c bn ca ILWIS theo phng php hc i i
vi hnh. ILWIS s dng d liu dng vector v raster, nhng hu ht vic phn tch
c thc hin dng raster. Di y l tng quan cc c im chnh ca phn mm
ILWIS.
Cc nt c trng ca ILWIS
Thit k tch hp raster v vector

Nhp v xut cc nh dng d liu c s dng rng ri
S ha trn mn hnh v trn bn s ha
B cng c x l nh ton din
nh trc giao, trc a nh, chuyn v v ghp nh
Phn tch m hnh v d liu khng gian tin tin
Hin th 3 chiu vi vic chnh sa tng tc phc v tm kim trc quan
H thng th vin php chiu v h ta phong ph
Php phn tch cc thng k a cht vi Kringing cho php ni suy c nng cao
To ra v hin th cc cp nh lp th
nh gi a tiu chun trong khng gian
Bi tp v Yn Bi 1 -1
Bi tp v Yn Bi: Tm hiu v phn mm ILWIS v b d liu v Yn Bi
Khi ng ILWIS
Bi tp ny gip bn lm quen vi giao din ILWIS c bn, cng cc i tng
(Objects) v cc vng d liu (Domains) ca ILWIS.
Cc bi tp c trnh by theo cu trc: phn vn bn vit trong cc ng khung mu
xanh trnh by vic thc hin cc hot ng trong GIS, phn vn bn vit ngoi cc
ng khung trnh by cc m t v hng dn.
Hy xem Demo1
c hng
dn
khi ng ILWIS, hy nhp p chui vo biu tng ca ILWIS
trn mn hnh. Sau khi m ra bn s thy ca s chnh ca

ILWIS (xem hnh bn di). T ca s ny, bn c th qun l d
liu ca mnh v thc hin cc lnh.
S dng bng iu hng ILWIS (Navigation pane) tm cc th
mc ph ca bi tp u tin. Danh sch cc a v th mc
trnh by di dng cy th mc.
Ca s ILWIS gm mt s chc nng:
Danh mc d liu: hin th cc biu tng v tn ca cc i tng trong th

mc c la chn.
Thanh cng c chun: cung cp cc ng dn tt n mt vi lnh hay dng

thng xuyn
Thanh cng c chun c nhng nt sau:

M th mc
Thuc tnh
M bn
Danh mc cc cng c
Thng tin pixel
Danh sch thu gn
Sao chp
Danh sch chi tit
Dn
Thay i th mc (cd..)
Xa
Bi tp v Yn Bi 1 -2
Bng iu hng - Navigation pane: cho php di chuyn nhanh, v c th

chuyn i hin th tt c cc lnh
Trnh thc n - Menu Bar: l ni bt u thc hin hu ht cc lnh trong

ILWIS. c bit kim tra cc la chn trong phn. Ca s chnh ca ILWIS c
6 menu chnh: File, Edit, Operations, View, Window and Help.
Dng vit lnh - Comand line: l tin ch chnh ca ILWIS. Ti y bn c th

vit cc cu
l nh tnh ton (c gi l MapCalc) cho php bn thc hin
nhiu php phn tch vi bn raster. Nu bn thc hin mt lnh, th lnh
ILWIS lin quan cng c hin th.
La chn i tng - Object selection: n cho php bn chn cc i tng

hin th trong danh mc hin th
Tr gip - HELP : cho php bn tm thng tin t bt c im no ca chng

trnh. Bao gm cc thc n tr gip khc bit nhau trn mi ca s. Cc la
chn l:
Help on this Window. Bn tm tr gip trn ca s hin thi. Ty thuc

vo ca s m bn chn chn s tr gip, bn c th c s tr gip trn
ca s chnh, ca s bn , ca s bng, ca s thng tin pixel pixel
information v.v.
Related Topics. Khi la chn thc n ny, mt hp hi thoi s hin ra

vi mt danh sch cc ch lin quan n ca s hin thi.
Contents. Hin th ni dung tr gip. Bng cch nhp chut vo ng

link trong bng ni dung, bn c th n bt c ch tr gip no bn
mun.
Index. Hin th trang mc lc ca ILWIS Help. Bn c th g mt t kha

hoc nhp chut vo bt c t kha no c trong danh sch m bn mun
tm s trk gip.
Search. Hin th ca s ILWIS Help vi thanh tm kim Search. G cc k

t ca t kha hoc cm t trn bn mun tm thng tin tr gip v
nhn Enter, hoc nhp vo phm List Topic c c mt danh sch cc
ch . Trong hp danh sch cc ch , hy la chn ch bn mun
hin th v nhp vo nt Display hoc nhn Enter .
Yen Bai exercise 1 -3
Cc i tng trong ILWIS

Trc khi chng ta hin th bn vec t v raster v kho st cc loi domain, vic
gii thch cc dng i tng khc nhau trong ILWIS l rt hu dng.
Cc i tng d liu - Data objects. Cc bn dng raster, bn dng

vng (polygon), dng ng (segment), dng im (point), cc bng v ct c
gi l cc i tng d liu. Chng cha d liu thc t.
Cc i tng ph tr - Service objects. Cc i tng ph tr c cc i

tng d liu s dng; chng bao gm cc ph tr m i tng d liu cn bn
cnh bn thn d liu. Domain, representations, h ta - coordinate system v
thng s trc a georeference c gi l nhng i tng ph tr.
Cc i tng cha - Container objects. Cc i tng cha l tp hp cc i

tng d liu v/hoc cc ch thch: tp bn , tp i tng, tp hin th, tp
nh dng n lot v cc vn bn ch thch.
i tng c bit - Special objects. Cc i tng c bit l cc honh , b

mu, bng hai chiu, ma trn, cc b lc, cc hm v tp lnh do ngi dng t.
Mt bn vector cn c h ta (coordinate system), mt vng d liu (domain) v

mt m hin th (representation). Cc i tng ph tr ny cng cn thit i vi cc
bn raster, cng vi dng i tng ph tr khc: thng s trc a. Trong chng
ny ta s tp trung vo cc i tng d liu v i tng ph tr.
Bi tp v Yn Bi 1 -4

Cc biu tng trong Danh mc d liu Data Catalog ca bi tp cp n cc
dng i tng khc nhau c th dng c trong ILWIS. Khi bn nhp p vo mt
i tng trong Danh mc Catalog, i tng s c hin th.
1. Cc i tng tham chiu khng gian:
Cc i tng ny xc nh h ta , cc tham s php chiu, v kch c v kch c
pixel ca cc bn raster trong b d liu. Thng thng, ton b d liu khng gian
c chung mt h ta , v ton b bn ny chia s cng mt thng s trc a.
Nhp chut phi trong Data Catalog ln GeoReference

sau la chn: Properties.
YenBai_01 v
Trong ca s Properties of Georeference bn thy gc ta ca ca s

Georeference v H ta cha xc nh - Coordinate System Unknown.
iu ny c na h thng ta ca Yen Bai trong bi tp ny l chwua
xc nh. Kch c pixel c cho bng 1m.
Xem Demo2
c hng dn
La chn thanh Tab Used By. Gi bn thy mt danh mc ton b cc bn

raster m s dng thng s trc a ny. iu ny c ngha rng chng
c cng h ta , bao trm trn cng mt khu vc a l v c cng mt
kch thc pixel.
Ch rng khng c biu tng Coordinate System hin th trong Danh

mc d liu - Data Catalog. iu ny bi v H ta cha xc nh Coordinate System Unknown c s dng, vi mt dng chun.
La chn nt Help ch thng tin c s chi tit v i tng

GeoReference.
2. i tng d liu khng gian:

Cc i tng ny c th l d liu dng vecto (im, cc mnh segment gi theo
ng, v cc vng polygon, c lm t cc im v ng thng) hoc d liu
raster (c th l nh, d liu ng b c chit xut t cc bn vecto c raster
ha, hoc cc gi tr ni suy nh M hnh s cao Digital Elevation Models DEM).
Hy xem hp mu vng trang tip theo c thm thng tin v s cc nhau gia
im, ng v khu vc hin th trong nh dng vecto v raster.
Nhp chut phi trong Data Catalog ln bn Segment

Roads v sau
la chn: Properties. Trong ca s Properties of Segment Map bn thy
Coordinate System Unknown v Domain Roads. Mt domain xc nh cc
ni dung ca d liu, ta s gii thch sau ny trong cc bi tp v i tng
c trng ny ca ILWIS.
La chn Thanh Tab Used By. Bn thy rng bn segment khng c

cc bn khc s dng .
Hin th bn Segment Roads bng cch nhp p chut trong Data

Catalog. Hy xem iu trong ca s Display Options of Segment map
Representation Roads c s dng, bng cch mu c gn cho cc lp
segment khc nhau. Thm thng tin v Representation di Domain (hy
xem bn di).
Lp li cc bc trn i vi Bn Segment Rivers
Xem Demo3
c hng dn
La chn Help c thng tin c s tt hn v cc i tng ca d liu

khng gian
Cc c trng khng gian c gii thiu trong ILWIS theo nhng

cch sau y:
im - Points. Nhiu k hiu c th c biu din nh mt im n l trn bn . Cc

im c th cp n cc trm o ma, kho st thc a, cc im ly mu v.v.
ng - Lines. Cc c im dng tuyn nh ng, tuyn thot nc hoc cc ng

ng mc.
Vng - Areas. c trng ny chim mt din tch nht nh, chng hn mt n v s dng
t (vd. Rng), hoc cc n v a cht v.v.
Cc c tnh khng gian c m t trn c th biu din theo dng s trong hai m hnh
d liu (xem Hnh): m hnh vector hoc m hnh raster.
Vector data model
C hai m hnh u gi cc chi tit v khu vc ca thuc tnh v cc gi tr ca cc thuc

tnh, tn lp v ch s nhn dng. S khc bit chnh gia hai m hnh d liu ny l cch
chng c lu v cch chng biu din cc khu vc.
y
code
code
x
Column
Key for the vector models:
Area
Row
Line
Row
Row
Point
Raster data model
code
Column
Column
intermediate point
node
Cc cch hin th theo dng vector v raster ca cc im,cc ng v cc vng. M ca cc cim

trn c th l tn lp, mt ch s nh danh hoc mt gi tr.
3. Domain:
y l hp phn trung tm ca ILWIS. Mt domain xc nh ni dung ca d liu. C
th c 5 dng Domain:
Domain nh danh - Identifier domain: ID domain theo trn mi mt n v

c mt m xc nh ring bit.
Domain nhm lp - Class domain: ton b cc gi tr vi cng mt lp c cng

mt tn, v d cc n v thch hc chng hn.
Domain gi tr - Value domain: mi mt n v bao gm mt gi tr, v d, mt

M hnh
s cao DEM, c mt di gi tr mc nh t -9999999.9 n
9999999.9,
Domain nh - Image domain: Di gi tr t 0 256 i vi nh v tinh 8 bit.
Bi tp v Yn Bi 1 -6
Domain mu - Color Domain: c dng vi cc hnh nh chng hn nh hoc nh

scan, v d nh cc bn bn .
Khi nim domains rt khc so vi cc phn mm GIS khc v c th gy mt cht lng tng cho ngi
s dng khi mi bt u. Tuy nhin, bn s thy rng y l mt hp phn v cng mnh trong ILWIS.
Domains c lin kt vi cc m hin th (representation) xc nh cch cc d liu
khng gian c hin th nh th no. Bn c th t mnh to mt representation (ch
thc hin c cho domain gi tr v domain nhm lp) hoc bn c th s dng cc
representation chun c.
Hy xem Demo4
c hng dn
T
a
b
l
e
s
a
n
d
h
i
s
t
o
g
Nhp p chut trong Data Catalog ln Domain Lp - Class Domain

Roads; ca s Domain Class Roads m ra. Bn thy rng c hai lp ca
ng. Nu cn thit bn c th thm hoc di chuyn i (ta cha lm iu
ny by gi!).
Nhp chut vo biu tng

Representation thuc v Domain Lp Class Domain. Bn thy rng c cc mu khc nhau c gn cho cc lp
ng khc nhau. Mu sc c th chnh sa mt cch d dng. V d ca cc
domain lp khc: Landcover, Commune and Build_use.
La chn Help c thm thng tin cn bn v Domain Lp - Class Domain.

Trong Data Catalog Hy m Domain Nhn dng - Identifier Domain
Buildings_ID. Bn thy rng mi mt trt l t ring bit c mt m
duy nht t 1 n 3766
La chn Help c thng tin cn bn chi tit v Domain Nhn dng - ID

Domain.
Ch rng Domain Gi tr - Value Domain khng c hin th trong Data

Catalog, bi y l domain tiu chun. N c di gi tr mc nh t
9999999.9 n - 9999999.9. Trong bi tp ny Domain gi tr c dng
cho bn dng ng Contour. Trong bn ny, cc ng ng mc c
cc gi tr t 20 n 90 m trn mc nc bin trung bnh.
S dng Help c thng tin chi tit hn v Domain Gi tr - Value

Domain.
4
4. Cc bng v cc honh :
D liu thuc tnh c lu dng bng, lin kt vi d liu khng gian thng qua cc
domain. Ch c domain ch danh v domain nhm lp c bng thuc tnh.
Cc thng tin ng
th k v d liu khng gian c lu trong
cc honh Histograms, bao gm thng tin tn xut (din tch, s lng pixel, s im, cc tuyn
v.v). Cc bng c ct cng c mt domain nhm lp, ch danh hoc gi tr (c th c
mt vi ngoi l).
y cng c cc biu tng ring bit t chc d liu, cho vic phn tch GIS, x
l nh v hin th d liu, nhng ta s khng cp n nhng iu ny ngay by gi.
Xem Demo 5
c hng dn
Trong Data Catalog nhp p chut vo Bng

Buildings_ID. Gi bng
m ra, c lin kt vi bn nh ca. Bn c th thy c mt vi ct vi
cc dng d liu khc nhau.
Nhp p vo tn ct (pha trn cng ca ct);; ca s Column Properties

m ra vi Domain c s dng
La chn: Help > Help on this window c thm thng tin chi tit v Bng
S dng Help c thm thng tin v Biu tn s. Ta khng s dng cho
bi tp ny.
S ph thuc trong ILWIS Dependency in ILWIS

ILWIS l l mt phn mm nh hng GIS v x l nh, ngha l nhiu i tng
c cp trn u lin quan ti nhau. V th, bn cn mt s cc i tng khc
nhau nh ngha mt bn chuyn dng raster, chng hn nh:
o
o
o
o
o
o
H ta ,
Tham chiu trc a,
Cc on ca ng c s ha,
Cc im cha thng tin v n v,
Cc vng c to ra t cc on ng v cc im,
Bn raster c lm t vic raster ha bn vng
v mt bng,
Khi mt i tng cng c to ra t m t i tng khc, ILWIS cng lu gi qu

trnh to ra file . iu c gi l S ph thuc - Dependency.
Khi nim dependency l mt trong nhng nt c trng ca ILWIS. ILWIS lu gi
lch s ca mi mt file c to ra nh th no, v ngi dng c th d dng
cp nht mt bn hoc bng nu mt trong cc d liu ngun b thay i.
Trong Data Catalog, nhp chut phi trn bng

Buildings_ID. Chn
Properties, chn thanh Tab Used By. Bn c th thy bng c bn
vng Buildings_ID s dng.
Cc Dependencies khc c loi i trong tp d liu u tin. Nhng
bn c th t mnh to ra mt ci mi phn sau ca bi tp.
Mt vi im quan trng trong vic qun l file trong

ILWIS:
C mt vi iu bn cn bit v vic s dng cc tp d liu ca ILWIS trnh nhng
rc ri khi bn s dng chng trong kha hc. Do c s ph thuc v do cu trc nh
hng theo i tng ca d liu trong ILWIS, cc file ring bit u c lin kt vi
nhau, v mt vi file cn hin th bn , bng, hoc cc i tng khc. V th bn
phi bit c cc gi sau:
Khng c s dng Windows Explorer sao chp/ xa hoc t li tn cho
cc file ring l. Hy s dng cc ty chn ngay trong ILWIS (di thc n Edit)
sao chp hoc xa cc f ile. Bn c th sao chp cc file trong ILWIS bng cch chn
Edit v nhp vo Copy trong ca s chnh ca chng trnh.
Trong Data Catalog, nhp vo Landcover. Chn Copy. Sau n mt th

mc khc vi ILWIS Navigator v chn Paste. Bn thy rng khng ch cc
file polygon c sao chp m cc i tng cn cho file ny cng c di
chuyn theo (nh domain, representation, h ta - coordinate system,
bng v.v.)
Bn c th kim tra cc mi lin kt gia cc i tng khc nhau bng cch la

chn thuc tnh ca file. Bn thc hin iu ny ngay bng cch nhp chut phi,
la chn properties t menu.
ILWIS c mt HELP rt rng ln. Hy tham kho bt c khi no bn c mt cu hi

c th v chc nng ca phn mm.
Bi tp v Yn Bi 1 -8
Khm ph d liu u vo
Trong Data catalog bn c th thy cc biu tng ca cc d liu u vo cho phn
gii thiu v vng nghin cu th nghim ny. Cc d liu u vo sau y s gii
thiu mt cch tng quan v d liu chuyn v chng c to ra nh th no.
Tn
Dng
ngha
nh dng
raster
D liu ny a ra mt nh mu c phn gii co

c dn xut t nh Quick-Bird. N c trc giao
ha, v cc di ton sc khp vi cc di mu, v c
lm li mu n kch thc 1 pixel.
Contour
Bn dng
ng
File ny bao gm cc ng ng mc vi khong ng

mc l 2.5m. File ny c s ha t bn a hnh
1:2000.
DEM_01m
Bn raster
M hnh s a hnh - Digital Terrain Model a ra

cao ca a hnh c thc hin bng cch ni suy
ng ng mc thnh mt raster
D liu nh
QB_cc
D liu cao
Cc yu t chu ri ro
Commune
Bn dng
vng v bng
Mt bn polygon biu din cc n v hnh chnh

trong thnh ph. Cng vi bng thng tin, file ny a
ra s lng nh ca.
Buildings_ID
Bn dng
vng v bng
Bn ny biu din cc ta nh c s dng i vi

cc yu t chu ri ro, nhng gi l dng polygon. Mi
mt n v bn c duy nht mt nhn dng, v th
m trong bng thng tin kt hp c th c lu i
vi mi mt n v. Cc n v l nh c lp.
Trong bng thng tin kt hp, file a ra din tch ca
nh ca.
Roads
Bn dng
ng
Mt bn segment map ca ng, ph, ng dn,

c s ha t cc bn a hnh.
100_maxh_cla
Bn dng
vng
Bn l lt m rng i vi chu k lp li l 100 nm,

thu c thng qua vic s ha vi phn mm thy vn
Sobek.
Rivers
Bn dng
ng
Mt bn segment ca mng li tiu thot nc,

c s ha t cc bn a hnh.
D liu tai bin
Hin th d liu nh v tinh

Chng ta s xem nh phn gii cao.
Ca s ty chn
hin th - Display
options window:
Cho php bn xc
nh cch hin th
cc d liu khng
gian theo cc ty
chn c trong
ILWIS.
M Danh mc d liu (Data Catalog): bn raster QB_cc (Quick Bird

T hp mu). m bn bn ch cn nhy p vo biu tng. Chn
hin th mc nh trong ca s Display Options Raster map. Nhp: OK.
Bn t thng s a l ca h ta UTM. Bn c th thy ng

thi c nh v h ta UTM trong gc phi pha di ca ca s:
S dng cc la chn khc nhau phng to v di chuyn

, c
th nhn thy cc i tng nh. Bn ang xem mt phn nh ca c
thnh ph. Phng to bn QB_cc cho n khi nhn thy tng ngi nh,
hoc l xe c.
Hin th ton b bn vi nt
o khong cch v gc s dng
Chng ta c th iu chnh danh mc theo cch sau y:
Nhp nt vo Danh mc cc cng c (Customize Catalog)

trong
thanh cng c chun ti ca s chnh. Trang Customize Catalog s
c m ra.
Trnh La chn i tng - object Selection cha mt danh sch trong cc

kiu i tng c th hin danh mc s c t m. Bn c th thy tt c
cc i tng ILWIS c la chn. Nu ch hin th bn v cc i tng
,
,
,
and :
bng, chn cc i tng c biu tng
Chn trong th la chn i tng-object Selection kiu i tng

u tin (v.d.
bn Raster), n chut tri v gi, di chuyn
chut n i tng cui m bn mun chn.
Th chut v nhp: OK.
Bn s thy Danh mc-Catalog thay

i v gii ch c cc i tng bn v
bng c hin th trong Danh mc hin
ti. Ca s chnh ca ILWIS xut ra nhiu
Danh mc. V th bn c th gi trt t
d liu ca bn trong cc th mc khc
nhau.
Bi tp v Yn Bi 1 -10
Bi tp: To cc c tnh hu ch ca nh phn gii cao thnh lp

bn yu t chu ri ro. Bn c th lp bn tng ngi nh, v s
ha chng thnh dng ng bao (building footprints)? Tho lun vi
ngi bn cnh vn ny.
Hin th d liu tai bin

Thnh ph b nh hng ca mt cn bo mnh vi lng ma cc ln (tng
ng vi chu k 100 nm). N to ra mt vng ngp ln.
Lm m
(Transparency) : bn
c th hin th mt
bn trn mt bn
khc v xem c
c 2. Trn mt s
my tnh, tnh nng
ny s khng c, nu
bn khng chnh kiu
hin th mn hnh
thnh 32-bits.
Hin th thuc tnh:
cho php bn hin th
thng tin thuc tnh
c lu trong bng
thuc tnh c lin
kt.
T
h
e
l
a
n
d
s
l
i
d
e
s
Chng bn polygon 100_maxh_cla ln trn nh QB_cc. Theo cch

sau:
Chn ca s hin th (Display window): Layers > Add Layer and choose
Landslide ID. Chn trong ca s La chn Hin th (Display Option):
Transparency: 50. mc nh tt c cc la chn khc.
Nhp p vo vng ngp v ngp su ln nht tng ng (maxh)

c hin th trn ca s.
Bn cng c th hin th thm bn buildings_ID vo ca s hin th.

Bn ny gm thng tin thuc tnh b sung v nh ca. N nh mt
thuc tnh khi c th hin trong ca s ring. lm c iu ny
nhp phi chut ln mt polygon nh , v chn Display Options, v sau
chn Buildings_ID.
Trong ca s Display Option, chn hp Thuc tnh (Attribute) v sau
chn Nr_Floors. Chn: OK.
i
n
Nhng vng ny c v li bng cch s dng gii onh nh a thi k. Trong
bi tp 2, chng ta s ni chi tit cch lm, v cch to nhng bc nh cn thit
gii on.
M bng Buildings_ID bng cch nhp vo biu tng bng trong

Danh mc d liu (D ata Catalog). Kim tra thng tin c sn trong
bng.
Nhp p vo ct trn u xem c tnh ca ct. Nh bn bit:

chng c cc Domain khc nhau.
ng bng v ca s bn (Map window).
Hin th d liu yu t chu ri ro

Yu t chu ri ro:
tt c cc i
tng v c tnh
m c th phi chu
nh hng/thit
hi/ph hy/b
thng hoc t
vong do hin tng
tai bin.
Trong bi tp ny,
chng ta t gii
hn l nh ca,
dn c v ng
x.
c th thc hin nh gi ri ro cho Yen Bai chng ta cn thng v cc yu t

chu ri ro. Vi Yen Bai chng ta c thng tin 2 mc:
Lp ph (Landcover): y l loi thng tin ch yu chng ta nh gi ri ro.
N gm cc nhm nh ca ng nht v t ng nht vi nhau. Chng ta cn
la chn thng tin v s lng nh ca, kiu nh, v s dn trong mi n v
nh .
Buildings_ID: Cn c gi l bn ng bao ta nh (building footprint), gm
ng bao quanh mi ngi nh trong khu vc nghin cu.
Roads: L mng li ng x.
M QB_cc mt ln na.
Chng bn segment Buildings_ID ln nh phn gii cao bng
cch chn: Layers > Add Layer. S dng trong La chn hin th
(Display options): Segment Map window Representation:
Buildings_ID.
Phng to thy c ranh gii ca ca tng ngi nh.
Chng bn polygon Landcover s dng

trong L
a chn hin th (Display Options) Boundaries Only. Chn mu ranh gii: Xanh l
ca ranh gii (Boundary Width): 2 lm ng
Cui cng hin th bn segment Roads v Contours. Khi hin th

chn Pseudo. Gin chung t 20 90 bng lnh Stretch. Kim tra li
ni dung bn .
ng ca s
ranh gii. Bn chn

Polygon Map p:
h
( Green) v rng
ranh gii dy hn.
D liu cao
M Hnh S Cao
(Digital Elevation
Model) : thut ng
chung ch cc bn
cao dng s.
DTM = Digital Terrain

Model, th hin cao
ca a hnh.
DSM = Digital Surface
Model, th hin cao
ca cc vt th nm trn
a hnh nh nh ca v
cy ci.
c th nh gi ri ro cho Yen Bai, chng ta cn thng tin v cao a hnh, v

cao ca cc vt th pha trn nh nh ca, cy ci. lm c nh vy ta c
cc b d liu sau:
Contours: cc ng bnh dng s t cc bn a hnh t l ln. Cc bn
s dng trong bi tp Yen Bai c khong cch gia 2 ng l 2,5 mt.
DTM_01m: M hnh S a hnh th hin cao ca a hnh c to bng cch
ni suy cc ng bnh thnh bn raster
Bi tp v Yn Bi 1 -12
Gin nh (Image
stretching): thut ng
chung ca cch th hin

gi tr ca bn trong
gii mu ti u nht.
Khi bn gin nh trong

ILWIS, bn xc nh gi tr
nh nht th hin gi tr
nh hn gi tr nh nht
ca di mu ang c (v.d
mu en) v gi tr ln
hn gi tr ln nht (v.d
mu trng)
M bn raster DTM_01m. Hin th bn theo kiu Gray. Chp

nhn gi tr gin mc nh (23.0) v (94.2).
Phng to v bn s nhn thy r tc dng ca ng bnh .
S dng cc gin khc (v.d. gia 30 v 50). Bn thy g?
nhn a hnh tt hn bn cng c th to nh hillshading, bng cch s dng

b lc. B lc bng p dng cch chiu sng nhn to (t Ty Nam) n DEM.
Kt qu, nhng phn cao ca DEM tr nn r rng hn bi v chng c bng .
Lc nh (Filtering):
Lc l mt k thut x l
nh, cho php ng dng
ln nhng bn c b
mt lin tc nh cc
DEM. Lc nh l mt ma
trn l di chuyn khp
bn v p dng mt
hm no ln pixel m
n tnh ton. (v.d b lc
avg3x3 tnh ton 9 pixel
trong mt ln cho n khi
ton bn c tnh).
Kt qu ca hm c
t vo pixel ca bn
u ra m nm ti trung
tm ma trn. V th gi tr
u ra ca pixel da vo
gi tr ca chnh n v
ca cc pixel ln cn.
M nh raster DTM_01m. Chp nhn gi tr gin mc nh. Kim

tra mt s gi tr cao (so vi mt nc bin).
Thm bn s egment contour, v chn trong Display Options

Segment Map window lnh Info. S dng hin th mu n: gray.
Gin nh: 20 90. Nhp OK. Kim tra gi tr ca ng bnh
theo gi tr cao mt bng cch nhp chut vo chng.
Trong Danh mc d liu (Data Catalog), nhp phi chut ln biu

tng bn raster ca DTM_01m v ch
n : Statistics >
Histogram. Cc file biu (histogram) m ra t bn c th xem
s sp xp ca cc gi tr cao. Xem hnh di.
Nhng cao no ph bin nht? cao trung bnh l bao nhiu?

ng biu .
To nh hillshading t bn Lidar. S dng Operations > Image

processing > Filter. Chn bn raster DTM_01m v b lc tuyn tnh
Shadow. Tn bo u ra t l : Shadow. chnh xc (precision)
l 1.
Hin th bn Shadow, s dng kiu hin th gray, v gin t 5 n

+5. Khi bn phng to bn s thy tng ngi nh.
Thm nh phn gii cao: QB_cc, transparency 50%.
Bn c th nhn ra cc c im ging nhau khi nhn i tng chi tit.
Bn c th tm hiu cc lp d liu khc ca b d liu.

La chn thng tin pixel cho php bn thy nhiu thng tin trong mt v tr
Xem Demo 6
c hng dn
Pixel Information :
chnh
Ca s thng tin pixel l

cng c rt d s dng
n cho php bn c
nhiu kiu thng tin cng
mt lc, c d liu khng
gian cng nh d liu
thuc tnh c lin kt.
Ca s thng tin pixel
uc m t biu tng
mn hnh chnh. Chn
Options. Always on top.
Cc bn bn mun
truy vn c ko vo
trong ca s ny.
M nh QB_cc
Nhp vo nt Thng tin Pixel ( Pixel Information) trn mn hnh
Thm bn : Landcover, Buildings_ID, v 100_maxh_cla, v

chn Options >Always on top. Gi xem nh v th tm nhng vng
bn cho rng c ri ro ngp lt cao nht.
Bi tp v Yn Bi 1 -14
Xem Demo 7
c hng dn
y l bi tp khng bt buc, n cho php bn kim tra k nng s dng ILWIS.

Nu bn l mt ngi mi s dng ILWIS, hoc nu khng thi gian, bn c th
b qua phn ny.
Phn tr li cho bi tp nng cao c th tm thy trong phn tr li trong DVD
v/hoc trn bng.
Tnh ton s lng nh b ph hy.
Qu trnh chng xp
(Cross operations):
chng 2 bn raster.
Cc pixel cng mt v
tr ca c 2 bn
c so snh. Kt hp
2 bn to ra mt
bn chng xp
(cross map) v bng
chng xp (cross
table). Bng chng xp
bao gm s kt hp
gi tr, nhm hoc ID
u vo.
Vo danh mc (catalog) v nhp phi chut vo bn polygon

Buildings_ID sau chn vector operations, attribute map. Chn
Build_use l thuc tnh v t tn tp tin u ra l Build_use.
M bn polygon Build_use v kim tra kt qu. ng bn .
Chuyn bn polygon sang bn raster. Trong ca s chnh ca

ILWIS vo operations, rasterize, polygon to raster. Chn bn
polygon Build_use. t tn bn raster tng t v s dng
Thng s trc a YenBai_01 (GeoReference). Nhp vo nt Show
bt u qu trnh raster ha. Lp li tng t vi bn
Landcover.
Vo operations, raster operations, cross v chn Build_use v

landcover. t tn bng xut ra l use_cover. ng b qua gi
tr khng r rng.
Hm tp hp
(Aggregate
functions): rt quan
trng v hu dng
trong ILWIS. Bn c
th ly gi tr tp
hp, v d, trung
bnh hoc tng ca
ton b ct, hoc
mt gi tr cho mi
nhm trong
classname. Bn c
th c thm v hm
tp hp trong hng
dn ca ILWIS.
M bng Use_Cover.
Kiu nh no chim u th trong dng lp ph Continuous

Urban Fabric? Bn thy hu ht cc c s cng nghip u?
Ct Npix v Area ngha l g? V ti sao chng ging nhau?
Bi tp 02.A To v gii on nh lp th
k thut s a thi k
Thi gian d kin:
D liu:
Nhim v:
2.5 gi
d liu t th mc:/exercise02
Bi tp ny gip bn bit cch to cc nh stereo t nh my by k thut
s v m hnh s cao. nh lp th c th c hin th bng cch s
dng phng php nh ni mu a sc
Tn
D liu nh
Kiu
ngha
QB_cc
nh Raster
WV_Original
nh Raster
nh ny ch ra nh mu c phn gii cao chit xut t nh

Quick Bird. nh ny c hiu chnh trc giao, v c lm li
vi phn gii 1 mt
nh Pan-Chromatic c phn gii cao (en trng) v c
hiu chnh gii on nh lp th. Khng cn nn trc giao
v hiu chnh cc thng s trc a
D liu cao
DTM_01m
Bn Raster
y l M hnh s b mt. Cc d liu im ban u c ni

suy thnh bn raster vi phn gii 1m
D liu khc
Buildings_ID
Bn polygon+bng
Buildings_ID
Builidings
100_Maxh_cia
Bn im
Bn mnh
Bn vng
Bn xy dng trong khu vc. C th c s dng nh

gi cht lng nh trc giao
Bao gm ID ca cc ta nh
Bao gm ranh gii cc ta nh
Bao gm su mc nc ln nht ca mt kch bn l lt
Cch nhn nh lp th trong ILWIS: Mt cp nh lp th gip bn xem cc

bn raster, nh chp c scan li hoc cc bc nh dng ni, bng cch s
dng mt dng c nhn nh lp th c gn ln mn hnh hoc knh mu xanh l hoc -xanh dng(knh lp th).
Mt cp nh lp th c th tnh ton:
Vi php tnh Epipolar stereo pair, php tnh ny i hi phi c 2 bn
raster u vo chng ln nhau, v d 2 nh my bay chng ln nhau;
trong cp nh lp th xut ra bn s thy khu vc chng ni ln
Vi php tnh Lp th pair t DTM u vo l mt bn raster, v d

nh nh c scan hoc mt nh s, v mt M hnh a hnh S
(DTM); trong cp nh lp th xut ra, bn s thy ton b khu vc bn
raster u vo chng trn DTM dng ni.
Mt cp nh lp th s t ng c tnh ton hin th khi m n ra. Cp nh
lp th cha:
Hai bn raster u ra
Mi bn raster s dng mt georeference mi c cha h ta gc.

Mt cp nh lp th c th c hin th:
Trong ca s mn hnh ni, khi s dng mt dng c nhn nh lp th
Nh mt anaglyph trong ca s bn , khi s dng knh mu -xanh

l hoc knh -xanh dng
Bi tp chng 2
t cc tham chiu trc a cho nh v to

nh trc giao
Georeference trc tip
tuyn tnh: nn to mt
georeference trc tip tuyn
tnh khi bn c nh dng
nh, nh nh c chp vi
my nh bnh th ng khng
c im chun, a hnh bo
ph trong nh c nhng khc
nhau r rng, nh
b n cn
chnh nghing v dch
chuyn a hnh, M hnh a
hnh S (DTM) ca khu vc
c sn. Bng cch to mt
georef trc tip tuyn tnh v
hin bc nh, v d bn c
th trc tip s ha ln nh
khng hiu chnh trn mn
hnh ca bn.
Georef trc tip tuyn tnh
c tnh bng cng thc
chuyn i Trc tip Tuyn
tnh (DLT):
Row= (aX + bY + cZ + d) /
(eX + fY + gZ + 1)
Col = (hX + iY + jZ + k) /
(eX + fY + gZ + 1)
Georef trc tip tuyn tnh
i hi t nht phi c 6
tiepoint (hay im kim
sot). Mi im tiepoint, s
hng ct trong nh v ta
XY th gii thc s c
lu. Gi tr cao (Z) c th
c h tr bi ngi dng,
ni cch khc nhng gi tr
ny c thu thp thng qua
ta XY t DTM. cao
bay, ta tm knh nh
(X0, Y0, Z0), gc trc knh
nh (a, b, g) vi trc X,Y,Z
c tnh ton t im
tiepoint.
Georeference nh ngha l mi quan h gia hng v ct ca bn

raster v h ta XY. Theo , v tr ca cc pixel trong bn
raster c xc nh bi mt georeference. Cc bn raster cng
mt khu vc nn s dng cng mt georeference. Mt georeference
dng mt h thng h ta m c cha thng tin v li chiu. Cc
bn polygon, vecto v im ch s dng mt h ta .
Georeference l mt i tng trung gian cho mt s bn raster.
C 5 loi georeference chnh:
Cc gc Georeference: Georeference nh hng Bc thng

c s dng khi raster ha d liu vector hoc khi bn mun
lm li mu cc bn ;
Cc im ni Georeference: mt georeference khng nh

hng Bc thm h ta cho nh v tinh hoc cho nh
qut, hay bn qut m khng s dng DTM;
Georeference trc tip tuyn tnh: thm h ta cho

nh qut khi s dng DTM
Georeference orthophoto: thm h ta cho nh my

bay qut khi s dng DTM v thng s my nh;
Georeference 3D: to ci nhn 3 chiu cho cc bn .

Bnh th ng, dng nh trc giao l cc tt nht to nh lp th.
Mt nh trc giao c hiu chnh (bn raster nh hng Bc c
cc pixel vung) nh trc a my bay qut c hi u chnh
nghing v dch chuyn a hnh. Mt nh trc giao thu c bng
cch ly mu li mt bc nh c georef nh trc giao cho cc gc
georef. cho th to nh trc giao, thng tin v my nh s dng
chp rt cn thit. Khng may, nhng thng tin y li khng c trong
trng hp ny. V th chng ta phi s dng cch khc: Georeference
(trc tip tuyn tnh) direct Linear.
Hy xem Demo 8
cho phn gii thiu
M nh WV_original. Cc la chn hin th: Fine Grey v

Stretch 250-500
Chn File/Create/Georeference. Chn Georeference
Tiepoints. Georeference name:WV. H ta : Unknown.
Ca s Georeference m ra. M bn QB_cc, v sp xp
2 ca s theo 1 kiu nh hnh trang tip theo.
Tm mt im ging nhau 2 nh. Phng ln nu cn thit.
Chn mt im hnh bn phi, sau chn 1 im tng
t nh bn tri. Sau , nhp vo nt Z trong ca s Add
Tie point. Nhp OK.
Lp li t nht 10 im nh vy. Kim tra lch c chp
nhn c khng (nh hn 1 s xc nh).
Phn b im tiepoint: iu quan trng phn b u nhau cc

im tiepoint trn nh, ng vng no trng, v chn cc im
khu vc gn gc nh. Bn c th xem hnh pha d i nh mt gi
v cch phn b im Tiepoint. Bi tp ny chng ta s dng 10
im nhng chnh xc c th dng 20 im.
2
Bi tp chng 2
Resample (lm li mu):

Lnh lm li mu thc hin
lm li cc bn raster t
bn vi h thng s trc
a hin thi sang h thng
s trc a khc. Ta
ca mi mt pixel u ra
c s dng tnh ton
mt gi tr mi t cc gi
tr pixel ln cn trong bn
u vo. C 3 phng
php lm li mu l:
nearest neighbour, billinear
interpolation, v bicubic
interpolation
Sau khi to georeference trc tip tuyn tnh gn chnh xc, sau
bn c th tip tc bng cch ly mu nh cho georeference chung
c s dng cho tt c cc d liu. Georeference ny c gi l
YenBai_01.
Chn Operations/Image Processing/Resample. Chn Raster

Map: WV_original. Chn Output raster map: WV_01.
Georeference name: YenBao_01. Interpolation method:
nearest neighbour
My tnh s tnh ton v hin th kt qu cui cng v chng
bn nh ca Buildings_ID (ch hin th ranh gii
(boundaries), mu: xanh) ln trn kim tra kt qu
Bi tp chng 2
To cp nh lp th t DEM
Cp nh lp th t DTM:
Gc nhn: Bn raster
u vo c chiu 2 ln,
bn u vo s c ly
mu li thnh bn
raster u ra bn tri v
bn phi. S khc nhau
gia bn raster u ra
bn tri v bn phi c
quyt nh bi mt gc
nhn xc nh. Nh vy gc
nhn ny xc nh gc m
nh bn u ra bn
tri v bn phi c chiu
ln a hnh.
Cch nhn: Bn c th chn
tch gc nhn ny bng
nhau vi c 2 bn u
ra (cc nhn c 2), v d khi
gc nhn c xc nh l
300, th bn u ra bn
tri c chiu nghing 150
tri trn a hnh v bn
bn phi nghing 150.
Bn cn a mt cao
tham kho l cao (ca
DTM) m xut hin ti b
mt mn hnh khi xem cp
nh lp th.
Khi xem cp nh lp th,
gi cao ln ca DTM s
xut hin ngoi mn
hnh, trong khi gi tr
cao nh hn ca DTM s
xut hin trong mn hnh.
Php tnh to cp nh lp th t DEM t mt bn raster v mt M

hnh S Cao, c th ly t a hnh (DTM) hoc t b mt bao gm
c i tng (DSM). Trong trng hp ny, chng ta s dng
DTM_01m
Bn raster m bn thy ht ton b a hnh, v d nh my

bay qut, nh v tinh, hoc bn raster bnh thng;
M hnh a hnh S (DTM), vd bn raster c gi tr cao.

DTM cn c bit nh l M hnh S cao (DEM).
Chn Operations/Image Processing/Stereopair from DTM.

Chn Raster Map:WV_01. Select DTM: DTM_01m. Output
stereopaire:WV_stereo. Chp nhn cc gi tr mc nh.
Nhp Show.
My tnh s tnh ton v hin th kt qu cui cng vi 2
ca s. ng li sau chn cp nh lp th WV_stereo
trong danh mc lit k, nhn chut phi, visualization, as
anaglyph. S dng ty chn: Red-Blue.
Hin th kt qu cui cng nh Anaglyph v chng
buildings_ID bng cch chn Layers/Add Layer v kim
tra kt qu
Cp nh lp th: WV_stereo
Bi tp chng 2
To mt cp nh lp th ca nh Lidar.
C th to mt cp nh lp th ca nh Lidar bng cch s dng chnh
Lidar nh l DEM. V
nh chng ta c th s dng nh bng ca
lidar, tip theo chuyn i trong bc nh v sau to mt cp nh
lp th t n. Cch lm ny s to ra cc cp nh lp th nhng ni
bn c th nh gi d dng a mo khu vc.
Vo operations, image processing, filter v chn bn

raster DTM_01m, kiu lc linear v b lc Shadow. t
tn bn u ra l Hillshade
Khi bn hin th Hillshade_lidar, s dng gray
reppresentation
Chn cch gin m bn ngh s hin th i tng tt
hn. (chng ti s dng gin gia -5 n 5)
D th no, cch gin cng ch hin th lc . Khi bn ng bn

li v ln sau m ra bn s mt cch gin p dng trc y. c
mt nh c gin c nh, chng ta cn p dng kiu dn c nh.
Vo opperations, image processing, stretch. Chn bn

raster Hillshade, cch gin linear (Min-Max), v chn
gin t -5 n 5, domain l image, v t tn u ra
stretch_hillshde.
Hin th kt qu
Gi chng ta c th to mt cp nh lp th. Vo
Operations, Image processing, Stereo Pair from DTM. Chn
bn raster stretch_hillshade, DTM_01m l DTM v
t tn file u ra DTM_stereo.
Hin th kt qu v xem th
So snh cc b d liu t cc thi gian khc nhau

Vi ILWIS cng c th so snh cc nh trc giao khc nhau bng cch hin
th chng trong cng ca s bn , v nhp vo nt hin th bt v tt. Ta s
thc hin iu ny vi hai nh: QB_cc v WV_01
Hin th nh QB_cc.
Chn Layers/Add layers v chn nh WV_01. Stretch t 250
50
La chn li phn bn tri ca ca s hin th hai nh
cui cng. GI bn c th thy QB_cc. Bng cch nhp vo
hp ca WV_01 bt v tt bn c th so snh khu vc nh
nhau trn cng mt nh.
Bn cng c th thm cc bn mnh Buildings_ID
Bi tp chng 2
S thay i gia ba bnh :
S khc nhau khu vc th
S khc nhau v hnh thi
Thnh lp bn t cp nh lp th
Gii on cp nh s
lp th:
V cp nh lp th c
georeference, nn c th
everlay thng tin vector,
v s dng thng tin 3-D
trong gii on. Bn c
th trc tip s ha trn
nh 3-D. N c th gy ra
mt s kh khn trong
trng hp nhng ni c
s phn ct mnh. Cc file
vector c chiu trn a
hnh khng c cao v
hin th cng mt
cao. Trong trng hp ny
nn s ha cc file vector
trn nh trc giao v so
snh vi nh lp th
Cc cp nh lp th c to t bi tp trc gi c th s dng
gii on s pht trin th v trt l.
M cp nh lp th WV_stereo vi mu Red-Blue. Dng

knh lp th quan st.
Chng bn segment: 100_maxh_cla. Khi bn nhp vo
bn , su l lt s hin ln
Bi tp chng 2
Cho ngi c kinh nghim s dng ILWIS
Nu bn cha bao
gi s ha ILWIS
th tt hn khng
nn thay i g.
S c bi tp
khc v s ha
(bi tp 4A v
cch to mt c
s d liu cc yu
t chu ri ro) s
gii thch cch s
ha chi tit
Cho nhng ngi s dng ILWIS:

Chnh sa bn trt l v cp nht bn :
Bn c th tn dng bn lit k trt l bng cch thay

i segment trong file buildings, v thay i c nhn cc
im trong bn im Buildings_ID.
chnh sa segments, u tin xem ILWIS help v nhng

vn gp phi chnh sa ng cc ng. S dng
Check segment kim tra kt qu trc khi tip tc
chnh sa d liu im, phi chc chn mi mt im

trt l ch c duy nht mt ID. Bn hy thm vo ID mi
cho cc im trt mi trong domain Landslide_ID, khi s
ha mt im mi. Phi chc chn gi tr ID trc l g
trc khi to ci mi. Cp nht c thng tin t bng thuc
tnh.
Mt khi bn ch nh sa file segment v point bn c th

to mt file polygon, sau khi raster ha n.
Chnh sa d liu
vector:
C
th
chnh sa bn
polygon, bn
segment v bn
im. Mt bn
polygon c to
bng ng ng
kn v mt im
trong . im ny
cho
phi
c
thuc
tnh
ca
polygon.
Hy
xem
thm
hng dn ILWIS
sng t hn
Chng bn mnh Buildings, v bn polygon

Buildings_ID v bn im Buildings_ID ln cp nh
lp th. chnh sa bn segment Buildings, vo Edit,
Edit Layer v chn Buildings.
Chn Insert Mode

bt u s ha mnh mi. Bn
cng c th chia mnh c thnh mt ci mi, v sau
gn mnh mi ti ci tn ti trc .
S dng Move Point
thay i v tr cc im
S dng Select Mode

(segment hoc im)
Nhp vo nt Exit Editor
chn
cc
tng
khi bn hon thnh
s ha segment, bn phi gn nhn cho chng bng cch ta im

gn nhn. Chm im gn nhn ny bt c u bn trong segment.
Quan trng l v polygon bng segment ny, th phi ng vng
segment.
chnh sa bn im, vo: Edit, Edit Layer v chn

bn Buildings_ID. S dng cc nt ging nh s
dng vi segment. Sau khi bn chn im mi vo, bn c
th nh id mi cho n. Mt ca s t ng m ra. Chn
trong ca s ny cc thuc tnh ca im trt l th
hin bng im va a vo.
Bi tp chng 2
Trc khi polygon ha mt bn segment vi mt im gn nhn,

iu cc k quan trng l kim tra tt c cc segment tm li. Bn
cn phi loi b cn thn v i khi tn thi gian cho tt c cc li ca
segment.
C 4 kiu li c th gp khi s ha mt bn segment:
Dead end in segment: Segment khng lin kt c gn
vi
segment khc.
Intersection without node: Segment nm ln segment khc m
khng c im node.
Segment c s ha 2 ln: Li ny xut hin cc file ln, hoc
trong file bn nhn c t ngi khc.
Self Overlap.
Trong bng lit k khi nhp chut phi trn Buildings, chn
cui edit. T menu ca dng c chnh sa, vo File, check
segment v chn ci u tin Self Overlap. Hiu chnh cc
li sai bng cch s dng cc nt chnh sa.
Kim tra c cc li khc trong File, kim tra segment.
Khi khng cn li no na, ta chuyn i bn thnh bn
polygon. Nhp chut phi vo bng k trn Buildings,
vectorize, segment to polygon s dng bn im cp nht
Buidings_ID gn nhn cc polygons. t tn u ra
Buildings_user. Xem nh bn tri.
Bi tp chng 2
Bi tp 02.B
Ti v d liu ca Shuttle
Radar Topography Mission
(SRTM) & nhp vo ILWIS.
D liu cao 3 cung giy SRTM ton cu c th ti v
min ph t trang web: http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/. D
l i u
c tin x l n phn
gii
90m/pixel
dng
GeoTIFF.
C
ngh
a l d l i u c
georeference ca h
thng o c ton th gii 1984 v Ellipsoid WGS1984.
D liu SRTM mu t i v l khu vc RiskCity Honduras (tn file:
RiskCity_SRTM). Nu tc ng truyn internet ca bn nhanh, bn hy
th download d liu SRTM cho chnh mnh.
u tin bn la chn SRTM cn ti v bn ton cu; sau bn ti v
d liu ny. D liu sau khi gii nn c th nhp trc tip vo chng trnh
ILWIS. Qu trnh x l sau s tin hnh trong module m hnh Hydro-DEM.
Trong module, chng ta s ph mu bng , mt cch hin th a hnh rt
tt.
Thng tin chi tit xem ti SRTM: http://srtm.usgs.gov/
A. H ta ca khu vc c ti v
u tin bn la chn h ta trong Lat. / Long. ca khu vc d ti v
t trang web CGIAR.
Yen Bai
X min X max V
Kinh
104 50 00E 104 57 00E
Y min Y max Kinh 210 41 00N
210 48 20N
UTM
UTM
(Vng 48)
(Vng 48)
500.000
2.200.000
2.790.000
Ch : Chuyn i Lat-Long sang UTM: ww.cellspark.com/UTM.html

Hoc la chn X = 57, Y = 8
Bi tp chng 2
B. Ti d liu SRTM t trang web CGIAR-CSI
CH
Ch thc hin khi c ng truyn ln! Hoc
s dng file c dowload cho cc bn
D liu SRTM c ti v t trang web CGIAR-CSI theo cc mnh 5x5 .
Ch rng d liu GeoTIFF c mt dng m rng khc l tif (v vy, khng c
ch Geo) File ny nm trong h ta WGS 84 with Lat. / Long. Phi
chc chn rng trong file *.tif c u file v file *.tfw c gn vi n.
o
o
o
o
Xem trang web CGIAR-CSI:

http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/
La chn trong phn SRTM Content: SRTM Data Search and
Download
Chn my ch ti v, la chn phng thc chn d liu (Data
Selection Method) v nh dng file (File Format). Bn nn chn
theo nhng la chn di y: (sau hy th nhng la chn
khc)
Ch : Th my ch JRC (IT), a ra header files cho the
WGS84 Datum.
Server: JRC (IT)
Data Selection Method: Input Coordinates (Decimal Degrees
or Degrees, Minutes, Seconds)
G gi tr ln nht, nh nht cho Longitude v Latitude
Select File Format: GeoTIFF
Khi la chn xong: Click here to Begin Search
Trang tip theo c phn xem trc (Quick-looks) v thng tin v
nh ca vng chn. Kim tra vng bn mun ti v.
Chn: Save vo ca s File Download. To mt folder cho cc
mnh d liu SRTM
Gin nn cho mnh d
liu. Phi chc rng
khng ch c file *.tif
m cn c file *.hdr v
*.tfw. (xem v d)
Cc server TelaScience (USA)
and AGDevSolutions
thng khng hot ng tt v vy nn s dng sever
JRC IT u tin
M file *hdr bng Word. c cc chi tit ca d liu SRTM
C. Nhp v hin th d liu SRTM GeoTIFF trong ILWIS

D liu dng GeoTIFF d dng nhp vo chng trnh ILWIS. File kt qu s
vn c h ta Lat / Long v kch thc ca pixel o bng . Kch
thc d liu bng 3 cung giy, tng ng vi 90m h ta UTM.
10
Bi tp chng 2
M phn mm ILWIS
M ng dn n folder c d liu SRTM ti v v gii nn
Chn trong menu chnh ca ILWIS: File > Import > Via GDAL
Chn ca s nhp d liu SRTM *.TIF; g Tn file xut ra. Ri n:
OK
Hin th d liu SRTM nhy p
vo biu tng Raster Map.
La chn trong ca s Display
Raster map
o Representation:
Elevation 1
o Check Box: Info
o Stretch: Linear
o mc nh tt c cc
gi tr khc
o n: OK
Di chuyn con tr chut vo
bn SRTM DEM. Xut hin
gi tr cao.
Chn Properties bng cch nhp p. c trong ca s
Properties of Raster Map, kch thc pixel (pixel size) v cc gc
ta (Corner Coordinates). Hai gi tr ny vn dng pht
giy, cha phi l gi tr mt trong UTM WGS84. Domain dng
Value
D. To mt tp con theo UTM WGS 84 v kch thc pixel 90m

a d liu v h ta UTM n v l mt thay cho Lat/Long n v , th d
liu phi thay GeoReference mi.
Trc tin l to h ta trong ILWIS. Sau d liu chuyn i c pixel
thnh 90m
Chn trong menu chnh ILWIS: File>Create>Coordinate System

Chn trong ca s Create Coordinate System:
o Coordinate System Projection
o G tn ta
o n: OK
Chn trong ca s Coordinate System Projection:
o Th Projection:
chn: UTM, n: OK
o Th Ellipsoid:
chn: WGS 84, n: OK
o Th Datum:
chn: WGS 1984, n: OK
Bn c tm danh sch cc vng UTM bng cch tra cu ILWIS
Help. Tra t: Projections: UTM zones
xong th n: OK
To mt GeoReference cho khu vc nghin cu, s dng h ta UTM
11
Bi tp chng 2
Chn trong menu chnh ca ILWIS: File > Create >

Georeference
Chn v g trong ca s Create GeoReference:
o GeoRef Corners
G tn GeoReference
o Chn Coordinate System (l ci bn to)

o G Pixel size: 90(m)
G ta X,Y nh nht v ln nht ca khu vc nghin cu trong
h UTM
Kt qu, d liu s thay GeoReference, c kch thc pixel l 90 mt.
Chn trong menu chnh ca ILWIS: Operations >

Image processing > Resample
Chn v g trong ca s Resample Map
o Raster Map: chn file SRTM ti v dng Lat / Long
o Resampling Method: Bicubic
o G tn Output Raster Map
o GeoReference: chn ci bn to phn trc
o n: OK
Hin th file SRTM va mi to. Kim tra Properties
E. To t hp mu c bng (colour composite hill shade)

Tp lnh colour hill shade cho d liu cao c Koert. Sijmons, ITC pht trin
Chn trong menu chnh ca

ILWIS:
Operations
>
DEM Hydro-Processing
> DEM Visualization
Chn trong ca s DEM
Visualization d liu SRTM;
g tn file xut ra. n: OK
Mt on lnh thng c
s dng t hp mu c bng
.
Tm hiu bn t hp mu
bng . Phng to, thu nh
theo bn
Gii thch ngn v cch tnh

ton bng tp lnh:
u tin, 3 bn bng c
to bng b lc bng : Bng
W(Ty), Bng(Ty Bc), Bng
N(Bc).
Ba bn ny c gin bng
phng php gin nh tuyn tnh
T hp mu 24-bit c to ra t
nhng bn gin bng ny
Cui cng, cc bn raster

tm thi s b loi b v bn
t hp mu c hin th
12
Bi tp chng 2
Bi tp 02.C Ti v D liu Landsat ETM v nhp vo

trong ILWIS
Cc d liu khng gian c ti v min ph ti trang web ca Global Land
Cover Facility: http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml
C d liu v tinh LANDSAT v
t hp nh MODIS. D liu
SRTM c x l cp 3, ngha
l cc khong trng (nhng
pixel b thiu d liu) khng
c lc ra hon ton. ly
d liu SRTM tt hn bn nn
ti ti trang web ca CGIAR-CSI
v lm theo cc gii thiu trong
bi tp Lm th no ti d
liu SRTM. nh Aster ch c cung cp nhng khu vc la chn. Mt s
d liu Landsat dng GeoTiff vi li chiu UTM WGS84.
Trong bi tp ny l v d ti d liu Landsat ETM khu vc TP Yn Bi
tnh Yn Bi. Trong trng hp, ng truyn internet ca bn khng
nhanh, bn cng c th s dng file d liu c ti v sn
Bn la chn mt cnh Landsat ti v s dng h ta Lat/Long khu
vc nghin cu RiskCity. Sau , bn ti d liu dng GeoTiff. Ch :
d liu c th c duyt thng qua la chn Map Search.
D liu c gii nn c th c nhp trc tip vo phn mm ILWIS. Qu
trnh x l sau c tin hnh trong module Image Processing ca ILWIS.
Thng tin chi tit v Landsat: http://landsat.usgs.gov/
A. H ta ca khu vc c ti v
u tin la chn h ta Lat.Long ca khu vc ti v trang web ca GLCF.
Yn Bi
X min X max V
Y min Y max Kinh
V
1040 50 00 E
210 41 00 N
Kinh
1040 57 00 E
210 48 20 N
Ch : Chuyn i Lat-Long sng UTM: http://www.cellspark.com/UTM.html
13
Bi tp chng 2
B.
Ti d liu Landsat ETM+ t trang web GLCF

La chn d liu ti v c kch thc 185x185 km t trang web GLCF. Cc
d liu ny trong h ta UTM-WGS 84.
Vo trang web GLCF: http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml
Chn Download Data
Chn Map Search
Chn: Landsat Imagery: ETM+
Chn: Th Lat Long
in kinh , v ln nht v nh nht ca khu vc cn ti v. S

dng n v , pht, giy. V d:
Nhp vo bc nh chn n
Chn: Update map

nh chuyn sang mu .
Chn: Preview and Download
Chn cnh bng cch n vo ID

nh xem trc.
ng vin bao ngoi bc
v xem nh bao ngoi v
Chn nh ca vng RiskCity vi Path/Row: 127/045 v ngy

chp: 2007-11-08. nh dng nh GeoTIFF.
Chn: Download
Mt danh sch c hin th vi tng di nh cho php ti v, xem
trc v file metadata (*.met).
Ti file metadata trc tin. Ti v bng cch: nhp chut phi >
Chn Save target as
Nhim v: M file metadata bng phn mm MS Word v nghin
cu ni dung, nh tn di nh, ngy chp, kch thc pixel, v.v
Ti cc di nh khc vo folder d liu bng Nhp chut phi > Chn
Save target as
Ch dn: u tin ti cc di 2, 3 v 5. Cc di nh ny c th to ra
nh t hp mu chnh xc
Gii nn tt c cc d liu ti v
14
Bi tp chng 2
C.
Nhp v hin th d liu Landsat trong ILWIS

Tng di nh ti v dng GeoTIFF c th nhp vo phn mm ILWIS. Sau
, cc di nh ny c kt hp hin th mt t hp mu.
D.
M phn mm ILWIS.
M ng dn n folder c d liu Landsat ETM t i v v gii
nn.
Chn menu chnh ca ILWIS: File > Import > Via GDAL
Chn ca s Import mt trong cc file *.TIF; g tn file xut ra. Thm
s ca di nh vo trong tn file xut ra. V d nh ETM di 3:
ETM_b3. n: OK
Lm tng t vi cc di nh Landsat ETM gii nn khc
Hin th ca s Properties of Raster ca mt trong cc nh nhp
(nhp chut phi vo biu tng nh raster ). Bn s thy kch
thc pixel (pixel size) l 28,5m v Domain: VALUE. x l cc
di nh Landsat ETM trong ILWIS, Chng phi c Domain l:
Image
Trong ca s Properties of Raster ca di nh u tin, chn danh
sch Domain c ko xung: IMAGE. Sau chn: Apply > OK.
Lp li vi tt c cc di nh khc
hin th mt t hp mu: trong menu chnh ca ILWIS:
Operations > Image Processing > Color Composite
Chn trong ca s Color Composite theo cc di nh sau y:
o Di : ETM_b5
o Di xanh l: ETM_b3
o Di xanh dng: ETM_b2
o G tn bn raster xut ra: ETM_b532
o tt c cc gi tr khc mc nh nh Linear
Stretching, Percentage v RGB
o n: Show
Phng to khu vc Yn Bi v xem qua bc nh.
To mt vng con ca khu vc Yn Bi
to mt vng con cho mi di nh Landsat ETM, bn lm nh sau:
Nhp chut phi vo di nh ETM u tin bn mun to vng ph

v chn: Raster Operations > Sub map
Chn trong bn ph (Sub Map) ca ca s Raster Map:
o Coordinates
o in vo: First Coordinate v Opposite Coordinate
Ch : y l h ta UTM ca gc trn bn tri v gc
di bn phi ca vng RiskCity
o G tn bn xut ra
o n: Show
Lp li cho cc di nh khc;
To t hp mu v xem nh.
15
Bi tp 3.3 Phn tch tn xut

Thi gian d kin: 2 gi
i tng:
Sau phn ny bn c th:
- Tnh ton chu k lp li v xc sut vt ngng ca mt bin c
- Tnh ton s phn phi gi tr cc tr bng phng php Gumbel
- Xc nh mi quan h cng - thi gian tn xut
- V v gii thch mt biu Gutenberg Richter
L lt
Chu k lp li/xc sut vt ngng
Phn trm xc sut ca N nm l lt xy ra trong mt giai on nht nh

S nm trong chu k
1
2
5
10
20
50
100
200
500
1000
5
20
36
67
89
99
-
10
10
19
41
65
88
99
-
N = Chu k lp li trong cc nm
20
50
100
200
5
2
1
10
4
2
1
23
10
5
2
40
18
10
5
64
33
26
10
92
64
39
22
99
87
63
39
98
87
63
99
92
99
500
1
2
4
9
18
33
63
86
Bi tp
1. Bn c th pht biu g v xc sut xut hin ca Q50 trong sut 100
nm ti v 5 nm ti?
2. Xc sut xut hin ca Q500 trong sut 2 nm ti?
S phn phi gi tr cc tr bng phng php Gumbel

Trong bi tp ny phn phi Gumbel c thit lp. Vi s gip ca kt lun
logic, cc chu k lp li khc nhau ca lng ma/lu lng c th c xc
nh. u tin, mt v d c a ra trnh by th tc.
V d
i vi v d ny, trn l lt hng nm ln nht ca sng Cleanwater ti Idaho,
M c la chn (1911-1948) N = 38 nm
1. Sp xp cc gi tr l lt ln nht hng nm t thp n cao. Gn hng
thp nht 1 cho gi tr d liu thp nht v gn hng cao nht N cho
gi tr d liu cao nht. Mt vi tc gi chp nhn vic sp xp t cao
(rank = 1) n thp (rank = N).
1000
1
2
5
10
18
39
63
2. Tnh ton mi mt quan st xc sut phn bn tri bng cng thc:
PL =
R
N +1
Eq1
trong :
PL
= xc sut phn bn tri (xc sut ca vic c t cc gi tr
trong chui)
R
= l hng
N
= s lng quan st
3. Xc nh chu k lp li cho mi mt quan st
=
T
1
1
=
PR 1 PL
Eq2
4. Xc nh v tr v i vi mi mt quan st
y=
ln ( ln PL ) Eq3
Bi tp sau y th tc c th c gii quyt vi mt bng tnh sau y:
Bng 1: d liu gc
X l s liu
Trong d liu qua 38 nm. Lu lng ln nht trn nm c rt ra t bng d
liu gc v sau cc bc gii thch trn c thc hin trong bng.
Bng 2: Cc gi tr lu gi v biu Gumbel
5. S dng cc chc nng ha ca Excel biu xc sut c th c

xy dng.
Cui cng th trc y c lin quan trc tip n

xc sut hoc chu k lp li, cc gi tr c th
i c. Bc tip theo l thay i gi tr de
trong trc y bng tng quan ca P v Tr.
y l vic khng d dng nn mt bng b
sung c thit lp s dng cng thc
PL = e e
T
v =
1
1
=
PR 1 PL
Bi tp
Trong bi tp ny lng ma theo ngy ln nht trn nm ca RiskCity c
la chn N = 50 nm (1951 2001), hy xem bng tnh ExerciseFA-RiskCity.
1. Phn hng cc gi tr lng ma ln nht hng nm t thp n cao. T
, gn hng 1 cho gi tr thp nht v gn hng N cho gi tr cao nht.
2. Tnh ton cho mi mt quan st xc sut phn bn tri theo Eq1.
3. Xc nh chu k lp li cho mi mt quan st dng Eq2
4. Xc nh v tr biu i vi mi mt quan st dng Eq3.
5. in vo trong bng sau:
Ma cho Tr = 10 nm
Tr cho ma = 65mm
Ma cho Tr = 40 nm
Tr cho ma = 65mm
Ma cho Tr = 100 nm
Tr cho ma = 65mm
6. Ti y c bt k s hng no nm ngoi (outlier) trong cc chui khng?

7. Gi s rng khng c li trong cch tnh ton, vy outlier ny c ngha l
g?
8. C th x l outlier nh th no?
Mi quan h cng - thi gian tn xut

V d
Xc nh cng ma v su thit k sau thi gian bo l 20 pht vi chu k
lp li l 5 nm, nh hnh 1.
Hnh 1: ng cong IDF c tnh ton ti mt trm c nh v khng th ngoi

suy sang nhng khu vc khc.
Gii php: T ng cong IDF, cng thit kt cho mt trn bo 20 pht vi
chu k 5 nm l p li mt ln l 3.50 in/h = 3.5m/h. su lng ma tng
dng c tnh bng cng thc P = i*Td vi Td= 20 pht = 0.333h.
P=i*Td = 3.50*0.333 = 1.17 in = 0.03m
Bi tp
D liu ca RiskCity c th tm c trong bng tnh sau: ExerciseFA-RiskCity.
1. Xc nh cng lng ma v su thit k cho trn bo 80 pht vi
chu k lp li l 20 nm cho khu vc RiskCity
2. Xc nh cng lng ma v su thit k cho trn bo 10 pht vi
chu k lp li l 50 nm cho khu vc RiskCity
ng t
QUAN H GUTENBERG-RICHTER
Khi nim: Bng biu , theo thang logart, s lng cc trn ng t ln hn
hoc bng vi mt ln cho trc trong mt khong chu k thi gian tng
phn vi ln , mt c tnh c bn ca tc a chn trong mt khu vc
gi tr b c th c xc nh.
Th tc:
Beno Gutenberg v Charles Richter l hai trong nhiu nh tin phong trong a
chn hc hin i; ng gp to ln cho s pht trin ca khoa hc nh tnh hin
ti. Trong nhng nm 1930, v cng c ghi chp ng t dn tr thnh thc t
trong nhiu khu vc trn th gii, hai nh khoa hc ny m t mt cu trc
trong d liu a chn m lm s lng ng t trong mt khu vc cho trc
(hoc trn ton th gii) trn mt giai on thi gian c sa cha lin quan ti
ln ca cc trn ng t ny. Vic s dng thang ln c pht trin
ca Richter hin nay v cc thit b ghi mi nht pht hin nhiu trn ng
t c ln ln hn 6 s xy ra trong mt khu vc cho trc trn 10 nm,
tng ng vi s lng cc trn ng t ln hn 5 trong khu vc , v.v.
Hot ng ny bao gm hai bi tp c to ra bn lm quen vi mi quan
h Gutenberg Richter, nh kiu c m t bi nhng nh a chn hc. Bi
tp ny c a ra di y. Mi mt bi tp u c b ti liu v cc cu hi
khi qut ring. Hy lm vic trn cc bi tp ny.
Trong bi tp ny, bn s c a mt tp d liu v biu . Mt khi bn
xc nh loi biu no s dng v v c cc d liu, bn c th ty
tnh ton cng thc m t quan h Gutenberd Richter.
Trong bi tp th hai, bn s dng danh mc d liu ng t ca NEIC USGS
lm vic trn d liu ca bn thn t Houduras.
Bi 1. California v th gii
Vic gii thiu ca bn v biu Gutenberg-Richter s tr nn tng i d
dng. D liu s c cung cp; bn ch cn phi xc nh loi biu no
lm, v sau in b d liu lm tr c . Bn s bt u vi d liu t Nam
California, sau v tng cc trn ng t trn th gii tng phn iu ny v
so snh.
i vi min Nam California, tp d liu di y c bin son theo hng
dn sau:
Ngy bt u: 1 thng 1 nm 1987; Ngy kt thc: 31 thng 12 nm
1996.
"Southern California c xc nh l khu vc gia 32 and 36.25 v
Bc v 114.75 and 121 kinh Ty
Ch cc trn ng t c ln 2.5 v ln hn c s dng, bi c s d

liu ca Mng li a chn Nam Cali (SCSN) hu nh cha hon thin
di ln ny, nh ni n trn.
S lng cc trn ng t ti Nam Cali, t 1987 n 1996
Di ln (M)
2.5-2.9
3.0-3.4
3.5-3.9
4.0-4.4
4.5-4.9
5.0-5.4
5.5-5.9
6.0-6.4
6.5-6.9
7.0-7.4
Tnh trn hng ln M

9471
2784
912
285
90
32
10
3
2
1
Tng tch ly trn thp

hn M trn hng
13590
4119
1335
423
138
48
16
6
3
1
Trc khi bn c th v bt k biu no, bn s cn quyt nh t l bn v

no s dng. Chn ly mt biu x-y n gin, vi ln M l trc x v s
lng ng t ln hn ln M l trc y.
Ch rng, d liu trn trc x, ln, tuyn tnh trn thang ln, gia tng
trong bc na n v. Tuy nhin, nhn vo s trn trc y thay i nh th no
chng ra cn v s 1 v s 13590 trn cng mt biu . Nu chng ta s dng
mt thang tuyn tnh cn xng cho mi mt trc, trc y s rt ln trong khi trc
x s qu b.
Nhng cng ch rng s lng chng ta mun v trn trc y nhy khong mt
tha s ca 10 cho mi mt n v trong s gia tng ln. iu ny chng ta
s s dng trc y da trn ly tha 10, hoc mt thang logarit, trong khi chng
ta dng mt thang tuyn tnh cho trc x.
a ra d liu trn trong mt bng ca excel. Gi y bn s n sng
thc hin biu u tin v tp d liu trn. Hy lm ngay by gi. Nh rng,
bn cn ch n t l ca mi trc, lm vic thng qua cc cu hi di y.
1. Mt cch s lc dng im no m bn v ?(hnh dng hay cu
trc?), Hoc c phi chng hon ton ngu nhin, m khng phi dng
no trn?
2. Bn s thy mt ng i khi chnh hp vi cc im. S dng mt
ng thng, v mt ng n m biu din tt nht tp cc im
bn va v. ng ny khng cn chy qua trung tm, hoc thm ch
chm vo tt c cc im trong tp ca bn.
Gi y bn c mt ng biu din d liu bn va v - s lng ng t vi

ln trong vng 10 nm ti min Nam Cali (1987 n 1996). Bn hy sn sng
m t quan h Gutenberg-Richter ch vi hai trong s chng, nhiu thp k v
trc.
Phng trnh cho mt ng trn h trc x-y n gin l y = bx + a, trong ,
a l ng chn y v b biu din gc dc ca ng thng. gi b lun dng,
chng ta c th ngh ti phng trnh ng cho mt ng dc dng (i ln khi
bn t tri qua phi), v phng trnh y = a - bx ng i vi ng dc m
3. Sn dc bn va v l ng m hay ng dng?
4. Biu ca bn c trc y l trc logarit. V th, ng dc m trn
biu ny c th c biu din bng cng thc logy = a bx. Thc
vy, thay v gi trc y, hy ngh n mt hm N cho ln, M, c th
thay th cho x (t khi trc x l ln). Thc hin s thay th ny
trong phng trnh c a ra trn. Bn c c g?
Gi y, bn c s din t ton hc m i din cho quan h GurtenbergRichter, tng ng gia ln ca ng t v s lng tng i ca chng.
Phng trn ging nh sau : log N(M) = a bM
Nhng c phi tt c cc tp d liu ng t c tnh theo ln theo cng
mt cch tuyn tnh ny khng? v nu chng tuyn tnh ht, th liu sn dc
ca cc tp khc nhau c bin i ng k hay khng?
bt u tr li cc cu hi ny, hy v mt tp d liu khc ln ny, gi tr
trung bnh ca ton b mt nm trn ton th gii. S dng cng mnh biu
bn v d liu nam Cali, v tp d liu cho di y, sau tr li cc cu
hi
Tng a chn trung bnh ton cu cho mt nm
ln (M)
# ln hn M
3.0
100.000+
4.0
15000
5.0
3000
6.0
100
7.0
20
8.0
5. Tp d liu ny v nh mt ng khng? Nu cha sn sng, hy v

mt ng m ph hp nht cho cc im d liu ny.
6. Sn dc ca ng mi ny nh th no (a chn ton cu), so snh

vi d liu ti Nam Cali
Dng mt mt thc o sn dc ca mi ng bn va v. Nht bt k mt
t ca mi mt ng v ko ra thnh mt tam gic, vi chn song song vi
trc, v bn thn ng thnh cnh huyn gc vung. o chiu cao ca mt
ng ca tam gic v chia n bng ng thng ca mt ngang. Cu tr li ca
bn s l sn dc ca ng, c bit l gi tr b.
Mt cch khc xc nh gi tr b l note gi tr ca N (M) ti mi hai im
mt dc theo ng, chnh xc th l mt n v ln (v d. hng x). Chia
mt s ln hn (im bn tri) bng s nh hn (im bn phi), v sau a
hm loga cho thng s ny. Cu tr li l gi tr b ca ng ny.
7. Hy s dng bt k phng php no bn mun, cc gi tr s no bn
c cho gi tr b ca mi ng?
Khi biu Gu-Rich c thc hin i vi cc tp d liu khc nhau trn ton
th gii, hu ht kt thc vi gi tr a b cn ti 1, thng t hn mt cht. Mi
quan h c bn ny dng nh thnh mt thuc tnh a chn chung nht.
Bi 2. Tai bin a chn ti Hounduras

Trong bi tp ny, bn s mt ln na thnh lp biu Gu-Rich cho
Hounduras. Tuy nhin, ln ny bn s khng c cung cp cc tp d liu trc
na; bn phi phn loi v la chn s liu. D liu c tp hp cho bn
(xem file Honduras_EQ.xls). Bn s cn s dng hm biu (tools > data
analysis). Nu khng c ci t, hay vo tools > add-ins > and select
analysis toolpack. Bn s tm c di cc cng c la chn data analysis
Hy thc hin nh sau:
Thnh lp bng tnh Excel mt danh sch ring bit ca bin-ranges m bn
mun dng. Bn c th s dng nh v d bin-ranges c s dng trong bi 1.
Chn histogram option t tools > data analysis > histogram.
Chn d liu u vo bn mun kho st ( ln), la chn bin-range
the bin-values bn va thnh lp, nh mt u ra bn c th chn mt
bng tnh ring bit hoc trong bng tnh hin thi ca bn
Tnh ton quan h Gutenberg-Richter cho ton b danh mc. Nu bn
cha sn sng, hy v mt ng ph hp nht mi tp im biu .
Sau y, do c ca ng ny. Gi tr b bng bao nhiu? So snh
iu ny vi gi tr quan st c cho th gii v Cali
Hy tnh ngay mi quan h Gutenberg-Richter cho:
1. giai on n 1980
2. giai on gia 1980 n 1990
3. giai on gia 1990 v 2000
4. giai on t 2000 ti hin ti
Bn c thy s khc bit no i vi cc giai on khc nhau khng?(v mt
hon chnh, hot ng a chn, gi tr b)
L lt
Bi tp: Chu k lp li/ xc sut vt ngng
1. Q50 c xc sut xut hin ln hn trong sut 100 nm ti (87%) hn
trong 5 nm ti (10%)
2. Xc sut qu thp n mc trn lt vi chu k lp li tng ng 500
nm s xy ra vo 2 nm ti l iu khng tn ti.
Bi tp: Phn phi gi tr cc tr bng phng php Gumbel
1,2,3 v 4:
5: cc gi tr c th c tnh chnh xc
6: C, gi tr 185,5 mm c th nhn nhn

nh l mt gi tr ngoi
7: Mt bin c cc tr
8: N c th l i v sau gii php cho

ng tuyn tnh l :
y = 0.00599x-3.3314
Sau , bng a ra cc gi tr khc
nhau:
Cc gi tr ny c th nh hn thc t v
gi tr ngoi khng c tnh n v v
th xu hng ng ph hp duy tr gi
tr tt hn, hy xem bn di y.
Bi tp: mi quan h cng - thi gian tn xut
1: Cng thit k cho chu k 20 nm, thi gian bo l 80 pht: 50 mm/h.

su lng ma tng ng c cho bi cng thc P = i * Td vi Td = 80 pht =
1.333 h. P= i * Td = 50 * 1.333 = 66.65 mm.
2. Cng thit k cho chu k 50nm, thi gian bo l 10 pht: 200 mm/h.
su lng ma tng ng c cho bi cng thc P = i * Td vi Td = 10 pht =
0.167 h. P= i * Td = 200 * 0.167 = 3 mm.
ng t
Bi 1
1.1 v 1.2
1.3: dc ca ng l m
1.4: Log N(M) = a bM
1.5:
1.6: Sn dc tng t. Ch s lng ng t trn ln tng (n logic v khu

vc ln hn c dng tnh ton)
1.7: Gi tr gn n 1.
Bi 2
Bn c thy s khc bit no i vi cc giai on khc nhau khng?(v mt

hon chnh, hot ng a chn, gi tr b)
C, ti y c s khc bit gia cc giai on khc nhau. c bit hot ng a
chn ch ra s khc bit ln; n tng r rng theo thi gian.
Bi tp 3. nh gi tai bin l lt bng vic s dng m hnh

lan truyn l lt 2 chiu
D liu:
File d liu: / Exercise 3 Hazard assessment/Flood hazard
i tng:
Bi tp ny c mc ch l ch ra lm th no rt ra cc thng s l lt
thng qua vic m phng cc chu k lp li l lt khc nhau. su lt, vn
tc v thi gian dng nc s c rt ra i vi mi mt chu k lp li
c m phng s dng m hnh lan truyn l lt SOBEK 1 chiu 2 chiu.
C s l thuyt: Hnh thi sng v a hnh

a mo dng sng bao gm cc dng a hnh hn hp, c to ra bi cc qu trnh xi l/bi
t, bin i rt nhiu t ngun trn ni cao cho n khi ra n ca sng. Ton b mi trng ca
dng sng c chia thnh 3 phn chnh (Hnh.1)
Bt u t ngun, Thng ngun c trng cho tnh tr ng tr ca dng sng: ti y dng n c

ti khu vc thng lu vi a hnh ni ti cao, ch dng l chy rt xit: vn tc dng chy rt
cao do sn c dc ln, lu lng thp hoc thm ch cn nc trong ma kh v lu lng
nh t cao vo ma ma. Do vn tc dng chy cao, cu trc chim u th l cc dng knh
thng nm di chn thung lng. Qu trnh r a xi ca sng chin u th hn bi t v din ra
mnh m trong giai on lu lng cao; to nn thung lng sng dng ch V v khi sn dc bin
i t ngt ti ca ra ca dy ni, sng m rng dng chy v hnh thnh nn cc qut bi tch,
cc thn lng ng hnh lng cho c to nn bi cc trm tch ht th (cui v ct ht th).
i lng ng sau ni c trng cho trng thi gi nua ca dng sng: lng sng m rng un
khc quanh co h lu ni c cc khu vc bng phng trng thp; lu lng t cao hn v n
nh hn trong nm. Cc khu vc c kh nng chu l lt cng vi dng n c gn vi cao ca
sng hoc thp ch thp hn nu h thng m ly c hnh thnh; vng c kh nng l lt c
xc nh l vng ng bng ngp l. Mt phn ca ng bng ngp l c th c bo v bng
cc con nhn to hoc t nhin. Qu trnh lng ng chim u th, v tng ln trong sut trn
lt
Nghin cu th nghim: ng dng GIS cho nh gi tai bin l lt v ri ro

Khi dng sng chy trn b, nc s vo cc khu vc rng ln ca ng bng ngp l, ni m
n lng ng cn trm tch, ch yu l bt v st l lng trong nc. Cn y (ct-ct hn mn)
c lng ng ngay bnh cnh sng v hnh thnh nn nhng con t nhin dc theo dng
chnh ca sng. S rn chc ca vt liu st trong ng bng ngp l to nn s ln chm tng
i trn nhng khu vc ny m t cc khu vc ny tr nn thp hn dng sng. c im ca
dng chy l: vn tc dng chy thp, cn huyn ph cao, v tc lng ng ln c bit trong
sut trn lt. V tr v rng ca cc khc un bin i chm chp trong sut thi k lu l ng
bnh thng, ni m xi l v bi lng din ra gn nh ng thi.
Khu vc vn chuyn c trng cho phn vn chuyn t thng lu v khu vc h lu. Cu trc
ca knh c th thng (c im ca khu vc thng lu), c th un khc (c trng cho cc
khu vc h lu) hoc b phn dng. Cu trc ny bao gm mt lot cc knh th cp gp nhau ri
li chia tch nhau. Cc knh b phn dng c dc ln hn khc un ca sng nhng hin ha
hn cc knh chy thng; cc knh duy tr n nh trong sut dng bnh th ng trong khi chng
thay i hnh dng v hng chy trong thi gian l lt
C s l thuyt: nh ngha l lt v phn loi

Mt trn l lt l mt hin tng t nhin ca cc dng sng v dng n c. Qu trnh nc
t tan bng, ma, hoc sng dng do bo tch t li v chy trn b v ngay lin k vng
vng ngp l. Cc vng vng ngp l l nhng vng t trng thp, nm lin k sng, h
(hoc i dng) l i tng cho vic ti xut hin l lt (FEMA, 2001).
Mt trn l lt l mt dng chy cao vt nh b t nhin hoc nhn to ca dng chy.
Mt trn l lt l mt thn nc m mt khu vc ngp nc thng xuyn b n nhn chm
v v th gy nn hoc e da gy nn thit hi v mt mng.
L lt l mt hin tng t nhin v ti xut hin ca sng hoc dng chy.
Thut ng l lt bao gm nhiu cc bin c khc nhau: s khc bit trc ht gia dng l l t
c thnh lp xem xt cc tc nhn kch hot v c im hnh thi ca khu vc chu nh
hng, iu m tc ng ln n thi gian v cng l lt.
L/lt ven sng l kt qu ca cc trn ma rt ln v/hoc dai dng trong nhiu ngy hoc thm
ch vi tun trn cc khu vc rng ln. L sng xy ra trn cc khu vc vi mc a hnh ni ti rt
thp (i lng ng vn chuyn), ni m
dng sng th hin cu trc b phn dng hoc,
thng xuyn hn, l cu trc un khc; nhng khu vc c kh nng b l nh vy c xc nh
l vng ngp l. su lt li bin i theo hnh thi ca khu vc. L lt m rng c th rng ln
trn vng ngp l trong sut cc bin c khc lit ti hn. Ni chung, vn tc dng chy thp v
gim i nhanh chng t knh chnh. Tc nc dng chm chp v thi gian l lt ko di t vi
ngy n vi tun, c bit nu vng ngp l l khu vc m ly, hoc nc trn qua h thng
. D bo thi tit v iu kin ranh gii (iu kin lu vc ti thng lu h lu v s phn b
dng nhnh) l iu quan trng trong vic cnh bo sm l/lt ven sng
L qut hu ht l cc bin c cc b v ri rc trong thi gian v thi gian. Hin tng ny l kt
qu ca trn ma ln trn khu vc thng lu nh vi chu k lp li ngn (thng t hn 6gi)
khin cho nc dng ln v xung tng i mau l. Bin c ny ranh hng ch yu cc khu
vc c dc trung bnh n dc ln. L qut l mt hin tng cc k nguy him v bn cht
ca n:; vn tc dng rt ln v mc nc dng ln nhanh chng. Cn trm tch rt a dng v
n c th bao gm t trm tch ht mn n cui, tng, bi kh nng vn chuyn ln ca khi
nc, lm tng thm sc ph hoi ca l qut. Thi gian l lt din ra ngn v h thng cnh bo
sm c da trn d bo lng ma.
M hnh qu trnh sau l lt

Phn mm m phng thy lc, v d nh SOBEK, c th c s dng phn tch
dng n c trong mc chi tit ln. c bit m hnh
l l t 2 chiu c th c
dng m t cc trn l lt trn a hnh phc tp, chng hn nh mi trng
trong khu th. Trong bi tp
ny, chng ta s lm vic vi d
liu c thnh lp bi phn
mm m phng thy thy lc,
chng hn nh SOBEK.
D liu u ra ca m hnh bao
gm mt lot cc bn su
mc nc v vn tc dng chy
trong cc khong thi gian khc
nhau. Trong trng hp ny cc
bn c thnh lp trong
khong thi gian 1gi. M hnh
cng to mt b cc bn tm
tt vic m phng bao gm mt
bn su mc nc ln
Hnh xxx. Mn hnh m u ca SOBEK
nht (biu din gi tr su
mc nc cao nht t n ti
mt vi in trong sut vic m phng), bn vn tc dng ln nht (biu din
gi tr vn tc dng ln nht m t ti ti mt vi im trong sut vic m
phng), hai bn biu th thi gian m ti su mc nc ln nht v
vn tc dng chy ln nht t n v mt bn ch ra thi gian m ti
mt pixel bt u ngp
Bi tp ny gm hai phn: Phn 1 l vic nh gi tai bin l lt c in. Ti y
chng ta s kt hp bn su mc nc ln nht ca cc kch bn l lt vi
cc chu k lp li khc nhau vo trong mt bn a ra xc sut ngp nc hng
nm. Phn 2 tp trung vo mt bin c n l v mt s xc nh kt qu m
phng lt c s dng nh th no tnh ton dn xut m t l lt theo cch
y ngha hn.
Phn 1: Bn tai bin l lt

D liu:
Tn
Max_h_5y
Max_h_10y
Max_h_20y
Max_h_50y
Max_h_100y
Max_h_200y
Building_map_segments
DEM10
ngha
su mc nc ln nht, chu k lp li
Bn vecto vi cc khi nh
Cc thng s a l c bn (10m)
Min v cch trnh by ca bn vecto
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
5 nm
10 nm
20 nm
50 nm
100 nm
200 nm
M bn max_h_5y v max_h_200y v kim tra ni dung ca file. C hai

bn bao gm su mc nc tnh bng mt
Cu hi 1:
Bn no ch ra trn lt ln nht v su mc nc ln nht; Ti sao?
ng c hai bn li
Tai bin c nh ngha nh xc su t l mt bin c c ln nht nh

xy ra trong mt khu vc nht nh vi mt giai on thi gian c th. Nu
chng ta mun tnh ton xc sut hng nm, l c hi m mt trn l lt c
cng nht nh xy ra vo nm sp ti, th chng ta phi chia 1 bi chu
k lp li.
in bo bng sau:
Bn
Chu k lp li
Max_h_5y
Max_h_10y
Max_h_20y
Max_h_50y
Max_h_100y
Max_h_200y
5 nm
10 nm
20 nm
50 nm
100 nm
200 nm
Xc sut hng nm
To bn vi xc sut hng nm ca trn lt vi chu k lp li l 5 nm bng

cch g cu lnh sau:
Prob_5y:=iff(max_h_5y>0, xxx, 0)
trong , xxx l xc sut hng nm m bn tnh trong bng.

Cu hi 2:
ngha ca cu lnh ny trong ILWIS l g?
Lp li php tnh ny cho 5 bn khc v to bn Prob_10y, Prob_20y,

Prob_50y, Prob_100y v Prob_200y.
Hin ti, chng ta c 6 bn vi xc sut hng nm. kt hp cc bn

thnh mt bn tai bin thng nht chng ta phi theo cch ln lt nh sau.
G cu lnh sau vo dng lnh:

Hazard_a:=max(prob_5y,prob_10y,prob_20y)
theo sau bng <enter>; Hy nhn vo bn ngay lp tc
Sau , g:
Hazard_b:=max(prob_50y,prob_100y,prob_200y)
Kt hp c hai bn , bng cch g vo dng lnh:

Hazard:=max(hazard_a,hazard_b)
Hy xem kt qu.
ng tt c cc bn .
kt hp bn vi lp d liu khc; v d d liu a hnh, vic chuyn bn

dng raster sang dng vecto l iu ht sc cn thit
Cu hi 3a:
Min hin ti ca bn tai bin l g?
Cu hi 3b:
Ti sao khng th chuyn cc bn vi mt min nh vy sang dng vecto?
thc hin vic chuyn i sang dng vecto chng ta phi phn loi bn tai
bin. Trong ILWIS n c gi l slicing. Bc u tin l to mt min xc
nh cc ranh gii lp; sau chng ta slice bn tai bin.
Hy vo flie trn thanh cng c ILWIS v chn create v sau domain.

To domain mi tn hazard
Chc chn rng tick-box group c kim tra.
Nhp <OK>
Ca s create domain group hazard c m ra
S dng phm <insert> trn bn phm m ca s add domain item.
G Upper Bound: 0.004 v Name: less than 1/200. Chn <OK>.
B sung cc ranh gii lp sau:
Upper Boundary
Name
Mu
0.004
Nh hn 1/200
0.009
1/200
0.019
1/100
0.049
1/50
0.099
1/20
0.19
1/10
1
1/5
Sau khi b sung ranh gii lp, ng ca s domain group
Trong ca s danh mc ILWIS m lp i in hazard v thay i mu nh
c a ra trong bng
Click chut phi vo bn hazard v chn image processing v sau chn
slicing.
t tn bn mi l: hazard_cla
Chn Domain: hazard
Chn <OK>
M bn mi v thm bn phn mnhbuilding_map_segments
Lu li hazard.
Nhp chut phi vo bn hazard_cla v chn Vectorize v sau l raster
to polygon
Chp nhn cc mc nh v t tn bn u ra hazard_cla
Chn <show> nhn c kt qu.
Phn 2: Cc bn ch th
D liu:
Tn
Dng
ngha
RiskCity_DSM
import
raster
Script
slicing
classify
rising
impulse
duration
sediment
Building_map_segment
Building_map_segment
M hnh s cao
Nhp cc tp asci SOBEK trong ILWIS, thay no_value bng zerovalues v thn cc thng s trc a tiu chun vo tt c cc bn
Phn loi cc bn ln nht
Phn loi bn theo gi to danh sch bn
Tnh ton tc tng mc nc theo m/gi
Tnh ton lc y ln nht theo m2/s
c tnh thi gian l lt
c tnh kh nng trm tch/ra xi tng i ca trn lt
Vector
Min/ i din
Bao gm cc khi nh trong RiskCity
Duration
Maxc
Maxh
Maxi
Maxr
Sediment
ttf
DEM10
Ts Ta
Bn Asci
DM1MAXD0.ASC
DM1MAXC0.ASC
DM1TMAXC.ASC
Nhm min phn loi bn thi gian

Nhm min phn loi bn vn tc dng ln nht v bn
vn tc dng hng gi
Cng nh trn i vi su mc nc
Cng nh trn i vi lc y
Cng nh trn i vi mc nc dng
Cng nh trn i vi c tnh trm tch
Cng nh trn i vi lan truyn l (thi gian l lt)
Thng s trc a tiu chun cho tt c cc bn raster
u ra ca SOBEK (bn tm tt)
Bn bao gm su mc nc ln nht trong sut kch bn
Bn bao gm vn tc dng ln nht trong sut kch bn
Bn bao gm thi gian m ti vn tc dng ln nht t n
Bn bao gm thi gian m ti su mc nc ln nht t
n
Bn bao gm thi gian m ti vn tc dng ln nht t n
Bn bao gm thi gian m ti mt pixel b ngp trc tin.
DM1TMAXD.ASC
DM1TWT00.ASC
DM1C0000.asc
DM1C0001.asc
DM1C0002.asc
DM1C.
.
DM1C0048.asc
Bn Asci
u ra ca SOBEK vi khong thi gian hng gi

DM1C l bn vn tc
DM1D l bn su mc nc.
DM1D0000.asc
DM1D0001.asc
DM1D0002.asc
DM1D.
.
DM1D0048.asc
D liu u ra ca m hnh bao gm mt lot cc bn , m n c trng cho

su lt li v vn tc dng chy ti cc khong thi gian khc nhau. Chng dng
ASCII
Mc ch ca bi tp ny l dn xut mt vi bn ch th c th c dng
m t tnh phc tp ca bin c l lt. Chng ta cn tin hnh cc bc sau y:
Nhp cc file trong ILWIS
7
Thay i cc thng s trc a c bn

Phn loi bn thnh cc lp gii hn s lng
Thnh lp bn ch th
Nhp cc file u ra ca SOBEK vo ILWIS

Bc tin trong vic phn tch l nhp cc file d liu trong ILWIS. Chng
ta s thc hin mt file mt cch th cng, v sau s dng mt tp lnh
nhp phn cn li.
M mt file asci Dm1d030.asc trong notepad v kim tra ni dung ca file (n

cha su mc nc theo n v mt). ng li ln na
T menu chn Import/Maps.
Chn option ArcInfo.ASC hoc .NAS (Non-compressed ASCII raster)
C
Nhp
ascitt
DM1d0030.asc
toth
mt
tntuy
file nhin,
d30 cng c n nhiu thi
thfile
nhp
c cc bn v
nh
ny,
bn
d30
(m
vi s
ctp
c
kt
qugi
tt l
hn
trn mn
gian M
tin
hnh.
V th
chng
tako
cncng
lm mt
lnh
c
Import
m hnh)
s
v kim tra kt qu.
thc hin vic nhp trong cng mt thi gian. Tp lnh c a ra di y, vi
vic miu t cc hot ng bng ch in nghing.
Chy file tp lnh Import bng cch g cu lnh sau dng lnh: run import.
iuc
ny
tn cc
mtbn
mt
lc.
Bn
thsthy
c kch thc pixel ln hn cc bn khc
Hy
xem
mt
vi
bn
kt
qu. v chng che ph mt din tch khc.
trong tp d liu (10 mt thay v 1 mt)
iu ny c thc hin nh vic gim thi gian tnh ton trong m hnh SOBEK.
Tp lnh
rem import waterdepth files
M t
Nhp cc file bn ASCI su mc nc hng gi s dng la chn ArcInfo
NAS import cho cc file ASCII. Mt file ILWIS vi tn h000x c to nn.
import arcinfonas(dm1d0000.asc, h000x)


Nhp nh trn vi cc bn vn tc dng chy theo gi.
rem import flow velocity files

import arcinfonas(dm1c0000.asc, c000x)

rem georeferencing
Tt c cc file nhp vo u c tn georeference dem_10m.grf
setgrf c*.mpr dem10.grf

setgrf h*.mpr dem10.grf
Cc file thng s trc a khc b xa i.
del -force h*.grf

del -force c*.grf
rem ongedfinieerd wordt 0
Cc gi tr khng xc nh trong tt c bn c thay th bng gi tr 0

zero value
h000:=ifundef(h000x,0,h000x)
.
..

Thay th nh trn i vi cc file vn tc
c000:=ifundef(c000x,0,c000x)
..
..
Tt c cc bn trung gian b xa
del -force h???x.mpr
del -force c???x.mpr
Cc bn tm tt c nhp vo
import arcinfonas(dm1maxd0.asc, max_hx)

import arcinfonas(dm1maxc0.asc, max_cx)
import arcinfonas(dm1twt00.asc, ttfx)
import arcinfonas(dm1tmaxc.asc, tmax_cx)
import arcinfonas(dm1tmaxd.asc, tmax_hx)
Cc bn tm tt ly cc thng s trc a
setgrf max_hx.mpr dem10.grf
setgrf max_cx.mpr dem10.grf
setgrf ttf.mpr dem10.grf
setgrf tmax_cx.mpr dem10.grf
setgrf tmax_hx.mpr dem10.grf
Cc gi tr khng xc nh trong tt c bn c thay th bng gi tr 0
zero value
max_h:=ifundef(max_hx,0,max_hx)
max_c:=ifundef(max_cx,0,max_cx)
tmax_h:=ifundef(tmax_hx,0,tmax_hx)
tmax_c:=ifundef(tmax_cx,0,tmax_cx)
ttf:=ifundef(ttfx,999,ttfx)
Tt c cc bn trung gian b xa
del -force max_hx.mpr

del -force max_cx.mpr
del -force tmax_hx.mpr
del -force tmax_cx.mpr
del -force ttfx.mpr
Tt c cc thng s trc a c bn b xa.

del -force max_hx.grf
del -force max_cx.grf
del -force tmax_hx.grf
del -force tmax_cx.grf
del -force ttfx.grf
M bn max_h (p dng ko cng t 0 10 trong ca s hin th giao tip)

Hin th bn phn mnh Buildings_map_segments trn nh ca n,
bn c th nghin cu bn cng vi thng tin a hnh.
Hy thc hin iu tng t vi cc bn :
max_c (ko cng t 0 2)
ttf (ko cng t 0 15),
t_maxh (ko cng t 10 15)
t_maxc (ko cng t (5 25)
Cu hi:
n v ca 5 bn ny l g?
Tnh ton bn thng s l lt

Nhiu thng tin quan trng cho vic nh gi ri ro v tai bin c nm
bn trong mt lot cc bn vi su mc nc v vn tc dng chy. phn
tch d liu ny mt th tc tp hp c pht trin thnh lp 7 bn thng
s m cc bn ny m t cc mt khc nhau ca bin c l lt. Nhng thng s
ny l: (xem hnh xxx)
su mc nc ln nht
Vn tc dng chy ln nht
c tnh lan truyn ca l (thi gian l lt)
Lc y ln nht
Mc nc dng cao nht
Thi gian
S lng ng trm tch
Cc bn thng s
Vn tc dng chy
Vn tc dng ln nht
t=n
t=4
t=3
t=2
t=1
t=0
Lc y ln nht
Lan truyn l lt
su mc nc
Tc dng
nc ln nht
t=n
Thi gian
t=4
t=3
t=2
t=1
t=0
su
mc nc ln nht
Hnh xxx. S bin i ca bn m hnh u ra sang bn thng s tai bin

Ba bn u tin c tnh ton bng SOBEK; cc bn ny l max_h,
max_c v ttf.
1.
su mc nc ln nht (n v: m);
Bn ny ch ra su ln nht xy ra trong sut qu trnh ngp lt. iu
cn bn ng sau thng s ny l cc khu vc vi mc nc su nguy him hn
cho con ngi v nhiu kh nng gy thit hi nhiu hn cho cc i tng nh
nh ca v xe c. Bn ny xc nh cc khu vc ni m tng hai, hoc thm ch
tng ba, khng phi l ni c ng an ton. su mc nc ln nht l mt trong
mt vi thng s l lt c th nhn c sau mt trn l v cc vt nc trn v
trong cc cu trc.
10
2.
Vn tc dng chy ln nht (n v: m/s);

Bn ny a ra vn tc dng chy ln nht m xy ra trong sut qu
trnh ngp lt. iu cn bn ng sau thng s ny l vn tc l mt hp phn ca
dng nc l c th cun tri con ngi v lm xe c tri i. Bn ny ch ra
nhng ni m c dng l u tin pht trin trc c th nguy him cho tr nh,
ngi ln v xe c.
3.
Cc c tnh lan truyn l lt (n v: gi);
Bn ny ch ra s lan truyn l lt xy ra nh th no trn mt khu vc.
Sau mi mt khong thi gian cc khu vc ngp l c xc nh v so snh vi
trng thi ti thi im trc . N ghi li thi gian m ti mt b ngp trc
tin. iu cn bn ng sau thng s ny l a ra bao nhiu thi gian cn c cho
t nc lt u tin n mt khu vc nht nh v v th thi gian cnh bo cho
con ngi chun b l bao nhiu. Cc khu vc b ngp nhanh thng nguy him
hn cc khu vc nm xa dng nc.
Tp lnh trong ILWIS slicing phn loi ba bn ny,
Chy tp lnh slicing

M ba bn c phn loi
maxh_cla
maxc_cla
ttf_cla
Lc y ln nht (n v: m2/s);
Bn ny ch ra lc y ln nht c th xy ra trong sut t lt. Lc y
c tnh ton ti mi mt bc thi gian bng cch nhn su mc nc vi
vn tc dng chy. i vi mi mt pixel, i lng ny i din cho mt lng
dch chuyn ca mt khi nc (trn pixel khi ch ph thuc vo su mc
nc, khi b mt khu vc ca pixel v th tch chiu cao ca nc l khng i).
iu cn bn nm sau thng s ny l mt mnh vn tc dng chy khng
c tnh kh nng nguy him hoc s nguy him i vi con ngi v xe c b cun
ra xa. Nc nng vi vn tc dng chy ln khng c nhiu ng nng hoc lc
xon v cng khng su, nhng thc s vn l dng n c ng s. Dng
nc su, v chy nahnh tuy vy l nhng iu nguy him cho con ngi v
phng tin v nhiu kh nng gy thit hi cho cc i tng nh nh ca v
rung ng. c bit, trong mi trng th thng s ny a ra cc con ph d
tr thnh dng dn nc nht.
4.
Chy tp lnh impulse

M bn c phn loi maxi_cla
11
5.
Mc nc dng cao nht (n v: m/h);

Bn ny ch ra tc ln nht m ti mc nc dng ln ng thi
trong sut trn lt. Thng s ny c tnh ton bng cch ly ra s khc bit gia
hai bn su mc nc lin tc, em khong thi gian gia hai bn chia
cho s khc bit ny. Kt qu l s tng su mc nc trn gi. iu cn bn
nm sau thng s ny l s dng mc nc nhanh chng l mt iu nguy him
i vi con ngi, khi m h khng thi gian tm kim nhng ni cao hn
hoc cc cng trnh di tn.
Chy tp lnh rising

M bn c phn loi maxr_cla
Cc thng s su mc nc, vn tc dng chy, lc y v mc nc

dng u tng gim khng n nh theo thi gian. Trong ILWIS, c th hin th
cc lot bn nh mt hot nh. Nhng trc khi hin th cc lot bn ny
cn c phn loi trc tin, cng nh chng khng th c bao gm trong mt
danh mc bn . Tp lnh classify khng chnh xc trong trng hp ny.
Chy tp lnh classify

To mt danh mc bn (vo file>menu>map list)
t tn: velocity
Di chuyn tt c cc bn c tn c---_cla sang bn ca s phi (s dng phm
<Ctrl> thc hin a chn).
Khi tt c cc file c---_cla c di chuyn, nhp <OK>
Trong ca s danh mc ca ILWIS n menu view v chn customize
catalogue. Hy kim tra hp tick hide objects that are member of an object
collection. Nhp chn <OK>
M danh mc bn velocity
Nhp vo biu tng open as slide show trn nh ca ca s map-list, chp
nhn cc thit lp mc nh v chn <OK>
Chn <OK>
Hot nh vi vn tc dng chy bt u chy
To cc map-list khc vi su, lc y v dng nc v thm ln lt cc
bn h---_cla. i---_cla v r---_cla.
Hy hin th mi mt loi bn nh mt hot nh
6.
Thi gian (n v: gi)

Bn ny c tnh thi gian nc l duy tr ti mt khu vc nht nh. iu
ny c da trn mt vi gi s v h thng thot nc lt t khu vc ngp lt.
V d, trong cc nghin cu c trnh by trong cun sch ny, iu ny c gi
s rng c h thng tiu nc t do ti im thp nht ca khu vc ngp lt thng
qua mt knh vi rng nht nh (rng 1 pixel hoc hn). N cng yu cu s
12
m phng di chy bao gm c s gim thiu ra sng l. T c bin i mc

nc c tnh dh/dt, trong , dh l s khc nhau gia su mc nc ln nht
v su mc nc ti cui qu trnh m phng v dt l s khc nhau gia thi
gian ti cui qu trnh m phng v thi gian m su mc nc ln nht t
n. Thi gian c c tnh bng cch ngoi suy tc bin i ny cho ti thi
im khi mc nc bng 0 xem hnh xxx9
Hnh xxx. Vic c tnh thng s thi gian

iu cn bn nm sau thng s ny l n a ra n tng u tin, ban u v
thi gian nc l s li bao nhiu lu. y l chu k
th i gian nh nht m con
ngi phi ti nh c, cc nghnh kinh t v cng nghip b ng ca v h thng
giao thng trong khu vc t lit hoc b tc nghn. y l mt thng s mnh
nh gic tc ng kinh t v x hi ca l lt ln cuc sng con ngi v lm vic
trong khu vc. y cng l mt thng s quan trng c tnh thit hi cho nng
nghip, bi nhiu ma v, nh nhng cy mang qu v vn nho c th ng
vng trong t ngp trong thi gian ngn, nhng nu giai on ngp qu di, r
cy thiu Oxi v do d cy s cht.
Chy tp lnh rising

M bn c phn loi maxr_cla
7.
c tnh xi ra v trm tch

Vic c tnh hot ng trm tch v ra xi c da trn ch s Rouse l t
s ca vn tc lng xung ca mt ht i vi vn tc ct (cc hot ng nhiu
lon gi cc ht l lng). Phng php p dng ti y c Kleihans (2002)
khuyn dng
13
=
Z
Ws
1
.u *
7.1
trong ,
Z
= ch s Rouse
= hng s Krmn (=0.4)

*
u
= vn tc ct [m/s]
Ws
= vn tc lng xung i vi mt ht c kch thc xc nh [m/s]
Tiu chun ny c tnh ti cc bc thi gian theo gi, i vi cc ht trm tch
vi ng knh 210 m. Khi Z >0, hot ng trm tch c th din ra bi vn tc
lng xung ln hn cc vn tc c hng ln trb. Cc ht c trong nc s tri
qua s di chuyn lng xung v s tch ng ngay trn b mt. Khi Z<0, vn tc
c hng ln trn ln hn vn tc lng xung iu ny c ngha l c c ht c th
c nng ln (ra xi) v tn ti nhiu ht duy tr trng thi l lng trong nc.
Vn tc lng ng ca mt ht vi ng knh gia 100 v 1000 m (ct ht mn)
c tnh bng cng thc:
0.01( s p sw ) / sw gd 3
p
1
Ws =
10
1+
2
d
p
7.2
trong :
Ws
= nht ca nc = 1.2*10-6 [m2/s]
sp
= khi lng th tch ca thch anh = 1.65*103 [kg/m3]
sw
= khi lng th tch ca nc =1*103 [kg/m3]
d
= ng knh ht = (trong bi tp ny) 210*10-6 m
g
= gia tc trng trng = 9.81 [m/s2]
Khi cc thng s trong cng thc 7.2 l khng i, Ws gn bng 0,01 m/s i vi
mt ht c ng knh 210 m. Vn tc ct c tnh bng cng thc:
u* =
U
0.37 h
ln
6
6
3.97 x10 xn
7.3
trong :
U
= vn tc dng [m/s]
h
= su mc nc [m]
n
= h s nhm ca Manning
Vn tc dng chy v su mc nc c tnh ton bng m hnh, trong khi
s phn b khng gian ca h s Manning lm mt trong nhng iu kin ranh gii
bit r. Tt c thng s c bit n theo khong thi gian theo hng gi. Qu
14
trnh lng ng v ra xi kt thc a ra cc gi tr c tch t theo hng gi ca

thng s khng c th nguyn Z xc nh cc khu vc ni m qu tr
nh l ng
ng trm tch hay ra xi chim u th. Trong th tc ny, cc gi tr m v
dng c th trit tiu ln nhau: gi tr ny cng cao, qu trnh lng ng cng
nhiu kh nng xy ra, gi tr ny cng thp, th cng nhiu kh nng cho qu
trnh ra xi. Bng 0 c ngha l khng c l ng ng hay ra xi. c tnh kh
nng sn c ca trm tch, ba gi thit b sung c thnh lp:
cn trm tch ca dng nc trong khu vc gim ngc theo thi gian (cao khi bt
u, gim dn theo thi gian);
trm tch c phn b nh nhau trong d
ng n c v khng bao gi bng 0
thng lng trm tch tng ng vi thng lng nc;
qu trnh lng ng trm tch v ra xi ch xut hin trong 150 gi u tin ca
trn lt (khong thi gian m ti thng s bn c tnh ton).
Phng php ny khng c tnh n su lng ng v ra xi, nhng a ra
mt ch th v qu trnh lng ng trm tch v ra xi c k vng xy ra u
v n mc nh th no.
Chy tp lnh sediment

M bn c phn loi sediment_cla
Cu hi:
Cc bn a ra cc khu vc c kh nng xy ra qu trnh lng ng trm tch v
ra xi. iu c ngha l g?
15
Giao 7 bn : maxh_cla
maxc_cla
maxi_cla
maxr_cla
duration_cla
ttf_cla
sediment_cla
u tin m cc bn c cp trn
B sung thm bn vecto buildings_map_segment
File>creat layout
t tn cho bn xem (v d. maxh )
t scale 1:5000 v nhp <OK>
Nhp vo bn n hot ng
Trong ca s lay-out chn insert trn Menu, chn legend
La chn mt ch gii bn thch hp. Chn <OK>.
Chc chn l tick-box transparent khng c check.
Nhp <OK>
Nu bn mun b sung thm cc thuc tnh bn khc chng hn t l, mi
tn ch hng v.v vo bn
Trong ca s lay-out chn Flie>export to bitmap
t mt tn thch hp v gim phn gii v 40 hoc 50 dpi (m bo rng
kt qu vn c th c c)
Lp li cc bc trn cho 7 bn
Paste c 7 bn trong MS-Word hoc MS-Powerpoint
Cng to mt layout ca bn hazard_cla bn to trong phn 1 v b sung
n vo trong ti liu
Ti liu ny phi c np
16
Bi tp 3F2. Gim st tai bin l lt bng cch s dng nh

SPOT-XS a thi gian
Trong bi tp ny bn s dng nh v tinh a thi gian nh gi vn
l lt trong khu vc ng ba sng ca sng Ganges v Jahmuna ti
Bangladesh, Ty Nam th Dhaka. Trong khu vc ny dng sng bin
ng rt n tng. Sng i dng hng kilomet mi nm.
Bn s nh gi cc khu vc c nc bao ph trong 3 giai on:
- Trong sut ma kh, s dng nh SPOT t 9-1-1987,
- Trong sut t l mnh trung bnh, s dng nh SPOT t 7-11-1987,
Gii thiu
Bangladesh c th l quc gia chu nhiu nh hng nht t cc thm ha
t nhin trn th gii, c bit l l l t. Xp x 40% lnh th chu l lt thng
xuyn. Ni y c hn 250 con sng chy quanh nm, trong th c 56 sng
bt ngun bn ngoi lnh th, Ty Tng, n , Butan v Nepal. 90% lng
nc cc con sng bt ngun t cc dng chnh, Ganges, Brahmaputra v
Meghna bt ngun t cc quc gia khc.
Nguyn nhn u tin gy nn l l t ti Bangladesh c lin quan trc tip
hoc gin tip n lng ma ti cc khu vc la vc ca 3 h thng sng
chnh. Lng ma, cng vi tuyt tan t ni Himalaya hnh thnh nn mt dng
c lng nc cc ln trn qua Bangladesh ri chy vo Vnh Bengal.
Ch bn triu mnh trung bnh ph bin ti Vnh Bengal. Do a hnh
lnh th rt thp (mt na quc gia nm di ng ng mc 8 mt), nn thy
triu tc ng rt su vo t lin. Trong sut t gi ma, nc l khng rt
c do nh hng ca thy triu. L lt do lc xoy trn bin xy ra do bi ma
st ca gi trn mt bin dng sng bo vo t lin.
T nm 1960 1981, Bangladesh phi hng chu 63 thm ha vi thit
hi khong 655,000 ngi. Trong s , c 37 trn bo nhit i, c p i
sinh mng ca 386.200 ngi. t l cu i cng xy ra vo nm 1987 v 1988
v cn bo nm 1990 lm cht 140.000 ngi ti b bin Vnh Bengal.
Vic nh gi tai bin l l t ti y l mt n lc quc t, v cn phi
gim st lng ma v lu lng nc sng trn ton b lu vc ca cc con
sng chnh, cng nh ph i gim st mc nc bin v h thng cnh bo bo
nhit i. X l nh s v phn tch cc nh SPOT lin tc bng GIS c th gip
ch c rt nhiu trong vic thnh lp bn tnh trng l lt v xc nh bin
ng ca sng. Khu vc nghin cu che ph ng ba cc con sng Meghan v
Ganges, ty nam th Dhaka.
Vi cc nh t bangladesh ngy ny bn c th nh gi hai iu:
- Gim st s m rng ca ngp lt,
- Gim st bin ng dng sng.
u tin, mt phng php phi c s dng cho vic xc nh chnh xc
b mt nc t cc dng t ph khc c trong nh.
Bit tp RiskCity 3F2 -1
Nghin cu th nghim: Gim st tai bin l lt s dng nh SPOT-XS a thi gian
La chn mt bng knh n trong mc nc khc nhau

Tt c cc nh u l nh SPOT-XS a ph, vi phn gii ph l 20
mt, bao gm 3 bng knh:
- Bng knh 1: phn gii ph 0.5-0.6 m: phn mu xanh ca ph
nhn thy c
- Bng knh 2: phn gii ph 0.6-0.7 m: phn mu ca ph nhn
thy c
- Bng knh 3: phn gii ph 0.8-0.9 m: phn cn hng ngoi trong
ph
Phng php ny c th c p dng khi cc di ring l c la chn
m ti nc c s phn x xc nh m khng ph ln cc lp ph. Trong
bi tp ny, nh SPOT XS c s dng v ng cong phn x i vi mt vi
dng ph c a ra trong hnh 2.1
Hnh 1: ng cong phn x i vi mt vi loi thm ph, v phn

gii ph ca ba bng knh SPOT XS
T s bng knh
Mt phng php khc l s dng t s bng knh, l s kt hp cc
bng knh ring l. Phng php ny c u im l nu phn x ph ca cc
loi lp ph trong mt bng knh tng ng nhau, th
t s ca hai bng c
th c s dng phn bit chng.
Bit tp RiskCity 3F2 -
Bng 1: Phn x tng i cho cc loi lp ph khc nhau i vi 3 bng SPOT XS

Loi lp ph
Bng knh 1
Bng knh 3
Nc
My
Bng
Thm thc vt
t trng
Trung bnh
Cao
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Thp
Cao
Thp
Cao
Cao
T s bng knh
3/1
Trung bnh thp
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Trung bnh cao
Trung bnh
Theo bng ny, nc c cng di phn x nu so vi thm thc vt trong

bng 1 v bng trong bng 3. Tuy nhin, nh s dng t s bng knh c th
c phn chia tt hn. Ni cch khc my, bng v t trng c s phn bit
kh khn hn. V th iu ny ph thuc vo loi nghin cu m phng
php c p dng.
Thnh lp bn trng thi l lt

Trc khi t s bng knh c thit lp, iu quan trng l phi c
tng tt v cc nh ring l. u tin bng knh 1 t trn lt mnh trung bnh
s c hin th.
Hin th nh Mfl87_1w bng cch nhp p vo biu tng bn . B la chn

kim tra check box stretch trong hp hi thoi Display Options. Nhp OK. Bn
s c hin th. Ch ton b nh mu xm hoc tng phn thp. Bn c
th tm thy gi tr DN (digital number) vi mi mt pixel bng cch nhp vo
mt pixel trong nh.
ng ca s bn .
Nhp p vo biu ca bn Mfl87_1w. Biu c xut hin trong ca
s bng. Quan st cc gi tr trong bng (ko xung thy cc gi tr). Hin
th biu trong th bng cch la chn Options v Show Graph. La chn
Image value cho trc X v Npix cho trc Y trong hp hi thoi Graph. Chn OK,
v kch OK mt ln na trong ca s Edit Graph. By gi biu c hin th
bng mt ng
Trc nm ngang ca th c th c gii on l mt thang xm ,

vi 256 bng khc nhau ca mu xm. Cc gi tr phn x bng 0 c hin th
bng mu en, gi tr phn x 255 c phn x bng mu trng, v tt c cc
gi tr nm gia cc bng xm khc nhau. Trc thng ng ch ra bao nhiu
pixel trong nh c gi tr .
Ch rng trn thc t tt c cc pixel c gi tr DN gia 20 v 50. Ch c
cc im trng trn nh, l my, c th c gi tr DN cao hn. l ti sao hu
ht nh c mu xm en. tng phn x trong nh, chng ta cn thay i
hin th tt c cc mu ca bng mu c s dng, tri di t mu en n
mu trng.
ng ca s graph
Ko bng xung v vit cc gi tr DN ra t phn trm tch y
l (C t
Npcumpct)bng 1 v n 99. ng ca s table li.
Nhp p vo bn raster Mfl87_1w mt ln na, nhng by gi kim tra box
stretch trong hp hi thoi Display Options, v nhp cc gi tr bn va vit ra,
ch cc gi tr nh nht v ln nht. Nhp OK. nh by gi c hin th a dng
hn trong tng mu xm.
Cch n gin nht ci thin nt ca nh l s dng la chn ko

gin option stretch. Khi i u ny c p dng, gi tr nh nht trong nh c
hin th vi mu sc thp nht trong i din xm (mu en) v gi tr ln
nht c hin th vi mu cao nht (mu trng). Nu ta s dng la chn ko
gin trong hin th ca bn , th gi tr nh thc khng h thay i. Ch c
cch biu din gi tr th thay i m thi.
Nu thc s mun to mt bn vi cc gi tr DN gia 0 v 255, th ta
phi s dng Stretch Operation, iu m s to ra mt bc nh khc. Trong
ILWIS c hai kh nng tn ti cho vic ko gin mt bc nh: ko gin tuyn
tnh v cn bng histogram linear stretch and histogram equalization. Phng
php c s dng ph bin nht hin nay l ko gin tuyn tnh. Quy tc ca
ko gin tuyn tnh c a ra trong nh
h d i y. IN i din cho gi tr
nguyn gc, OUT gi tr tng ng sau khi ko gin
Hnh 2: Quy tc c k thut ko gin tuyn tnh
ng ca s bn
T menu Operations trong ca s Main, chn Image Processing, Stretch. Hp
hi thoi Stretch c m ra. Chn nh Mfl87_1w l bn u vo. S dng
la chn Linear Stretch, v gi tr phn trm l 1%. Nhp Mfl87_1s l nh u
ra, v nhp bt Show v OK. Sau khi tnh ton hp hi thoi display options m
ra. Chn OK. nh c hin ln. Nhn vo nh bn c th thy n tng t nh
trc , ngoi tr vic khi bn chn trn cc gi tr trong bn , bn s thy
chng c di gi tr t 0 n 255
T File trn thanh Menu, chn Open Pixel Information. Ko v th bn
Mfl87_1w vaf Mfl87_1s vo trong ca s pixel information. Di chuyn chut trn
nh v quan st cc gi tr khc nhau trc v sau khi ko gin
So snh cc biu trc v sau khi ko gin.
ng ca s bn v ca s thng tin pixel.
Thnh lp mt t hp mu gi
Bc u tin l nh gi cc gi tr pixel cho cc loi lp ph khc nhau. iu
ny c thc hin bng cch s dng mt t hp mu t trn lt trung bnh.
T menu Operations, chn Visualization, Color Composite

Nhp tn cho bng knh mu : Ml87_3w
Nhp tn cho bng knh mu xanh l cy: Mfl87_2w
Nhp tn cho bng knh mu xanh dng: Mfl87_1w
t tn nh u ra: Mfl87fcc.
Chuyn sang - Switch off 24 bits.
Chn Linear Stretching v phn trm l 1.00 cho tt c u ra 3 bng knh
Nhp chn Show v OK. Sau khi tnh ton bn , hp hi thoi display options
c m ra. Nhp vo OK. T hp mu gi c hin th. Xem kt qu
Trong nh ny bn c th thy r rng hn cc n v t ph khc nhau.

Nh bn c th thy nc c hin ln trong mu xanh dng, thm thc vt
mu , my v t trng mu trng (v d. n ct), v cc bng mu en.
By gi bn s tnh ton cc lp ny c hin ln trong 3 bng knh ring l
nh th no.
M ca s pixel infomation v thm bn Mfl87_1w, Mfl87_2w v Mfl87_3w

vo ca s pixel infomation ny. Nu bn di chuyn con tr chut qua nh bn
thy cc gi tr ca 3 bng knh u ra.
Phng to cc phn c nh ca bn vi nc, thm thc vt, my, bng, v
t trng. Ch bng di y cc gi tr DN trn bng knh ca mt dng t
ph cho trc.
Tnh ton t s bng knh 3/1 s dng ILWIS pocket line calculator. V d, nu
bn mun tnh 34/45, bn g ?34/45 trn dng lnh ti ca s chnh. Chn t
nht 5 pixel trn mt lp ph
Bng 2: Hy in cc gi tr DN cho cc bng knh c ch ra v loi lp ph.

Cng tnh ton t s 3/1.
Loi lp ph
Bng knh 1
Bng knh 2
Bng knh 3
Bng 3/Bng 1
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
Thm
thc
thc
thc
thc
thc
vt
vt
vt
vt
vt
My
My
My
My
My
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
Bng
t
t
t
t
t
trng
trng
trng
trng
trng
Nh bn c th thy t kt qu chng ta khng th phn bit c nc

v thm thc vt trong bng knh 1. Trong bng 3, chng ta c th phn bit
c hai yu t ny, nhng sau y bng s c phn x thp.
l ti sao, nu chng ta a t s bng 3 v bng 1, chng ta c th
phn bit c nc.
ng ca s bn v ca s pixel information.
Tnh ton t s bng knh

Gi y bn s tnh ton t s bng knh 3 v 1.
G cng thc sau vo dng lnh

Brmfl=Mfl87_3w/Mfl87_1w
Hp hi thoi Raster map definition c m ra. Nhp nt Create domain. Hp
hi thoi Creat Domani c m ra.
G Ratio cho domain name. Chn domain type: Value. Nhp OK. Domain Editor
c m ra.
Nhp 0 cho Min, v 10 cho Max v 0.01 vo Precision. Nhp chn OK. Bn quay
tr v hp hi thoi Raster map definition. Thay i y phm vi gi tr v 0
v10. Chn OK.
Nhy p vo bn Brmfl. Hy chc chn Gray c chn trong hp hi thoi
display options. Chp nhn cc mc nh v chn OK. Xem kt qu.
Bn Brmfl c hin ln trong tng mu xm. c cc gi tr trong bn v
xem nu bn c th phn bit s khc nhau gia nc v phn cn li. Hy
tham kho biu . Tm gi tr ti hn m n gii hn nc t t.
tm cc gi tr gii hn cho vic phn bit t v nc, to ra mt s a din

l cn thit, vi hai mu (xanh nc bin v xanh l cy). Tt c cc pixel vi
cc gi tr di gii hn s c hin th mu xanh nc bin (nc) v cc gi
tr cao hn trong mu xanh l cy (t). Khi bn thay i gii hn, s hin th
cng thay i theo, v bn c th nh gi nu tt c pixel nc c phn loi
l nc. Bng cch ny bn c th tm ra mt cch tng h gi tr tt nht
xc nh s khc nhau gia t v nc.
Khi bn c mt tng v gi tr bin, kch p chut vo item New Repr trong

Operation-list. Hp hi thoi Create Representation c m ra. Nhp tn ca
Representation l Ratio, v chn domain Ratio. Nhp OK. Representation Editor
c m ra.
Trong menu Edit ca Representation Editor, chn Insert Limit. Nhp gi tr ti
hn m phn bit s khc nhau gia t v nc (v d 0.5), v chn mu
xanh. Nhp chn OK.
Kch hot ca s map v n chut phi trong khi con tr chut trn nh. Chn
bn Brmfl c hin th li, theo Representation Ratio
Kch hot Representation Editor ln na. Thay i mu ca gii hn 10 thnh
mu Xanh l cy. Kch p vo t stretch gia cc gii hn cho ti khi n bin
i ln trn
Nhn nt Redraw trong ca s map. Gi y, bn c th hin bng hai
mu: Xanh nc bin (nc) hoc xanh l cy (t). nh gi nu gii hn 0.5
l chnh xc phn bit nc v t. Nu khng thay i gii hn trong
Representation Editor, v nhn Redraw li ln na trong ca s map.
Khi bn chc chn v gi tr phn bit t v nc, bn c th s dng

Slicing operation, thay i t s nh sang mt bn lp. thc hin Slicing
operation, cn c mt nhm domain.
To mt domain Mfl (trong ca s chnh: File>Creat>Creat Domain). Domain

nn l lp v nhm. Nhn OK. Gi y bn c th nhp cc gi tr bin v tn
ca cc lp. Chn Edit>Add Item v in vo gi tr bn tm thy trc nh
gi tr bin, v t tn Watermfl. Nhn OK. B sung thm mt lp khc: Landmfl
vi gi tr bin gi tr ln nht trong bn . ng Domain Editor.
By gi s dng Slicing Operation (trong ca s chnh: Operations>Image
processing>Slicing). Dng Brmfl l mt bn u vo, Mfl l domain, v Mfl l
bn u ra.
Hin th bn Mfl, v so snh n vi nh Brmfl.
Gi y, bn c mt bn nhm, biu th khu vc l lt trong t l trung bnh

nm 1987.
Theo cng mt th tc sau cho cc nh ca hai ngy khc: 9-1-1987 (ma kh

bng cch lp mt bn t s bng knh Brdry, mt domain dry, vi cc lp
Waterdry v Landdry v bn cui cng dry) v 10-10-1988 (trn lt thm
khc: bng cch lp mt bn t s bng knh Brfl, mt domain fl vi cc lp
Waterfl, v Landfl v mt bn cui cng fl). Xem kt qu.
To mt t hp mu gi s dng ba bng knh t 10-10-1988. Tn bn kt
qu l Fl88fcc. Xem kt qu.
Hin th nh Fl88fcc v bn Dry, Mfl, Fl cng nhau trn mn hnh. Hy so

snh chng.
ng ca s bn li.
Kt hp ba bn mc nc
By gi bn c ba bn a ra s khc nhau v t/nc trong ba giai
on: ma kh nm 1987, trn lt mnh trung bnh nm 1987, v tr n l l t
thm khc nm 1988. Nhng bn ny s c kt hp thnh mt bn cui
cng s dng Crossing operation.
Bn Dry v Mfl giao nhau, to nn mt bn lai tp v mt bn lai tp, c

hai c gi l Drymfl
Bn Drymfl v Fl giao nhau, to nn mt bn lai tp v mt bn lai tp, c
hai c gi l Final
Chuyn domain ca Final t Identifier sang Class, bng cch nhn nt Convert
to Classes trong hp hi thoi Properties. Xem kt qu.
To mt Final i din.
To ch gii cho bn Final v lu kt qu va xem
Tnh phn trm ca cc lp khc nhau ca bn u ra
Tham kho
Alexander, D. (1993). Natural disasters. UCL Press Ltd., University College
London. 632 pp.
Asaduzaman, A.T.M. (1994). A geomorphologic approach to flood hazard
assessment and zonation in Bangladesh, using Remote Sensing and a
geographic information system. MSc thesis, ITC, Department of Earth Resources
Surveys. Enschede. 85 pp.
Maathuis, B.H.P (1993). Flooding Bangladesh: ITC Demo. CZM Toolbox, tools
and applications for Coastal Zone Managment, World Coast Conference 1993,
pp. 15-18 (+demo diskette).
Bi tp 3F2. Gim st tai bin l lt bng cch s dng nh

SPOT-XS a thi gian
Kt qu bi tp
Hnh 1: X l ko gin nh mfl87_ls
Hnh 2: Phn 1.2 thnh lp t hp mu gi trn lt trung bnh
10
Hnh 3: Phn 1.3 Tnh ton t s bng knh
Hnh 4: Phn 1.3 Tnh ton t s bng knh v slicing operation, trn lt
trung bnh
11
Hnh 5: Phn 1.3 Tnh ton t s bng knh v slicing operation, trn lt
thm khc
Hnh 6: Phn 1.3 Tnh ton t s bng knh v slicing operation, ma kh
12
Hnh 7: Phn 1.3 T hp mu trn lt thm khc nm 1988
Hnh 8: Phn 1.4 Kt hp ba bn mc nc
13
14
Phn 3.3.C Bi tp 10
M hnh st ln t v nc bin dng ti thnh ph Semarang,

Indonesia.
Thi gian d kin: 2.5 gi
D liu:
File d liu: Session 3-3-c Task X ModellingSubsidenceSemarang
i tng:
Sau phn ny bn c th:
- phn tch nhng khu vc l lt vi nh ETM Landsat
- so snh vi ng b bin nm 2001 vi mt nh c hn (1871);
- phn tch v ni suy d liu im cao v tc st ln;
- m hnh ha vi cc DEM a thi gian c im tng i ca
nc bin dng t cc kch bn khc nhau;
- th hin bn kt qu vi mu sc r rng.
1. Gii thiu
Bi tp gii quyt vic s dng GIS nghin cu cc tc ng ca st ln

t v mc nc bin dng ti thnh ph Semarang, Trung tm Java, Indonesia.
Thnh ph Semarang ang phi chu ng hai dng l lt: l t sng v thy
triu dng cao. Quy m m rng v ln ca l l t tng ln mt cch ng
nghim trng trong nhng nm gn y. Vic xut hin ny c lin quan n qu
trnh ang din ra ca st ln t v mc nc bin ton cu dng lm cho b bin
ca thnh ph ny phi i mt vi vn ny. Tc st ln ti thnh ph ti
nhiu a im t mc ln nht ln n 12cm/nm. Cc c tnh trung bnh v
mc nc bin dng ti khu
vc ch ra rng mc nc bin
ti Indonesia s dng ln 9,13
v 45 cm trong nhng nm
ln lt l 2010, 2019 v
2070.
nh gi nh hng
kt hp ca nhng hin tng
ny v s phn b ca n
trong khng gian, mt th tc
phi c p dng kt hp
vic cp nht cc ngun thng
tin a cht v cao a hnh
v s dng t.
Trong bi tp, mt M
hnh s cao DEM s c
thnh lp bng vic s dng
bn im ca d liu ly
c t chp nh.
Vic s dng t hin
tai trong khu vc c th c
nh gi bng vic s dng
Phn 3-3-c Task XX
Trang 1
Bi tp 3-3-C x : Tai bin st ln t li thnh ph Semarang

nh v tinh phn gii cao Landsat-7 ETM+
iu ny cng sn c trn bn a hnh ca khu vc c qut.
Trong bi tp ny bn c yu cu lm cc bn kt qu v st ln t v
mc nc bin. iu ny nhm lm cho n cng c p dng cho cc thnh ph
ang chm khc.
Phng php cho bi tp ny c c t:
Heri Sutanta (2002) - Spatial modeling of

the Impact of Land
Subsidence and Sea Level Rise in a Coastal Urban Setting, ITC-MSc study.
2. Thm d d liu u vo
Trong tp d liu bn c th nhn thy d liu u vo sn c cho nghin cu

th nghim ny.
Tn
ETM01b1,b2,b3,b4,
b5,b8
Loi
Raster
Topo_1871, Topo_1908,
Topo_1937, Topo_1992
Raster
Administration
Phn mnh, vng v bng
Benchmarks
im
Eleva01
im
Coastlines
Phn mnh
Waterbodies
Phn mnh v vng
Roads
Vng
SubsMask
Raster v Vng
StudyArea
Phn mnh
ngha
nh ngy 02/08/2001 bn
theo ch c tng cng,
bands 1 d dn 5 v 8.
phn gii bands 1 n 5 l
30m v band 8 l 15m
Bn a hnh c qut nm
1871, 1908, 1937 v 1992 vi
phn gii pixel l 5
S phn chia qun l thnh ph
Semarang ti kampungs v mt
dn s trong mt bng.
Bn im tiu chun vi tc
ln chm l mm/nm
Bn im cao nm 2001,
ti phn trung tm Semarang vi
n v l mt
ng b c s ha da trn
bn a hnh ca nm 1871 v
1992
Cc thn nc, chng hn nh
bin Java, sng v knh (c s
ha t bn a hnh)
Bn vng ca ng giao
thng chnh
Bn dng raster, vng. Mask
ca vng nghin cu i vi hin
tng ln chm
Bn phn mnh ca ranh gii
khu vc nghin cu
3. So snh nh Landsat ETM nm 2001 vi ng b bin s

ha nm 1871
u tin hin th Bn chuyn Landsat nm 2001 vi mu trn. Bn s
thy trong Danh mc ca ca s chnh cc band nh Landsat c lp, c hin th
vi k hiu raster
Phn 3-3-c Task XX
Trang 2
Kch p chut vo nh ETM01b5. Chp nhn cc ci t mc nh ti ca

s Display Options- Raster Map bng cch nhp vo OK.
Duyt thng qua nh vi chut v c gng nhn ra c im b mt nht
nh; v d nh s khc nhau gia khu vc t v bin, c s h tng ca
thnh ph Semarang, v.v. Phng to vo cc khu vc nht nh
Hy thc hin tng t vi nh ETM01b8. So snh kt qu trn mn hnh
window tip theo vi nhau. Nh bn s thy, nh ETM01b5 c phn gii
khng gian thp hn (kch thc pixel l 30m) so vi nh ton sc ETM01b8
(kch thc pixel l 15m)
Thit lp mt t hp mu ca Enhanced Thematic Mapper cc band: 4,5 v 3
l , xanh l cy v xanh dng. Lu kt qu l ETM01b453
Hy thc hin la chn ny t thnh Menu:
o Operations, Image Processing, Color-Composite
o Chn trong ca s Color-Composite theo nhng band sau:
Xanh l cy Xanh dng: ETM01b4ETM01b5ETM01b3
o G bn Output Raster: ETM1b453
o Gi nguyn mc nh v Nhn: Show
Nghin cu mu sc ca nh, v phng to nhng vng c la chn.
So snh ng b nm 1871 vi ng b trong sut qu trnh

tm kim nh
ng b ca Semarang v khu vc ln cn, nh hin th trn nh TM tng cng
t hp mu c th c so snh vi ng b trong qu kh, c s ha t bn
a hnh nm 1871;
u tin hy hin th nh t hp mu Landsat ETM.

B sung d liu vo lp Coastline bng vic la chn t ca s Map:
Layers > Add Layer
Trong ca s Add Data Layer chn bn mnh: Coastlines, OK. Trong ca
s Display Options-Segment Map hy chn mc nh tt c bng cch chn
OK
Hy phng to ti b bin v so snh vi ng b (nm 1871 mu nguyn
bn) vi ng b mi hn (1992 mu )
4. Hin th d liu im cao v bn a hnh

u tin chng ta hy nhn vo bn v bng qun l, v bn im cao, t
M hnh s cao c xy dng
Phn 3-3-c Task XX
Trang 3
La chn bn polygon qun l. Trong ca s Display Options Polygon

Map hy mc nh. Chn: OK
Nhp chut vo n v qun l (desas) ca Senmarang. Ti ca s Attribute
pops-up vi thng tin v mt dn c trong n v (=PopDens).
Ch rng mt dn c ti bin Java tt nhin l bng 0; d liu dn s ca
khu vc ln cn Kabupaten khng r v ton b d liu dn s c lu trong
bng Administration.
b sung thm nhng lp d liu khc, chng hn nh nh v tinh hoc bn

a hnh, bn phi hin th c bn qun l ch vi cc ranh gii.
La chn trong ca s Polygon Map: Layers > Display Options > 1pol.
Administration. Trong ca s Display Options Polygon Map bn chn Check
Box Boundaries Only. Chn: OK. Hin ti, bn Administration c hin th
ch vi cc ranh gii bng ng mu .
Trong ca s Polygon Map hy la chn: Layers > Add Layer. By gi bn c
th la chn mt bn b sung vo bn polyogon.
Hy thm cc bn sau ln lt tng bn mt: Topo_1992 hoc
Topo_1871, Topo_1908, Topo_1937 or ETM01b453.
Nghin cu s bin i ng b v s m rng ca thnh ph, so snh vi d
liu trong qu kh.
Bn c th s dng lp qun l (ca s bn tri) n hoc hin th
bn theo la chn ca bn
Ch Bn ch c th ch c b sung nh ETM, hoc bn a hnh vo bn
Administration. iu ny phi lm vi cc ch gii a cht khc nhau.
Vic hin th bn im ca cao trong n v mt, vi chnh xc n mm,

v cc tiu chun v tc st ln t (cm/nm), c th c thc hin nh sau:
Phn 3-3-c Task XX
Trang 4
5. Ni suy cc im vo v cc tiu chun ca st ln t

tng tc trnh t ni suy, ch c trung tm ca Semarang c dng
nh l mt vng th nghim. i vi iu ny, mt georefer_subsidence c
bit sn c vi kch c pixel l 30m.
lm m hnh DEM nm 2001 chng ta s s dng mt thut ton ni suy
n gin: Dch chuyn trung bnh vi nghch o khong cch - Moving Average
with Inverse Distance. Trong ILWIS mt php ni suy cao hn rt c kh nng ln
trong gii quyt cc bi ton c khong cch xa, nhng iu cng tn nhiu thi
gian hn cho bi tp ny.
Trong thnh cng c ca ILWIS la chn: Operations > Interpolation > Point
Interpolation > Moving Average. Trong ca s Moving Average la chn hoc
g vo:
o Point Map: eleva01
o Weight Function:
Linear Decrease
o Weight Exponent: gi tr mc nh
o Limiting Distance: 15.000 (gi tr l mt)
o Output raster Map: Eleva01 (gi tr l mt)
o Georeference: Georef_Subsidence (30 m pixels)
o Value Range: gi tr mc nh
o Precision: 0.01 (gi tr l cm)
o Type for Description: Elevation 2001 vi gi tr mt
o Select: Show
o La chn tt c cc gi tr mc nh trong ca s Display Options Raster
Map
Duyt thng qua bn v nhn vo gi tr st ln cm/nm.
B sung cc lp bn , chng hn roads, waterways, administration.
thc hin bn raster SubsRate, trong tc ln chm l cm trn

nm c a ra, chng ta phi ni suy bn i Benchmarks. thc hin iu
ny, v c bn chng ta da trn th tc ni suy nh vi bn Eleva01 (xem
trn).
Chng ta cng s dng Georef_Subsidence (ging vi khu vc eleva01).
iu khc bit duy nht l d liu c gii on c lu trong bng benchmarks,
v khng trong bn . im khc bit th hai l khong cch gii hn; c t l
15.000 mt, i qua ht khng gian rng ca cc a im benchmark.
Phn 3-3-c Task XX
Trang 5
Trong thnh cng c ca ILWIS la chn: Operations > Interpolation > Point
Interpolation > Moving Average. Trong ca s Moving Average la chn hoc
g vo:
o Point Map: benchmarks
o Select: Subs-cmyr ( ch : la chn hy nhp vo hp nh vi mt v
ng trc tiu chun bn
o Weight Function:
Linear Decrease
o Weight Exponent: gi tr mc nh
o Limiting Distance: 15.000 (gi tr l mt)
o Output raster Map: SubsRate (gi tr l cm/nm)
o Georeference: Georef_Subsidence (30 m pixels)
o Value Range: gi tr mc nh
o Precision: 0.01 (value in cm)
o Type for Description: Subsidence rate in cm/year
o Select: Show
o La chn tt c cc gi tr mc nh trong ca s Display Options Raster
Map
Duyt thng qua bn v nhn vo gi tr st ln cm/nm.
B sung cc lp bn , chng hn roads, waterways, administration.
6. M hnh ha mc nc bin tng tng i trong tng lai

Cc kch bn trong bi tp ny s to ra nhng bn vi cc c tnh v
mc nc bin dng ln tng i trong cc nm 2010, 2019 v 2070. iu ny c
ngha mc nc bin l tng i vi cao ca t, a vo tnh ton st ln t
v mc nc bin dng.
Kch bn
2010
2019
2070
Vic
d
on
t
Thp (cm)
3
6
15
nghin cu ca Ngn hng
Trung bnh (cm)
9
13
45
Pht trin Chu (1994)
Cao (cm)
15
25
90
c tin hnh c bn i
vi cc kch bn nc bin
dng hon ton ti Semarang.
i vi bi tp ny, gi tr trung bnh i vi nhng ngm 2010, 2019 v
2070 c la chn trong tnh ton tng lai st ln t c lin quan n mc nc
bin dng. iu ny c ngha l n lt cc nm 2010, 2019 v 2070 c mc nc
dng tng ng l 9 cm, 13 cm v 45 cm.
Vic tnh ton i vi DTM cho nm t1 (=2010, 2019 hoc 2070), bt u t
nm t0 (=2001) l (theo H. Sutana, 2002):
trong :
ELEVAt0 = cao ti iu kin khi u (file: Eleva01)
Phn 3-3-c Task XX
Trang 6
ELEVAt1 = cao ti nm c c tnh (file: Eleva10, Eleva19,

Eleva70)
SLRt1 = mc nc bin dng ti nm c c tnh (2010, 2019 v
2070)
SUBRATE = Bn tc ln chm (file: SubRate)
Trong ILWIS, cc tnh ton cn thit u da trn cng thc trn, c tin hnh
bng vic s dng Bn tnh ton, c g trong Command Line. Cc cng thc
sau y l:
Ch : Gi tr SubRate c chia thnh 100 phn, lm gi tr l mt thay v cm.
Thc hin bn Eleva10, bn tnh ton sau y phi c biu din (g

trong Dng lnh):
Eleva10 = Eleva01 (0.09+9*SubsRate/100)
Chp nhn cc mc nh trong ca s Raster Map Definition v chn: Show.

Lm vi tnh ton bn cng cc bn : Eleva19 v Eleva70.
Kim tra kt qu v b sung lp d liu chng hn Administration
Nh bn thy php ni suy im khng dng li ng b. khc phc n,
bn phi kt hp bn kt qu vi mt mt n ch ca khu vc t lin nm
2001. l bn SubsMask, theo ng b c s ha t nh Landsat
ETM nm 2001.
Hy hin th bn : SubsMask
tin hnh hoc lm mt nn ch duy nht khu vc t lin ca bn
cao c lp ca nm 2010, 2019 v 2070, hy thc hin Map Calculation
sau y:
ElevaMask10 = iff(SubsMask=Land, Eleva10,0)
C ngha l: To mt bn ch vi tn l ElevaMask10 i vi nhng khu vc

t lin trong bn SubsMask. To Sea: 0
Chp nhn cc mc nh trong ca s Raster Map Definition
To cng mt cch nh trn bn ElevaMask19 v ElevaMask70.
Hy kim tra kt qu. B sung cc lp d liu theo la chn ca bn.
c mt t ng tt hn v t ai b ln chm t nh th no vo nm 2010,
2019 v 2070 so vi nm 2001, ta hin th bn a hnh nm 1992 v duy t
Pixel Info qua bn , vi cc cao ca 3 nm tng lai c hin th trong ca s
Pixel Info.
Phn 3-3-c Task XX
Trang 7
7. Hin th kt qu
Bc cui cng ct cc bn ElevaMask 10,19,70 theo cch nh vy,
m hin tng ln xung c biu din trong cc cch vi mu sc p v r rng.
i vi iu ny, c m t lnh vc vi cc bc cao v mu trong bng
cng tn. Bn u ra c a ra tn: Elevation 2010, Elevation 2019,
Elevation 2070.
Hy chn: Slicing from the Operations List (bn tri ca s).

G hoc chn trong ca s Slicing:
o Raster Map: Elevamask10
o Output Raster Map: Elevation2010
o Domain: Elevation
o Description: Elevation Map 2010
o Select: Show
Chp nhn cc gi tr mc trong ca s Raster Map Definition v Kim tra/Phn
tch bn kt qu
Thc hin cc bc tng t vi bn Elevation2019 v Elevation2070.
Phn 3-3-c Task XX
Trang 8
Bi tp 3L2. nh gi trt l t s dng phng php tin nh

D liu:
exercise03
i tng:
Bi tp ny ch ra cho bn thy mt php phn tch n nh sn
dc c bn tin hnh nh th no bng cch s dng m hnh sn dc v hn. Phng
php ny tnh ton kh nng n nh ca mi mt pixel cho cc kch bn khc nhau ca
mi quan h su nc ngm/ su b mt ph hy
C s l thuyt:
Mc ch cui cng ca php phn tch tai bin trt l t trn t l ln (t l ln hn
1:10,000) l thnh lp bn tai bin nh tnh. Mc tai bin c th c th hin
bng Safety Factor H s an ton, l t s gia cc lc lm ph hy sn dc v cc lc
chng li hin tng . Gi tr F ln hn 1 ngha l iu kin n nh, v gi tr F nh hn 1
ngha l khng n nh. Ti F=1 sn dc ti im ph hy
Nhiu m hnh khc nhau ang c dng tnh h s an ton. Ti y chung ta s s dng
m hnh n gin nht, c gi l m hnh sn dc v hn. M hnh mt chiu ny m
t s n nh ca sn dc vi b mt pht hy ln v hn. C th s dng GIS nh l mt
cch tnh ton c th p dng trn mt pixel c bn. Pixel trong cc bn tham s c th
c coi nh l cc n v ng nht. nh hng ca cc pixel ln cn nhau l khng ng
k, v m hnh c th c s dng tnh ton kh nng n nh ca mi mt pixel c
bit, to nn mt bn tai bin ca h s n nh.
H s n nh c tnh da theo cng thc sau (Brunsden v Prior, 1979):
F=
c '+ ( m m ) zcos 2 tan '
zsin cos
Bi tp RiskCity 3L2- 1
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity: nh gi tai bin trt l t theo phng php tin nh
trong :
c = h s ma st (Pa = N/m2)
= trng lng ring ca t (N/m3)
m = zw/z (khng c th nguyn)
w = trng lng th tch ca nc (N/m3)
z = su b mt ph hy di mt t (m)
zw = chiu cao gng nc ngm trn mt ph hy (m)
= nghing ca b mt ph hy (0)
= gc khng ct hu hiu (0)
M hnh sn dc v hn c th c dng trn cc mt ct cng nh trn cc pixel.

Ton b php phn tch yu cu u tin l s chun b c s d liu. Cc phn v m
hnh nc ngm v m hnh ha gia tc a chn khng c a ra ti y. tm
hiu thm thng tin hy xem Van Westen (1993). Trong bi tp ny ch php tnh h
s an ton trung bnh s c thc hin i vi cc kch bn khc nhau. Cc bn
h s an ton trung bnh ny s c s dng thnh lp cc bn kh nng ph
hy.
S hin th d liu u vo
Trong bi tp ny, php phn tch s n nh sn dc c lm bng cch s dng
ch vi hai bn tham s: Soildepth ( dy ca t) v Slope_map (gc dc tnh
bng ).
Chng ta gi s rng:
su ca mt c kh
nng ph hy c xc
nh ti s tip xc ca
t v vt liu phong
ha nm di.
Tt c cc loi t u
c cng mt gi tr lc
dnh, ma st v khi
lng ring.
Hy m cc bn Soildepth v Slope_map v kim

tra cc gi tr trong bn . Nhp chn OK trong hp hi
thoi Display Options. Bn c hin th.
Trong phn u tin ca bi tp ny chng ta s tnh ton kh

nng n nh ca t ph s dng ch vi mt gi tr ring l
ca lc dnh kt, gc ma st v khi lng th tch m. Chnh
v i u ny nn h s an ton khng c tnh ton trn ton khu vc, m ch tnh

ton vi nhng khu vc c t ph trn gc.
Bn cnh chiu dy ca t c gi s nh l chiu su ca
M:
b mt ph hy, v sn dc ia hnh, chng ta cng c n bit
Zw/Z = su ca mc
thm v cc tham s khc ca cng thc sn dc v hn. T
nc ngm/ su ca
cc th nghim trong phng cc gi tr trung bnh sauy
b mt ph hy
c tnh ton nh sau:
c
= lc dnh hu hiu (Pa = N/m2)
= 11000 Pa
Sin v Cosin:
w
= trng lng th tch (N/m3)
= 10000 N/m3
Cc hm ca ILWIS i
Z
= Chiu su b mt ph hy di mt = Bn Soildepth
vi sin v cosin ch hot
t
ng c vi cc gi tr
= gc nghing mt sn (0)
= Bn
radian, trong khi bn
Slope_map
Slope li gi tr . V
= 320
th iu u tin, chng
Tan() = tang ca gc khng ct hu hiu
= 0.625
ta cn chuyn bn
slope t sang radian.
Ch c mt tham s cha xc nh c l chiu su gng

nc ngm. Trong cng thc iu ny c biu din bng gi tr m, l mi quan
h gia su ca gng nc ngm v su ca b mt ph hy.
Chun b d liu
Trc khi bn bt tay vo phn tch, bn cn xc nh bn Slope_map. Trong tnh
ton bn cn 3 tham s c dn xut t sn dc:
sin(slope) = gc sin ca sn dc
cos(slope) = gc cosin ca sn dc.
cos2(slope) = cos(slope)* cos(slope)
Cc hm ca ILWIS i vi sin v cosin ch hot ng c vi cc gi tr radian,
trong khi bn Slope li gi tr . V th iu u tin, chng ta cn chuyn bn
slope t sang radian. ILWIS c hn Degrad thc hin iu ny:
Degrad(Slope) degrees to radians function: slope*2/360
G cng thc sau vo dng lnh:

Slrad:=degrad(Slope_map)
Chp nhn cc mc nh nh nht, ln nht v chnh xc.
M bn kt qu v so snh vi cc gi tr ca bn Slrad vi bn
Slope_map. Vi pixel infomation nhp vvafo mt vi im trn bn v c cc
gi tr v gradian. V d: bn c th g cng thc sau vo dng lnh:
?10.77*2*3.14/360
Gi y bn c sn dc vi cc gi tr radian, v bn c th tnh ton sin v cosin.

Bn s tnh ton cc bn c lp cho cc yu t ny cng thc Safety factor
c tnh ton d dng hn.

Si:=sin(Slrad)
(vi cng thc ny bn tnh c sin v cosin)
Chp nhn cc gi tr mc nh nh nht (-1), ln nht (+1) v a ra mt
chnh xc l 0.001.
M bn kt qu v so snh bn si vi bn Slard. Tnh ton cc yu t
ny vi my tnh hoc my tnh ca Windows cho mt vi pixel, s dng cng
thc trn.
Co:=cos(Slrad)
(vi cng thc ny bn tnh c sin v cosin)
Chp nhn cc gi tr mc nh nh nht (-1), ln nht (+1) v a ra mt
chnh xc l 0.001.
M bn kt qu v so snh bn Co vi bn Slard. Kim tra cho mt vi
pixel, s dng cng thc trn.
Co2=sq(Co)
(vi cng thc ny bn tnh c bnh phng ca cosin, s dng hm Sq() ca
ILWIS)
Chp nhn cc mc nh nh nht, ln nht v chnh xc.
Kim tra kt qu ln na.
Gi y, tt c cc tham s cn thit cho cng thc u c xc nh, ngoi tr

tham s m lin qan ti chiu su nc ngm.
Thnh lp hm cho cng thc sn dc v hn

Functions:
Bn cnh nhiu hm ni
ti c lp trnh trc,
ILWIS a ra cho ngi
dng c hi thnh lp
cc hm mi. c bit
khi bn cn thc hin
cc tnh ton nht nh
cn nhiu ln g cng
thc, th cc hm do
ngi dng to nn s
tit kim c nhiu thi
gian. Mt hm do ngi
dng to nn l mt biu
thc c th cha bt k
s kt hp no ca cc
operators, hm, bn
v ct bng
Trong cc phn sau, bn s s dng cng thc sn dc v

hn mt cch rng ri cho cc kch bn khc nhau, v d
liu u vo khc nhau. trnh vic bn phi g li cng
thc mi ln s dng, tt hn ht l thnh lp mt hm do
bn thnh lp thun tin hn khi s dng.
Nhp p chut vo New Function trn danh sch

operations. Hp hi thoi Create function c m ra.
G Function Name: Fs
G biu thc sau:
(Cohesion+(GammaM*Gammaw)*Z*Co2*Tanphi)/(Gamma*Z*Si*Co)
G Description: Safety factor
Nhp OK. Hp hi thoi Edit Function c m ra. Nhp
OK.
Trong hp hi thoi ny bn c th chnh sa cng thc ca hm. By gi, biu thc

l:
Function fs(Value Cohesion,Value Gamma,Value M,Value Gammaw,Value Z,Value
Co2,Value Tanphi,Value Si,Value Co) : Value
Begin
Return (Cohesion +(Gamma-M*Gammaw)*Z*Co2*Tanphi) /(Gamma*Z*Si*Co)
End;
Nh bn thy, hm bao gm cc bin sau:

- Value Cohesion: gi tr ca lc dnh hu hiu.
- Value gamma: gi tr ca trng lng th tch ca t
- Value m: gi tr ca quan h zw/z
- Value gammaw: gi tr ca trng lng th tch ca nc.
- Value z: gi tr ca su b mt ph hy di mt t
- Value co2: gi tr ca bnh phng cosin ca sn dc
- Value tanphi: gi tr ca tan gc khng ct hu hiu.
- Value si: gi tr ca sin gc dc
-Value co: gi tr ca cosin gc dc.
Tuy nhin, mt s cc bin ny c c nh.

Bn s s dng chng cho tt c cc tnh ton:
cc bin c nh l: Value Cohesion (1000Pa),
Value Gammaw (10000N/m3), Value Z (bn
raster Soildepth), Value Co2 (bn raster
Co2), Value Tanphi (0.625), Value Si (bn
raster Si), v Value Co (bn raster Co.
Vy bn c th n gin ha hm s mt cch
ng k, hm gi y s l:
Function fs(Value Gamma,Value M) : Value

Begin
Return(10000+((Gamma-m*10000)*Soildepth*Co2*0.625))
/(Gamma* Soildepth *Si*Co)
End;
Nh bn c th y ch c hai bin: Value Gamma v Value M.
Hy chnh sa Function cho ti khi c nh trn. Nhp OK
Tnh ton h s an ton Safety Factors i vi cc kch bn nc ngm.

Gi y hm s c to, bn c th bt u tnh ton bn h s an ton i
vi cc kch bn khc nhau. u tin bn s tnh h s an ton cho cc kch bn khc
nhau ni m ch duy nht c lng ma c xem l nhn t kch hot. Bn s cha
xem xt n nh hng ca ng t.
iu kin kh
u tin bn s tnh h s an ton ca t vi gi thuyt l t kh tuyt i. Trong
trng hp ny tham s m = 0.
Hy nh rng cc tham s khc c cho trong trang trc:
c
11000 Pa
= trng lng ring th tch (N/m3)
10000 N/m3
= trng lng ring ca t
11000 N/m3
= Chiu su b mt ph hy di mt t
Bn Soildepth
= quan h zw/z
Bn Slope_map
320
Tan()
= tang ca gc khng ct hu hiu
0.625
Sin()
= Sin gc dc
map Si
Cos()
= cosin gc dc
map Co
cos2()
= bnh thng cosin gc dc
map Co2
Gi y bn c th bt u tnh ton bn h s an ton thc s, biu din trng

thi di iu kin kh. Hai bin cho hm fs l 11000 (Value Gamma) v 0 (Value
M).
Hy g cng thc sau vo dng lnh: Fdry:=fs(11000,0)

Nh nht = 0, ln nht = 100 v chnh xc l 0.1.
M bn kt qu v so snh bn Fdry vi bn u vo. Tnh ton h s
an ton th cng vi bng tnh cm tay hoc my tnh ca WinDows, s dng
cng thc sn dc v hn
Bn kt qu (Fdry) s c mt vi pixel thiu cc gi tr th hin bng du hi (?).

Bn c th kim tra cc pixel ny v xem cc gi tr ca pixel khng th tnh ton
c v bi v chng thiu t hoc v chng nm trn cc khu vc bng phng. C
hai iu kin u th hin kh nng oont nh v v th c th c nhm thnh
bng.
Nh bn c th hnh dung, tnh hung m vi iu kin kh hon ton khng th xy
ra mt vng nhit i nh RiskCity, ni m nhn lng ma tng i ln mi nm.
Trong bt c trng hp no bn Fdry a ra trng thi n nh nht. Chng ta
hay xem bao nhiu phn trn khu vc khng n nh di iu kin ny. hiu
c iu , trc ht hy phn loi bn Fdry thnh ba lp:
Khng n nh
Ti hn
n nh
= h s an ton thp hn 1
= h s an ton t 1 1.5
= h s an ton ln hn 1.5
Thnh lp mt domain Stabil (g lp, nhm) vi ba lp sau:

Gi tr bin
Tn
1
Khng n nh
1.5
Ti hn
100
n nh
S dng Slicing phn loi bn Fdry vi domain Stabil trong bn Fdryc
Tnh ton mt biu ca bn Fdry v vit ra phn trm ca ba lp trong
bng trn mt bng tnh vi tn ct l Dry. Sau , chng ta s tnh cc gi tr
trong cc trng hp khc.
Phn trm ca cc pixel c phn loi l khng n nh a cho bn ch th li, v s

xut hin ca cc pixel khng n nh trong iu kin kh l khng th
iu kin bo ha hon ton

Kch bn tip theo m bn s tnh ton l iu kin m trong sn dc trong trng
thi bo hon hon ton. y l iu phi thc th, nhng n s a cho ta mt php
c tnh bi quan nht v kh nng n nh ca sn dc, vi mi mt nhn t kch
hot lin quan (ma dn n gng nc ngm dng cao).
Khi ta c t bo ha, h s m t cng thc sn dc v hn = 1. iu ny c ngha

gng nc ngm nm trn b mt. Mt tham s khc cng bin i khi t bo ha
hon ton, l :
c
11000 Pa
10000 N/m3
= trng lng ring ca t
16000 N/m3
Bn Soildepth
= quan h zw/z
Bn Slope_map
320
Tan()
= tang ca gc khng ct hu hiu
0.625
Sin()
= Sin gc dc
map Si
Cos()
= cosin gc dc
map Co
cos2()
= bnh thng cosin gc dc
map Co2
Hai bin s cho hm fs l 16000 (value gamma) v 1 (value m)
Hy g cng thc sau vo dng lnh: Fsat:=fs(16000,1)

Nh nht = 0, ln nht = 100 v chnh xc l 0.1. Thay i thng s trc a
v somewhere
M bn kt qu v so snh cc gi tr ca bn Fsat vi bn Fdry v bn
u vo. Tnh ton h s an ton cho cc pixel bng cch th cng vi bng
tnh cm tay hoc my tnh ca WinDows, s dng cng thc trn.
S dng Slicing (di x l nh) phn loi bn Fsat vi domain Stabil
trong bn Fsatc
Tnh ton mt biu ca bn Fsatc v vit ra phn trm ca ba lp trong
bng trn mt bng tnh vi tn ct l Sat. So snh cc yu t vi ct Dry.
Gi y chng ta tnh ton b cc kch bn, chng ta c th so snh cc kch bn

vi nhau. iu ny thc hin c trong mt bng.
To mt bng t domain Stabil.

Vo Columns, Join v chn Table histogram ca Fdryc; s dng ct Npixpct.
tn Dry cho ct u ra. Chn nhn cc gi tr mc nh. Chn OK.
Cng ni cc file histogram ca bn Fsatc. t tn l Sat.
Nhp chut vo nt Graph
trong menu chnh. Hy b du tick trong trc X,
la chn Dry l trc Y v nhp OK. Bn s thy biu ca phn trm khu vc
di cc lp n nh khc nhau trong iu kin kh.
Ngay trong ca s Window, vo Edit menu, Add Graph v chn select and from
columns. Chn trc Y l Sat. By gi bn s thy biu ca phn trm khu vc
di cc lp n nh khc nhau trong iu kin kh v bo ha cnh nhau.
Hy kt lun v nh hng ca nc ngm i vi s n nh ca t trong khu
vc.
iu kin bo ha mt phn
By gi, hy t mnh thit kt mt vi kch bn trong , bn s dng gi tr M

bin i t 0 n 1, v xem nh hng n kh nng n nh
Hy kt lun v nh hng ca nc ngm i vi s n nh ca t trong khu
vc.
Dnh cho ngi s dng ILWIS kinh nghim
i vi nhng ngi s dng ILWIS kinh nghim

S dng cc gi tr lc dnh kt v gc ma st khc nhau
Mt iu cng ht sc quan trng l bao gm cc gi tr khc nhau cho lc dnh

kt, gc ma st v trng lng ring ca t i vi nhng loi t v thch hc
khc nhau. Bn c th thc hin iu ny bng cch thm ct Cohesion,
FrictionAngle v Gamma vo bng Lithology
i vi nhng ngi s dng ILWIS kinh nghim

Bao gm gia tc ng t
Mt iu cng kh thi khi bao gm c gia tc ng t vo phng trnh ca h

s an ton. Bn c th thc hin mt hm da trn cng thc a ra di y v
kim tra iu ny i vi mt vi kch bn ca gia tc ng t v gi tr M.
trong :
c
= trng lng ring ca t (N/m3)
= khi lng th tch m (kg/m3)
Ah
= gia tc nm ngang ln nht (m/s2)
= khuch i ca gia tc a chn trong t
= t s nc ngm/chiu dy ca t Zw/Z
Zw
= chiu cao ca gng nc ngm trn b mt ph hy (m)
Bi tp 3L2. nh gi tai bin trt l theo phng php tin

nh
Chun b d liu
Vi pixel infomation hy
nhp chut vo mt vi
im trong bn v
c cc gi tr v v
radian. i vi v d
c a ra trong hnh
bn phi v bn c th
g vo dng lnh ca
ILWIS cng thc sau:
?10.77*2*3.14/360
V kim tra kt qu vi
gi tr radian c trong
pixel information.
Slope_map v pixel infomation vi Slrad
Nu bn l ng, gi tr ca Slrad s ging nh bn kim tra vi my tnh.
Trong trang ny, bn s thy cc bn Si, Co, Co2, Slrad, Slope_map xut hin nh
th no
Thnh lp mt hm cho cng thc sn dc v hn

Cng thc n gin ging nh sau:
iu kin kh
Th tc v v kim tra gi tr Fdry, c gii thch ti y:
S dng cng thc ny trong my tnh cm tay:
Trong trng hp ca chng ta: c = 11000

m=0
= 11000
= 0.625
F=?
S dng pixel infomation c gi tr Soildepth, Co2, Co, Si v Fdry.
Bn Fdry
Gi y bn c th g vo trong dng lnh ca ILWIS:
?(10000+((110000*10000)*46.5*0.6790*0.625))/(11000*46.5*0.567*0.824)
v c kt qu sau:
Mt vi khu vc c gi tr Fdry khng xc nh. iu ny c ngha iu kin n

nh do cc khu vc bng phng (slope=0) hoc vng mt t (soildepth=0).
Trong hai hnh di y bn c th nhn thy trng hp ca khu vc bng
phng v gi tr Fdry tng ng.
Slope_map
Bn Fdry
Trong hai hnh khc di y ch ra trng hp khu vc thiu t v gi tr Fdry

tng ng.
Slope_map
Bn Fdry
Sau khi thc hin slicing Fdry s dng domain Stabil, biu ca Fdryc nhn nh
hinh sau:
Biu ca Fdryc
iu kin bo ha hon ton
Biu ca Fsatc
Trong biu ny, c s so snh iu kin kh (ct bn tri) vi iu kin bo ha.

Nh bn thy, hu ht s an ton l iu kin kh trong khi vi iu kin bo ha, c
s gia tng ca cc lp unstable
v Critical, c hi n lp Stable.
iu kin bo ha mt phn
Hin ti chng ta ang xem xt iu kin bo ha mt phn. Trong v d ny, cng
c tnh ton cc kch bn vi m = 0,2; m = 0,5; m = 0,8.
Tn ca bn u ra, cc gi tr gamma v m tng i c a ra trong cng
thc c s dng i vi v d ny:
F02:=fs(12500,0.2)
F05:=fs(14000,0.5)
F08:=fs(15000,0.8)
So snh 5 kch bn trong biu , iu nhn thy d dng l kh nng mt n nh
chung ca khu vc tng cng vi gng nc ngm.
Biu ca kch bn hon chnh (iu kin kh, bo ha mt phn v hon ton)
Kt qu c lu trong bng stabil. Hy kim tra cc gi tr.
Rt hu dng khi thnh lp mt bng tnh, lm mt bi biu v nh gi.
Dnh cho ngi dng ILWIS kinh nghim
Chng ta gi s rng:
Bin i t cng bin
vi bn thch hc
S dng cc gi tr lc dnh kt v gc ma st
khc nhau
M bng lithology. To mt ct mi Cohesion. Chn

phm vi gia 0 v 100000.0
Hy quyt nh gi tr ca lc dnh on nh s pht
trin ca t trn nh danh sch thch hc (Decide the
values of the cohesion for the suppose soil developed on
top of the listed lithology.)
Thm ct gamma v phi. Chn cc gi tr hp l.
To bn thuc tnh Cohesion, Gamma, Phi v s
dng bn lithology v bng lithology
Bc tip theo l chuyn i bn phi, t sang
radian. Trong dng lnh ca ILWIS g cng thc sau:
phi_rad:=degrad(phi)
Kim tra vi pixel infomation v vi cng c tnh ton
ca bn kt qu (hy nh rng: values
radians=values degree*2 /360)
By gi chng ta c cc gi tr phi theo radian, vic thu

thp tan gc khng ct hu hiu l hon ton c th
c. G cng thc: tanphi:=tan(phi_rad)
M hm Fs, v copy l Fs_param. By gi bn c th
m hm Fs_param v chnh sa n.
Cng thc Fs_param l:

Function Fs_param(Value M) : Value
Begin
Return (cohesion+((gammaM*10000)*Soildepth*Co2*tanphi))/(gamma*Soildepth*Si*Co);
End;
Gi y chng ta c tt c cc bn v chng ta c th tnh ton c Fs.
Trong v d ny, chng
ta kt lun c Fs trong
iu kin bo ha mt
phn. Bn c th lm vi
cc kch bn khc,
nhng hy cn thn khi
thay i gi tr gamma
trong bng thch hc v
thnh lp bn thuc
tnh mi ca gamma.
Chng ta ang xem xt

trng hp lc dnh, phi
v gamma khng i v
bo ha. Bn c th p
dng cng phng php
i vi phng php
bc trc , hoc
trong kch bn tc
bo ha khc.
S dng su ph hy khc nhau
Trong dng lnh g cng thc: Fs_var:=Fs_param(1)

S dng gi tr trong phm vi t 0 n 100. La chn
thng s trc a ti mt ni no v chnh xc
bng 0.1.
Phn loi Fs_var s dng domain stabil (operation,
image processing, slicing). Gi bn u ra Fs_var_c.
Thnh lp biu ca Fs_var_c. Bn c th kt lun
c g?
Thnh lp hm mi xc nh Fs. Gi l Fs_depth
Hm Fs_depth l:
Function Fs_depth(Value Gamma,Value M,Value depth) : Value
Begin
Return (10000+((Gamma-M*10000)*depth*Co2*0.652))/(Gamma*depth*Si*Co);
End;
G cng thc:
Fs_2m:=Fs_depth(16000,1,2)
Fs_3m:=Fs_depth(16000,1,3)
Fs_5m:=Fs_depth(16000,1,5)
Fs_10m:=Fs_depth(16000,1,10)
S dng chnh xc 0.1, thng s trc a u v trong
phm vi min gi tr 0-100.
Thnh lp bn Fs_2m_c, Fs_3m_c, Fs_5m_c,
Fs_10m_c. (Operations, image processing, slicing, v
s dng domain stabil)
Thnh lp biu .
Bn c kt lun g?C gng gii thch su nh hng
nh th no v ti sao li nh hng n h s an ton
Tm cc gi tr ti hn m
To mt hm mi gi l Fs_Mcritic v in vi biu thc:

(-F*Gamma*Z*Si*Co+Cohesion+Gamma*Z*Co2*tanphi)/(Gamm
aw*Z*Co2*Tanphi)
M t: mc ti hn ca gng nc ngm chnh sa cng thc
Nhp OK, v chnh sa biu thc nh a ra di y.
Biu thc c dng nh sau:

Function Fs(Value Gamma,Value M) : Value
Begin
Return (10000+((GammaM*10000)*Soildepth*Co2*0.652))/(Gamma*Soildepth*Si*Co);
End;
Gi y chng ta c th tnh ton bn ca gi tr M ti hn, biu din iu kin m

xc nh h s an ton = 1.
Trong dng lnh ca ILWIS g cng thc:

M_critic:=Fs_Mcritic(1,16000)
Gi chng ta c cc gi tr pixel M trn mt pixel. Chng ta c th d dng tnh ton

mc nc ngm, t: M = su ca gng nc ngm/ su ca b mt ph hy

Zw_critic:=M_critic*Soildepth
Ch ra trn bn v so snh bn Zw_critic vi Soildepth
Bi tp 3L1. nh gi trt l t s dng phng php thng k

D liu:
exercise03
i tng:
Bi tp ny ch ra cho bn thy mt php nh gi mc nhy
cm vi trt l tin hnh nh th no theo phng php thng k nh bin c bn,
s dng mt s lng gii hn cc bn thnh phn, v mt loi trt l t. Phng
php s dng l phng php thng tin, l mt trong cc phng php nht c th d
dng thc hin bng GIS. Vic s dng tp lnh cng c chng minh. Bn u ra
l hp l bng vic s dng phng php tc lin tc.
C s l thuyt:
Trong bi tp ny chng ta s thnh lp mt bn nhy cm vi trt l, s dng mt
phng php c bn nhng khng hu dng, c gi l phng php ch s tai bin.
Phng php ny da trn cng thc sau:
Wi
Densclas
ln=
Densmap
Area( Si )
Are( Ni )
ln
Area( Si )
Area( Ni )
trong ,
Wi
trng s c a cho mt lp tham s nht nh (v d. mt loi , hoc

mt lp dc).
Denslas
mt trt l trong mt lp tham s.
Densmap
mt trt l trn ton bn .
Area(Si)
din tch khu vc, bao gm trt l t, trong mt lp tham s nht nh.
Area(Ni)
ton b khu vc trong mt lp tham s nht nh.
Phng php c da trn giao bn ca bn trt l vi mt bn tham s nht nh.
Giao bn to ra mt bng giao nhau, m c th c dng tnh ton mt trt l trn lp
tham s. Mt tiu chun ca nhng gi tr mt ny c th c thu thp bng cch lin h
chng vi mt tng cng trn ton b khu vc. Mi quan h c th c thc hin bng cch
chia hoc bng php tr. Trong bi tp ny mt trt l t trn mt lp c chia bng mt
trt l trong ton b bn . Loga t nhin c s dng a ra trng s m khi mt trt
l thp hn b nh th
ng, v trng s m khi cao hn b nh thng.
Bng cch kt hp hai hoc
nhiu bn trng s hn, mt bn tai bin c thnh lp. Gi tr bn tai bin c thu
thp bng cc b sung n gin cc gi tr trng s bit lp. Chng ta ch s dng hai bn tc
nhn trong bi tp ny: Thch hc v Sn dc, v mc ch ca chng ta l hc cc th tc. Trong
thc t nhiu bn tc nhn c nh gi.
nh gi trt l theo thng k:
C hai dng chnh trong nh gi tnh nhy cm vi trt l t theo thng k: phng php a
bin v nh bin. C hai phng php u yu cu mt bn trt l trong bao gm ch c 1
dng trt l t. Mi mt dng trt l hoc ph hy c hc u c s kt hp ca cc tc nhn
thng thng. Mc ch l phn chia cc dng khc nhau cng chnh xc cng tt. Bn cng nn
ch s dng nhng khu vc dc v khng nn l nhng khu vc tch t, bi tc nhn ti y khc
nhau ng k.
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity: nh gi tai bin trt l t theo thng k
D liu u vo
Trong bi tp ny chng ra s s dng bn kim k trt l Landslide_ID,
c s dng trong cc bi tp trc y v mt s cc bn tc nhn, c lit k
trong bng sau:
Tn
D liu tc nhn
Slope_cl
Aspect_cl
Lithology
Soildepth
Landuse
River_dis
Road_dis
D liu trt l
Landslide_ID
Landslide_ID
D liu khc
High_res_image
Dng
ngha
Raster
Raster
Raster
Raster
Raster
Raster
Raster
Bn lp sn dc
Bn hng sn (vi cc lp)
Bn thch hc
Bn su ca t
Bn s dng t
Khong cch t sng
Khong cch t ng giao thng
Raster
Bng
Cc im vi trt l c gii on kt hp vi bng thuc tnh lin quan

Bng thuc tnh vi thng tin v trt l trong khu vc
Bn segment
Raster
ng ranh gii ca cc ta nh trong khu vc

nh phn gii cao ca khu vc nghin cu
Tnh nhy cm trt l vi

tai bin: Mt bn nhy
cm trt l minh ha kh
nng nhy cm tng i ca
a hnh khu vc i vi s
xut hin ca trt l. N ch
c mt hp phn khng gian
duy nht. Mt bn tai bin
trt l cng bao gm thng
tin v kh nng xut hin
theo thi gian. Hu ht cc
bn tai bin trt l trong
thc t ch l bn nhy
cm vi trt l, v rt kh
thu thp thng tin trt l
theo thi gian cho vic nh
gi xc sut theo thi gian.
DFDX filter:
N tnh ton dn xut u
tin trong hng x (df/dx)
trn pixel.Cc gi tr trong ma
trn l
1 -8 0 8 -1
Thu c h s: 1/12 =
0.08333
DFDY Filter:
N tnh ton dn xut u
tin trong hng y (df/dy)
trn pixel
Trong bi tp ny, phng php nh gi nhy cm vi trt l

c thc hin bng cch s dng mt bn tc nhn duy nht:
Slope_cl (bn lp sn dc). Trt l t c lu trong bn
Landslide_ID, bao gm thng tin v mt vi thuc tnh.
M bn High_res_image v ln bn Landslide_ID. Hy
m mt vi bn tc nhn v kim tra ni dung ca chng.
Bn cnh bn trt l t bn cng c hai bn tham s:

Thch hc (n v a cht) v Sn dc (gc dc).
i vi nhng ngi dng ILWIS kinh nghim
Thnh lp bn sn dc v bn hng phi sn
i vi nhng ai quan tm n th tc thnh lp bn lp

sn dc v bn lp hng phi sn, bn c th theo th tc sau:
To mt DTM bng cch ni suy ng ng mc:
(Operations / Interpolation / Contour interpolation)
Tnh ton chiu cao khc nhau trong hng X: bt u hot ng
Filter, chn Digital Elevation Model nh l bn u vo v
chn filter tuyt tnh dfdx. Gi bn u ra v d l DX. Hy
thc hin nh trn, s dng filter dfdy. Tn u ra: DY.
Tnh ton sn dc theo s dng cng thc trong MapCalc:
SLOPEDEG = RADDEG(ATAN(HYP(DX,DY)/ IXSIZE(DEM)))
Bn Slope vn cn c phn ra thnh cc lp (File/Create/
Domain). To mt lp (ng qun biu th la chn group)
domain Slopel, v b sung thm cc lp sn dc bn mun
phn bit. V d. bn c th lm cc lp 10 mt.
T ca s chnh: Operations / Image Processing /Slicing. Chn
bn raster Slope, v domain Slopel. t tn bn u ra
Slopel. Cng th tc cho Hng phi sn.

Cc cu lnh iu kin:
IFF(a,b,c)
Nu a ng, tr v b, tr v c.
IFF returns:
nu a = true, tr v b;
nu a = false, tr v c;
nu a = khng x, tr v khng
x.
Lng ca cu lnh IFF lng
l khng gii hn. Khi k hiu
xc nh = c s dng, bn
u ra ph thuc hoc ct
u ra ph thuc c thit
lp; Khi k hiu gn := c
s dng lin kt ph thuc b
ph ngay lp tc sau khi bn
/ct u ra c tnh
ton.
n nay bn vn ch nhn c ni dung ca bn . Bn s bt

u vi php phn tch thc s. Mt php phn tch thng k
c thc hin bng vic s dng trt l vi cc c tnh tng
t. l ti sao chng ta phn tch trt l t cc v trt
l hin ti. Chng ta s dng mt cng thc tnh ton bn .
Active1:=iff(((Activity=a)or(Activity=r))and(Part=s),1,0)
MapCalc v TabCalc:
Dng cng thc tng t c
th c s dng trn cc ct
trong cc bng (c gi l
Table
Calculation hay TabCalc) v
cng nh vy trn bn
trong dng lnh ca ca s
chnh (c gi Map
Calculation hoc MapCalc)
Cc gi tr khng xc nh:
Cc gi tr ny c hin th
bng du hi (?). Du hiu
ny cng hin th cc gi tr
thiu, gi tr n, nm ngoi
vng gi tr hoc khu vc
ngoi vng nghin cu.
M bng Landslide_ID.
Chng ta s ch s dng lp S (dc ng) v cc hot ng A
(Active) v R (ti hot ng). Gi y chng ta to mt ct
trong bng m ti s c mt gi tr 1 v phn cn li mang
gi tr 0. G cng thc sau vo dng lnh trong bng:
ngha: Nu ct Activity c lp a hoc r v ct Part l s, sau

y kt qu l 1 hoc 0. Bao nhiu v trt l s p ng tiu
chun ny?. Xem kt qu
ng bng li. Chng ta by gi s lm mt bn thuc
tnh. Chn Operations / Raster Operations / Attribute map.
Chn bn Raster: Landslide_ID, Bng: Landslide_ID.
Thuc tnh: Active1. Bn u ra: Active1. Kim tra bn
kt qu.
Chng ta vn cn phi thay i cc gi tr cha xc nh trong
bn v gi tr 0. Dng cng thc sau .
Active:=iff(isundef(Active1),0,Active1)
ngh a: nu bn Active 1 khng c xc nh, sau y chng
ta chuyn n v 0, hoc gi nguyn gi tr.
Ch : Nu bn khng quan tm n vic hc cc th tc chnh xc trong vic

tnh ton phng php gi tr thng tin nh th no, bn c th n gin b
qua bi tp v i vo phn gii quyt vi vic s dng cc tp lnh s t ng
thc hin th tc ny.
Bc 1: Giao cc bn tham s vi bn trt l

Php giao bn :
Lnh Crossing thc hin mt
php ph ca hai bn
raster. Cc pixel trn cng v
tr ca hai bn c so
snh; s kt hp xut hin
ca tn lp, cc ch s hoc
gi tr ca pixel trong bn
u vo u tin v nhng
yu t nh vy trong bn
u vo th hai c lu li.
S kt hp ny a ra mt
bn giao u ra v mt
bng giao. Bng giao bao
gm s kt hp cc gi tr,
lp u vo hoc IDs, s pixel
m xut hin i vi mi mt
kt hp v khu vc ca mi
mt kt hp .
Bn xut hin trt l, ch a ra cc trn trt l gn y (Hot

ng) c th giao c vi cc bn tham s. Trong trng hp
ny, bn Slope_cl c dng lm v d. u tin, php giao bn
gia bn xut hin vi hai bn tham s c tin hnh
Chn t menu chnh ca ILWIS: Operations, Raster operations,

Cross.
Chn bn Slope_cl lm bn u tin, bn Active l
b th hai, v gi bng u ra l Actslope. (Vic b qua
cc gi tr khng x th khng c nh hng g, v c hai bn
khng c gi tr khng x). B la chn hp Output map.
Chn Show v OK. Gi y php giao hai bn din ra.
Hy nhn vo bng giao kt qu. Nh bn thy bng ny bao
gm s kt hp ca cc lp t bn Slope_cl v hai dng
bn t bn Active. ng bng li
By gi lng pixel vi cc hot ng trt l khc nhau trong mi mt lp

sn dc, c tnh ton, cc mt trt l c tnh ton.
Tnh ton mt trt l t

Sau khi giao bn , bc tip theo l tnh ton cc gi tr mt . Bng giao
bao gm cc ct c tnh trong sut bi tp ny. Mi mt bc tnh ton c ch ra
sau y.
Hy chc chn bng giao Actslope c m

Bc 2.1: Trong bng ny, to mt ct trong ch cc trt l hot ng mi
c xc nh bng cch g cng thc sau:
AreaAct=iff(Active=1,area,0)
Bn thc hin php tnh ny tnh ton i vi mi mt lp sn dc, ch
nhng din tch c trt l hot ng.
Bc 2.2: Tnh ton ton b din tch trong mi mt lp sn dc.
Chn t menu ca bng: Columns, Aggregation.
Chn ct: Area, Chn hm Sum, chn Group bng ct Slope_cl. B la chn
hp Output Table, v nhp ct u ra Areaslopot. Nhn OK. Chn chnh xc
1.0
Bc 2.3: Tnh ton din tch vi cc trt l hot ng trong mi mt lp sn

dc.
Chn li t menu ca bng: Columns, Aggregation.
Chn ct: AreaAct, Chn hm Sum, chn Group bng ct Slope_cl. B la chn
hp Output Table, v nhp ct u ra Areaslopeact. Nhn OK. Chn chnh
xc 1.0
Bc 2.4: tnh ton tng din tch trong bn .

Chn ct: Area, Chn hm Sum, chn Group bng ct Slope_cl. B la chn
hp Output Table, v nhp ct u ra Areamaplot. Nhn OK. Chn chnh xc
1.0
Bc 2.5: Bc tip theo l tnh ton tng din tch trt l trong bn
Chn ct: AreaAct, Chn hm Sum, chn Group bng ct Slope_cl. B la chn
hp Output Table, v nhp ct u ra Areamapact. Nhn OK. Chn chnh xc
1.0
Bc 2.6: Tnh ton mt trt l trn lp sn dc. G:
Densclas=Areaslopeact/Areasloptot .
Chn chnh xc bng 0.0001
Bc 2.7: Tnh ton mt trt l i vi ton b bn . G:
Densmap=Areamapact/Areamaptot
Chn chnh xc bng 0.0001 v decimal = 4
Gi : Nu Denclas v Densmap khng l 4 decimals sau dng hp hi thoi property thay i

decimal
Kt qu s nh di y:
Bc 3: Tnh ton gi tr trng s

Gi tr trng s cui cng c tnh ton bng vic ly mt bn chia cho loga t nhin ca
mt trong lp. Vi vic tnh ton ny, chng ta s tm ra mt trn ton b bn =
213446/14000000 = 0.0152
Cc php tnh trc dc thc hin trn bng giao i vi cc bn Slope_cl v Active. Nh
bn thy t bng trn, cc kt qu ny trong nhiu gi tr d, khi bn ch mun tnh mt v
trng s i vi mi mt lp sn dc. Kt qu c thay bng bng di y, ni m mi mt lp
sn dc s hu mt bn ghi. l l doi
t sao bn s lm vic vi bng thuc tnh lin kt vi
bn Slope_cl v s dng kt hp ni bng vi s ng nht thu thp d liu t bng giao.
To mt bng Slope_cl cho mt domain Slope_cl. Bng ny bao gm cc ct b sung,

ngoi tr ct vi domain. Lp li th tc trn, nhng vi ni bng.
Bc 1: Tnh ton tng din tch trong mi mt lp sn dc.
Chn Columns, Join. Chn bng Actslope. Chn ct: Area. Chn hm Sum.
Chn nhm ct: Slopecl. Chn ct u ra: Areaslopot. Nhn OK
Bc 2: Tnh ton din tch vi trt l hot ng trong mi mt lp sn dc.
Chn Columns, Join. Chn bng Actslope. Chn ct: Areaact. Chn hm Sum.
Chn nhm ct: Slopecl. Chn ct u ra: Areaslopact. Nhn OK.
Bc 3: Vi c hai cng thc, bn c th tnh ton mt trt l trong mi mt lp
sn dc vi cng thc:
Densclas:=Areaslopact/Areasloptot
Chn chnh xc l 0.0001.
Nu bn nhn vo kt qu, mt vi lp c gi tr mt bng 0. iu ny cn c iu
chnh, khi vic tnh ton trng s khng cn kh thi. iu chnh, hy g cng thc
sau:
Dclas:=iff(Densclas=0,0.0001,Densclas)
Trng s cui cng c tnh ton vi cng thc:
Weight:=ln(Dclas/0.0152)
Kim tra kt qu trng s trong bng. Lp sn dc no c mi quan h quan trng
nht vi sn dc. => ng bng li. Xem kt qu.
Bc 4: Thnh lp bn trng s
Trng s t bng c th c dng nh s li bn
La chn t menu chnh trong ILWIS: Operations, Raster operations, Attribute map. La
chn bn raster Slope_cl, bng Slope_cl. Chn attribute: Weight. Chn bn
raster u ra Wslope_cl. Nhn OK.
Hin th bn kt qu Wslope_cl. Ko gin gia -2.5 v +2.5
S dng cng mt th tc vi bn tham s khc Lithology. t tn bng l
Lithology_cl vi domain lythology. Bn kt qu c gi: Wlithology.
Trng s i vi hai bn c th c b sung vi cng thc:
Weight1=Wslope_cl+WLithology
Hin th bn Weight1 v s dng ca s pixel infomation c thng tin t bn
Slope_cl, Wslope_cl, Lithology, Wlithology, Weight1. Xem kt qu
Bc 5: S dng tp lnh ( tnh ton cho tt c cc bn tc nhn)

Bn c th t ng tnh ton th tc bng cch s dng mt tp lnh, bao gm
cc cng thc cu lnh ca ILWIS. Cc tham s c th c s dng trong dng ca
%1 - %9. Bn c th lm mt tp lnh bng cch copy cu lnh xut hin trong dng
lnh khi thc hin mt lnh, v paste vo mt file tp lnh. Cc cng thc tnh ton
dng bng cn t TABCALC ng trc. c thm thng tin v cc tp lnh, tham
kho Help trong ILWIS, hoc ILWIS Users Guide.
Tp lnh:
Mt tp lnh l mt chui
danh sch ca cc lnh v
biu thc ca ILWIS. Bng
vic thit lp mt tp lnh,
bn c th xy dng mt
php phn tch GIS hoc RS
hon chnh i vi quy tc
nghin cu ca bn thn. Mi
mt dng trong tp lnh l
mt cu lnh m hot ng
bng dng lnh ILWIS ca
ca s chnh. Qua mt tp
lnh, bn c th iu khin
mt vi qun l i tng
qun l cn thit (nh. copy
v paste), hin th i tng
(m hoc hin th), v vic
to v tnh ton i tng d
liu. Tt c bn v bng
tnh ton, v tt c cc cng
thc ILWIS thi hnh cc
hot ng u c th c s
dng. Hn th na, bn c
th gi nhng tp lnh khc
v bt u cc ng dng ca
Win t mt tp lnh.
Tp lnh c a ra trang sau c th c s dng t

ng phn tch. Chn File/Create/Script, v copy dng text
trong ca s lnh. Lu tp lnh l Weights
Sau ng ca s lnh v chy tp lnh trong dng lnh:
Run weights Slope_cl
Tng t, bn cng c th chy tp lnh cho cc tham s bn
khc m bn xem l quan trng i vi s xut hin ca
trt l. Chng hn Lithology hoc Landuse hoc Distance
from river v.v
Run weights aspect_cl
Run weights Landuse
Run weight River_dis
Run weight Lithology
v.v
Cc tham s trong tp lnh:

Mt tp lnh c th s dng nhiu tham s. Cc tham s trong mt tp lnh thay th cho
(nhiu phn ca) tn i tng, cc hot ng v.v. Cc tham s trong tp lnh lm vic
nh cc thng s DOS c th thay i c trong cc nhm file ca DOS, v phi c
vit trn Script Tab trong script editor l %1, %2, %3, ln n %9.

//script for Information value method
// required parameters: %1 = name of the factor map, which should be a class
map
del active%1.* -force
del %1w.* -force
//calculation in cross table
Active%1.tbt := TableCross(%1,active,IgnoreUndefs)
Calc Active%1.tbt
//Calculate the area of landslides in the crosstable only for the combinations
with landslides
Tabcalc Active%1 AAct:=iff(active=1,Area,0)
//create an attribute table
crtbl %1w %1
//calculate the total area of landslides within each class of the factor map
Tabcalc %1w Areaclassact:= ColumnJoinSum(Active%1.tbt,AAct,%1,1)
//calculate the total area of the class of the factor map
Tabcalc %1w Areaclasstot:= ColumnJoinSum(Active%1.tbt,Area,%1,1)
//calculate the total area of landslides in the map
Tabcalc %1w Areaslidetot:= ColumnJoinSum(Active%1.tbt,AAct,,1)
//calculate the total area of the map
Tabcalc %1w Areamaptot:= ColumnJoinSum(Active%1.tbt,Area,,1)
Sau khi chy tp lnh

bn c th kim tra cc
trng s trong bng
thuc tnh nh gi
xem bn tham s l
mt cng c hu dng
cho d bo trt l hay
khng. Bn cng s phi
kt hp cc tham s khc
nhau, vo trong mt
tham s mi y
ngha hn. y l mt
qu trnh lp i lp li.
//calculate the density of landslides in the class

Tabcalc %1w dclass { vr=::0.000001}:=Areaclassact/Areaclasstot
//correcting for those areas that have no landslides
Tabcalc %1w densclass { vr=::0.000001}:= iff((isundef(dclass))or(dclass=0),
0.000001, dclass)
//calculate the density of landslides in the map
Tabcalc %1w densmap { vr=::0.000001}:=Areaslidetot/Areamaptot
//calculate the weight
Tabcalc %1w weight:=ln(densclass/densmap)
//generating the weight map
active%1:= MapAttribute(%1,%1w.tbt.weight)
Show active%1.mpr
Bc 6: Kt hp trng s trong mt bn nhy cm cui cng

Sau khi chy cc tp lnh cho tt c cc bn tc nhn, v sau khi la chn
cc bn bn mun s dng trong vic thnh lp bn cui cng, bn c th b
sung cc trng s vo bn trng s cui cng.
Trong dng lnh tnh ton phng tr nh sau y b sung vo bn trng s:

Weight:=activeaspect_cl+activeslope_cl+activelihtology+activelanduse+activeriver_dis
Bn Trng s c nhiu gi tr, v khng th biu din nh mt bn tai bin nh

lng (kh nng nhy cm). thc hin nh vy, trc ht chng ta cn phi phn
loi bn ny thnh nhng n v nh hn.
Hy tnh biu ca bn Weight v la chn cc gi tr bin cho ba lp: Low

hazard, Moderate hazard, v High hazard.
To mt domain mi: Susceptibility. Bng cch la chn: File, Create, Create
domain. Domain nn l Class v tick chn Group. Nhp tn v cc gi tr bin ca cc
lp khc nhau trong domain. Khi xong, hy ng domain li.
Bc cui cng l s dng chng trnh slicing. Chn: Operations, Image processing,
slicing. Chn bn raster: Weight. Chn bn raster u ra: hazard. Chn
domain: Susceptibility. Nhn Show v OK.
nh gi bn u ra vi Pixel information. Nu cn thit iu chnh cc gi tr bin
ca domain hazard v chy li slicing, cho ti khi bn thy kt qu ng . Xem kt qu
Dnh cho nhng ngi dng ILWIS kinh nghim:
Vic kt lun cc khu vc c lin quan ti cc trt l cng trong bn tai bin l
iu ht sc quan trng. Bn c th thc hin iu ny vi mt cng thc tnh ton
bn . Hy t mnh thit kt mt th tc v mt cng thc. t tn l Final. XKQ
Bc 7: Tnh ton t l thnh cng

Nng lc d on ca bn trng s kt qu c th c kim tra bng vic
phn tch t l thnh cng v t l d on ca chng. T l thnh cng c tnh
bng th t cc pixel ca mt bn nhy cm trong mt s cc lp, t gi tr cao
n thp, da trn thng tin tn xut t biu . Sau y mt lp ph c to ra
cng vi bn kim k trt l, v tn s joint c tnh ton. T l thnh cng ch
ra bao nhiu phn trm ca tt c cc trt l xy ra trong cc pixel vi gi tr cao
nht trong cc bn kt hp khc nhau. V d, 50% ca tt c cc trt l c d
on bng 10% ca cc pixel vi gi tr cao nht trong bn .
To mt tp lnh cho vic tnh ton t l thnh cng, s dng tp lnh v d sau. Gi
n l : success
Chy success rate script nh sau:
Run success weight
Sau khi chy tp lnh, m bng Activeweight. M Display trong mt biu , ct
percentmap trn trc X, v ct percentlandslide trn trc Y. nh gi cc kt qu
v quyt nh cc gi tr bin ph hp nht chia bn thnh kh nng nhy cm
cao, trung bnh, v thp.
S dng cc bin ny phn loi bn trng s mt ln na
//script for success rate calculation

// one parameter %1 = weight map resulting from the statistical analysis
del active%1.* -force
// Cross Final with Map: active
Active%1.tbt := TableCross(%1,active,IgnoreUndefs)
//In the cross table, calculate
tabcalc Active%1 npixact:=iff(active=1,npix,0)
tabcalc Active%1 Npcumactive = ColumnCumulative(npixact)
tabcalc Active%1 totalslide = ColumnAggregateSum(npixact,,1)
tabcalc Active%1 totalarea = ColumnAggregateSum(npix,,1)
tabcalc Active%1 percentage:=100*(Npcumactive / totalslide)
tabcalc Active%1 Percentlandslide:=100-percentage
tabcalc Active%1 Npixcumul:= cum(NPix)
tabcalc Active%1 reverse = totalarea -npixcumul
tabcalc Active%1 percentmap = 100*(reverse/totalarea)
// after this display a graph with Percentlandslide az y-axis and Percentmap as x-axis
Mt vi nhn xt cui cng:
Phng php ch c thc hin bng cch s dng mt s lng gii

hn cc bn tham s, ch a ra cc th tc. Trong thc t, rt
nhiu tham s c s dng. Phng php cng c dng vi cc tham
s khc nhau da theo tm quan trng ca chng.
Php phn tch nn c thc hin thc s i vi cc dng trt l khc
nhau mt cch ring bit, v chng c tt c cc s kt hp khc nhau
ca cc tc nhn thng thng
Phng php ch s tai bin rt hu dng, song li l phng php n
gin. Rt nhiu phng php tn ti dnh cho vic nh gi tai bin trt
l t, c th ph hp hn, a ra cc i tng nghin cu, quy m ca

khu vc, v d liu u vo sn c hn.
Dnh cho nhng ngi dng ILWIS kinh nghim:
Ti y cng c cc tp lnh khc trong th mc c th c s dng tnh ton mt

phng php phc tp hn: Trng s bng chng. Bn c th th nu bn mun
rem ILWIS Script for Weights of Evidence

//The parameter %1 refers to the name of the factor map. It should be less than 7 characters long.
// Make sure that each map has a domain with the same name
//FIRST WE WILL DELETE EXISTING RESULT FILES
// the crosstable s%1.tbt
//The attribute table %1.tbt
// and we make a new attribute table
del s%1.*
del w%1.*
del %1.tbt
crtbl %1 %1
//NOW WE CROSS THE FACTOR MAP WITH THE ACTIVITY MAP
// The landslide map should be called ACTIVE and should have either 0 or 1 values. 1 values mean
landslides.
// The cross table is called s%1
s%1=TableCross(%1.mpr,active.mpr,IgnoreUndefs)
calc s%1.tbt
//Now we calculate one column in the cross table to indicate only the pixels with landslides.
Tabcalc s%1 npixact=iff(active=1,NPix,0)
//NOW WE USE AGGREGATION FUNCTION, WITH OR WITHOUT A KEY TO CALCULATE:
//NCLASS = number of pixels in the class. We sum the values from columns Npix and group them by %1
//nslclass = number of pixels with landslides in the class.We sum the values from columns Npixact and
group them by %1
//nmap = number of pixels with landslides in the map. We sum the values from columns Npix and don't
group them
//nslide = number of pixels with landslide in the map. We sum the values from columns Npixact and don't
group them
//THE RESULTS ARE NOT STORED IN THE CROSS TABLE S%1 BUT IN THE ATTRIBUTE TABLE %1
Tabcalc s%1 %1.nclass = ColumnJoinSum(s%1.tbt,Npix,%1,1)
Tabcalc s%1 %1.nslclass = ColumnJoinSum(s%1.tbt,Npixact,%1,1)
Tabcalc s%1 %1.nmap = ColumnJoinSum(s%1.tbt,Npix,,1)
Tabcalc s%1 %1.nslide = ColumnJoinSum(s%1.tbt,Npixact,,1)
//NOW WE CALCULATE THE FOUR VALUES NPIX1 - NPIX4 AS INDICATED IN THE EXERCISE BOOK. THIS IS
DONE IN THE ATTRIBUTE TABLE
// We correct for the situation when Npix1 - Npix3 might be 0 pixels, and change it into 1 pixel
Tabcalc %1 npix1 =IFF((nslclass>0),nslclass,1)
Tabcalc %1 npix2 = IFF((nslide-nslclass)=0,1,nslide-nslclass)
Tabcalc %1 npix3 = IFF((nclass-nslclass)=0,1,nclass-nslclass)
Tabcalc %1 npix4 = nmap-nslide-nclass+nslclass
//NOW WE CALCULATE THE WEIGHTS IN THE ATTRIBUTE TABLE
Tabcalc %1 wplus {dom=value.dom; vr=-10:10:0.00001} =
LN((npix1/(npix1+npix2))/(npix3/(npix3+npix4)))
Tabcalc %1 wminus {dom=value.dom; vr=-10:10:0.000001} =
LN((npix2/(npix1+npix2))/(npix4/(npix3+npix4)))
//NOW WE CALCULATE THE CONTRAST FACTOR
Tabcalc %1 Cw = wplus-wminus
//NOW WE CALCULATE THE FINAL WEIGHT
//The final weight is the sum of the positive weight and the negative weights of the other classes
Tabcalc %1 WminSum=aggsum(wminus)
Tabcalc %1 Wmap=wplus+Wminsum-Wminus
//NOW WE MAKE AN ATTRIBUTE MAP OF THE FINAL WEIGHTS
w%1.mpr = MapAttribute(%1,%1.Wmap)
calc w%1.mpr
Bi tp. nh gi trt l t s dng phng php thng k

D liu u vo
Active1:=iff(((Activity=a)or(Activity=r))and(Part=s),1,0)
109
v trt l p ng tiu chun ny (109 landslides fulfill this criteria)
Bn raster Active1 (vi gi tr 1,0?)
Bn raster Active (vi gi tr 1,0)
Bc 3: Tnh ton gi tr trng s

Trong bng di y bn c th thy lp vi mi quan h hn vi trt l t l 60-90
Bc 4: Thnh lp bn trng s
Ti y c miu t nh gi trng s nh th no trong lithology. Th tc l nh
nhau khi s dng nh gi vi Slope
La chn t menu ca ILWIS: Operations, Raster operations, Cross

La chn bn lithology l bn u tin, bn Active l bn th hai, v gi
bn u ra l Actlithology. (Vic b qua cc gi tr khng xc nh khng c nh
hng g, v c hai bn u khng c gi tr khng xc nh). By gi, hy thc
hin php giao hai bn
G cng thc sau: AreaAct=iff(Active=1,area,0)
La chn t menu ca bng: Columns, Aggregation.
Chn ct: Area. Chn hm Sum. Chn nhm bng ct lithology. B la chn hp
Output Table, v nhp ct u ra Arealithtot. Nhn OK. La chn chnh xc 1.0.
La chn li t menu ca bng: Columns, Aggregation.
Chn ct: AreaAct. Chn hm Sum. Chn nhm bng ct lithology. B la chn hp
Output Table, v nhp ct u ra Arealithact. Nhn OK. La chn chnh xc 1.0.
La chn li t menu ca bng: Columns, Aggregation.
Chn ct: Area. Chn hm Sum. B la chn hp group by. B la chn hp Output
Table, v nhp ct u ra Areamaptot. Nhn OK. La chn chnh xc 1.0.
Gi y, tng t vi tng din tch hot ng trong bn . Columns, Aggregation.,
v chn ct AreaAct. S dng hm sum v b la chn hp group by. Gi ct mi
l Areamapact.
By gi ta phi nh gi trng s i vi mi mt lp.
To mt bng litho_cl cho domain lithology (trong ca s chnh ca ILWIS: File,

create, table).
Chn Columns, Joint. Chn bng Actlithology. Chn ct: Area. Chn hm Sum.
Chn ct group by: lithology. La chn ct u ra Arealithtot. Nhn OK.
Bc 2: Tnh ton din tch vi trt l hot ng trong mi mt lp sn dc.
Chn Columns, Join. Chn table: Actlithology. Chn column AreaAct. Chn hm
Sum. Chn ct u ra Arealithoact. Nhn OK.
Bc 3: Vi c hai ct, bn c th tnh ton mt trt l trong mi mt lp vi cng
thc: Densclas:=Arealithoact/Arealithotot. Chn chnh xc l 0.0001
C mt vi lp vi mt l 0. iu chnh g cng thc sau:
Dclas:=iff(Densclas=0,0.0001,Densclas)
Trng s cui cng c th c tnh vi cng thc:
Weight:=ln(Dclas/0.0152)
Kim tra trng s kt qu trong bng. Lp lithology no c mi quan h quan trng
nht vi trt l t?
By gi bn c th thnh lp bn thuc tnh t trng s ca lithology v sau

c kt hp vi bn trng s ca Slope
Chn t menu chnh ca ILWIS: Operations, Raster

operations, Attribute map. La chn bn raster
lithology, bng litho_cl. La chn thuc tnh Weight.
La chn bn u ra Wlithology. Nhn OK (xem nh
bn tri)
Trng s ca hai bn c th c b sung bng
cng thc:
Weight1=Wslope_cl+Wlithology
Hin th bn Weight1 v s dng ca s pixel
infomation c thng tin t cc bn Slope_cl,
Wslope_cl, Lithology, Wlithology, Weight1 (xem
hnh di y)
Bc 6: Kt hp bn trng s vi bn kh nng nhy cm cui cng
Biu bn trng s tng cng

Bn c th thnh lp
bin ca domain
trong tm kim biu
v cng xem s
phn phi ca cc
gi tr trong phm vi
ny. iu ny ch l
mt v d nhng
bn c th quyt
nh s dng cc
gi tr khc m bn
chc l thch hp
Doman Susceptibility
Dnh cho ngi dng ILWIS kinh nghim
Hy c gng kt lun trt l c trong bn tai bin
To mt bn thuc tnh ca Old scarp ca trt l. Trong bng landslide_id g

cng thc sau:
Old:=iff((Activity="Stable")and(Part="Scarp"),1,0)
By gi hy to mt bn thuc tnh ca Old. Vo operations, raster operations,
attribute map v chn bn raster landslide_id, bng thuc tnh landslide_id
v ct Old. Hy xem hnh di.
Gi y chng ta mun gn gi tr 0 cho khu vc khng xc nh
Trong dng lnh ca ILWIS g cng thc sau:
Old:=iff(isundef(Old_scarp),0,Old_scarp)
Bc cui cng l tng hp thng tin ca old scarp vi bn tai bin. G cng
thc sau:
Final:=iff((Old=1)and(Hazard="low_hazard"),"moderate_hazard",Hazard)
Chng ta s gi s rng
i vi cc khu vc c
phn loi l
low_hazard, nhng b
nh hng bi trt l
trong qu kh, th tai
bin c th l
moderate _ trung bnh
Mt phng php khc cht ch hn xem xt t u trt l c (khi bn nh gi

mt trt l trn lp v trong tng din tch). Bn c th thc hin trc tip trong
mt tp lnh
Bi tp 3E: nh gi tai bin ng t

D liu:
File d liu: /exercise03E
i tng:
Sau phn ny bn c th:
- nh gi cc loi ng t, v v tr, ln v su ca ng
t.
- Hin th ng t theo ln v su.
- Pht trin mi quan h gia su v ln
- Xc nh khong cch t tm chn v RiskCity
- nh gi s hon chnh ca bn ghi ng t.
- Vic c tnh PGA trong ti RiskCity cho nhng trn ng t
khc nhau trong catalog
- ng dng cc hm tt dn khc nhau v nh gi s khc bit
ca chng.
- La chn mt kch bn ng t, i vi tng gi tr PGA trong
tnh ton
- S dng thng tin a cht b mt xc nh phm vi khuch
i trong t
- Hnh thnh mt bn PGA cho thnh ph
- Chuyn PGA sang MNI
- Tnh ton tn sut t nhin ca t ti RiskCity.
- Lin h iu ny vi tn s t nhin ca nh ca
- Phn vng i vi cc cao nh ca khc nhau.
Gii thiu
Mt phng php tn sut c s dng nh gi v thnh lp bn tai
bin ng t l phn vng tai bin a chn. y l s phn chia mt khu vc
thnh cc khu vc nh hn m cng mc tai bin. Hai dng phn vng tai bin
a chn ang c l: phng php phn vng v m khi qut (thnh lp bn tai
bin trn t l nh) v phng php phn vng vi m chi tit (trn t l ln).
Phng php th hai cho php cc iu kin a cht v khu vc cc b c xem
xt tnh ton. Phn vng v m ch thng da vo trn ng t ti xy ra v c
ln xc nh, v khng tnh n cc iu kin cc b trong tnh ton.
Bi tp ny gii quyt vi vic s dng GIS cho nh gi tai bin a chn
trn t l ln, s dng hai phng php khc nhau:
Phng php n gin, theo phng php RADIUS, trong Gia tc
mt t cc i - Peak Ground Acceleration c tnh ton cho
cc mt kch bn ng t, v s khuch tn trong t c x l
bng hn hp nhiu gi tr n gin. Phng php ny ch a ra mt
php tinh xp x chung nht v tai bin.
phng php th hai m trong chng tamt ki m nhiu hn v
ph ng t - earthquake spectra, v tnh ton tn s t nhin
ca t, m c s dng phc ha cc khu vc s tri qua s
khuch tn trong t ln ti cc tn s c th tng ng vi cc tn
s t nhin ca nhng dng nh ca nht nh.
Trong mt d n thc t phn vng nh tai bin a chn, phng php th
hai c m rng bng cc tnh ton cc phn ng ph i vi cc ct t khc
nhau, s dng cc bn ghi chuyn ng mnh, v cc ct t m t v c tnh chi
tit. iu ny yu cu mt lng ng k thi gan v d liu u vo, v khng
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity: GIS dnh cho nh gi ri ro a tai bin
kh thi trong nghin cu th nghim ny. i vi bi tp ny, iu quan trng l

hiu v trung tm RiskCity c lp y bi trm tch h, sng, bc thm v taluy.
Thung lng b vy quanh bi sn ni
2. Thm d d liu u vo
Trong catalog d liu, bn s thy cc biu tng ca d liu u vo sn c
cho s gii thiu ny i vi nghin cu th nghim. D liu u vo sau y a
ra mt ci nhn khi qut v d liu chuyn v chng c ly ra nh th no.
Tn
D liu nh
Loi
ngha
Country_Anglyph
nh raster
nh lp th ca t nc trong
RiskCity phn b, c lm t d liu
DRTM
D liu a cht
Geology_country
Bn polygon
Faults_country
Bn phn mnh
Seismic_zones
Bn polygon
Mt bn a cht ca quc gia m

RiskCity phn b. iu ny c lin
kt vi mt bng thuc tnh vi
thng tin a cht
Mt bn vi vng t gy chnh
ca quc gia
Cc i kin to a chn, ni m
mt dng tng t ca ng t c
th xy ra v c s dng l vng
ngun ng t. Chng c mi quan
h ln-tn xut ca bn thn
chng
ng t
Earthquake_country
Bn dng im
D liu a phng cho RiskCity

City_Centre
Bn dng im
Soildepth
Bn raster
Lithology
Altitue_dif
Bn polygon
Bn raster
Mt bn dng im lin kt vi
mt bng cha cc thng tin v a
im, thi gian, su v ln ca
ng t ti Honduras trong giai
on: 1973-2008
V tr ca trung tm RiskCity
Bn m rng l lt cho chu k lp
li l 100 nm, nhn c t m
hnh ha vi phn mm thy vn
HEC_Ras
Bn thch hc ca RiskCity
Cao cc ta nh.
Bi tp c thc hin theo cc phn sau:
Phn 1: nh gi catalog ng t v tnh ton mi quan h ln-tn xut.
Phn 2: c tnh PGA trong i vi cc ng t khc nhau trong catalog.
Phn 3: Thnh lp bn PGA cho RiskCity
Bi tp la chn: Phn vng ng t t l nh s dng chiu dy lp ph.
Bi tp RiskCity 3E - 2
Phn 1: nh gi catalog ng t v tnh ton mi quan h ln-tn

xut.
i tng:
- nh gi cc loi ng t, v v tr, ln v su ca ng
t.
- Hin th ng t theo ln v su.
- Pht trin mi quan h gia su v ln
- Xc nh khong cch t tm chn v RiskCity
- nh gi s hon chnh ca bn ghi ng t.
Hy xem ni dung v a cht
Trc ht, ta s bt u bng vic xem xt cu trc chung ca quc gia.
Chng ta c mt nh lp th ca ton b t nc (c c th SERIVR ti :
http://www.servir.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=46 ). Chng
ta cng c bn a cht c c t trang web ca USGS. V chng ta c mt
bn vi cc h thng t gy chnh trong vng. iu ny thu thp c theo
xut bn sau, iu ny l rt tt cho v n lm nn tng cho vic c bi tp ny:
Cceres, D. and Kulhnek, O. (2000) Seismic Hazard of Honduras. Natural Hazards
22: 4969, 2000.
M nh lp th Country_Anaglyp
Thm lp Geology_country. Ch hin th ranh gii, v ch ra vi ng trng
vi dy l 1.
Thm bn phn mnh Fault_systems
Thm bn im City_centre
M Pixel Information v thm bn Geology_country
Dng knh xanh- nhn a hnh v tra cu thng tin a cht bng cch di
chut ton bn
Thm bn t gy Fault_country. Hy xem mi quan h gia a hnh v
t gy. Mt vi t gy c s th hin trn a hnh rt r rng.
Hin th ng t theo cng
Ph ln bn im Earthquakes_country
Trong hp hi thoi nhn OK
Bn c th thy ton b cc trn ng t c a ra vi cng mt kch thc k

hiu
Nhy p chut vo mt im trong bn . Thng tin v mt trn ng t c

th s c hin th trong ca s, c gi l Attributes
Ko th ca s sao cho bn c th c c ht c thng tin. C gng lm iu
ny i vi mt vi trn ng t khc.
Cc thuc tnh khc nhau c ngha g?
Bn c th hin th danh sch theo ln ca ng t. Chng ta s s dng ct

ln thc hin iu ny.
Nhp chut phi trn tn ca bn (Earthquakes_country) trong Layer

Management ( phn bn tri ca bn ) hoc ngay chnh trong bn , v la
chn Display Options. Hp hi thoi cc la chn hin th Display options m ra
ln na
Select Attribute, v chn Attribute Magnitude.
Click vo Symbol. Hp hi thoi Symbol m ra
Thay i mu ca ng thnh mu
La chn option stretch. Nhp gi tr vo stretch gia 4 v 8.0 S dng Size(pt)
gia 1 v 20. Nhn OK hai ln.
Gi bn thy c cc trn ng t c hin th vi cc quy m khc nhau theo

ln ca chng.
Th nghim vi mt vi la chn ny, v d. hin th cc trn ng t theo:

ln: ch hin th cc trn ng t c ln trn 5
Nm: ch ra nhng trn ng t c ln trn 5
Ch ra cc trn ng t theo su ca chng
ng bn im Earthquakes_country li
i khi, nh gi thng tin trong bng thuc tnh tt hn trong bn .
M bng Earthquakes_country.
Nhp chut vo biu tng biu . La chn ct Nm - Year cho trc X v
ln - Magnitude cho trc Y.
Ti sao nm 1987 khc nhiu so vi nhng nm cn li?
Hin th su i nghch vi ln
Th nghim nhiu hn vi cc biu ny
ng ca s biu
Xc nh khong cch t tm chn n RiskCity

Mt kha cnh quan trng cn phi hiu xc nh Gia tc mt t
nh PGA ca cc trn ng t l khong cch ca nhng trn ng t trong qu
kh n RiskCity. nh gi c chng ta s thc hin mt bn khong cch
t trung tm ca RiskCity, v tnh ton mi mt trn ng t trong danh sch xa

bao nhiu t thnh ph.
M mt bn im
bng mt bng: C th
Raster ha bn im City_center. S dng ch gii a
m mt bn im
cht georeference v s dng kch c im 20.
bng mt bng v n
Bn c to ra s bao gm 20x20 pixel vi trung tm
da trn mt danh sch
thnh ph v vng cn li khng xc nh.
ta , mi mt im vi
Chy chng trnh khong cch trn bn raster
mt nhn dng ring.
City_center. t tn bn u ra: Distance. S dng
iu ny cho php
chnh xc l 1.
chung ta thc hin cc
Hin th danh sch ng t trn nh ca bn khong
php tnh c bit. iu
cch. By gi bn c th c mi mt trn ng t cch
m chng ta ang tnh
RiskCity bao xa.
ton ti y l khong
ng ca s bn .
cch t mi mt im
n RiskCity bng cch
Bc tip theo l chng ta s c cc gi tr khong cch ca
a gi tr khong cch
t bn Khong cch ng t n RiskCity i vi mi mt trn ng t trong
cho mi mt im. danh mc. Chng ta thc hin iu ny bng cch s dng mt
Chng ta thc hin bng c im c bit ca ILWIS.
lnh:
Mapvalue
N c t bn
Kch chut phi trn bn im Earthquakes_country,
khong cch, s dng
v chn Open as table. Chc chn l bn la chn dng lnh
thng tin ta . Ly kt
trong menu view
qu nhn vi 10-3
Trong dng lnh, g:

chuyn t mt sang
Distance=(mapvalue(distance,coordinate))/1000
kilomet.
m bo vic s dng chnh xc bng 1 (chng ta ch
mun bit khong cch vi chnh xc l 1km). Nh bn thy
nhiu trn ng t trong danh mc nm ngoi quc gia v
chng khng c khong cch.
ng bng bn im v m bng Earthquakes_country.
Hy nhp ct khong cch t bn im trong bng.
To ra mt s Khong cch - ln. Bn c th kt lun
c g?
c tnh quan h Log N (M) = a- b M
Trong bi tp ny bn cng c th s dng danh mc ng t c tnh
quan h Log N (M) = a- b M. N(M) l s trn ng t xy ra trong vng trong mt
thi gian cho trc vi ln (M) ln hn hay bng M. a v b l hng s xc
nh.
M bng Earthquakes_country. Trt t bng da theo ct ln, theo th t

tng (bng cch chn Columns, Sort) t menu. Bn s thy c nhiu bn ghi khng c
ln. Chng ta khng th s dng chng trong phn tch.
By gi chng ta phn loi ln thnh cc lp. ln t mt gi tr ct v

chng ta mun phn loi thnh lp ch yu, chng ta s s dng mt vng
lp/nhm cho iu . Vng/nhm c gi Magnitude_class.
M vng Magnitude_class v xem phng php phn loi c s dng

Phn loi ln s dng vng Magnitude_class. Bn c th s dng cng thc:
Magn_class = CLFY(magnitude, Magnitude_class)
Chng ta s tnh bao nhiu trn ng t c trong mi lp. S dng Ct
Aggregate. La chn ct Magn_class, chn aggregate: Count, la chn
Magn_class. Chn bng u ra: Magnitude_class, v ct u ra: number
ng bng Earthquakes_country, v m bng Magnitude_class m bn va
lm.
Bao nhiu bn ghi khng c ln?

Tng s cc bn ghi trong bng l bao nhiu?
i vi vic tnh ton chng ta ch mun lm vic vi cc bn ghi c ln.
M bng Magnitude_class. Thay i th cng gi tr trong bn ghi m khng c

ln (No_data) v 0. u tin bn phi ph s ph thuc ca ct.
Thm mt ct Magnitude (gi tr, 1 decimal) v a ra cho mi lp mt Magnitude
ln nht.
Khi chng ta mun tnh tch ly t cao ti thp v khng o chiu, chng ta cn
lm mt ct Order, bng cch ny chng ta c th t th t bng chm hn.
Order:=9.0-Number.
Sp xp th t bng (Column, Sort) theo ct Order, n sp theo th t t
ln cao n ln thp.
By gi, tnh ton tch ly s trn ng t c Magnitude c nh hoc ln hn. S
dng Column, Cumulaitve, la chn ct Number, v sp xp theo ct Order. t tn
cho ct u ra: N.
By gi bn c th thy s lng cc trn ng t c ln nht nh hoc ln
hn. Tnh ton logN: LogN = log(N)
Hin th ct Magnitude trn trc X v LogN trn trc Y. Tnh ton hnh vung va
ti thiu s dng mt hm a thc vi hai iu kin
Bn c th c kt lun g v hai gi tr a v b? v c v s va vn ca ng
cong?
ng ca s bn v bng.
CH : Bn c th c biu hay hn nu khng lm trn ln thp. Bn cng c th
thc hin phn tch tn s ln trong mt bng, l mt bi tp lin quan n Gio trnh
Hnh: bng kt qu tnh ton ln-Tn xut

Dnh cho ngi dng ILWIS nng cao
Vic tnh ton ln Tn xut m chng ta va tnh ton da trn danh
mc ng t cho ton b quc gia. Trong nghin cu tai bin ng t thc t,
cn phi chia nh khu vc thnh mt lng cc vng kin to a chn, v tnh
ton mi quan h ln tn xut i vi mi mt vng.
Cc vng c a ra trong bi ny, cng sn c trong bn polygon
Seismic_zones.
Trch cc trn ng t ra t earthquake_catalog trong mt vng. To cc file

ring bit.
S dng phng php c m t trn tch mi quan h ln Tn xut
i vi cc vng khc nhau.
Mt khi phn ny c hon thnh th chng ta c th c thng tin v mi quan h

ln tn xut cho nhng vng a chn kin to khc nhau. Bc tip theo l
c tnh PGA s dng ng cong tt dn.
Phn 2: c tnh PGA trong ti RiskCity i vi cc trn ng t khc

nhau trong danh mc.
i tng:
- ng dng cc hm tt dn khc nhau v nh gi s khc bit
ca chng.
By gi chng ta bit rng i vi cc bin c ng t trong danh mc
khong cch n RiskCity, cng nh ln v su (ch i vi cc trn ng t
ny c thng tin sn c), chng ta c th thc hin mt c tnh v Gia tc mt t
cc i PGA trong ti RiskCity nh l mt kt qu ca hin tng ny. Cc thng
s u vo cho kch bn ng t l v tr, su, ln v thi im xy ra (gi
trong ngy hoc n khi bin c xy ra) (xem hnh di y)
Hnh: Bn tri: s biu th cc mc chnh c dng trong phn tch ng t.

Bn phi: Mt vi v d v hm tt dn, v khong cch n t gy vi PGA
Mi quan h gia PGA, khong cch tm chn ngoi hoc chn tiu v ln c
th c c tnh bng cch s dng mt hm tt dn attenuation function.
Mt hm tt dn a ra mi quan h gia Gia tc mt t cc i PGA, v mt s
lng cc tc nhn lin quan n khong cch ca khu vc n ng t, su
ca ng t v i khi c s hin din ca t hoc . Cc hm tt dn c c
t php phn tch thng k mt s lng ln ca cc bn ghi chuyn ng mnh
m t cc trm khc nhau phn b khong cch khc nhau, i vi cng mt bin
c ng t. Loi ca ng t rt quan trng (v d. ng t nng hoc su) v
thit lp cu trc (cc hm khc nhau cho s gim ng t, t gy tr t bng
v ng t nng )
Trong phng php RADIUS, PGA c th c tnh ton s dng mt trong

ba cng thc tt dn; Joyner & Boore (1981), Campbell (1981) or Fukushima &
Tanaka (1990). Xem bng di y.
i vi khu vc nghin cu, cng c cc ng cong tt dn khc c

Cceres, D. and Kulhnek (2000) a ra. Mi quan h tt dn u tin c
Climent et.al. (1994) a ra t cc bn ghi chp chuyn ng mnh m ca El
Salvador, Nicaragua v Costa Rica vi mt vi bn ghi b sung t Guerrero,
Mexico:
ln PGA = 1.687 + 0.553*M 0.537* ln R 0.00302*R + 0.327*S
trong , M l momen ln, R l khong cch chn tiu (km) v S l h s
khu vc (S = 0 i vi khu vc v S= 1 i vi khu vc l t). Sai s thng
phn b vi zero trung bnh v lch chun xung quanh 0.6.
Mi quan h tt dn th hai do McGuire (1976) tnh ton i vi b bin pha
ty nc M:
PGA = 472 x 100:28M(R+25)-1:3I; (logPGA) = 0:222

Sai s thng phn b v l lch chun ca s gim v gi tr trung
bnh zero.
Mi quan h tt dn th ba c Schnabel and Seed (1973) dng cho ty
bc nc M (bng I). Cui cng, quan h tt dn th t c Boore et al. (1997),
tnh ton cho ng t nng ti min ty Bc M:
Trong bi tp ny chng ta s dng hm ca Joyner & Boore 1981. Hm

ny l:
E = khong cch tm chn, M = ln ng t

Khong cch c tnh trong bi tp trc.
M bng Earthquakes_country. Nhp vi bn im Earthquakes_country,

v c ct Distance.
Tnh ton mt ct mi D vi cng thc sau:
D=(distance^2+7.3^2)^0.5
(Dng chnh xc 0.001 v 3 decimal. Iu chnh gi tr ny trong ca s tnh
ton trc khi chp nhn)
Sau y tnh ton PGA s dng cng thc:
PGA=10^(0.249*Magnitude-Log(D)-0.00255*D-1.02)
Lm mt biu v hin th khong cch i vi PGA.
Cng hin th cc gi tr PGA i vi cc bin c ng t trong bn v b sung
bn Khong cch .
Cu hi:
danh
Bn c th kt lun c g v cc gi tr PGA c k vng da trn

mc cc trn ng t?
Nhng gi tr ny c thc t khng?
Bn c th kt lun c g v s hon thin ca danh mc?
By gi chng ta cng tnh ton ng cong tt dn da trn hm uwc Climent

a ra (xem trn)
Tnh ton khong cch tm chn tiu bng cng thc:

R:=SQRT((Depth^2)+(Distance^2))
Tnh ton hm tt dn ca Climent:
LNPGA:= -1.687 + (0.553*Magnitude) - (0.537* ln(R)) (0.00302*R) + (0.327*0)
Sau y s dng cng thc sau tnh PGA:
PGA_Climent:=EXP(LNPGA)
To mt biu v hin th khong cch i vi PGA. So snh cc gi tr ny vi
hm tt dn trc o ca Joyner v Boore. Bn c th kt lun c g?
Bi tp nng cao. Dnh cho ngi dng ILWIS c kinh nghim:

Tnh ton khong cch chn tiu da trn khong cch tn chn v
su ca n. t tn l: R
C gng thc hin cc hm tt dn khc c a ra trn.
So snh s khc nhau.
Phn 3: Thnh lp bn PGA cho RiskCity

i tng:
- La chn mt kch bn ng t, i vi tng gi tr PGA trong
tnh ton
- S dng thng tin a cht b mt xc nh phm vi khuch
i trong t
- Hnh thnh mt bn PGA cho thnh ph
- Chuyn PGA sang MNI
Ngoi danh mc ng t cn thiu st, chng ta c th dng mt ngun
khc ca thng tin, c th l kt qu ca Chng trnh nh gi tai bi n a chn
ton cu. Chng trnh nh gi tai bi n a chn ton cu (GSHAP) c bt u
t nm 1992 bi Chng trnh thch quyn quc t (ILP) vi s h tr ca Hi ng
quc t cc lin on khoa hc (ICSU), v c xc nhn l mt chng trnh biu
dng trong khung chng trnh ca Thp k quc t v gim nh thin tai ca Lin
hip quc (UN/IDNDR). gim nh ri ro lin quan n s ti xut hin ca ng
t, GSHAP xng h ta vng, cch tip cn thng nht vi nh gi tai
bin a chn, cc li ch c bn c ci thin cc nh gi quc gia v vng min
cho tai bin a chn, c cc nh ra quyt nh quc gia v k s s dng lp
k hoch s dng t v nng cao thit k v xy dng nh ca. Cc bo co khu
vc, cc bo co, tm tt v bn a chn hng nm ca GSHAP, cc i ngun
v tai bin a chn u trn trang web ca GSHAP http://seismo.ethz.ch/GSHAP/ .
Chng ta cng c th s dng thng tin c a ra bi nghin cu sau:
Cceres, D. and Kulhnek, O. (2000) Seismic Hazard of Honduras. Natural Hazards
22: 4969, 2000.
Da trn cng trnh ny chng ta s s dng cc gi tr PGA cho RiskCity :
Chu k lp li
100 nm
475 nm
PGA
0.2g
0.4g
Trong bi tp ny chng ta s tnh ton vi mt kch bn ng t vi

ln 7.7 xy ra ti khong cch l 80km t trung tm thnh ph, vi su tm
chn l 30km.
Tnh ton gi tr PGA tng t i vi kch bn ny, s dng cng thc sau:
D=(distance^2+7.3^2)^0.5
PGA=10^(0.249*M-Log(D)-0.00255*D-1.02)
S khuch i trong t
S khuch i trong t c c tnh bng kt qu ca cc bc trc ,
c kt hp vi mt bn n gin v cc loi t. i vi mi loi t gi tr
khuch i chung t bng di y s c s dng (cc gi tr c tnh da theo
phng php RADIUS). Bn cng s quyt nh p dng cc gi tr ny, sau khi bn
bc.
Bng Cc loi t
M
M t
Tha s khuch i
0
Khng r
1.00
1
cng
0.55
2
mm
0.70
3
t trung bnh
1.00
4
t mm
1.30
Thng tin v t c th c ly t bn a cht (c gi l cc n v
a cht).
Raster ha bn Thch hc Lithology. S dng ch gii a cht Somewhere

To mt bng thuc tnh cho bn , v b sung mt ct cho cc gi tr khuch
i.
Xc nh mi mt n v thch hc s l gi tr khuch i t bng trn
Phn li cc n v a cht vi cc tha s khuch i, v t tn bn l:
Amplification_factor
Nhn bn khuch i vi gi tr PGA m bn thu c t bc trc . Gi bn
l: PGA
Ch :
iu ng c cp y l phng php ny l phng php n gin,
v c nhiu nhc im:
Gia tc ng t khng nn c biu din nh mt gi tr PGA n l, bi v
tn s t nhin ca nh ca vi s lng sn khc nhau, nn c lin quan
ti gia tc trong cc tn s c th, c th gy nn s cng hng nh
ca. Nh quy tc kinh nghim, tn s ca cng hng nh ca c th c
tnh vi cng thc: f = 10/N (trong N = s tng). V th phn ng ph
nn c s dng thay cho cc gi tr PGA n l.
Cc tha s khuch i trong bng ch l ch s th. Ngoi loi vt liu, n
cn l dy ca t, ng mt vai tr quan trng trong s khuch i.
Chuyn PGA sang MNI

chuyn cc gi tr Gia tc mt t cc i sang Cng Mercalli sa i,
mi quan h chung ca Trifunac & Brady (1975) c s dng:
MMI=1/0.3*(log10(PGA*980)-0.014)
To mt cng thc trong Mapcalc (s dng dng lnh) i vi vic chuyn t PGA
sang MNI v p dng iu ny cho bn PGA c tnh bn trn. t tn bn u
ra l: MNI
Phn loi bn MNI thnh cc lp ca 1 n v (v d. t 0.5-1.5 l lp 1, v.v)
Bi tp la chn: Phn vng vi m ng t s dng b dy lp ph

i tng:
- Tnh ton tn s t nhin ca t ti RiskCity.
- Lin h iu ny vi tn s t nhin ca nh ca
- Phn vng i vi cc cao nh ca khc nhau.
Mt tc nhn quan trng trong vic phn ng ca lp di b mt i vi mt trn
ng t l tng t mm hoc chiu dy lp ph. Cc trm tch t mm c tn s
t nhin nht nh ph thuc ch yu vo c tnh bn trong ca n ( cng v
bn) v chiu dy ca n. Chuyn ng mt t mnh m ti b mt thng l kt
qu t thc t l tng t mm bt u cng hng ti tn s t nhin ca chng
di nh hng ca ng t.
Bi tp ny chng minh tng t hoc b dy lp ph c th c s dng nh th
no phc ha cc khu vc s tri qua s khuch tn mt t rng ln ti tn s
c th m n tng ng vi tn s t nhin ca cc dng nh ca nht nh.
Theo cch ny phn vng vi m bn a chn c th c lm cho cc dng nh
ca khc nhau, ch yu da trn bn b dy lp ph.
Tnh ton phn ng ca b mt v tai bin a chn

Tnh ton cc c tnh khu vc theo giai on - characteristic site
periods-ca lp ph
Bc ny s tnh ton c tnh khu vc theo giai on trn c s bn b dy

ca t v cc c im lp ph c gi s khc nhau.
Hy c cc box l thuyt sau y

Hy tnh ton c tnh khu vc theo giai on - characteristic site period bng cch
s dng MapCalc ca bn dy lp ph (Soildepth) cho hai iu kin t khc nhau
da trn cng thc 3:
f0 =
Vs
4H
Tnh ton mt bn raster T250 vi c tnh khu vc theo giai on cho mt vn

tc sng ct trung bnh (V3) l 250 m/s (t mm).
Tnh ton mt bn raster T500 vi c tnh khu vc theo giai on cho mt vn
tc sng ct trung bnh (V3) l 500 m/s (t cng).
Hy suy tnh s khc bit no ca cc bn khu vc theo giai on khc nhau v
mt tai bin i vi cc dng nh ca khc nhau, v d. nh cao tng vi nh thp
tng?
L thuyt
nh hng nn t mm
Khi sng a cht di chuyn t ngun ca n n mt t, phn u tin ca ng dn

ca sng l i trong . Phn cui, thng khng ln hn hng chc mt, c i xuyn
qua t nm trn gc. iu ny c nhn ra rt sm vo nm 350 TCN bi Aristot
mt nh khoa hc ngi Hy Lp, ng cho rng rung ng trong nn t mm nhiu hn
l trong cng trong mt trn ng t.
Gia s cng c to nn do nh hng ny i khi c th ln gp 2-3 ln trong
thang cng Mercalli (Bard, 1994). Bi cc khu vc dn c rng ln thng phn b
dc theo hoc gn min t mu m, thng c ngun gc bi tch hoc ni la, loi khu
vc nh th ny nh hng to ln n nh gi tai bin ng t trn ton th gii.
S khuch tn trong t mm
Hin tng c bn chu trch nhim cho vic khuch tn vn ng trong cc tng trm
tch mm l vic by cc thn sng trong vt liu mm. iu ny c s tng phn tr
khng gia trm tch mm v gc. Tr khng ca vt liu c xc nh l:
I = Vs.
[1]
trong :
I = Tr khng, kg/m2.s
Vs = vn tc sng ct. m/s
= khi lng th tch, kg/m3
Vn tc sng ct l mt thng s ht sc quan trng trong k thut ng t. Bng trc
gic, yu t ny c th hiu rng mt loi t bn v cht ( hoc t vi vn tc sng ct
cao) hot ng khc bit di s rung lc do ng t. Vn tc sng cn ph thuc vo
module tng bin dng ca t. Module bin dng c th c xc nh trong iu kin
phng th nghim v mt vi mi quan h l thuyt v thc nghim tn ti gia vn tc
sng ct v module bin dng.
Gmax = .Vs2
[2]
trong :
= khi lng th tch, kg/cm3
Vs = vn tc sng ct, m/s
S tng phn trong tr khng xc nh tng nng lng sng c phn x khi sng a
chn qua mt ranh gii lp ni m c tnh vt liu thay i. iu ny c cng thc
ca Zoeppritz (Drijkoningen, 2000) a ra:
R = (I2-I1)/( I2+I1)
trong , R l h s phn x
[3]
Hnh nh nng lng phn x v truyn qua

ti ranh gii lp
Bng vic s dng mt vi gi tr tiu chun i vi ( = 2700 kgm-3, Vs = 1000 ms-1)v

t ( = 1750 kgm-3.Vs = 1000 ms-1), c th kt lun rng i vi mt sng i qua ranh gii
gia t mm v gc gn 50% nng lng ca sng b phn x. Ti b mt, tt c nng
lng c phn x bi trong khng kh vn tc sng ct l bng 0.
Trn by, s giao thoa ca sng bt u xy ra. Ngoi sng ban u, cc sng phn x cng
tr thnh ngun cho s vn ng. Khi nhn vo nhng cu trc lp nm ngang, vn n
gin ha i vi cu trc 1 chiu, kt hp vi by sng m n di chuyn ln v xung trong
lp b mt mm. Khi s gim on chm xy ra trn b mt, sng mt cng b nh hng,
v lm cho tnh hung tr nn v cng phc tp.
Cc sng b by giao thoa, to nn s khuch tn cu trc chuyn ng v cng hng. S
cng hng xy ra khi nh sng trng nhau, l do s b sung bin v bin chuyn
ng cng ln gy ra bi nhng sng ny. S cng hng khng xy ra vi mt tn s c
th, nhng ti mt vi trng hp, to nn cc dng cng hng khu vc v vt cht c th.
Cc thut ton nm sau c gii thch bn di (t: Kramer, 1996):
Ph cng hng cho t m ng nht trn cng s ging nh h nh di y.
Hnh nh ph cng hng i vi t m ng nht trn cng (Kramer: 1996)

Trong khi bin bin i vi m, th tn s t nhin khng nh vy. Tn s t nhin
ca t trm tch c a ra nh sau:
f0 =
Vs
4H
(c bn)
=
f n (2. n + 1). f 0
(m hc)
trong :
f0 , fn = tn s ca nh u tin v nh th n, Hz
Vs = vn tc sng ct, m/s
H = b dy ca lp t mm, m
Nh bn c th thy trong hnh 4.3.2, cc nh khuch tn c kch thc gim nhanh
chng do t m. Bi chnh iu ny, s khuch tn quan trng nht xy ra ti tn s c
bn. Tn s c bn hoc c tnh khu vc theo giai on c lin quan a ra mt ch s hu
dng ca tn s hoc chu k rung m ti s khuch tn quan trng nht k vng s t c.
Chuyn ng b mt
Khi ln n b mt, sng a chn gy ra mt chuyn ng rung lc ti b mt
ny. Kha cnh quan trng nht ca chuyn ng ny l gia tc. Khi mt cu trc phi
chu mt gia tc nht nh, iu s to ra lc xy ra trn cu trc . c tnh vt l
ng sau hin tng ny c gii thch rt n gin bi nh lut 2 ca Newton:
F=m.a
trong :
F = lc, Newton N
m = khi lng vt th, kg
a = gia tc m i tng b tc dng, m/s2
[5]
Khi khi lng ca vt th khng i, lc tc dng ln n l thnh phn trc tip

gy ra gia tc, to nn mt thng s quan trng nht trong nghin cu phn vng vi m.
Bn cnh gia tc, tn s m ti gia tc xut hin l mt thuc tnh khc ca
chuyn ng b mt m n l iu quan trng gy nn nhng thit hi v cu trc. Mi
mt vt th u c mt tn s t nhin chung ca chng (fN , c xc nh ch yu bi
cng (k) v khi lng (M). Mt mi quan h c a ra trong phng trnh sau:
fn =
1
2
k
M
[6]
Thng thng, mt ta nh cao c cng thp hn (mm do hn) mt ta nh

nh hn v mt ta nh cao r rng l nng hn mt ta nh nh. Bng trc quan, cng
thy c phng trnh trc, chng ta c th thy cc ta nh cao hn thng c tn s
t nhin thp hn nhng ta nh thp tng.
xc nh tn s c trng chnh xc ca mt i tng l mt iu rt phc
tp, v v th Hi ngh quc t ca cc nh xy dng a ra tho lun mt vi quy tc
kinh nghim c tnh yu t ny. Phng php ph bin nht ang c s dng hin
nay, thng qua thit k nguyn bn cho cc khung chu un v khng p dng cho
btng v cng trnh n, l:
10 (Day, 2001)
T = 0,1. N hoc
f =
n
trong , N l vit tt ca s lng tng ca mt ta nh, v T v fN ln lt c

ngha l chu k tnh bng giy v tn s t nhin bng Hz.
Phn tch ph phn hi
Nh cp, tn s m ti y gia s nht nh xut hin l mt tc nhn quan

trng trong phn tch chuyn ng b mt. c c mt tng hay v tai bin a
chn do chuyn ng b mt gy ra, phn hi b mt c th c v cng vi tn s, to
nn mt biu c a ra trong hnh di y.
Hnh. Tn s ph thuc gia tc ph kt hp vi gia tc n nh

ln nht ca mt ton nh
C th thy trong hnh, ri ro sp ca mt ta nh c kh nng chng gia tc ln
n cc i Amax , ph thuc vo tn s m ti cc rung ng xy ra. Ph phn hi tr
thnh mt tc nhn quan trng, n thng l mt yu t then cht trong bt k nghin
cu phn vng vi m no.
Phn loi c tnh khu vc theo giai on trong bn phn vng tai bin
Nu chu k t nhin ca mt ta nh tng ng vi chu k t nhin ca lp
ph ti khu vc , th ta nh ny s phi chu thit hi ln do tai bin gy ra.
iu ny c c do gia tc mt t ln l kt qu ca s cng hng trong t.
Da trn phng trnh 7, v bn cao ca thnh ph (Altitude_dif), hy tnh

ton mt bn vi cc tn s t nhin ca nh ca. t tn bn : Building_freq.
To mt min lp (lp Building) trn c s bng ny.
Phn loi li cc bn T250 v T500 (s dng: Slicing) ln lt thnh cc bn
raster T250_class, T500_class. So snh chng vi bn Building_freq. Trong nhng khu
vc , khu vc no c k vng chu cng hng?
Bng 1
Lp Building
Nmax
M t
Nh n tng
II
Nh n h
III
Vn phng, ta nh cn h
IV
20
Siu th, bnh vin
>10
Cc ta nh cao tng
Chu k t
nhin (s)
Tn s t
nhin (Hz)
So snh hai bn c phn loi. c phi l iu bn mun khng?Kt lun

ca bn l g?
Dng thng tin b sung no bn cn dng thc hin mt nh gi ri ro da
trn c s phn vng tai bin ny?
Ti liu tham kho
Bard, P. 1994. Local effects of strong ground motion: Basic physical

phenomena and estimation methods for microzoning studies. Laboratoire
Central de Ponts-et-Chausees and Observatoire de Grenoble.
Day, R.W. 2001. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook. McGrawHill, 700 pp.
Kramer, S.L. 1996. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Prentice Hall,

Upper Saddle River, New Yersey 07458. 653 pp.
Bi tp 3V. M hnh ha xi mn trm tch dng vn ni la trn

nh Pinatubo.
Thi gian d kin: 4-5 gi
D liu:
exercise03v
i tng:
Bi tp ny gii quyt vic nh gi s xi mn t trm tch dng
vn ni la trn nh Pinatubo, Philipin,
phun tro vo nm 1991 v to ra mt
lng trm thc ni la ca tro bi nng, dy n 200 mt. Trong nhiu nm sau khi
phun tro, lng ma ln trong khu vc gy nn hin tng xi mn ln v dn ti
hng lot dng bn ni la. D liu t bi tp ny c Art Daag cung cp, t Hc vin
Ni la v a chn Philipin (PHIVOLCS), ng th c hin nghin cu thc s v ch
ny.
C s l thuyt
nh Pinatubo nm trn o Luzon, cch th Manila khong 80km v pha
ng Bc. Ni la ny, theo phng php nh tui K-Ar xp x 1.1 triu nm tui, v
vi phng php nh tui C14 tr nht khong 400 nm BP 1, l ni la tr nht
trong dy Zambales v trong vnh ai ni la min Ty Luzon.
Hnh 1: Khi qu v tnh hnh sau khi phun tro ca nh Pinatubo

1
BP = Before present, y l thang thi gian p dng cho kho c, a cht v.v. Mc present c ly l
ngy 1/1/1950. Ngha l 1500 BP = 1500 nm trc 1950 = 450 nm sau CN
Bi tp RiskCity 3V - 1
Nghin cu th nghim: M hnh ha hin tng xi mn trmtch dng vn ni la trn nh Pinatubo
Bn View3d a ra mt ci nhn khi qut v s xi mn xung quanh

nh Pinatubo. Hnh ny c chun b t m hnh s a hnh m rng
(DTM), dn xut t 16 bn a hnh 1:50.000
Hin th bn ny. ng li sau khi bn xem xong.
nh Pinatubo b t u nh tro bi vo mng 3 thng 6 nm 1991 ti 0730H, v

ko di lin tc trong ba thng sau cho ti khi kt thc vo thng 8 nm 1991. N
t nh trong sut v phun tro vo ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1991, y tro bi ln ti
30km pha trn ming ni la. nh Pinatubo nm trong khu vc mt dn c cao,
vi hai thnh ph ln l San Fernando v Angeles. Trc v phun tro hai cn c
qun s ln ca M hin din ti khu vc (Clark Air Base, and Subic Bay Naval Base)
Bn Location a ra ci nhn khi qut v khu vc xung quanh nh

Pinatubo, v trm tch l kt qu v phun tro nm 1991, cng nh dng
trm tch bn ni la t nm 1991 n nm 1994.
Hin th bn ny. Ch gii c th tm thy trong bn Legend.
V phun tro nm 1991 l ng ng khong 6,83 km3 dng vn ni la vo

trong lu vc sng khc nhau: O'Donell (0.6 km3), Sacobia (1.78 km3), Porac-Gumain
(0.05 km3), Marella-Sto. Thomas (1.3 km3) and Balin-Baquero (3.1 km3). Lu vc
sng Sacobia, l lu vc c phn tch trong nghin cu ny, bt u t pha ng
ming ni la (hy xem bn v tr) v m rng sn dc xung di ti khi ti
vng m ly trng th p Candaba (50 km v hng ng) v vn Manila (60km v
pha ng nm).
Hin tng xi mn hoc ph hy nhanh chng ca trm tch dng vn ni la
nm 1991 l mt trong nhng iu x hi v khoa hc quan tm hng u sau v
phun tro ca nh Pinatubo, bi s phun tro t o ra mi en da ti s sng v
dng bn ni la c sc tn ph ln vi ln khng khip. iu ny tip tc xy ra
trong nhng nm sau . Dng bn ni l a t Pinatubo gy ra c p i s sng v
gy thit hi cho ti sn trong khu vc xung quanh ngn ni. Khong 50,000 ngi b
y vo cnh khng nh ca v cc tc ng
gin tip nh
l l t v tnh trng b c lp
nh hng n 1,3 triu ngi trong 39 th trn
khc nhau v 4 thnh ph ln. Khong 1,000
kilomet vung t nng nghip mu m t c
ri ro cao. Phn ln dng bn ni la xy ra
trong sut ma ma trong thi k gi ma ty
nam, ko di t thng 6 ti thng 11. Lng
ma trung bnh hng nm t 1946 mm ti pha
ng Pinatubo, n 3900 mm ti pha Ty. Thi
gian ko di v cng ma ln kt hp vi
Hnh 2: Gc nhn 3 chiu ca nh Pinatubo
Bi tp RiskCity 3V -2
s xut hin ca bo ln, l cc tc nhn gy ra dng bn ni la ph hoi c ln

cao
Hnh 3: php
Hnh trn:
Phng
lunMt ct ngang ch ra tin trnh xi mn nhanh chng ca trm tch
dng vn ni la; Hnh di: cc m hnh DEM cho cc giai on khc nhau c s
dng trong bi tp ny
i tng chnh ca bi tp ny l nh gi nhng bin i a mo trong lu

vc Sacobia trn, ni m dng v n ni la c lng ng. Cc hot ng sau c
din ra trong sut qu trnh kho st:
1. Dng t m cc bn a mo cho tnh hung trc v sau phun tro, cho
n nm 1993. iu ny c thc hin nh gi cc bin i trong khu
vc lu vc v ngha ca cc yu t trong vic to ra dng bn ni la.
2. Thnh lp cc m hnh s a hnh cho mi mt nm, t dy ca dng
vn ni la, v lng xi mn hng nm c tnh ton.
tnh ton khi lng trm tch dng vn ni la nm 1991 v lng trm
tch b xi mn hng nm, mt k thut lp ph DTM s dng GIS c p dng. i
vi th tc ny, cn xy dng cc DTM ca cc giai on khc nhau: v d DTM trc
phun tro; DTM hu plini, tr li cc trm tch yn tnh c a dng vn ni la nm
1991; mt DTM hu dng bn nm 1991; m t DTM hu dng bn nm 1992 v m t
DTM hu dng bn nm 1993.
Trng thi trc phun tro

DTM ca trng thi trc phun tro c gi l Dtmpre. DTM ny c thnh
lp trong ILWIS s dng cc bc sau:
S ha ng ng mc (vi khong ng mc l 50m) t bn a
hnh t l 1:50.000 trc phun tro.
Ni suy ng ng mc c raster ha s dng InterpolSeg trong
ILWIS.
Hin th m hnh s a hnh Dtmpre bng cch kch p vo biu tng trn
bn . Thay i vic trnh by v Pseudo. Nhp OK trong hp hi thoi
Display options. Bn s c hin th ngay trong mu pseudo, c ko
gin gia gi tr nh nht 140m v gi tr ln nht 1740.
Di chuyn con tr trn bn v nhp chut phi thy c gi tr trong
bn .
ng ca s bn li ln na.
Mt cch tt hn thy DTM l thnh lp mt nh bng i ni t . Mt nh bng i

ni m phng bng c to nn do nh mt tri t hng ng bc. Cc sn dc hng v
ng bc s c ch ra bng mu xm sng, v sn dc hng v Ty Nam th hin bng mu
xm ti.
Tnh ton mt nh bng a hnh ca Dtmpre (la chn Operations,

Image processing, Filter t menu chnh ca ILWIS). Hy chn tn b lc
bng. t tn bn u ra Shadpre.
Hin th bn ny trong tng mu xm. Ko gin bn gia -500 v
+500.
Ph thng tin segment t bn polygon Catchpre (s dng Layer, Add
layer, Polygon map). La chn Info and Boundaries only, v s dng mu
cho ng bin.
Ph thng tin segment t bn segment Drainpre. Chp nhn cc mc
nh; h thng tiu nc s c hin thji bng mu xanh.
Khi bn di chuyn qua bn , v nhn chut tri, tn ca lu vc s c
hin th.
H thng sng trc phun tro trong khu vc nghin cu bao gm hai h thng sng
chnh: Sacobia v Pasig. Lu vc sng ln nht l sng Sacobia c chia thnh cc
ph lu: Bc Sacobia thng (9.97 km2), Nam Sacobia thng (11.73 km2), v H
Sacobia (18.12 km2). Lu vc ln th hai l Pasig v n bao gm cc ph lu vc
sau: Bucbuc (5.95 km2), Yangca (4.55 km2), Papatak (6.46 km2), and Timbu (4.94
km2). Cc lu vc nh khc trong khu vc nghin cu l Abacan (2.54 km2), Taug
(6.60 km2), and Sapangbato (5.29 km2).
t nht 6 ln phun tro chnh thc c xc nh thng qua lch s hot ng ca nh
Pinatubo cng vi cc giai on ng yn hng th k hay hng thin nin k. V phun
tro tr nht, trc bin c nm 1991, c tui l 40070 nm BP. Ln phun tro
mnh nht c nh tui l x y ra trong giai on gia 30,390890 v 35,000
nm BP.
Ln phun tro kch pht ny to ra mt dng vn ni la dng qut rng khp trn
pha ng ca ni la
chim mt din tch
rng gp 5 ln trm
tch dng vn ni la
nm 1991. Cc trm
tch ging vi cc qut
rng ln kt thnh mt
khi rng ln t n
20km v pha ng ca
ni la. Cc trm tch
ny ty thuc vo mc
xi mn cao c
minh ha bng cc cu
trc rnh ct su phc
tp ti cc lu vc
Sapangtabo h, Taug
v Timbu. Cc trm
tch dng vn ni la
bn vng mt phn
vo cc ph lu vc sng ca cc sng Abacan, Sacobia v Pasig.
Dng vn ni la bt ngun trc nm 1991 c kh nng xi mn khc lit trong mt
ct thng lu li cc thung ng
l
su t i 200m. Ti cao gia 500 n 200 m
trn mc nc bin, trong khu vc gia sng Pasig v Sacobia, mc dng vn ni
la ny vn c th c nhn ra, hnh thnh mt qut rng ln, trong lu vc
Sapangbato thng. Cc trm tch dng bn ni la mnh mng, rng ln to nn cc
dng a hnh qut aluvi rng ln xung quanh ni la, n che ph phn ln cc khu
vc bn di v hnh thnh nn nhng khu vc nng nghip mu m.
Lu ni dung ca ca s map trong mt map view t tn l Viewpr. ng

ca s bn li.
Raster ha bn polygon Catchpre s dng h thng thng s trc a
Dtmpre. Bn ny s c s dng trong cc php phn tch sau
Trng thi ngay sau ln phun tro nm 1991 (The situation

shortly after the 1991 eruption)
DTM ca trng thi trc phun tro c gi l Dtmerp.
Tnh ton mt nh xm bng a hnh ca bn Dtmerp v hin th bn

ny ln mn hnh.
Ph segment (boundary) information t polygon Catcherp v mnh Drainerp
Lu ni dung ca ca s bn trong mt map view c gi l Viewerp.
Hin th c hai map view cho giai on trc v sau phun tro, v so snh
cc kt qu hin th.
Cc trm tch vn ni la mi bao ph

khong 24km2 v ph hy hon ton 3 phn
nc chnh li ch cc ngn i cao, iu m
hnh thnh nn cc o phn bit gia cc
trm tch dng vn ni la mi v khng c nt
c bit. Qut vn ni la trc phun tro trong
lu vc ca Sapangbato v Taug, ni m khng
b che ph, hot ng nh mt ci nm chia
dng vn ni la thnh hai hng: Hng Bc
vo lu vc thp hn ca sng Abacan v
Sacobia v Hng Nam vo sng
Pasig.
Mt trong nhng nh hng
quan trng nht ca s lng
ng cc trm tch dng vn ni
la l s bin i ca trng thi
thy vn. T khi thung ng
l
sng trc phun tro c lp
y hon ton, cc dng mi
pht trin trn phn cao nht
ca mc dng vn ni la, vi
cc dng khc nhau tng phn
t tnh trng trc phun tro. V
d ng ch nht l s che
ph h thng chia nc gia
sng Sacobia v sng Abacan.
Cc trm tch dng vn ni la
nm phn cao nht h thng chia thot nc khong 20m v c lng ng trong
phn trn lu vc ca sng Abacan. V th trong sut v ngay sau khi phun tro, cc
dng bn ni la c to nn t cn bo Yunya khng i theo thung lng sng tr c
phun tro ca sng Sacobia m c tiu thot qua thung lng sng Abacan, trn
qua ph hy thnh ph Angeles.
Mt bin i ct yu khc trong h thng thy vn din ra trong sng Pasig,
ni m mt ct ca pha Bc lu vc sng Sacobia thng trc khi phun tro c
bt li, v th s m rng ca lu vc trc phun tro ca sng Pasig trn ng phn
thy. Ni y c cc trm tch dng vn ni la che ph dy n 80m. Hn th
na, hin tng cp dng h lu din ra trong khu vc thng ngun ca nhanh
Timbu, bt vo sng Pasig chnh.
u tin, bn hy tnh ton cc thay i trong lu vc c hnh thnh t s
tch t ca trm tch dng vn ni la.
Raster ha bn Catcherp s dng thng s trc a Dtmpre.

Thc hin php giao hai bn raster Catchpre v Catcherp. S dng
Operations, Raster operations, Cross. Bn u tin: Catchpre, bn th
hai: Catcherp. Bng u ra: Catchpre. Nhp chn Show v OK.
Hy xem bng giao nhau kt qu. Bn thy cc khu vc ca bin i gia hai
thi k, c hin th theo mt vung. Nh bn c th thy c mt vi s kt
hp vi cc gi tr khng xc nh. iu ny c thc hin bng vic hnh
dng ca ming ni la, khng cn hnh thnh mt phn ca lu vc Sacobia
sau khi phun tro.
chuyn cc gi tr ny sang kilomet vung, g lnh sau vo dng lnh ca
bng giao nhau: Areakm2=Area/1.0E+6
(s dng chnh xc ca ct u ra l 0.001)
in cc gi tr vo bng 1.
ng ton ca s bn v bng.
Bng 1: Cc bin i ca quy m lu vc trc v sau khi phun tro. Hy in vo

bng da vo cc kt qu t bng giao nhau
Sau khi phun tro
Trc khi phun tro
Sacobia
Pasig
Abacan
Taug
Sapangbato Tng
cng
Sacobia
Pasig
Abacan
Taug
Sapangbato
Tng cng
Gi y bn bit c nhng bin i trong khu vc lu vc sau khi phun tro,

bn cng c th nhn c khi lng ca dng vt liu vn ni la c lng ng
trong cc lu vc khc nhau. Nu bn xem xt mt mt ct giao qua mt trong cc
thung
l ng trong khu v c: trng thi trc phun tro c a ra bng bn
Dtmpre ( a ra a hnh trc phun tro). a hnh sau phun tro c a ra bng
bn Dtmerp
Hnh: Biu mt ct giao nhau ch ra trng thi sau khi phun tro
Bn c th tr hai bn tm ra dy ca dn vn ni la PF:
Pfthick=Dtmerp-Dtmpre.
Gi tr dng trong bn kt qu chng minh khu vc tch t. Gi tr m chng t
ni ming ni la c hnh thnh.
G cng thc sau vo dng lnh trong ca s chnh:

Pfthick=iff(Dtmerp-Dtmpre>0,Dtmerp-Dtmpre,0)
Hy chc chn bn u ra c chnh xc bng 1. Hy hin th bn
ny trong mu xm v c cc gi tr cng nhau vi cc yu t ca bn
u vo bng vic nhp chut Pixel Information.
Thc hin giao nhau bn lu vc sau phun tro. (Catcherp) vi bn
Pftthick. Bn u ra c gi l Pferp.
Hy m bng giao Pferp v hy nhn vo cc ct. Ct Area a ra cho bn
khu vc c chim y trm tch dng vn ni la ca mt b dy nht
nh. Bn thn b dy c a ra trong ct Pfthick. bit c khi
lng ca trm tch dng vn ni la i vi mi mt dy bn phi nhn
ct Area vi dy. G cng thc sau vo dng lnh:
Volerp=Area*Pfthick/1.0E+6
Sau cc gi tr u ra tnh bng triu mt khi. S dng chnh xc l
0.0001
Thnh lp mt bng mi (Total) vi domain l Catchm. Trong bng ny bn
s kt hp cc kt qu. M bng ny ra.
Gi y cc ct ca bng giao s c kt hp vo trong bng ny. G cng
thc sau vo trong dng lnh:
Volerp=aggsum(Pferp.Volerp,Pferp.Catcherp)
iu ny c ngha, tnh ton t ng ca cc gi tr trong ct Volerp t bng
Pferp, v s dng ct Catcherp l ct bng cch nhm c thc hin. Ch
rng ct Catcherp c cng domain (Catchm) vi bn Total
Hy nhn kt qu v ng ca s bng li
Gi y bn bit c khi lng dng vn ni la c tch t trong mi mt lu

vc.
Trng thi sau ma ma u tin

a mo ca lu vc Sacobia thay i mau chng trong sut ma ma u
tin, sau ln phun tro nm 1991. Do cc cn ma nng ht, dng vn ni la
nguyn thy trn mt b xi mn, to ra mt lot mc a hnh vi mt rnh xi
cao, chia ct bng cc thung lng su. Ch vi mt vi thng sau phun tro, cc dng
sng chnh xi vo trong cc hm ni rt n tng, ln n 35m.
Hy tnh ton mt nh bng a hnh ca bn Dtm91 v hin th bn

ny trn mn hnh
Ph thng tin mnh t cc ranh gii polygon Catch91 v mnh Drain91.
Lu mt map view View91
Hy so snh bn view kt qu vi cc bn ny trong cc bi tp trc
.
Do s lng ng ca dng vn ni la v vt liu bn ni la m dng Yangca, l mt

dng nhnh ca sng Pasig, b chn li v mt h chn bng bt u c hnh
thnh
Mt c im a mo nghim
trng khc l s xut hin ca
cc v phun n th cp. Cc v
n ny l nhng v n bn hi
xy ra trong cc trm tch dng
vn ni la. Cc v n ny c
to ra khi nc vo tip xc t
ngt vi trm tch dng vn ni
la nng ti ch, to ra dng n
ra. C ch hnh thnh cc v
phun n th cp vn cha c
hiu mt cch y . Tuy
nhin, chng thng xut hin
ng thi vi cc cn ma ln,
mc d trong mt vi trng hp chng cng c th xy ra khi ma nh hoc khng
c ma. Trong cc trng hp sau ny, cc hin tng ny c th lin quan ti dng
nc ngm trong dng vt liu vn ni la. Cc v n va n nh cng c th xy ra
thng xuyn hn do s sp ln hai bn thung lng ca cc trm tch dng vn ni
la nng bng phi ra gn c to ra trong sut s di chuyn qua ca dng bn
ni la xi mn Moderate to minor explosions can also occur more frequently due to
large valley-side collapse of the newly exposed hot pyroclastic flow deposits produced
during the passage of erosive lahars. Hu ht cc v phun n th cp trong lu vc
sng Sacobia to ra hnh bn nguyt su cho n ming ni la dt hoc c im
nh vi nn tng i phng. su ca cc ming ni la th cp trong phm vi t
20 n khong 80m. Mt trong nhng nh hng ca cc v phun n th cp c th
kch hot cc dng vn ni la th sinh. Chng c th ti di chuyn mt khi lng

ng k trn mt khong cch ln.
V n th cp quan trng nht sau ma ma nm 1991, x y ra vo ngy 4 thng
4 nm 1992 ti ng chia nc gia sng Sacobia v Abacan. Cc v n th cp ti
khong cch Abacan to ra knh hn ch 2-3 km trm tch dng vn ni la th cp
v to nn s bt li ca phn lu vc trn bng sng Sacobia to nn dng bn ni
la c sc tn ph khng l vo nm 1992 trong phn h lu chn vi mt vi ngi
lng v tn ph hng trm hecta t nng nghip. Trm tch dng vn ni la
chn vi hon ton cc cng trnh xy dng dc sng Sacobia mi c xy dng. Chi
mt phn nh khu vc ca dng vn ni la khu vc che ph vn kh ro v pha
Abacan, nhng phn ny sau cng b Sacobia bt li. Do mt mt v lin kt vi
trm tch dng vn ni la sng Abacan ngng gy bt k mi e da dng bn ni
la i vi thnh ph Angeles. Dng bn gi y chy dc theo cc dng chnh ca
sng Sacobia v Pasig, trc kia l quan trng nht, v n c din tch lu vc rng
ln nht vi trm tch dng vn ni la. Mt s bt dng quan trng khc din ra trn
sng Pasig, bt li dng c, v lm gi m hot ng dng bn ni la qua sng
Timbu.
u tin bn s tnh ton cc bin i trong cc lu vc c c t s tch t cc trm
tch dng vn ni la.
Raster ha polygon Catch91 s dng thng s trc a Dtmpre.

Thc hin php giao hai bn raster Catcherp v Catch91. S dng:
Operations, Raster operations, Cross. Bn u tin: Catcherp, bn th
hai: Catch91. Bng u ra: C91erp. Chn Show v OK.
Hy nhn vo bng giao kt qu. Bn thy cc khu vc bin i gia hai thi
ki, hin th bng kilimet.
chuyn cc gi tr ny sang kilomet vung, hy g vo dng lnh ca
bng giao cng thc sau: Areakm=Area/1.0E+6
S dng chnh xc ca ct u ra l 0.001
in cc gi tr vo bng 4.2
ng tt c ca s li.
Bng 2: Cc bin i ca quy m lu vc sau ma ma u tin, v ngay sau phun

tro. Hy in vo bng sau da theo cc kt qu t bng giao nhau
Sau ma ma u tin nm 1991
Sau khi phun tro
Sacobia
Pasig
Abacan
Sacobia
Pasig
Abacan
Taug
Sapangbato
Tng cng
Taug
Sapangbato Tng
cng
Gi y, bn c th hiu cc bin i trong khu vc lu vc, sau ma ma u tin,

bn cng c th thy khi lng ca vt liu dng vn ni la vn cn li v khi
lng b ra tri
Hnh 3: S mt ct giao nhau ch ra trng thi sau ma ma u tin sau khi phun tro
Cc tnh ton c a ra di y dn xut ra dy ca vt liu b ra tri:
Tng lng xi mn
Ero91=iff(Dtm91<Dtmerp,Dtmerp-Dtm91,0)
Xi mn trong trm tch dng vn ni la:
Eropf91= iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91>Dtmpre),DtmerpDtm91,iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91<Dtmpre),Dtmerp-Dtmpre,0))
Xi mn trong cc trm tch khc:
Eroot91=iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91<Dtmpre),Dtmpre-Dtm91,0)
Lng trmtch nm 1991:
Sed91=iff(Dtm91>Dtmerp,Dtm91-Dtmerp,0)
Vt liu dng vn ni la cn li trong nm 1991:
Pfth91=iff(Dtm91>Dtmerp,Dtmerp-Dtmpre, iff(Dtm91<Dtmpre,0,Dtm91Dtmpre))
hoc
Pfth91=(Dtm91-Dtmpre)-Sed91
v ch s dng cc gi tr dng
Bt u tnh ton tng lng xi mn sau ma ma u tin nm 1991.

Ero91=iff(Dtm91<Dtmerp,Dtmerp-Dtm91,0)
Hy chc rng bn u ra c chnh xc l 1
Gi y, hy tnh ton
l ng xi mn trong trm tch dng vn ni la. G
lnh sau:
Eropf91=iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91>Dtmpre),DtmerpDtm91,iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91<Dtmpre),DtmerpDtmpre,0))
Hy chc chn bn u ra c chnh xc bng 1.
Bn tip theo tnh l qu trnh xi mn m
n 1991 trong nh ng trm
tch khc.
Hy g:
Eroot91=iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91<Dtmpre),Dtmpre-Dtm91,0)
Mt ln na, chnh xc bng 1.
By gi, bn hy tnh dy ca trm tch nm 1991. G:
Sed91=iff(Dtm91>Dtmerp,Dtm91-Dtmerp,0)
chnh xc bng 1.
Cui cng bn c th tch chiu dy cn li ca trm tch dng vn ni la
trong nm 1991. G:
Pfth91:=iff(Dtm91>Dtmerp,DtmerpDtmpre,iff(Dtm91<Dtmpre,0,Dtm91-Dtmpre))
chnh xc cng l 1.
Hy nhin vo nhng kt qu, s dng ca s pixel infomation v ILWIS
pocket line calculator kim tra cc gi tr, v ng ton b ca s bn
cng nh bng li.
By gi cc bn xi mn v trm tch ca nm 1991 c tnh ton. Bc tip

theo l thc hin php giao cc bn vi bn lu vc sau ma ma u tin
(Catch91), v kt hp kt qu trong mt bng Total.
Thc hin php giao bn Catch91 v bn Ero91. Hy to mt bng

giao: Ero91, v tnh ton khi lng xi mn theo triu mt khi, trong ct
Erosion91. Hy m bng Total v tnh ton i vi mi lu vc s xi mn
bng cch kt hp cc gi tr t bng giao.
Hy giao bn Catch91 vi bn Eropf91. To mt bng giao Eropf91
v tnh ton khi lng xn mn ca dng vn theo triu mt khi, trong mt
ct Erosionpf91. Hy tnh ton cc gi tr i vi mi mt lu vc trong
bng Total.
Hy giao bn Catch91 vi bn Eroor91, v theo cc th tc nh trn.
Hy giao bn Catch91 vi bn Sed91, v theo cc th tc nh trn.
Hy giao bn Catch91 vi bn Pfth91, v theo cc th tc nh trn.
Sau khi hon thnh iu nafyu, bng Total bao gm i vi mi mt lu vc

bao nhiu b xi mn v bao nhiu c lng ng trong nm 1991, v bao nhiu vt
liu dng vn cn st li
Trng thi sau ma ma th hai.

Sau ma ma th hai, cc thung lng trong khu vc nghin cu c m rng
v su thm ng k so vi nm trc . Hu ht cc thung lng hnh thnh dng
ring theo trc thung lng su trc phun tro trc kia ni m trm tch dng vn
mi c dy ln. iu ny c th do thm dng vn trc phun tro bn vng ch
yu c bao ph bi cc dng vn mi c dy t nht hn 30m. Mt vi rnh xi
ti Sacobia phn no khot su vo trm tch trc phun tro.
Tnh ton mt nh bng a hnh ca bn Dtm92 v hin th n ln

mn nh.
Ph thng tin segment t bn Catch92 v Drain92. Thnh lp mt map
view mi View92
So snh kt qu vi bn mt nm trc.
Cc khu vc thm gim i nhanh chng do s m rng thung lng t i nn ca thm,

rnh xi m rng, v nhng ln phun n th cp. Cc thm c lp bt u hnh
thnh do l kt qu ca hin tng xi mn hai bn
s n. Trong nm 1992, cc v
phun n ln xy ra ti c hai lu vc Sacobia v Pasig. S phun n chnh xy ra
dc theo sng Sacobia c din tch 0.3km2 v su 30m. V phun n ny phn b
trong khu vc c s ln st yu vng trn trong hnh thi tr c phun tro, v c th
l khu vc trc kia ca cc ln phun tro th cp trc lch s.
Mt vi v n nh t pha vch x y ra nh l kt qu ca qu trnh xi mn
sn. Ming ni la phun th cp ti ng ba ca sng Bucbuc v Pasig v ming ni
la ln ti sng Sacobia khng ho t ng vo nm 1992. Cc c im ca cc v
n gim dn dn do hin tng xi mn sn rnh xi.
H ti ng ba nhnh sng Yangca v sng Pasig mt ln na hnh thnh h ln-b v
do lin quan n dng bn. Cng thi im , h c lp y bng cc dng bn
lan truyn t sng Pasig.
Trong sut ma ma th hai ch c cc bin i nh trong khu vc tiu thot nc
din ra, l kt qu ca qu trnh bt dng. S thay i duy nht din ra ti sng
Sacobia, n b t t nht 0.3 km2 t sng Abacan trong khi tip xc trc tip vi
trm tch dng vn.
Gi y bn c th tnh ton cc bin i trong lu vc l kt qu t vic tch t ca
trm tch dng vn.
Raster ha bn Catch92 s dng thng s trc a Dtmpre.

Giao hai bn raster Catch91 v Catch92. Theo cng mt th tc c
s dng trc tnh nhng bin i trong quy m lu vc (tnh bng
km2)
in vo cc gi tr trong bng 4.3
Hy ng ton b ca s bng.
Bng 3: Cc bin i ca quy m lu vc sau ma ma u tin v ma ma th hai,

sau phun tro. Hy in vo bng sau da theo cc kt qu t bng giao nhau
Sau ma ma th hai nm 1992
Sau ma ma th
nht nm 1991
Sacobia
Pasig
Abacan
Taug
Sapangbato Tng
cng
Sacobia
Pasig
Abacan
Taug
Sapangbato
Tng cng
Vic tnh ton chnh xc thu c lng xi
mn, tch t v dng vn cn st li trong nm
1992 khng c a ra ti y na, m bn phi
t mnh thnh lp cng thc .
Hnh 4:Biu mt ct giao nhau a ra
trng thi sau ma ma th hai sau phun
tro
Hy t mnh thit k cc cng thc v vit chng trong phn di y

Hy tnh ton khi lng:
o tng xi mn nm 1992,
o xi mn trong trm tch dng vn nm 1992;
o xi mn trong cc trm tch khc nm 1992,
o cc trm tch nm 1992,
o lng dng vn st li nm 1992.
Lu cc kt qu trong bng Total.
Tng lng xi mn
Ero92=
Xi mn trong trm tch dng vn ni la:
Eropf92=
Xi mn trong cc trm tch khc:
Eroot92=
Lng trmtch nm 1992:
Sed92=
Vt liu dng vn ni la cn li trong nm 1992:
Pfth92=
Trng thi sau ma ma th ba
Tnh ton mt nh bng a hnh ca bn Dtm93 v hin th n ln

mn nh.
Ph thng tin segment t bn Catch93 v Drain93. Thnh lp mt map
view mi View93
So snh kt qu vi bn mt nm trc.
Cc thung lng sau khi pht tri n

nhanh chng trong phn trn ca lu
vc gn ng ba hai thungng
l
l n.
Xi mn khi ny c kch hot bi
mt phun n th cp ln xy ra
vo ngy 6 thng 10 nm 1993, v
kt qu l mt dng vn th cp
khng l hng trc tip v sng
Pasig. Bin c ny gy ra s bt
dng ca ton b phn trn lu vc
sng Sacobia do sng Pasig, v
mang n s thay i trong dng
bn chuyn t sng Sacobia sang sng Pasig. T vic do thm trn khng, dng vn
th cp bao ph cc rnh xi chnh trong c hai lu vc Sacobia v Pasig bng t
nht 20m trm tch dng vn th cp nng bng. Bin c khng li ming ni la
th cp r rng do s xi mn tip sau xy ra mnh m, m to ra cc thung
l ng
bng phng rng ln. Hin tng bt dng x y ra trong trn bo Kadiang. Thi
im tng i ca s bt dng c th ti xy dng bng cch hay i ln dng
bn ca c hai knh c xc nh bng cc cm bin m hc trong cc trm gim
st dng bn.
Do l kt qu ca hin tng bt dng ca phn trn ca lu vc sng Sacobia, hin
tng xi mn trong sng Pasia tng ln nhanh chng. Qu trnh xi mn th ng ng
v hai bn sn din ra nhanh chng trong cc trm tch dng vn, vn cn nng
bng, to nn s lng ln cc phun n th cp dc theo sng Pasig. Ti phn thp
hn ca sng Sacobia, cc thung ng
l
b khot su ng k vo trong cc trm tch
dng vn t ti vch thung lng thng ng ti khong 50-80m.
Mc dng vn pha trn gi y b ra la hon ton, v mc th sinh cn st
li ch phn pha ng ca lu vc. Trong cc mc thm thp hn hin tng xi
mn t n nm di trm tch dng vn trc nm 1991 ti mt vi a im.
Kh nng ngn gia nc ca h tm thi gi m i ng k do s lng ng ca
dng bn vo trong nhnh sng Yangca. Cc h khng b ph hy ln xy ra trong
sut nm 1993, t khi p dng bn ti nhnh Yangca b v, to nn cc dng bn
ch yu trong thng lu lu vc Pasig.
Gi y bn c th tnh ton s bin i trong lu vc l kt qu t s tch t cc
trm tch dng vn ni la.
Raster ha bn Catch93 s dng thng s trc a Dtmpre.

Giao hai bn raster Catch92 v Catch93. Hy theo cc th tc nh trn
c s dng tnh ton s bin i trong quy m lu vc (tnh bng
km2)
Hy in vo bng 4.
ng ton b ca s bn v bng li.
Sau ma ma th hai
nm 1992
Bng 4: Cc bin i ca quy m lu vc sau ma ma th hai v th ba, sau phun

tro. Hy in vo bng sau da theo cc kt qu t bng giao nhau
Sau ma ma th ba nm 1993
Sacobia
Pasig
Abacan
Taug
Sapangbato Tng
cng
Sacobia
Pasig
Abacan
Taug
Sapangbato
Tng cng
Vic tnh ton chnh xc thu c lng xi mn, tch t v dng vn cn st li

trong nm 1993 khng c a ra ti y na, m bn phi t mnh thnh lp cng
thc .
Hnh 5: Biu mt ct giao nhau a ra trng

thi sau ma ma th ba sau phun tro
Hy t mnh thit k cc cng thc v vit chng ra sau y.

Hy tnh ton khi lng:
o tng xi mn nm 1993,
o xi mn trong trm tch dng vn nm 1993;
o xi mn trong cc trm tch khc nm 1993,
o cc trm tch nm 1993,
o lng dng vn st li nm 1993.
Lu cc kt qu trong bng Total.
Bi tp la chn
Hy lm mt tng hp cc bin i trm tch v lu vc i vi giai on

kho st
Tham kho
Daag, A. and Van Westen, C.J. (1996). Cartographic modelling of erosion in
pyroclastic flow deposits of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines. ITC Journal 1996-2: 110-124.
Pierson, T.C., Janda, R.J., Umbal, J.V. and Daag, A.S. (1992). Immediate and Long
Term Hazards from Lahars and Excess Sedimentation in Rivers Draining Mt.
Pinatubo, Philippines. United States Geological Water Survey Resources
Investigation Report 92-4039. USGS Vancouber, Washington, 35pp.
Punongbayan, R.S., Tungol, N.M., Arboleda, R.A., DelosReyes, P.J., Isada, M.,
Martinez, M.L., Melosantos, M.L.P., Puertollano, J., Regalado, T.M., Solidum,
R.U., Tubianosa, B.S., Umbal, J.V., Alfonso, R.A. and Remotique, C.T. (1993).
Impacts of the 1993 Lahars and Long-Term Lahar hazards and Risks Around
Pinatubo Volcano. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS). PHIVOLCS publication, Quezon City, 72 pp.
Bng tr li
Cc tai bin ni la ti nh Pinatubo
<Cha hon thin>
Cc cng thc c s dng trong bi tp ny l:
Pfth91:=iff(Dtm91>Dtmerp,Dtmerp-Dtmpre,iff(Dtm91<Dtmpre,0,Dtm91Dtmpre))
Ch : Ti y cng thc ny c gi l Hm IFF lng Nested IFF Function l mt

hm IFF vi mt hm IFF khc. Khi s dng hm IFF lng, bn phi m bo rng mi mt
hm IFF c lp c c php IFF (Condition, Then Expression, Else Expression). Hy kim tra
trong hng dn ILWIS c s gii thch r hn v iu kin hm IFF.
(trang 14, hp th hai, im u tin)
- Trong bng giao ERO91 g cng thc sau: Erosion91:=ERO91*Area/1.0E+6
S dng chnh xc l 0.0001
sau , trong bng Total g cng thc:
Erosion91:=aggsum(ERO91.Erosion91,ERO91.CATCH91)
- (im 2)
Erosionpf91:=EROpf91*Area/1.0E+6
trong bng Total:
Erosionpf91:=aggsum(EROpf91.Erosionpf91,Eropf91.CATCH91)
- (3)
Gi bng giao l Eroot91.
Trong bng Eroot 91 g cng thc:
Erosionot91:=Eroot91*Area/1.0E+6
Sau , trong bng Total:
Erosionot91:=aggsum(Eroot91.Erosionot91,Eroot91.CATCH91)
- (4)
Gi bng giao Sed91.
Trong bng Sed91 g:
Sedimentation91:=Sed91*Area/1.0E+6
Sau , trong bng Total;
Sedimentation91:=aggsum(Sed91.Sedimentation91,Sed91.CATCH91)
- (5)
Gi bng giao nhau Pfth91 v g: Pyrflow_th:=Pfth91*Area/1.0E+6
Ti ngh rng khng cn phi xem xt xi mn trong dng vn trong trng hp
ero91<dtmpre.
Trn thc t, vic tm tt xi mn trong dng vn v xi mn trong cc trm tch
khc, bn khng c gi tr Ero91.
Hy g cng thc: Pyrflow_th:=Pfth91*Area/1.0E+6
Vi cng thc ny bn c xi mn trong dng vn trong trng hp
Dtm91<Dtmpre (Hy xem hnh)
Bn c th xem vt liu b xi mn trc tip khi bn nh gi xi mn trong dng

vn, vi cng thc sau:
Tot_eroPf91:=iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91>Dtmpre),DtmerpDtm91,iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91<Dtmpre),Dtmerp-Dtmpre,0))
Gi y nu bn mun kim tra (i vi th tc u tin) bn c th tm tt:
SumEro91:=Ero91pf2+Eropf91+Eroot91. Gi kt qu l SumEro.
By gi:
CheckEro91:=Ero91/SumEro91. S dng chnh xc bng 1.
Nu bn kim tra vi:
CheckEro91:=Ero91-SumEro91
Bn c th pht hin mt vi pixel c gi tr >0. iu ny xy ra khi Dtm91<Dtmerp
nhng Dtm91 = Dtmpre.
Ch rng pixel ny c phn b theo dng tuyn, c th so snh vi h thng tiu
thot nc. C th hin tng xi mn trong khu vc dng li ti gc, bn vng
hn i vi xi mn
Trong bi tp ny
chng ta c th s
dng cng thc cho
Eropf91
Tot_eroPf91:=iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91>Dtmpre),DtmerpDtm91,iff((Ero91>0)and(Dtm91<Dtmpre),Dtmerp-Dtmpre,0))
By gi, nu chnh xc, tng ca Tot_eropf91 vaf Eroot91 bng ERO91
CheckTotEro:=Tot_eroPf91+Eroot91
Subtr91:=Ero91-CheckTotEro
Ti chnh sa file Modelling erosion from pyroclastic flow deposits on Mount
Pinatubo.txt. Trong bi tp ny ti thay i cng thc c cho Eropf91, vi cng

thc hon ton mi. Ti ngh c mt li trong cng thc Pfth91. Ti iu chnh v
gch chn trong mu vng (trang 13)
4.5 Trng thi sau ma ma th hai
Ero92:=iff(Dtm92<Dtm91,Dtm91-Dtm92,0)
Eropf92:=iff((Ero92>0)and(Dtm92>Dtmpre),Ero92,0)
Eroot92:=iff((Ero92>0)and(Dtm92<Dtmpre)and(Dtm91>Dtmpre),DtmpreDtm92,0)
(Trong cch ny, ti nh gi ch phn ca trm tch b xi mn trong cc trm tch
khc, nhng hin ti tt c xi mn trong cc trm tch khc, bi cng c trng hp
khi dtm91 t hn dtmpre ( b xi mn). Gi : trong trng hp dtm91-dtm92.
i vi phn cn st:
ErootRe92:=iff((Ero92>0)and(Dtm92<Dtmpre)and(Dtm91<Dtmpre),Dtm
91-Dtm92,0)
Cng thc dn xut t hai cng thc trc i vi vic nh gi xi mn trong cc
trm tch khc l:
Eroot92:= iff((Ero92>0)and(Dtm92<Dtmpre)and(Dtm91>Dtmpre),DtmpreDtm92,iff((Ero92>0)and(Dtm92<Dtmpre)and(Dtm91<Dtmpre),Dtm91Dtm92,0))
Eropf92:=iff((Ero92>0)and(Dtm92>Dtmpre),Dtm91Dtm92,iff((Ero92>0)and(Dtm92<Dtmpre)and(Dtm91>Dtmpre),Dtm91Dtmpre,0))
S dng hai cng thc i vi Eroot92 v Eropf92, nu bn kim tra kt qu, hai bn
vi nhau v sau khi tr bn kt qu cho xi mn tng cng, nh bn thy trong
nh c mt vi khu vc tt c DEM (tr nm 1992) c cng gi tr. iu ny ngha l
sau dng vn. Vi l do ny ti quyt nh ci thin cng thc trnh by trong
trang trc i vi Eroot92, vi sau y:
Eroot92:= iff((Ero92>0)and(Dtm92<Dtmpre)and(Dtm91>Dtmpre),DtmpreDtm92,iff((Ero92>0)and(Dtm92<Dtmpre)and(Dtm91<=Dtmpre),Dtm91Dtm92,0))
Vn l nh vy nhng vi <=.
Sed92:=iff(Dtm92>Dtm91,Dtm92-Dtm91,0)
4.6. Trng thi sau ma ma th ba
Ero93:=iff(Dtm93<Dtm92,Dtm92-Dtm93,0)
Eroot93:=iff((Ero93>0)and(Dtm92<=Dtmpre)and(Dtm93<Dtmpre),Dtm
92Dtm93,iff((Ero93>0)and(Dtm92>Dtmpre)and(Dtm93<Dtmpre),DtmpreDtm93,0))
Eropf93:=iff((Ero93>0)and(Dtm93>Dtmpre),Dtm92Dtm93,iff((Ero93>0)and(Dtm93<Dtmpre)and(Dtm92>Dtmpre),Dtm92Dtmpre,0))
Sed93:=iff(Dtm93>Dtm92,Dtm93-Dtm92,0)
Ton b kt qu c lu trong bng Total
Bi tp 4a: Thnh lp mt c s d liu cc yu t chu ri ro t

vt thng
D liu:
exercise04a
i tng:
Bi tp ny a ra mt phng php thnh lp mt c s cho
cc yu t chu ri ro trong RiskCity, tp trung vo nh ca v dn c. Trong bi tp
ny gi s rng khng c thng tin nh ca chi tit sn c, v s lng nh ca phi
c c tnh da trn loi s dng t th v khng gian sn trung bnh ca nh
ca trn dng s dng t. c tnh dn s c thc hin da trn khng gian sn nh
ca.
Vic nh gi ri ro vi
GIS c th c thc
hin da trn phng
trnh c bn sau:
Risk = Hazard *
Vulnerability *
Amount of
elements at risk
Ri ro = Tai bin*Kh
nng d b tn
thng*Lng cc yu
t chu ri ro.
Trong bi tp ny bn
thn chng ta gii hn
n hng trn: nh ca
v dn c. iu ny l
do s hn ch thi gian
ca bi tp. Cng bi
trong thc t y l cc
yu t c xem xt u
tin. Tuy nhin, mt
php nh gi ri ro
hon chnh cng phi
nn nh gi cc tc
ng trc tip v gin
tip ca cc dng khc
ca cc yu t chu ri
ro.
Cc yu t chu ri ro c th chu tc ng do cc bin c tai bin

c s lng ln v c th c phn loi trong nhiu cch khc
nhau. Bng sau y cung cp mt v d s phn loi nh vy.
Cc yu t vt cht
Nh ca: s dng t th,
cc dng xy dng, chiu cao
nh ca, tui th cng trnh,
tng khng gian sn, chi ph di
chuyn.
Cc cng trnh k nim v di sn
vn ha
Cc phng tin ti quan
trng
Hm tr n khn cp, trng
hc, bnh vin, cc n cu
ha, cng an
Cc phng tin giao thng
ng b, ng st, h thng
giao thng cng cng, phng
tin cng, phng tin sn bay
H thng truyn dn
Cung cp nc, cung cp in,
cung cp gas, thng tin lin lc,
mng in thoi di ng, h
thng cht thi.
Dn c
Mt dn c, s phn b theo
khng gian, thi gian, phn b
tui, phn b gii, ngi tn tt,
phn b thu nhp
Cc kha cnh kinh t x hi

Cc t chc dn c, chnh ph,
cc t chc cng ng, s ng
h ca chnh ph, mc kinh
t - x hi. Di sn vn ha v
truyn thng
Cc hot ng kinh t
S phn b khng gian hot
ng kinh t, bng u vo-u
ra, s ph thuc, s d tha,
tht nghip, cc sn phm kinh
t trong cc ngnh khc nhau
Cc yu t mi trng
H sinh thi, cc khu vc bo
tn, cng vin t nhin, cc khu
vc nhy cm ca thin nhin,
rng, vng t m, tng cha
nc, qun th ng thc vt,
tnh a dng sinh hc
Ty thuc vo vic bn thch ch no, bn c th la chn Exercise 4a hoc 4b. Bn cng c th

quyt nh lm c hai bi tp ny, mc d nh vy s tn rt nhiu thi gian
Bi tp RiskCiy 4A - 1
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity: Thnh lp c s d liu cc yu t chu ri ro t vt thng
n v c bn cho vic nh gi tai bin chng ta s s dng trong bi tp ny c

gi l mapping unit - n v bn . N bao gm s lng cc ta nh, v c th
c so snh vi mt chung c, hoc mt iu tra dn s vng min. Khu vc vi mt
n v bn c th c xem nh t nhiu ng nht hn, v cc
t a nh cng t
nhiu c cng dng s dng t v dng nh ca hn. Chng ta khng tin hnh
nh gi tai bin i vi cc ta nh c th bi thng tin v tai bin v kh nng d b
tn thng khng chi tit thc hin iu mc chi tit nh vy.
D liu u vo
D liu o vo sau y a ra mt ci nhn khi qut v d liu chuyn v
chng c dn xut nh th no.
Tn
D liu nh
Loi
ngha
High_res_image
nh raster
Bn ny a ra mt nh mu phn gii cao dn xut t

nh IKONOS. N c hiu chnh trc giao v bng knh ton
sc c trn vi bng knh mu v ly li mu v 1m.
Bn
raster
y l mt bn chi ra s khc bit v cao gia M hnh

s b mt Lidar c dn xut t nh bay qut laze, v M hnh
s cao dn sut t gii on ng ng mc. Cc gi tr
trong bn a ra chiu cao ca i tng trong khu vc
D liu nh gi
Geology_country
Cc yu t chu ri ro
Unit_boundaries
Mapping_units_
points
Bn
segmet
Bn
im
Mapping_units
Bn
polygon v
bng
Building_map
Bn
raster
Building_map_
segments
Wards
Bn
segment
Bn
polygon
Roads
Bn
segment
Mt bn segment ca cc bin n v bn (cc khi city)

s c s dng lm c s thnh lp bn polygon
Mt bn im vi mt im trong mi mt n v bn , vi
mt h s xc nh duy nht c th c dng polygon ha
bn segment Unit_boundaries
Bn ny th hin n v bn c s dng thnh lp
bn cc yu t chu ri ro, nhng hin ti l dng polygon.
Mi mt n v bn c mt h s xc nh duy nht,
trong bng kt hp, thng tin c th c lu li vi mi mt
n v. Cc n v c th l ta nh ln c th hoc mnh t
nh vi s dng t c th, mc d hu ht chng l s lng
nhm cc ta nh.
Trong bng kt hp, thng tin c a ra trn s lng nh
ca v s ngi.
Bn du vt xy dng ca thnh ph u tin v bin Mith
nm 1998. Bn d vn cn bao gm cc ta nh b ph hy
do trt l t v l lt trong sut bin c Mith
Cc ng ranh gii cc ta nh trong khu vc
Mt bn polygon gii thiu cc n v qun l trong thnh
ph. Trong bng kt hp, thng tin c a ra trn s lng
nh ca v s ngi da trn cc cuc iu tra dn s gn y.
Mt bn segment bao gm ng ph, ng v ng, c
lm ra t bn a hnh.
Vic thnh lp c s d liu c

thc hin bng cch s dng th
tc c a ra sau y. Trung
tm ca c s d liu ny l bn
Mapping_Units, c dn
xut t cc ng ranh gii c
s ha pha trn cng ca nh
phn gii cao. Cc thng tin
thuc tnh c lin kt n bn
ny c lin quan ti s dng
t th (c gii on t
nh), s lng cc ta nh (thu
c t bn du vt xy dng
ang tn ti ln vic c tnh t nh), chiu cao ca nh ca (thu c t Lidar v cc
DEM a hnh). Bn xy dng cui cng c s dng c tnh phn b dn c.
Trong nghin cu th nghim ny, chng ta ch tnh n hai loi ca cc yu t chu
ri ro: nh ca v dn c. Thng tin nh ca c th thu c t cc c s d liu a
chnh ang tn ti, v d liu dn c t c s d liu iu tra dn s. Tuy nhin, trong
nhiu thnh ph ti cc quc gia ang pht trin nhng d liu ny khng h sn c,
hoc b cm, hoc khng c dng s. Khi cc d liu ny khng sn c, chng nn
c tp hp li. Tuy nhin, vic thnh lp mt c s d liu xy dng trong GIS tn
nhiu thi gian th tc. Khi cc tp d liu phn gii cao sn c, chng hn nh trong
bi tp ny, chng ta c th s dng gii on, v cc n v bn c s c th
c s ha trn mn hnh.
S ha cc n v bn
Nh cp trn, chng ta nghin cu ri ro da trn cc n v bn ,
bao gm mt lot nh ca, vi t nhiu cng mt dng s dng t. Trong bi tp,
chng ta s tp trung vo thnh lp bn cc n v c bn cho vic nh gi ri ro
trong th.. C hai file trong c s d liu l quan trng nht thc hin iu ny
l :
Unit boundaries: bn ny bao gm cc ng ranh gii ca
bn n v s c s dng l n v c s i vi cc yu t chu
ri ro. iu ny c lm thng quan s ha nh phn gii cao. Cc
segment ca dng ng ph c s dng lm c s cho vic s ha.
Mapping_units: Cc polygon ny a ra cc n v bn
c dng thnh lp bn cc yu t chu ri ro, nhng hin gi
l dng polygons. Mi mt n v bn c mt h s xc nh duy
nht, trong bng kt hp, thng tin c th c lu cho mi n v.
Cc n v c th l cc ta nh ln ring bit hoc cc mnh t vi
s dng t c th, mc d hu ht chng l cc nhm nh ca.
Chng ta bt u s ha thc s mnh ca n v bn . C th thc hin theo 3
cch sau:
1. trn High_res_image. Trong trng hp ny bn s khng th thy hnh

ni, y l mt nhc im trong vic gii on. Tuy nhin, bn c th thy
nhiu chi tit v mu sc cng b sung cho iu .
2. trn nh mu lp th. y l cch hay nht. nhng bn s cn mng lc
nh lp th cho iu , khng kh thi cho hin ti
3. trn nh lp th mu b sung Anaglyph. Bn s cn knh lp th cho vic
gii on. Vn l cc ng s khng gp chnh xc vi cc c im ca
nh
Hy bt u s dng la chn 1:
M bn raster High_res_image.
Trn menu Layerm vo Add Layer v chn bn segment Unit_boundaries.
Gi y bn c th thy cc mnh ca cc n v bn khc nhau trong khu vc
nghin cu. Nh bn thy hu ht cc n v bn u c gii hn bi ng
ph
Bn cng c th thy c hai khu vc c phc ha bng mt ng dy m vn
khng c cc bin n v: mt trung tm thnh ph v mt gn sng. Hy
phng to mt phn ca trung tm thnh ph, c minh ha bng ng mu ta.
Bn c th thy cc n v bn vn thiu.
Trong ca s bn ca High_res_image hy chn Edit/ Edit layer v chn bn
mnh Unit_boundaries
Bn c th thy
khng phi lc
no cng d dng
s ha n v bn
, bi cc ta
nh khng cng
mt kch thc,
v bng ca
chng ng mt
vai tr quan trng
Hnh: Bn tri: nh phn gii cao v Bn phi: mnh ca n v bn .

Mt mnh mi c thm vo
Bn c th s dng chc nng on-screen-digitizing thnh lp bin ca cc n

v bn bn cnh . phn gii ca nh sn c c cho trc, vic s ha
nhng ta nh n l rt kh khn (cng bi v c qu nhiu nh). Nu cc ta nh
ln, bn c th quyt nh thnh lp bn nh ring l. Cng hay s nhng
khu t trng. S dng bt trong menu editor s ha.
Hy bo m rng cc ng c t m: Unit_boudaries
Khi bn hon thnh s ha mt mnh, hy chn mnh vi biu tng Select Mode (hnh bn
tay) v chn lp chnh xc. Tip theo hy chn biu tng Insert Mode (hnh bt ch) v s
ha mnh sau .
nh m bn thy khi s cc khi nh trong trung tm thnh ph c a trong hnh

di y
Khng c vn g khi
bn cha hon thnh
c bi tp ny. Muc
ich ca bi tp ny ch
lm cho bn c nhn
thc v n v bn
c nh ngha nh th
no.
Hnh: Bn phi: : phn n v bn c hon thin
Sau khi hon thnh (mt phn) vic s ha, hy vo menu File v chn Check
Segments. Select Self Overlap. Hy sa cha li. Hy hi gio vin bn c tr
gip trong ln u tin, nu bn cha c kinh nghim thc hin.
Sau kim tra cc segment s dng Dead Ends, and Intersections. Hy sa ton
b cc li.
ng ca s map edior, v ng bn li.
So snh kt qu ca vic s ha vi cc bn ca bn
Sau khi s ha xong cc mnh ca ranh gii cc n v bn , bc tip theo l to

nn cc polygon t cc mnh . Th tc polygon ha ny cn nhiu thi gian hn,
bi cc mnh c kim tra sai s v trong mi mt polygon c mt im vi mt
Identifier, minh ha s lng n v bn . Th tc ny tn nhiu thi gian thc
hin.
Polygon ha t cc mnh
Chng ta s khng polygon ha cc mnh by gi v iu tn nhiu thi gian,

khi bn s phi chnh sa cc bn segment. thc hin iu bn phi
m bo tt c cc mnh u c s ha, v chng lin kt vi nhau, khng
lp ph hay kt thc ng. Vic ny c thc hin thng qua vic kim tra
trong segment editor. Sau khi ton b segment u n, bc tip theo l chn
Operations, Vectorize, Segment to Polygons. Thay v phi s cc im trong n
v bn vi mt h s xc nh duy nht, cng c th thc hin iu ny mt
cch t ng. Chn la chn Unique Identifiers trong ca s operation
Segments to Polygons. Tuy nhin, iu ny s to ra s la chn ngu nhin cc
h s xc nh. Bn polygon kt qu s c cc h s khc nhau xc nh hn
bn polygon Mapping_units c sn trong tp d liu. Hy m bo tn
ca polygon u ra khc bit, v d: Mapping_unit_polygons. S dng t
th.
Bn cng c th s dng cc im c trc trong segment thc hin polygon.
Bn va thnh lp cc im cho bn, trong bn im Mapping_units_points.
c tnh s dng t th t gii on nh

Trong bi tp ny
chng ta thnh lp
mt c s d liu ni
m bn polygon
Mapping_units l
bn trung tm, v
thng tin thuc tnh
c lu nh sau:
S dng t
th
Phn trm din
tch trng
S lng cc ta
nh
- 1 tng
- 2 tng
- 3 tng
- Hn 3 tng.
Dn c
- Ngy
- m
Sau khi bn c m t t ng v cc mnh c thc hin

bng s ha nh th no, v cc mnh ny c s dng
to polygon ra lm sao, hy cng nhn vo cc thuc tnh c
th thu c. Trong bi tp sau, chng ta s c tnh cc thuc
tnh ny. Chng ta bt u bng vic c tnh s dng t
th. Vic nh gi kh nng tn thng s phn ln da trn
thnh lp bn s dng t th, s c kt hp vi thng
tin khc chng hn s lng nh ca, v chiu cao cc ta nh.
i vi vic c tnh mt mt a tai bin, s dng t th l

mt iu cc k quan trng, v sau chng ta c th xc nh
s lng dn c c th trong n v bn ti mt thi im
c th trong ngy. l ti sao vic phn bit gia cc dng
s dng t s c cc dng hot ng khc nhau li quan trng
n vy, dn c c cho rng cao nht vo bui m v thp
nht trong bui ngy, trong khi trong cc ta nha vn phng v
trng hc, iu ny hon ton ngc li. Ni cch khc c
nhng dng sdng t m c mt lng ln ngi trong mt
giai on thi gian rt nh (v d. sn vn ng, cc ta nh
hot ng tn gio). Cng r t quan trng khi thnh lp bn
cc khu vc bnh thng khng c ngi (chng hn nhng khu
vc trng). i vi vic phn loi s dng t chng ta thc theo legend (trong ILWIS
c gi l domain.
Hy m domain Landuse (
)
Hy kim tra cc lp khc nhau, v bn bc vi ngi trong nhm d bn c
mun kt lun cc lp khc hay khng
Trong bng di y, hy minh h a tm quan trng ca cc lp i vi c tnh
dn c v kh nng d b tn thng cho xy dng.
Tn
Com_business
Com_hotel
Com_market
Com_shop
lnd_hazardous
lnd_industries
lnd_waterhouse
lns_fire
lns_hospital
lns_office
lns_poilce
lns_school
Pub_cemetery
M
Com_b
Com_h
Com_m
Com_s
lnd_h
lnd_i
lnd_w
lns_f
lns_h
lns_o
lns_p
lns_s
Pub_g
M t
Vn phng kinh doanh
Khch sn
Khu vc thng mi: khu vc ch
Cc ca hng thng mi v siu th
Cc kho hoc nh xng cha vt liu nguy him
Cc khu cng nghip
Kho hng v phn xng
i cu ha
Bnh vin
Ta nh vn phng
n cnh st
C quan: trng hc
Ngha trang
Pub_cutural
pub_c
C quan: cc ta nh vn ha chng hn bo tng, nh

ht
H thng in
Cc cng trnh tn gio chng hn nh th, n cha
Gii tr: khu vc bng phng hoc sn bng
Gii tr: khu vc cng vin
Gii tr: sn vn ng
Dn c: cc ngi nh ln
Dn c: cc h gia nh trung bnh
Dn c: t hp cc ta nh
Dn c: cc h gia nh nh
Dn c: cc ngi nh tng lp thp: khu vc nhp c
Sng
Pub_electricity
pub_e
Pub_religious
pub_r
Rec_flat_area
rec_f
Rec_park
rec_p
Rec_stadium
rec_s
Res_large
rec_5
Res_mod_single rec_4
Res_multi
rec_3
Res_small_single rec_2
Res_squatter
rec_1
River
Riv
Khng xc nh
U
Vac_car
vac_c
Trng khng: im xe v nh ch xe bus
Vac_construction vac_u
Khu vc trng khng c chun b cho xy dng
Vac_damaged
vac_d
Khu vc gn y b thit hi do cc bin c tai bin
Vac_shrubs
vac_s
t trng vi cy bi, cy v c
Sau khi th c hin iu ny, chng ta hy xem xt k hn b n Mapping_units
v bn c th xc nh loi s dng t no bng vic gii on cc c im ca
nh.
Hy m bn polygon Mapping_units. Nu bn nhp

vo mt trong cc polygon, bn c th thy rng mi mt
polygon c mt h s xc nh, v th a ra mi mt
thuc tnh khc nhau l iu hon ton c th, n t cc
bng c gn vo.
Nhp chut phi trong bn , v la chn Display
Options, v la chn 1 pol mapping_units. Ca s
Display Options m ra ln na. By gi hy chn option
Attribute, v chc chn option Pred_landuse (s dng
t chim u th) c la chn. La chn
representation: Landuse. By gi bn c hin th
mt ln na, nhng by gi vi cc mu i din cc
dng s dng t khc nhau. Hy kim tra iu ny vi
bng ch gii bn tri. C mt s khu vc mu trng,
c m, v i vi nhng i tng vn cn c
biu th.
Bn by gi c hin th vi khu vc mu
trng khng c bt k s phn loi t no. By
gi bn c th s dng thng tin t nh phn
gii cao quyt nh dng s dng t no ph
hp nht. V d, bn c th xc nh d dng
khu vc trng, v cc khu vc chu thit hi do
cc trn lt gn y v cc thm ha trt l t
xy ra trong khu vc. Nu bn xem xt k bn
cng c th tm ra bng chng trong trung tm
thnh ph m ti c cng trnh tn gio (nh
nh th), cng trnh thng mi (v d khu vc ch), cc dng nh dn c khc (v

d. khu dn c vi cc nh n l trong vn, nh trong hng, nh ngi nhp c
v.v). Hy c gng c tnh s dng t th i vi mt s cc khu vc trng trong
bn .
La chn Layers / Add layers v thm nh raster High_res_image. By

gi bn c th thy nh c phn gii cao c a ra i vi cc khu vc
khng c m.
Phng to mt trong cc khu vc khng c mt lp s dng t, v nhp p
chut ln . Ca s attribute c m ra, v thuc tnh Pred_Landuse
c biu th: unknown. Hy nhp vo ca s ny trn tn khng xc
nh. Bn c th m ra by gi mt danh sch ca cc dng s dng t
khc c kh nng. Hy ch n mt loi bn coi l ng, v nhy p chut
vo mt polygon khc.
Nu bn nhp vo nt
, bn s thy bn c cp nht v polygon
s c mu.
Phng to trn mt khu vc khng c phn loi khc, v chn li s dng
t ng.
Thc hin iu ny i vi mt s polygon khng c m s dng t.
Lp s dng t no kh quyt nh nht?
Tr li:
Trong thc t, bn s
phi tin hnh cng
vic thc a m t
s dng t th tt
hn, hoc bn c th
c mt bn s
dng t ang tn ti.
Tuy nhin cc dng
ny thng qu chung
chung v mt danh
mc c s dng
Dng s dng t
c im nh m bn s dng
phn loi cc lp s dng t
c tnh s lng nh ca
S lng nh ca trn mt n v bn cng l mt thuc tnh ht sc quan
trng rt cn cho nh gi ri ro. Vic c tnh s lng cc ta nh trn mt n v
bn c thc hin theo hai cch, xem xt trng thi ca mi trng ngho d
liu:
Mt cch chnh xc l tnh ton thc s s lng nh ca i vi ton b n v
bn t nh c phn gii cao. Tuy nhin, iu ny tn mt lng thi gian
khng l v cng khng c kh thi.
Mt cch t chnh xc hn l to mt s lng mu trn cc n v bn i
vi mi mt dng s dng t v tnh c s lng nh ca. Sau kch
thc xy dng trung bnh c tnh ton, v i vi cc n v bn ni
m khng c mu c ly, kch thc trung bnh ny c s dng trong s

kt hp vi din tch ca n v bn c tnh s lng nh ca.
Chng ta s theo phng php th hai trong bi tp ny. Cc mu sn c,
v tnh i vi mt s n v bn (khong 140) s lng nh ca. Cc n v
bn c ly mu c lu trong bng Bulidings_sampled
chnh xc ca
phng php ny ph
thuc vo lng mu
bn lm ra, v lng
trng kim tra bn
thc hin. V vy
phng php ny c
th dn n kt qu
tt trong mi trng
ngho d liu.
M bng buildings_sampled
Bng c hai ct sau:

- Pred_landuse: s dng t th m bn c tnh c
trong bi tp trc
- Buildings sampled: mt s minh ha ca s lng cc
ta nh c tnh th cng trong mt vi n v bn . iu
ny c thc hin trc tip t nh c phn gii cao.
Nh bn c th thy hu ht cc bn ghi ca mu nh ca c mt du hi chm ?,

ngha l chng khng c ly mu. Cc bn ghi c gi tr 0 l khng h c nh ca,
v c th c suy lun t s dng t th (t trng). Chng ta s s dng mt
vi bc lm mt thng tin th ca s lng nh ca cho mt n v bn . Thc
hin iu ny bng cch lm mt vi gi thit sau:
- Bc A: Chng ta c th tnh ton din tch trung bnh ca nh ca i vi
mi mt n v bn c ly mu
- Bc B: Chng ta gi s rng cc ta nh trong cng mt lp s dng t c
t nhiu cng din tch nh nhau
- Bc C: Chng ta chia din tch cc n v bn khng c ly mu bng
din tch xy dng trung bnh thu c s c tnh th ca s lng cc ta
nh.
Th tc ILWIS thc hin iu ny c a ra di y:
Trong th tc, chng ta s dng mt vi cng c ca ILWIS: Table operations bao
gm table calculations v aggregate functions.
Maps v Table Calculation:
ILWIS c hai la chn cho tnh ton:
Map calculation, trong u ra lun l mt bn . Bn g cng thc vo dng
lnh trong ca s chnh
Table calculations trong u ra lun l mt ct. Bn c th g cng thc vo
dng lnh trong ca s chnh.
C php cho c hai dng ny u rt n gin
Hy kim tra ILWIS HELP c ci nhn tng quan v cc lnh v hm c s
dng trong tnh ton bn v bng.
Kim tra vic s dng hm iu kin IFF v cc lnh logic khc (and, or, not, xor)
M bng buildings_sampled.
Bc A: S dng cng thc sau y tnh ton kch thc nh ca trong
n v bn , trong mu c ly ra.
building_size:=iff(buildings_sampled=0,0,area/ buildings_sampled)
chnh xc l 1.
Cng thc ny c ngh
a l N u gi tr trong ct buiding_sampled bng 0
(ngha l khu vc trng v khng c nh ca) th sau kch th c nh ca
bng 0. Nu khng chia khu vc bng s lng mu cc ta nh. Gi y i
vi tt c cc n v bn c ly mu chng ta va tnh kch thc nhl
bao nhiu.
Bc B: Gi chng ta mun bit kch c trung bnh ta nh trn s dng t. Chn
Columns / Aggregation. Chn ct Building_size, v hm Average. Group by:
Pred_landuse. t tn ct u ra: avg_building_size. Hy em v d trn mn hnh
Cc hm kt hp
Cc hm ny kt hp cc gi tr ca mt ct trong bng hin thi. Cc
hm kt hp sau y l sn c: Average, Count, Maximum, Median,
Minimum, Predominant,
Standard deviation, Sum
Ton b cc hm kt hp c th c s dng hp nht cc
gi tr ca ton b ct: bn thu c mt gi tr u ra. i vi
tt c bn ghi, cc gi tr kt hp nh nhau cng hin th
Cc hm kt hp c th c s dng kt hp cc gi tr
trong mt ct trn nhm: s dng ct group by. Sau , i
vi ton b bn ghi c cng tn lp hoc ID trong ct group
by c chn, gi tr kt hp s xut hin.
Cc hm Average, Median, Minimum, Predominant, Standard
deviation c th c s dng tnh trung bnh trng s: s
dng mt ct trng s.
Nu bn khng chn ct group by, bn s thu c mt gi tr
u ra.
Bc C: S dng cng thc sau y c tnh kch thc nh ca trong n

v bn :
nr_buildings:=iff( isundef(buildings_sampled) , area/avg_building_size,
buildings_sampled)
chnh xc bng 1.
Cng thc ny c ngh
a l: n u ct buildings_sampled khng c xc nh
(khng c gi tr) sau y chng ta chia khu vc n v bn bng cc kch c
nh trung bnh (da trn cng mt s dng t). Nu ct Building_sampled
khng xc nh, sau y chng ta s dng thng tin t ct: buildings_sampled
Cc gi tr khng xc nh trong ILWIS c th bao hm mt vi ngha

Pixel khng c gi tr sn c
Mt pixel nm ngoi khu vc nghin cu.
Kt qu tnh ton sai (v d. nu cng thc c lm sai)
Cc gi tr c tnh ton nm trong bn u ra ra ngoi phm vi gi tr
xc nh bi phm vi cc gi tr u ra.
Hm lssudef()kim tra mt trng d c trong ct hoc mt n v trong bn
khng c xc nh hay khng. Hy xem ILWIS guide c thm thng tin
Gi y bn c th a vo s lng cc ta nh m chng ta va tnh ton
trong bng Buildings_sampled vo trong bng tiu chun ca chng ta m c lin
kt vi bn chng ta s dng trong nh gi ri ro: mapping_units. Ta s dng
lnh: table joining thc hin iu .
ng bng Building_samples v m bng Mapping_units.

Chn Columns / Join, and ni vi bng Buildings_sampled, v chn trong ct
Nr_buildings
Hnh a ra hai cch khc nhau ca vic ni bng. Cc ct
bng xm c s dng lm cha kha. Cc m
i tn bi u
din s lin kt c lm ra nh th no. Bn tri: Domain
ca bng hin thi cng cng l domain ca cc bn khc
t m bn mun ni mt ct. Bn phi: Domain ca
mt ct trong bng hin thi cng cng l domain ca
bng khc t bn mun ni mt ct. Cc d hn ni
ct t mt bng khc vo trong bng hin thi l s dng
wizard Join Column. Wizard cn bit tn bng t bn
mun c mt ct, tn ct m bn mun ni t bng vo
trong bng hin thi, v mi quan h hoc lin kt gia hai
bng. Lin kt ny c lm ra qua mt domain chung m
c dng bi cc bng v c mt ct trong bng. Mi lin
kt hay cha kha ny, thng qua m t php ni c th
c thc hin, nn l mt domain (chung) Class hoc ID
Gi y chng ta c th hin th cc kt qu.
M bn Mapping_units, v hin th thuc tnh Nr_buildings. Ko gin t 0

n 100 (u tin hy chc rng bn thay i cc c tnh ca bn polygon
Mapping_units v lin kt n Attribute: Mapping_units). Chng mt nh c
phn gii cao ln.
nh gi cc kt qu bng cch so snh s lng cc ta nh c tnh ton
vi cc ta nh bn c th thy trong nh.
Theo t nhin, nu bn kim tra s lng thc s ca cc

ta nh, th cc gi tr ca s lng cc ta nh c tnh
ton s khng trng vi cc gi tr thc s, bi ti y c
th c nh ca ln hoc nh bt thng trong cng mt s
dng t. Cc gi tr ny cng khng xem xt n s hin
din ca cc khu vc trng trong n v bn . Chng ta
s kim tra chnh xc ca phng php ny trong phn
3.2
c tnh phn b dn s
Trong phn tch phn

b dn s ny chng
ta gi s s lng tiu
chun ca ngi trong
mt nh i vi cc
dng s dng t
khc nhau. Ta b qua
thc t l ta nh ln
c nhiu ngi hn.
Khi chng ta c tnh s lng nh ca chng ta cng

c th c tnh dn s trn mt n v bn . Ti y
chng ta cng gi thit rng chng ta khng c bt c d
liu dn s sn c no, chng hn d liu iu tra dn s
trong khu vc nghin cu. Ta phi gi s s lng ngi trung bnh
trong mt nh, iu ny ph thuc nhiu vo dng s dng t, v
cc ta nh vn phng c nhi u ngi hn nhng ngi nh n l.
Thng tin ny
c cung cp trong bng Landuse. Chng ta
cng c th tnh ton dn s i vi kch bn bui ngy v bui m.
thc hin iu chng ta phi b sung hai ct biu th phn
trm dn s m c biu din trong mi mt dng nh ca trong
sut ngy hoc m:
M bng Landuse v kim tra cc gi tr i vi ba ct: Person_building,

Daytime v Nighttime.
Bng ny ch ra s lng ngi trung bnh m trong mt nh c trng ca mt lp

s dng t c th. V d, mt ngi nh trong mt khu vc ngi nhp c c trung
bnh l 7 ngi, trong khi mt ta nh chung c ln c trung bnh xp x 5 ngi.
Gi tr ny chng t s lng ngi ln nht trong mt ta nh. Ph thuc vo kch
Hy t mnh tnh ton s lng ngi v cc h s ngy v m m bn tm ra s thch
hp. Bn c th n gin chp nhn vi c tnh ca chng ti.
bn ngy hay m, cc gi tr ny nhn vi mt h s, c th lm gim cc gi tr ny

i. V d cc ta nh thng mi c th c nng sut hot ng ln nht trong ngy
v trng rng trong sut bui m.
Lp s dng t
Com_business
Com_hotel
Com_market
Com_shop
lnd_hazardous
lnd_industries
lnd_waterhouse
lns_fire
lns_hospital
lns_office
lns_poilce
lns_school
Pub_cemetery
Pub_cutural
Pub_electricity
Pub_religious
Rec_flat_area
Rec_park
Rec_stadium
Res_large
Res_mod_single
Res_multi
Res_small_single
Res_squatter
River
Khng xc nh
Vac_car
Vac_construction
Vac_damaged
Vac_shrubs
c tnh ca chng ti
Ngi/nh Bui ngy
20
1
100
0.1
1000
1
10
1
10
1
25
1
20
1
25
1
800
1
100
1
50
1
300
1
0
0
200
0
0
0
500
1
0
0
0
0
20000
0
5
0.2
6
0.2
20
0.2
6
0.2
7
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bui m
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
c tnh ca bn
Ngi/nh Bui ngy
Bui m
Gi y chng ta c th c trong ba ct ny vo trong bng

Mapping_units_exercise314. (Chng ta tnh s lng nh ca kt qu t bi
tp trc trong bng ny). Hy m bng ny v s dng lnh ni vi bng
Landuse. c trong cc ct Person_building, Daytime v Nighttime.
By gi rt d dng nhn s lng nh ca vi ngi /nh v h s hiu chnh cho
ngy v m.
Daytime_population:=nr_buildings * person_building * daytime

Nighttime_popultion:= nr_buildings * person_building * nighttime
(hy chc chn l chnh xc = 1, v ta khng c mt na ngi)

Hy hin th kt qu (m bo lin kt chng vi bn trong cc c tnh ca
bn Mapping_units), v kim tr dng thc.
Cng hy thnh lp bn thuc tnh ca c hai. Trong danh mc hy nhp phi
chut trn bn polygon mapping_units, sau chn vector operations,
attribute map. Chn bng Mapping_units_exercise314, thuc tnh Daytime v
gi bn u ra Daytime_population. Hy thc hin cng vi
Nighttime_population. Hy xem nh di y.
Tr li:
C s phn chia dn
s chnh xc nu bn
so snh ban ngy vi
ban m khng? u
l l do? Lm th no
ci thin c iu
ny?
Pocket line Caluculator:

nhn tm thi kt qu
ca mt biu thc, khng
lu cc kt qu trong ct,
bn c th s dng dng
lnh nh l mt Pocket line
calculator. Trn dng lnh
g ? theo mt biu thc.
Giai on
Ban ngy
Ban m
S khc bit
Tng s dn
Bn c th c tng dn s Daytime v Nighttime trong

bng Mapping_units_exercise314, kch hot bng
thng k trong view, statistic pane v c gi tr sum
di ct Daytime_population v
Nighttime_population
i vi vic nh gi s khc bit bn c th s dng
mt tnh ton chung hoc g trc tip vo dng lnh
cng thc sau:
?183779-143379
By gi bn thnh l p mt c s d liu cc yu t chu ri ro c bn t vt

thng, v c bn ch da trn vic gii on nh phn gii cao.
p n
Bi tp 4a: Thnh lp mt c s d liu cc yu t chu ri ro t

vt thng
i vi ngi dng ILWIS kinh nghim
u tin chng ta xem xt trng hp khi khng c mt bn im vi id ca mi
polygon.
Thnh lp cc polygon t cc mnh s ha
Sau khi ki m tra cc sai s v sa n, hy i n

operations, vectorize, segment to polygon. Chn bn
Unit_boundaries v fleg Unique Identifiers. Bn s
dng la chn ny nu bn khng c mt bn im.
Gi u ra l mapping_units_polygon. Chn Show.
Hy xem nh bn tri.
M mapping_units_polygon v kim tra cc kt qu.
Gi y chng ta s xt trng h khi c mt bn im. iu quan trng l mi

polygon c mt im vi h s xc nh
iu nn lm l chn thm mt h s xc nh im sau khi s ha mi mt polygon.
Trong bi tp ny n
c ng s n c mt bn im Mapping_units_points. Bn
hon ton c kh nng phi chnh sa (xa hoc b sung) mt vi im trong khu vc
ni m bn va s cc mnh mi. Hy nh rng mi mt polygon ch cn mt dim v
mi mt polygon phi l mt im vi h s xc nh duy nht
Bn c th tham kho
ILWIS guide c s
gii thch tt hn v
vic polygon ha
4a.1.2
Hy kim tra cc sai s ca cc segment v sa chng

Sau khi mi mt polygon chc chn c mt h s xc
nh im, hay vo operations, vectorize, segment to
polygon v chn bn segment Unit_boundaries v
mapping_units_points. Chn label points, v gi
bn u ra l mapping_units_point. Hy xem hnh
bn tri.
Hy m bn polygon mapping_units_points v so
snh vi mapping_units_polygon
c tnh s dng t th t gii on nh
Tn dng s
Quan trng l do
dng t
Com_business
Com_hotel
lnd_hazardous
lnd_industries
lnd_waterhouse
lns_fire
Trong c ngy c cho l c dng bi ngi ch lao ng.

iu ny quan trng i vi s phn b dn c thi gian trong
ngy v vic nh gi kh nng d b tn thng tip theo.
a ra mt s ng gp b sung cho dn c n t d liu iu
tra dn s. y l ni c cho l c gi tr cao v tin v chi ph.
iu ny s quan trng cho vic nh gi lng gi tr
C th bi ri ro cng nghip (v d: chy n)
S lng cng nhn cao. Gi tr cao v tin bc. Cng rt quan
trng i vi cc mt mt kinh t gin tip.
S ngi trong nh ban ngy thp v trng khng vo ban m
Rt quan trng khi bit c ni phn b cc phng tin ti quan
trng, cho vic nh gi ri ro v cho vic gim thiu thit hi.
lns_hospital
lns_office
lns_poilce
S lng dn c ng trong ngy. Trng khng vo m.

Bao gm mt phn cng nhn, v cng l mt phng tin ti
quan trng
lns_school
Dn c tr c mt cao. Khng gian kh thi sp xp nhng
ngi chu nh hng t thin tai
Pub_cemetery
C th xut hin ngi dn trong sut ngy v c bit trong sut
dp cui tun. C kh nng thit hi gin tip.
Pub_cutural
Mt ngi cao c bit trong mt giai on thi gian
Pub_electricity
L cc phng tin dn sinh v rt quan trng khi bit c s
phn b ca n bo v chng
Pub_religious
S lng ngi dn cao trong mt giai on c th ca ngy. C
gi tr cao v tin bc v vn ha. C gi tr cao v kh nng
thit hi gin tip.
Rec_flat_area
Mt khng gian m rng ln. Mt khu vc c kh nng sp xp
nhng ngi di tn. C kh nng c mt nhng ngi tr tui sut
ban ngy
Rec_park
Khng gian m rng ln. Mt khu vc c kh nng sp xp nhng
ngi di tn. Hin din nhiu ngi
Rec_stadium
S lng ngi dn cao trong mt giai on c th ca ngy. Mt
khu vc c kh nng sp xp nhng ngi di tn
Res_large
a ra mt tng v nhiu ngi sng c trong nhng ta
nh ny nh th no. iu ny cng quan trng cho vic nh gi
kh nng d b tn thng (bn c th gi s rng nhng ta nh
ny n nh hn)
Res_mod_single a ra mt tng v nhiu ngi sng c trong nhng ta
nh ny nh th no. Bn c th cho rng nhng ta nh ny t
n nh hn Res_large
Res_multi
nh ny nh th no. Dng nh ca cng rt quan trng i vi
vic nh gi lng gi tr.
Res_small_single a ra mt tng v nhiu ngi sng c trong nhng ta
nh ny nh th no
Res_squatter
nh ny nh th no. Nhng ta nh ny c mt dn c cao
hn, v c cht lng thp nht trong xy dng
River
N rt quan trng nhg gi mt vi bn tai bin (l lt,
trt l t).
Khng xc nh
Vac_car
Vac_construction
Vac_damaged
Vac_shrubs
Tr li:
Dng s dng t
Nh th
Khu vc rng ln. Cc kh nng sp xp tm thi dn c

a ra mt tng v khu vc c xem xt b tr dn c vo
nm tip theo
y l mt ch th hay thnh lp bn s m rng ca tai
bin
Cc khu vc trng rng ln. Kh nng d b tn thng thp.
c im nh m bn s dng phn loi cc lp
s dng t
Vm, thp chung.
Vac_shrubs
S hin din ca khu vc mu xanh, thm thc vt,

cy ci, khng c nh ca
Res_squatter
Cc ngi nh nh, thng thnh cm, v thm chi
khng trong trung tm thnh ph. i khi ng ph
gia nhng ta nh ny cha c lt
Res_large
Cc ta nh ln, thng t hai tng tr ln. Thng c
vn
Vac_car
Khu vc bng phng c lt, vi hnh dng the quy
tc, v hu nh chc chn vi bi xe
lns_school
Thng l nhng ta nh ln, vi bi xe ng
trc. i khi loi ny kh c th phn bit vi cc
dng s dng t khc (v d Ins_police, Ins_fire)
lnd_industries
Thng l cc ta nh a gic ln, thng l cm. C
bi u xe. Lun nm ngoi trung tm thnh ph. Mi
ca nhng ta nh ny, trong mu hin th thc, l
mu trng do s phn x mnh ca vt liu cho dng
xy dng ny
Rec_flat_area
Khng gian m rng ln, thng l mu xanh. Bn c
th thy cc phng tin c s dng, ph thuc vo
thc hnh th thao (gn, r v.v)
Di y a ra mt vi v d v dng s dng t
Nh th
Khu nhp c
Nh th
Khu nhp c ln
4a.1.3. c tnh s lng nh ca
Ngha trang
Cng vin
Cc n v bn c lin kt n bng Mapping_units, a ra thuc tnh

Nr_buildings
4a.1.3. c tnh phn b dn c

Lp s dng t
Com_business
Com_hotel
Com_market
Com_shop
lnd_hazardous
lnd_industries
lnd_waterhouse
lns_fire
lns_hospital
lns_office
lns_poilce
lns_school
Pub_cemetery
Pub_cutural
Pub_electricity
Pub_religious
Rec_flat_area
Rec_park
Rec_stadium
Res_large
Res_mod_single
Res_multi
Res_small_single
c tnh ca chng ti
Ngi/nh Bui ngy
20
1
100
0.1
1000
1
10
1
10
1
25
1
20
1
25
1
800
1
100
1
50
1
300
1
0
0
200
0
0
0
500
1
0
0
0
0
20000
0
5
0.2
6
0.2
20
0.2
6
0.2
Bui m
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
c tnh ca bn
Ngi/nh Bui ngy
15 1
200 0.2
00 1
20 1
30 0.8
50 0.8
10 0.8
35 0.9
1000 1
60 1
60 1
300 1
20 1
150 0.5
0 0
400 1
20 1
15 1
15000 1
4 0.1
5 0.2
20 0.1
5 0.2
Bui m
0
0.9
0
0
0.1
0.1
0
0.4
0.8
0
0.2
0
0
1
0
0
0.1
0.1
0
1
1
1
1

Res_squatter
River
Khng xc nh
Vac_car
Vac_construction
Vac_damaged
Vac_shrubs
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
10
5
0
2
Tr li:
y khng phi l s
phn chia dn c
chnh xc v cc kt
qu u da vo vic
c tnh dn c trn
cc lp s dng t.
iu ny c th c
ci thin chnh sa cc
c tnh ny (v d
trong cng mt cch
nh a ra trong bng
trc). Cch tt nht
ci thin s phn
b dn c l bit c
s liu thc, v d t
iu tra dn s
Giai on
Ban ngy
Ban m
S khc bit
Tng s dn
143363
182779
40400
0.4
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
Bi tp 4b: Thnh lp mt c s d liu cc yu t chu ri ro s

dng d liu ang tn ti
D liu:
exercise04b
i tng:
Bi tp ny a ra mt phng php thnh lp mt c s cho cc yu t chu
ri ro trong RiskCity, tp trung vo nh ca v dn c. Trong bi tp ny gi s rng ta c thng tin nh
ca chi tit sn c, theo dng ca bn du vt xy dng, v chng ta c mt nh LIDAR m t ta c
th tnh ton c chiu cao nh ca, v khng gian sn ca nh ca trn loi s dng t. c tnh dn c
c da trn khng gian sn nh v d liu iu tra dn s.
Vic nh gi ri ro
vi GIS c th c
thc hin da trn
phng trnh c bn
sau:
Risk = Hazard *
Vulnerability *
Amount of
elements at risk
Ri ro = Tai
bin*Kh nng d
b tn
thng*Lng
cc yu t chu
ri ro.
Trong bi tp ny
bn thn chng ta
gii hn n hng
trn: nh ca v
dn c. iu ny l
do s hn ch thi
gian ca bi tp.
Cng bi trong thc
t y l cc yu t
c xem xt u
tin. Tuy nhin, mt
php nh gi ri ro
hon chnh cng
phi nn nh gi
cc tc ng trc
tip v gin tip ca
cc dng khc ca
cc yu t chu ri
ro.
Cc yu t chu ri ro c th chu tc ng do cc bin c tai bin c s lng ln v c

th c phn loi trong nhiu cch khc nhau. Bng sau y cung cp mt v d s
phn loi nh vy.
Cc yu t vt cht
Nh ca: s dng t th, cc
dng xy dng, chiu cao nh ca,
tui th cng trnh, tng khng gian
sn, chi ph di chuyn.
Cc cng trnh k nim v di sn vn
ha
Cc phng tin ti quan trng
Dn c
Mt dn c, s phn b theo
khng gian, thi gian, phn b tui,
phn b gii, ngi tn tt, phn b
thu nhp
Hm tr n khn cp, trng hc,

bnh vin, cc n cu ha, cng an
Cc t chc dn c, chnh ph, cc

t chc cng ng, s ng h ca
chnh ph, mc kinh t - x hi.
Di sn vn ha v truyn thng
Cc hot ng kinh t
S phn b khng gian hot ng
kinh t, bng u vo-u ra, s ph
thuc, s d tha, tht nghip, cc
sn phm kinh t trong cc ngnh
khc nhau
Cc yu t mi trng
H sinh thi, cc khu vc bo tn,
cng vin t nhin, cc khu vc nhy
cm ca thin nhin, rng, vng t
m, tng cha nc, qun th ng
thc vt, tnh a dng sinh hc
Cc phng tin giao thng

ng b, ng st, h thng giao
thng cng cng, phng tin cng,
phng tin sn bay
H thng truyn dn
Cung cp nc, cung cp in, cung
cp gas, thng tin lin lc, mng
in thoi di ng, h thng cht
thi.
Cc kha cnh kinh t x hi
n v c bn cho vic nh gi tai bin chng ta s s dng trong bi tp ny c gi

l mapping unit - n v bn . N bao gm s lng cc ta nh, v c th c so
snh vi mt chung c, hoc mt iu tra dn s vng min. Khu vc vi mt n v
bn c th c xem nh t nhiu ng nht hn, v cc
t a nh cng t nhi u c
cng dng s dng t v dng nh ca hn. Chng ta khng tin hnh nh gi tai
bin i vi cc ta nh c th bi thng tin v tai bin v kh nng d b tn thng
khng chi tit thc hin iu mc chi tit nh vy.
Ty thuc vo vic bn thch ch no, bn c th la chn Exercise 4a hoc 4b. Bn cng c th

quyt nh lm c hai bi tp ny, mc d nh vy s tn rt nhiu thi gian
Thnh lp mt c s d liu v cc yu t chu ri ro s dng d

liu ang tng ti
Trong nhiu trng hp bn s c thng tin ang tn ti xy dng c s d liu v
cc yu t chu ri ro, v cc kt qu bn thu c s chnh xc hn rt nhiu. Trong
trng hp ny chng ta s bao gm mt vi lp d liu ct yu trong php phn tch:
Bn du vt xy dng (trong c s d liu ny c gi l Building_map),
n bao gm v tr ca ton b nh ca u tin i vi thin tai l lt v trt l t. iu
ny cho php chng ta tnh ton s lng nh ca trn mt n v bn .
M hnh s b mt Lidar, v M hnh s cao chi tit t gii on ng ng
mc. S khc bit gia cc m hnh ny (bn Attitude_dif) cho ta thng tin chi tit
v tt c cc i tng. Cc d liu ny cho php ta nh lng tt hn chiu cao nh
ca, v tng khng gian sn (= din tch nh ca = s lng sn)
D liu iu tra dn s, ch sn c trn mt khu vc. Bng Ward bao gm thng
tin v dn s dn c, s phn chia nam/n v mt vi thuc tnh khc. Cc d liu ny
vn cn mc chung chung, v chng ta mun c s phn b dn c trn mt n v bn thay v trn
mt khu vc. V vy chng ta s phn chia s lng dn c nh hn trn khu vc da trn s dng t
v khng gian sn.
Hin th bn Altitude_dif v chng bn segment ca nh ca ln (Building_map_segments)

Hy kim tra ni u c s khc bit v a hnh khng lin quan n nh ca. Hy tm mt vi im
khc bit ny v chng minh u c th l l do. Cc khu vc ny nn c che.
ng thi c ng hy kim tra mt vi khu vc ni m c nh ca trong bn nhng khng c s
khc bit v cao thc s. u c th l l do?
C mt vi l do ti
sao s khc bit cao
bn ch ra s
khc bit thng qua
bn nh ca
khng h cha nh
ca.
iu ngc li cng
c th ng:
c cc khu vc ni
m bn nh ca
ch ra mt ton nh
nhng ti s
khc bit hu nh
bng 0
Tr li:
X
Khc bit bao nhiu?
L do kh thi
Hin th bn Wards v chng bn segmet xy dng

(Builidng_map_segments) ln v bn Mapping_units cng vy
Hy kim tra cc gi tr ca phn b dn c. Bn c th phn b cc gi
tr ny ln n v bn nh th n?C bt c tng no khng?
c tnh s lng nh ca s dng bn du vt xy dng

By gi chng ta c mt bn du vt xy dng sn c, vic tnh ton s lng nh ca trn
mt n v bn tr nn d dng hn nhiu. Chng ta c th bt u bng vic lm mt bng ni tn
s (bng Cross) bng cch kt hp cc lp d liu Mapping_units v Building_map.
Chn Operations, Raster Operations, Cross

Giao bn Mapping_unit vi bn
Building_map. Trong ca s ny, chn Ignore
Undefs cho bn th 2 (xem bn phi)
Output table chn: mapping_units_building
M bng mapping_units_building v kim tra
kt qu
Bng Cross bao gm ton b s kt hp c th ca h s xc nh ca n v bn v cc ta nh c

lp. Chng ta c th s dng thng tin ny tm kim s lng ca cc iu sau:
bao nhiu n v bn cha c xy dng
bao nhiu ta nh c lp c trn n v bn
kch c nh ca trung bnh i vi mi mt s dng t th.
u tin chng ta xc nh ct mi ca bng cross, ch c cc khu vc t trng trn n v

bn . Cc khu vc t trng l khu vc c du hi chm trong ct Building_map. xc
nh khu vc ny s dng cng thc sau y:
Areavacant:=iff(isundef(building_map),area,0)
Chng ta cng cn bit kich c trung bnh ca nh ca trong mt nhm s dng t, v th

chng cn din tch ca cc ngi nh. Chng ta cn tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
Area_building:=iff(isundef(building_map),?,area)
Sau , chng ta tnh mt ct m trong mi s kt hp ca mt n v bn v mt ta

nh s ra gi tr bng 1 hoc bng 0. Chng ta tnh ct ny sau ny c th tnh s lng
nh trn mt n v bn . G cng thc sau vo dng lnh ca bng:
Building:=iff(isundef(building_map),0,1)
By gi chng ta bit c khu vc ca cc l t trng v gn mt gi tr 1 i vi ton b nh ca

chng ta c th tnh ton ba hp phn c ch ra trn. Ta thc hin iu s dng cc hm kt hp.
Nu bn mun c thm thng tin hy xem Help ca ILWIS.
Cc kt qu ca hm kt hp thng khng c lu
trong cng mt bng, bi cc gi tr c tnh ton cho
ct bng cch bn nhm cc d liu (trong trng hp
ny Mapping_units). Vy nn chng ta s lu cc kt
qu trong mt bng mi m chng ta thnh lp c
domain Mapping_units, v c th c lin kt vi bn
Mapping_units. Hy nh l cc n v bn l cc
n v c s cho vic nh gi ri ro. Chng ta s tnh cc
s kt hp sau y:
Tng din tch trn mt n v bn
Tng din tch trn mt n v bn trng
Kch c nh ca trung bnh trn mt n v bn
S lng nh ca trn mt n v bn
u tin l tng din tch trn n v bn . Chn Columns, Aggregation. Trong ca s va xut
hin, chn cc ty chn sau: Column: Area, Function: Sum, Group by: Mapping_units,
Output_table: Mapping_units_attributes, Output_clumn: Total_vacant_area.
Tip theo l tng din tch t trng trn n v bn . Chn Columns, Aggregation. Trong ca
s va xut hin, chn cc ty chn sau: Column: Areravacant, Funtion: sum, Group by:
Mapping_units, Output_table: Mapping_units_attributes, Output_column:
Total_vacant_area.
Tip na l kch c trung bnh ca nh ca trn n v bn . Chn Columns, Aggregation.
Trong ca s va xut hin, chn cc ty chn sau: Column: Area_building, Funtion:
Average, Group by: Mapping_units, Output_table: Mapping_units_attributes,
Output_column: Avg_Size.
Cui cng l lng nh ca trn n v bn . Chn Columns, Aggregation. Trong ca s va
xut hin, chn cc ty chn sau: Column: Area_building, Funtion: Average, Group by:
Mapping_units, Output_table: Mapping_units_attributes, Output_column: Nr_buildings.
M bng Mapping_units_attributes v kim tra kt qu m bn tnh ton. C bao nhiu
ngi nh trong khu vc ny
Bn c th so snh s lng nh ca m bn tnh vi thng tin chi tit vi cc gi tr thu c t vic c

tnh th (gi s mt tnh hung khu bn khng c bn du vt sn c nh c gii thch trong bi
tp 4a). Hy vit cc kt qu trong bng di y v tnh ton s khc bit.
Th ngh v nhng l do
ti sao cc gi tr ny li
khc nhau, xem xt cc
phng php c s
dng c tnh s b cc
ngi nh.
Kch c nh
Tr li
S lng nh trong c khu vc dng bn

ng bao ta nhn (bn nh ca)
S lng nh trong c khu vc dng c
tnh s b trong bi tp 3.1.3
Khc bit
Bn cngc th nh gi mt vi cc tham s khc, ging nh kch c nh ca trung bnh v phn trm

ca khu vc trng.
tnh ton phn trm din tch t trng trn mt n v bn , chng ta c th dng
php tnh n gin trong bng Mapping_units_attributes:
Percvacant:= Total_vacant_area /Total_area
i vi ngi dng ILWIS c kinh nghim:

i vi ngi dng ILWIS c kinh nghim: Tnh ton kch thc nh ca trung bnh i vi
mi mt dng s dng t.
Trong bi tp 4a ta c n n c thng tin v kch thc nh ca trung bnh i vi mi mt lp s
dng t. Sau ta t cc gi tr ny trn mt s lng mu gii hn. Gi y chng ta c thng tin
ca bn du vt xy dng. chng ta c th thc hin iu tt hn. Hy c gng thit k mt
phng php thc hin iu . Gi : s dng cc hm kt hp, sau khi a thng tin vo s
dng t trong bng giao mapping_units_building. Bn c th tnh ton kch thc nh ca trung
bnh trn lp s dng t v lu n vo trong bng Landuse. Bn cng hy tnh lch chun kch
thc nh ca
Tnh ton chiu cao nh ca v tng khng gian sn trn n v

bn .
Gi y chng ta tnh ton s lng nh ca trn mt n v bn , chng ta cng mu n thu c
thng tin v cao ca nh ca trong cc n v ny. Chng ta c th thc hin iu bng cch s
dng bn cao khc nhau (Altitude_dif) m c tnh ton trong bi 1, bng cch tr Topo DEM
t Lidar DEM.
M bn Altitude_dif v chng ln segment ca nh ca (file Building_map_segments).

Kim tra thng tin pixel v cao i tng
Trc khi chng ta lm nhiu vic hn vi d liu ny chng ta mun n gin ha bn cao khc
nhau. Khi chng ta ch quan tm n cc khu vc c cc ta nh, ta c th che s khc bit trn ton b
cc khu vc khc. Lm vic vi s lng sn c ng tt hn thay v v i cao thc t ca ta nh. i u
ny lm cho cc hot ng khc tr nn d hn.
tnh ton s lng sn chng ta chia i tng cao
Chng ta coi ca trung bnh ca 1 tng nh ca mi
bng chiu cao sn trung bnh, t ta thu c s lng
kiu nh ca l 3 mt. S c s khc gia cc ngi nh
sn. Chng ta gi s ti y chiu cao sn trung bnh l 3m.
nhng ch c th lm chnh cc hn sau khi i thc a
S dng cng thc sau tnh ton:

floor_nr=iff(Altitude_dif <3,0, Altitude_dif /3)
Chn chnh xc l 1
M bn floor_nr v kim tra kt qu vi vi nh phn gii cao. Bn c kt lun g?
Chng ta cng c th che ton b khu vc khng c nh ca, v ch c s lng sn i vi cc khu vc

ny ni m c nh ca thc s. iu ny c th thc hin bng cu lnh tnh ton bn n gin.
S dng cng thc sau:

Floors:=iff(isundef(building_map),0,floor_nr)
Chn chnh xc l 1
M bn floors v kim tra kt qu vi vi nh phn gii cao. u l im khc bit
quan trng khi so snh vi bn trc?
Chng ta c th kt hp bn nh ca vi bn Floors v tm ra i vi mi nh ca s lng sn.

Mt ln na chng ta s dng hot ng Giao Cross. Nhng trong mt vi bc:
- u tin ta thc hin giao bn Building_map vi bn Floors, m cho ta s kt hp ca cc
sn trn dng nh ca
- Sau y ta tnh ton trn nh ca s lng sn ln nht, v tng s khng gian sn cho mi
mt ta nh.
- Cc gi tr kt qu sau c c trong bng Cross m lin kt cc n v bn vi ID ca
cc ta nh (Mapping_units_building).
- V cui cng tng thng tin khng gian sn c kt hp vo trong bng
Mapping_units_attributes.
S dng php tnh giao ct (cross operation) v giao bn Building_map vi bn

Floors. t tn bng xut ra l: Building_map_floors. Ignore Undefs c 2 bn .
Xem ca s di bn tri.
Biu (Histogram): danh

sch cc thng tin thng xuyn
v gi tr, nhm v ID trong bn
. Kt qu l mt bng v mt
th. Bn c th tnh ton biu
ca bn raster, bn
polygon, bn segment, v bn
im. Xem thm trong hng
dn ca ILWIS nu bn cn thm
thng tin.
Trong bng cross Building_map_floors, dng ct Floors, cng

vi hm Maximum, group by building_map, v lu kt qu trong
bng Building_map, ct Nr_floors (xem hnh trn bn phi)
Kim tra kt qu trong bng Building_map.
To mt bn thuc tnh ca ct Nr_floors, v t tn tng t
Nr_floors.
Tnh ton biu ca bng. To mt bng ch ra s nh c 1,2,3
tng v.v
Bng cch tnh ton biu ca bn Nr_floors bn nh gi c bao nhiu khu vc c 1,2,3 hoc
nhiu tng. Chng ta cn bit s lng ta nh trn mt n v bn trong khu vc vi mt lp ca s
lng sn. iu ny quan trng cho c hai php nh gi ri ro ng t v l lt , v i vi vic nh
gi dn c.
Chng ta c th lm iu bng cch thnh lp ct Boolean (0 hoc 1), ni m mi mt ct biu din
mt gi tr ca s lng sn c th. Sau ta c th tnh c gi tr
M bng building_map v g cc cng thc sau:

floor0:=iff(nr_floors=0,1,0)
v.v
nh c cng thc sau:

floor3_10:=iff((nr_floors>3)and(nr_floors<11),1,0)
floor_more10:=iff(nr_floors>10,1,0)
Hy c cc gi tr tng di cc ct khc nhau v in vo bng di y
Phng php ny
gi nh l mt ngi
nh c s tng c
nh v khng c
to cc phn c
cao khc. V d nh
hin nh
cao nh
S lng
Phn trm
1 tng
2 tng
3 tng
3-10 tng
>10 tng
cao ln nht
.. tng
tnh ton tng khng gian sn cho mi mt ta nh chng ta cn nhn

s lng sn vi din tch nh ca che ph. Thng tin ny c th thu c
t biu ca Building_map
Tnh biu ca Building_map

Trong bng Building_map ghp vi biu v c trong Area ca mi ngi nh. t tn l:
Area_building. Xem bn di
Khng gian sn trong mt ngi nh gi c tnh bng cng thc:
Floorspace:=Nr_floors*Area_building
Ch l c th ghp
mt bng vi mt
biu , bi v biu
, nh gii
thch, c to ra
nh mt phn th
v mt phn ca
bng
Gi chng ta c thng tin chiu cao v khng gian sn trn mt ta nh, nhng chng ta mu n kt hp
iu ny i vi cc n v bn . Chng ta ch c th thc hin iu ny bng cch s dng mt bng
bao gm c hai domain ca n v bn v domain ca cc ta nh.
y l b
ng giao
mapping_units_building m chng ta lm bi tp trc. Nu bn ny khng sn c, bn phi
giao bn mapping_units v bn building_map trc.
M bng cross Mapping_units_building. V ghp vi bng Building_map. c trong cc

ct: Nr_floors v Floorspace.
Gi chng ta bit vi mi s kt hp ca Mapping_unts and Building_map s c bao nhiu tng v

khng gian sn. Cui cng chng ta c th tng hp cc gi tr ny v tnh thon cao nh trung bnh
trn mt n v bn , tng din tch sn trong mt n v bn
M bng cross mapping_units_building.

cao nh trung bnh: Chn Columns, Aggregation. Trong ca s va xut hin, chn cc
ty chn sau. Column: Nr_floors, Funtion: Average, Group by: Mapping_units, Output
table: Mapping_units_attributes, Output column: Nr_floors_avg. (xem bn di)
Tng khng gian sn trn mt n v bn : Chn Columns, Aggregation. Trong ca s va
xut hin, chn cc ty chn sau. Column: Floorspace, Funtion: Sum, Group by:
Mapping_units, Output table: Mapping_units_attributes, Output column: Floorspace.
(xem bn di)
Ti sao chng ta
li s dng lnh
Average cho s
lng nh v Sum
cho khng gian
sn
Chng ta phi iu chnh trong bng Mapping_units_attributes i vi s kt hp ni m khng c nh

ca, v v th cc gi tr kt qu trong hai ct l khng xc nh. CHng ta s v th m to cc gi tr 0
ti nhng ni c ?
Theo cng thc:

Nr_floors_final:=iff(isundef(nr_floors_avg),0, nr_floors_avg)
Floorspace_final:=iff(isundef(Floorspace),0, Floorspace)
Th hin tt c cc thuc tnh khng gian ny v kim tra kt qu ca mt s khu vc bng
cch s dng thng tin pixel
C mt vi khu vc ni m kt qu b sai lc. Bn c th tm c khng? Hy in chng vo bng sau.
ID n v bn
Trung bnh s lng tng
Tng s sn
Ti sao n khng ng?
Cho ngi c kinh nghim dng ILWIS

Cho ngi dng c kinh nghim: Tnh ton phn trm cc ta nh c 1,2,3 v
nhiu 3 tng trn mt n v bn .
Bn c th s dng kt qu tnh ton trong bi tp ny tnh ton phn trm ca mi n v bn
vi nhng nh c 1,2,3 tng v.v Bn c th s dng thng c lu trong bng cross
Mapping_units_buildings
Trong bng cross Mapping_units_buildings, tnh din tch ca mi l nh vi 1,2,3 v

nhiu hn 3 tng:
Area1fl:=iff(nr_floors=1,area,0)
Areaover3fl:=iff(nr_floors>3,area,0)
S dng hm Sum tnh tng din tch ca cc nh 1,2,3 v nhiu hn 3 tng trn mt
n v bn , v lu kt qu trong bng Mapping_units_buildings
Trong bng Mapping_units_buildings gi bn c th tnh phn trm mt cch d dng
Bi tp 4b: To mt c s d liu cho yu t chu ri ro

To mt c s d liu cho yu t chu ri ro s dng cc d liu hin c
Trong trang ny v trang tip theo s gii thiu mt s trng hp ph bin nht v s khc nhau trong
cao ca DTM v DSM, m khng c phn loi trong bn nh ca (building map). V d thc vt
khng c th hin trong DTM nhng c ly mu bng nh Lidar. V l do chng ti g iu nh ca
i xa cc i tng khc.
Thc vt
Altitude_dif
nh phn gii cao v segment nh ca
Trt l
478037
1558840
Khc bit bao nhiu?

1
L do kh d
476814
1559954
-1.5
Vch trt l
476593
1561467
9.9
Thc vt
477391
1559095
8.7
Cu
479047
1558249
7.2
Nh mi xy
478183
1558158
-2.8
Vch trt l
476323
1560542
-2.1
Vch trt l
L lt ph hy nh ca
4b.2.1 nh gi s lng nh ca bng cch s dng bn

ng bao nh ca
Nu bn m Mapping_units_attribuite, bn c th thy c 29679 ngi
nh.
Kch thc nh
S lng nh ca trong tng din tch khi
dng bn ng bao nh
S lng nh ca trong tng din tch khi
dng nh gi s b lm bi tp 3.1.3
Khc nhau
Tr li
29679
26551
3128

Tnh kch c nh trung bnh cho mi nhm s dng t.
M mapping_units_building v ghp vi bng

Mapping_units. c ct Pred_landuse.
Vo columns, aggregation, chn column Area_building,
Function Average v tp hp bng Pred_landuse. G trong
bng xut ra landuse v t tn ct xut ra l
Avg_size_building. Xem hnh bn tri.
Vo columns, aggregation, chn column Area_building,
function Std_deviation, v group by Pred_landuse. Lu
tr ct mi Std_dev_building trong bng landuse.
Trong bng
landuse, c 2 ct
mi c to:
Avg_size_building
v
Std_deviation_build
ing.
4b.2.2 Tnh cao nh v tng khng gian sn trn mt n

v bn
Sau khi tnh ton Nr_floor, mt s khu vc s c giu i (tt c khu vc v i tng c gi tr
altitude_diff thp hn 0). Gi mi pixel u c th hin trong bn s lng tng, nhng mt s th
b che trong bn nh ca, bi v n vn c mt trong bn s lng tng nhng khng phi l nh
ca (vd: cu, cy cao, v.v)
Cu
Cy
nh phn gii cao
Nr_floors
Bn nh ca
Tng nh
Tng s nh = 29238
cao ngi nh
S lng
1 tng
2 tng
3 tng
3-10 tng
>10 tng
5878
11681
7644
3543
29
cao ln nht
18tng
Phn trm
tng s
20.10
39.95
26.14
12.12
0.10
Nh bn bit, tng s
nh nh hn khng ng
k vi gi tr trong bi
tp 3.2.1. Xut hin sai
s ny l bi v cc ngi
nh thp hn 3m khng
c tnh
Ti sao bn li s dng hm Average cho s lng tng nh v hm Sum cho khng gian sn?
Chng ta ang tnh ton vi mi n v bn c kiu s dng t duy nht. Nh vy s rt hu

ch bit cao trung bnh ca cc kiu nh khc nhau v trong mi n v bn .
Chng ta s dng hm Sum bit tng s khng gian sn trn mt n v bn .

l 2 tham s s hu ch phn b dn s chnh xc hn trn kiu s dng t v n v bn .
C nhng kt qu sai do khi ta tnh ton cc tng nh (Floors) (s lng tng trn mt ngi nh), chng
ta s dng hm Sum trong tp hp ny.
Bng di y ch ra mt s v d v nhng gi nh sai v khng ph hp vi thc t.
ID ca n v bn
Trung bnh s lng nh
Tng khng gian sn
Ti sao li khng ng?
Nr_1115 (stadium)
13
371514
nh gi qu cao s
lng tng trung bnh
Nr_1061 (flat_park)
10784
Cng vin khng c nh

v tng nh
Nr_717 (pub_cemetery)
1212
y l ni chn ct
Nr_331 (river)
6971
Gi tr ny l ca ngi
nh gn vi sng
Pixel ca i tng khch sn

chim hn mt na ca cc
n v bn Nr_331. n v
bn ny c phn loi l
River trong kiu s dng
t. N quyt nh gi tr
dng cho tng nh v khng
gian sn (khng th c
sng)
Sau khi tnh ton Area1fl, Area2fl, Area3fl v

Areaoverfl trong bng Mapping_units_buildings, vo
column, aggreagate v chn Area1fl, chn function sum
v group by mapping_units. Lu kt qu trong
Mapping_units_attributes v t tn ct Area1fl_MU.
Xem hnh bn tri.
Lm tng t vi Area1fl, Area2fl, Area3fl v

Areaoverfl
Nu trong bng ca bn vn cha

tnh tng din tch trn tng n
v bn , bn c th tnh n
bng cch to mt biu
(histogram) ca mapping_units
v sau ghp vi bng
mapping_units_attributes (c
trong phn area)
M Mapping_units_attributes v g cng thc sau:

perc_area1fl:=area1fl_MU/Total_Area*100
perc_areaover3fl:=areaover3fl_MU/Total_Area*100
chnh xc l 0.01
Bi tp 4c: S tham gia GIS trong vic nh gi ri ro

D liu:
exercise04b
i tng:
Bi tp ny a ra cho bn cc kh nng sn c khi bn tin hnh
nghin cu s dng s tham gia ca GIS. Bn s hc c vic thu thp kin thc a
phng s gip bn nh th no m t cc ta nh tt hn, miu t dn c vi c
kh nng d b tn thng v kh nng ca cc yu t ny, nh gi cc vn lin
quan n trt l t v khi phc li cc kch bn l lt.
Vic thu thp kin thc a phng rt quan trng trong nh gi ri ro. Cc cng
ng a phng l yu t quan trng nht trong nh gi ri ro, v thng l cc yu
t chu nhiu ri ro nht. H c kin thc a phng khng th thiu c i vi
nh gi tai bin, s m t c tnh cc yu t chu ri ro, vic nh gi kh nng d
b tn thng v nng lc i ph, v vic pht trin cc kch bn ri ro. Nhng n lc
gim nh ri ro thin tai nn c dnh cho cc cng ng a phng v c b
sung trong s tham kho kin vi cc cng ng, v hu ht do h thc hin. Trong
mt kha hc nh ti y khng th bn khng th t mnh n v thu thp thng tin
bng cch s dng s tham gia ca GIS. Bn khng th thm RiskCity. V th ta tp
trung nhiu vo d liu c tp hp nh th no ti a phng, nhng tp trung hn
vo vic bn c th lm g vi d liu a phng .
Tn
D liu nh
Loi
ngha
High_res_image
Raster
nh c phn gii cao ca trng thi nm 2006
Airphoto_1998_ortho
Raster
nh hng khng nn chnh trc giao c tin hnh ch

sau thin tai nm 1998
D liu tham gia ca GIS

PGIS_Location
Bn
im
PGIS_survey
Bng
Mt bn im vi cc v tr ca cc cuc phng vn
c tin hnh i vi 200 nh, trong 100 nh vng
ngp l, 100 trn sn dc.
Bng vi cc kt qu chnh ca bi tp thnh lp bn
Participatory. Bng ny bao gm cc ct lin quan n
thuc tnh nh ca, c tnh dn c, thit hi trt l t
v khi phc cc kch bn l lt.
Bn
segmet
Bn su l lt l kt qu t m hnh l lt nghin
cu cho cc kch bn vi chu k lp li 100, 50 v 10 nm
Bn
polygon
Bn c cp nht ca cc ta nh i vi trng thi

sau thin tai nm 1998. i vi ton b thng tin nh ca
sn c trn s dng t th, s lng sn, khu vc xy
dng, v tng khng gian sn.
Cc ng bin ca cc ta nh trong khu vc, cho trng
thi trc thm ha nm 1998
D liu l lt
Flood_100y, Flood50y,
Flood_10y
D liu khc
Buildings
Buildings_situation_1997
Bn
segment
Bi tp RiskCity 4C - 1
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity: PGIS i vi vic nh gi ri ro
Cch tip cn s tham gia GIS

Cuc kho st c tin hnh nm 2008, 10 nm sau khi thm ha nm 1998
to ra mt s lng ln trt l t, v gy ra cc tr n l l t trn din rng
trong khu vc. Cuc kho st c tin hnh bng cch phng vn ngi dn trong
200 ngi nh, phn b c trong khu vc chu nh hng l lt ln khng khu vc d
c trt l. Vic thnh lp bn c tin
hnh cng vi cc i din ca cng ng
(xem nh).
i din ca cng ng ng gp nh l
ngi hng dn v phin dch v gii thiu
cho nhm thnh lp bn n cc khu vc
dn c ni m cc cuc phng vn s din
ra. Nhng ngi ph n ny cng l m t
ngun quan trng cho thng tin a phng,
v h c nhn thc tt v tai bin trong khu
vc v chng nh hng nh th no n
cuc sng hng ngy ca c dn ca cc
khu vc dn nhp c trong RiskCity.
Hnh: Cc i din cng ng tham
Cc cuc phng vn c ghi li v thng
gia thnh lp bn ti RiskCity
tin c thu thp bng cch s dng GIS di
ng lin kt vi mt GPS. nh phn gii cao v bn nh ca c s dng nh l
thng tin c s trong dng c cm tay. Cc kt qu c lu trong mt bng
(PGIS_survey) m c lin kt vi bn im (PGIS_Location)
Hy m bn Airphoto_1998_ortho. Hin th cc segment ca ta nh

c xy nm 1997: Buildings_situation_1997. Cng hy hin th cc ta
nh gi y ang trong khu vc: s dng bn Buildings. v ch hin th
ranh gii.
So snh cc bn xy dng, c th xt trong mi quan h vi cc khu vc
l lt v trt l t.
Nh bn c th thy nhiu ta nh c m t trong nm 1997 b ph hy trong nm

1998, hoc b ph hy sau . Bn Buildings bao gm thng tin nh ca trong
nm 1997. Gi chng ta s thm im c thnh lp trn bn s dng cch tip
cn Participatory.
Nu bn m pixel
infomation bn c
th chn Options,
Always on
Top, ca s
lun c hin th
Thm bn im PGIS_Location.
M Pixel infomation v thm bn PGIS_Location.
Hy kim tra mt s im ca bn PGIS_Location v thng
tin thuc tnh ca chng, lu trong bng PGIS_survey.
Hy hin th mt vi thuc tnh s dng ca s display options
M bng PGIS_survey.
Cc ta nh b ph hy trong sut trn l l n ln 1998 vn cn xc nh c, v

nhng ngi hng xm c th a ra thng tin v dng nh ca v mc nc
dng. Tuy nhin, khng c thng tin sn c v ta nh ny trong c im dn c.
Cc ta nh ny c biu th trong PGIS_Survey vi tn s dng t
Vac_damaged.
Bng PGIS_Survey bao gm cc ct sau:
Tc nhn
D liu nh ca
ngha
Tc dng
Landuse
Area_building
S dng t th. Ch rng c nhiu ta nh

m ha l Vac_damaged
Din tch nh ca tnh bng m2
Nr_floors
S lng sn
Lin kt n cc thng tin khc

i vi ton thnh ph
c dng tnh khng gian sn
v gi tr nh v thnh phn bn
trong
c dng nh gi kh nng
d b tn thng l lt v a chn
Building_type
Dng nh ca
c dng nh gi kh nng
d b tn thng vt cht
D liu dn c
Nr_adults
S lng ngi t 18 n 60
nh gi c tnh dn c v kh
nng tn thng ca x hi
Nr_old_people
S lng ngi gi (>60) trn nh
Nr_children
S lng tr em (<18) trn mt nh
Nr_households
S lng h trn mt nh
Nr_people_daytime
S lng ngi trong nh trong bui sng
Nr_people_nighttime
S lng ngi trong nh trong bui m
Workers
S lng ngi c trong nh ang lm vic
Livelihood
Cc loi cng vic chnh
nh gi kh nng tn thng
ca dn c i vi cc kch bn
thi gian khc nhau
c tnh thit hi kinh t
D liu trt l t
Landslide_damage
D liu l lt
Remember_Flood_100y
Remember_Flood_50y
Remember_Flood_10y
Damage_Flood
Cc thit hi do trt l quan st c trong nh
Thnh lp bn trt l
Cc lp cao mc nc m ngi ta cn nh
c, i vi bin c nm 1998 chu k lp li l 100
nm
nh gi tai bin l l t, kim tra

cc m hnh bn l lt, v
nh gi kh nng tn thng
l
lt
nm
nm
Mc thit hi c tnh i vi cc ta nh v
thnh phn i vi bin c l lt nm 1998, c
tnh bng s ngi c phng vn
Ta s s dng thng tin ny trong

bi tp 5a gii quyt cc hm
kh nng d b tn thng.
Ct Landuse trong bng rt quan trng: iu ny hnh thnh mi lin kt gia cc

im v d ny v phn cn li ca nh ca trong RiskCity. Thng tin m c dn
xut t cc cuc phng vn nm 2000 c th c s dng sau m t c im
cc ta nh. Hy tnh ton bao nhiu cc mu c lm i vi mi mt lp s dng
t.
Trong bng PGIS_survey, chn Column, Aggregate. Chn ct: Landuse.

Hm: Cont. Group by: Landuse. Output table: Landuse. Output Column:
Nr_samples.
Hy m bng Landuse v kim tra s lng cc mu trn dng s dng t.
Dng no c s lng mu ln nht?
Hu ht Cc cuc phng vn i vi kho st PGIS u c tin hnh trong cc khu

vc dn nhp c. Mt s lng ln cc cuc phng vn c tin hnh khi phc
thng tin t cc ta nh m b ph hy nm 1998. (vac_damaged)
S lng
S lng mu ca nh ngi nhp c
S lng mu nh ca b ph hy
Phn A: S dng PGIS nh gi c im nh ca

Trc ht ta s s dng kho st PGIS miu t c im nh ca tt hn
trong RiskCity. Mt vi dng nh ca c nh ngha trong khu v c. Cc dng quan
trng nht l:
Vt liu g v ph liu: nhng ta nh ny c lm bng cc tm
vn, nha, cc bn tn mi v.v Chng thng ch c 1 tng.
Gch sng: cc ta nh ny c lm t bn kh
cui: c lm t cui vi lng xi mng hn ch, v trn g
Gch bn: cc ta nh xy bng n vi gch t lm khng c gn kt
tt
Gch xi mng: cc ta nh xy bng n vi mt cht cn thn hn, v
thng c cc ct vi mt vi ct thp.
B tng ct thp: cc ta nh bng btng ct thp k thut
Bng sau m t mt cuc phng vn c trng c tin hnh vi mt s ngi
A: c m ca ti l xy dng mt ngi nh thc s cho gia nh mnh.
PV: Ti ngh gia nh bn c mt mi nh ri y ch, ti m.
A: Tt nhin l khng ri, u c gi l nh u.
PV: Vy, theo anh th no l mt ngi nh thc s?
A: Theo ti mt ngi nh thc s phi c xy bng b tng, l ni gia nh
ti
c an ton v khng phi lo lng g khi ma bo n.
A: Th anh c bit s khc nhau gia mt ngi nh v mt mi m khng?
PV: Ti on mt ngi nh th c xy bng gch hoc g, cn mi m c
mi ngi trong gia nh to dng.
A. Qu ng vy. v th anh s thy trong khu vc ny mi ngi u c mt mi
m nhng rt t ngi c mt ngi nh.
Hnh: Cc ta nh ti ng ba hai con sng ti RiskCity

Hy tm ra dng nh ca no quan trng nht trn cc lp s dng t.
Mt kha ni l
mt ct mu cht
m c lm t
hai ct mu cht
khc trong mt
bng. Trong
ILWIS ta c th
kt hp hai ct
lp bng cch
thm hai chui v
sau chuyn n
sang mt domain
mi. Ta s dng
thut ng CODE
ch i vi vic s
dng code v
khng l tn lp
y
Trong bng PGIS_survey, chn Column, Sort. Chn ct: Landuse.

Hy tm ra dng nh ca no quan trng nht trn dng s dng t
(bn s phi lm vic ny mt cch th cng), v hin th n trong bng
di y.
Bn cng c th thc hin iu ny t ng hn, bng cch lm mt
Kha ni - concatenated Key. G dng lnh sau:
Landuse_building_type:= Code(Landuse)+Code(Building_type)
Chn Domain: String
Sau khi tnh ton nhp p vo u ct Landuse_building_types v
nhp vo nt: Create New Domain from Strings in Column. Thnh lp
domain Landuse_building_type
Gi bn c th kt hp cc thng tin. Chn ct
Landuse_building_type, dng Count function, Group by
Landuse_building_type , v output table Landuse_building_type
vi ct Number.
Gch sng
tng
Gch bn
Gch XM
BTCT
Gch sng
tng
Gch bn
Gch XM
BTCT
Com_shop
Ins_school
Res_mod_single
Res_multi
Res_small_single
Res_squatter
Vac_Damaged
1 tng
2 tng
3 tng
4 tng
5 tng
> 5 tng
Thng tin ny rt quan trng bi phng php kh nng tn thng yu cu bit c

loi cc ta nh v chiu cao ca chng thay v dng s dng t. Tt nhin trong bi
tp ny chng ta vn ch s dng gii hn cc mu ca cc ta nh m t cc loi
nh ca khc nhau trn dng s dng t. Trong p dng thc t, chng ta cn bit
c dng nh ca chi tit hn.
Ta cng c th tnh khng gian sn trung bnh trn loi s dng t
Trong bng PGIS_survey, hy tnh khng gian sn trn mt gi s dng

phng trnh:
Floorspace:=Area_Building*Nr_floors
Hy tnh khng gian sn trung bnh trn dng s dng t ( S dng
Column, Aggregation) v lu kt qu trong bng Landuse.
u l dng nh ca chung nht v s lng sn ca cc ta nh b ph hy
l bao nhiu?
Khng gian sn trn ta nh cng rt quan trng bi chng ta cn bit iu ny :

Thc hin c tnh dn s chnh xc. Trong vic c tnh dn s chng ta
s dng cc mu nh ca nh gi din tch trung bnh (theo m2) trn
ngi trn lp s dng t.
Thc hin c tnh chi ph ca cc ta nh v thnh phn bn trong.
Bng sau ch ra mt vi mu ca cc cuc phng vn trong nhng khu vc chu nh
hng l lt
Nh ng Q.
Trc thng 11 nm 2004, nh ng Q quen v i ngh nghip ca h t ca hng
tht ca ng Q v mt quy tp ha nh ca b Q trong tng ph ca gia nh h .
Trong cn bo ca hng b mt cy xoi bt gc p vo, mt phn tng v mi b
xung. Trn lt cng cung mt vi cy rau m b Q tr ng em bn trong
ca hng. Tin tit kim v cu tr ca chnh ph c dng xy dng li ngi
nh, tuy nhin d tr kinh t ca h khng khi phc li bun bn. H cng
khng sc vay mn hoc dng tin ca cha h na v tin ny cng ch
cho nhu cu thit yu hng ngy. Theo quan im ca h, hon cnh hin gi tht
l bt hnh v sau thm ha mt nm h khng th phc hi li hon ton, h mt
ht vn v mt cng vic th hai, cn hn c, v gi y c gia nh sng da vo
ngun thu nhp duy nht t ngi cha ca h
Anh M.
Anh Minh c vic lm l mt bn kem trong khu vc vi mt chic xe y nh bng
g. Thu nhp hng ngy rt thp ( khong 200 peso) nhng anh ta qu n l c
p ng nhng nhu cu c bn hng ngy ca gia nh. Trong sut nm 1998
ngi nh ca anh ta b ph hy v chic xe y b v tan. kim thu nhp anh
chuyn sang vic nht ph liu; t vic ny anh ta ch kim c mt na ngy
trc (khong 100 peso/ngy), nhng by gi anh ta phi i b qua dm ba vng.
Mt nm sau gia nh anh ta v n sng vi b m v v anh ta khng tm cch t ng
thu nhp ca mnh xy li nh v phc hi mt cng vic vt v hn trc
Phn B: S dng PGIS nh gi c im dn c.

PGIS l mt cng c ti quan trng trong vic thu thp thng tin dn c thc
t. Cc d liu iu tra dn s i vi RiskCity khng hp l cho lm, v n ch sn c
i vi cc khu vc rng ln (Wards_Vng) rt kh a vo cc n v bn ring
l to thnh c s nh gi ri ro. Trong nghin cu ta thu th p cc dng
khc nhau v thng tin nh ca. iu ny thin v cc kha cnh sau:
S phn b dn c trong cc lp tui (thanh nin, ngi gi v tr em).
Thng tin ny rt quan trng i vi vic nh gi kh nng d b tn
thng ca dn c.
S phn b dn c theo thi gian (ban ngy v ban m). y ng
c l
thng tin quan trng i vi c tnh thit hi dn s cho cc thm ha
tc thi nh ng t, bi cc hin tng ny gy ra cc thit hi khc
nhau ph thuc vo thi im chng xut hin.
Cc thng tin kinh t v dn c (ngh nghip, s lng nhn cng).
Thng tin ny cn c tnh nhng thit hi kinh t gin tip, do mt
mt v thu nhp.
Cc thng tin ngh nghip c tm tt trong bng sau:
Nhm
1. Lao ng
thng
ph
2. Cng nhn thi

v v bun bn nh
3. Cng nhn chnh

thc
4. Cc cng nhn k
nng cao v c lp
5. Thu nhp chuyn

i
M t
Nhng ngi ch lao ng cn sc khe v lao ng chn tay hn l k
nng v c o to. Nhm ngh ny bao gm cc hot ng ra v cp
thp thng l ngoi tri, i khi trn cc n v di ng (bao gm t v
xe p) v thng din ra gn khu dn c v di chuy n qu tn km. Cc
cng vic ny c thu nhp hng ngy vi lng bp bnh v khng c quy
nh v nhy cm cao vi iu kin thi tit v l lt. Nhng hot ng tm
thy trong khu vc nghin cu v c phn thnh cc nhm tng
ng: mang vc hng ha, ngi iu vn xe la, sn xut v ng gi
thc phm
Tng ng vi mt nhm lao ng khng chuyn vi k nng hoc kin
thc c bit; cng vic ny nhn cc dch v v lao ng hng ngy,
thng l ngi lm ngh t do, khng c hp ng v quyn li chnh
thc. Cc dch v c thc hin n tng nh hoc ti nh cng nhn v
thng tr thu nhp bp bnh v khng quy tc. Nhng hot ng c
thc hin bi mt nhm cng nhn nhy cm vi cao vi iu kin thi tit
v l lt (xem Hnh). Tuy nhin mt vi ngi trong s h tr cc quyn li
cao hn sau bo v lt trong qu trnh phc hi.
Bao gm cc cng nhn c knng/ c o to thng lm trong iu
kin chnh thc cho cc doanh nghip va v ln, cc ca hng v khu
cng nghip. Hp ng di hn hoc ngn hn tr cho h thu nhp n
nh, thm ch trong sut trn bo hay
l l t; du vy vn khng phi l
tin lng cao.
Bao gm i hc v cc cng nhn c k nng cao v chuyn su h u ht
thi gian h thc hin vic kinh doanh ca mnh hoc c hp th t c
quan chnh ph v khu cng nghip. Thu nhp ca h n nh v u n
v khng chu nh hng ca thi tit, l lt hay bo
Nhm ny c m t bng cc n v gia nh nhn s h tr v kinh t
t ngun ngoi hoc tr cp. Ngi thn lao ng ngoi nc hoc trong
cc thnh ph ln (v d Manila) lun cung cp s h tr bng cch gi
tin hng thng nui sng gia nh t i Naga. Tin gi t cc lao
ng ngoi c xu hng u n v thng c tng ln gip gia
nh h trong cc ln l lt hay bo
Hnh: cc v d v cc cng nhn t nhm 1 v nhm 2. Bn tri: mt ch th git, Bn

phi: con ph bn rong, c hai u i ph vi ma bo trong ma ma
Trong bi tp ny chng ta s ch tp trung vo vic c tnh din tch trung bnh trn
mt ngi trn dng s dng t. y l thng tin quan trng i vi cc th tc nh
gi kh nng d b tn thng v ri ro m ta s tin hnh sau . Chng ta s bt
u tnh ton t bng khng gian sn trn ngi trn nh. Chng ta phi s dng cc
kch bn ban ngy v ban m v cc ta nh c s lng ngi khc nhau hin din
trong cc kch bn ny. Mt vi ta nh, nh tr ng hc, thm ch khng c bt c
ngi no hin din ban m nhng li rt nhiu vo bui ngy.
Trong bng PGIS_survey, hy kim tra tng s ngi c mt ban ngy v

so snh vi ban m. iu g to nn s khc bit?
Tng s ngi
Tng khng gian

sn theo m2
Khng gian sn
trung bnh/ngi
Ban ngy
Ban m
Gi y ta s tnh ton khng gian sn trn ngi trn nh trong sut ban ngy v
ban m.
Trong bng PGIS_survey, hy tnh khng gian sn/ngi ban ngy s dng
phng trnh:
Floorspace_person_day:=Floorspace/nr_people_daytime
(hy chc chn h s chnh xc bng 0.1)
Floorspace_person_night:=Floorspace/nr_people_nighttime
Hy kim tra kt qu ca bn. Dng s dng t no c khng gian
sn/ngi thp nht? Ghi ch xung di 5 dng .
Khng gian sn tinh theo m2/ngi

Ban ngy
Ban m
Dng s dng t
Thng tin v khng gian sn trn ngi i vi cc kch bn ban ngy v ban m gi
l trung bnh trn dng s dng t. Cc kt qu c lu trong bng Landuse. Sau
ta c th m rng thng tin ny trn phn cn li ca khu vc, i vi cc ta nh
cng dng s dng t.
Trong bng PGIS_survey, s dng hm kt hp tnh khng gian sn

trung bnh/ngi ban ngy. Group the information by Landuse , v lu kt
qu l Avg_Floorspace_person_day..
Hy thc hin iu tng t vi khng gian sn/ngi ban n. Lu kt qu
trong bng Landuse vi ct tn l Avg_Floorspace_person_night.
M bng Landuse v kim tra kt qu ca bn. Dng s dng t no c
khng gian sn/ngi thp nht? Loi s dng t no khng c bt c
thng tin thu c t mu?
c th lin kt cc bn nh ca ny ca ton b thnh ph chng ta s cn phi

in vo bng ny cho cc dng s dng t b thiu khc.
Trong bng di y hy c gng thc hin mt c tnh ca khng gian

sn/ngi/dng s dng t cho cc lp thiu. Mt vi dng bn c th in
trc tip l 0, v chng khng c ngi no. i vi dng khc s kh hn.
Kho st PGIS cng ln cc gi tr s c cng tt.
Tn
Com_business
Com_hotel
Com_market
Com_shop
lnd_hazardous
lnd_industries
lnd_waterhouse
lns_fire
lns_hospital
lns_office
lns_poilce
M t
Vn phng kinh doanh

Khch sn
Khu vc thng mi: khu vc ch
Cc ca hng thng mi v siu th
Cc kho hoc nh xng cha vt liu
nguy him
Cc khu cng nghip
Kho hng v phn xng
i cu ha
Bnh vin
Ta nh vn phng
n cnh st
Khng gian sn trung bnh/

ngi, v: m2
Ban ngy
Ban m
lns_school
Pub_cemetery
Pub_cutural
Pub_electricity
Pub_religious
Rec_flat_area
Rec_park
Rec_stadium
Res_large
Res_mod_single
Res_multi
Res_small_single
Res_squatter
River
Khng xc nh
Vac_car
Vac_construction
Vac_damaged
Vac_shrubs
C quan: trng hc
Ngha trang
C quan: cc ta nh vn ha chng
hn bo tng, nh ht
H thng in
Cc cng trnh tn gio chng hn nh
th, n cha
Gii tr: khu vc bng phng hoc sn
bng
Gii tr: khu vc cng vin
Gii tr: sn vn ng
Dn c: cc ngi nh ln
Dn c: cc h gia nh trung bnh
Dn c: t hp cc ta nh
Dn c: cc h gia nh nh
Dn c: cc ngi nh tng lp thp:
khu vc nhp c
Sng
Trng khng: im xe v nh ch xe
bus
Khu vc trng khng c chun b cho
xy dng
Khu vc gn y b thit hi do cc bin
c tai bin
t trng vi cy bi, cy v c
Mt khi bn in vo bng ny, bn c th chuyn chng n bng Landuse trong

ILWIS, trong ct AVG_Floorspace_person_day v
AVG_Floorspace_person_night
Hy m bng Building v ni vi bng Landuse. c trong hai ct.

Gi bn c th lm mt bn thuc tnh ca dn c ban ngy v ban m
i vi ton b thnh ph
Bao nhiu ngi trong RiskCity ban ngy v ban m?
Phn C: S dng PGIS nh gi cc vn trt l t

Khu vc cng c mt s vng ln cn c mt vi vn v trt l t. Trong
thnh ph nhiu khu dn c xy dng ngay trn cc sn dc. Hu ht y l khu vc
ngi nhp c, vi cc cng trnh xy dng khng php, v tng dn qua hng nm.
Chnh quyn RiskCity cung cp in nc hu ht cc khu vc ny. Cc khu vc
ngi nhp c trong nhng sn dc ny thng xuyn phi hng chu cc trn trt
l t trong sut ma ma. Khi cc sn dc ng, nh ca c xy dng bng cch
o vo trong sn ni, v cc ta nh c xy trn sn dc, v ci nh n gi u
ln nh kia. V th m trt l t thng bt u trong mt phn nhng khi chng di
chuyn xung di sn dc s nh hng ti nhiu nh ca. iu ny c minh ha
bng hnh di y.
Hnh: Cc mu c trng ca trt l t nh hng n khu vc dn nhp c c

xy dng trn sn dc
Hy tm ra s lng cc ta nh trong khu vc dn nhp c m c phn b trn cc
sn dc (ln hn 30 )
Hy tm ra s lng nh trong khu vc dn nhp c phn b trn sn dc

(>30 ).
Bn cn cc bn sau tm ra: Buildings (c thuc tnh s dng t.
Hay chc rng raster ha bn ny trc)and Slope_cl (lp sn dc).
Hy t mnh tm ra phng php thc hin iu ny.
Dng s dng t
Khu vc dn nhp c
S lng nh
Mc d trt l t l mt vn thc s trong cc khu dn c, nhng chnh quyn

khng h c nhiu n lc trong vic nh gi cc vn trt l t hoc thc hin
cc bin php gim nh ri ro. Nh cm quyn ch yu phn ng ch khi no thm
ha xy ra, m khng c hot ng trong vic chun b ng ph v bn v thin tai.
C mt s cc T chc phi chnh ph ang lm vic vi cc cng ng a phng
trong vic nh gi ri ro lin quan ti trt l t.
Trong mt vi vng ln cn h tin hnh cc d n lp bn cng ng, nh kt qu
c a ra di y
Hnh: Mt v d c trng v bn cng ng c v trong sut mt cuc

hi tho ch ra cc vn n trt l t ti mt trong cc khu vc lin k
Khng may thay nhng bn ny khng h c lu trong PGIS, v cn c dch
u tin thnh mt bn c s m c mt thng s trc a thch hp. Trong khu
chng trnh ca d n chng ta, ta ti n hnh bi tp thnh lp bn cng ng
ti mt trong nhng vng ln cn ca RiskCity vi cc vn trt l t gay go nht.
Hy tm tn ca cc vng ln cn ni m bn c thc hin.

Cc khu vc ln cn trn bn Wards, v v tr ca cc cuc phng vn
trong bn PGIS_Locations.
Trong thnh lp bn PGIS, ngoi phn chung c cp n trn, ta cng c

yu cu trong cc cuc phng vn c dn d h c tng tri qua cc vn vi trt
l t hay khng. Cc cu tr li c dch vo trong cc lp sau y:
Lp
ngha
Khng c g
Khng quan st c vt nt trn nh, v vt nt trong t. Ch nh
khng lo lng g v cc vn trt l t.
Nh
Mt vi vt nt trn nh, v ngi nh nm trong khu vc d xy ra
trt l t
Trung bnh
Nh v mt phn t c nhiu vt nt. Ch ra du hiu r rng v s
dch chuyn ca t. Cc bin php cp bch n nh sn dc cn
c thc hin.
Mnh lit
Nh chu thit hi v cu trc mnh m do s dch chuyn ca t. C
nhiu khe nt trn nh v t. Trong tng lai ngi nh c th sp
, v ta nha nn c b i
Sp
Ta nh sp do chuyn ng ca trt l t. Ngi ch khng th
khi phc l nh ca.
T cc cu tr li c cc khu dn c a ra, c th xem cc phn nht nh m c
th gip xc nh cc vn trt l chnh trong khu vc.
Hy tm dng thit hai lin quan n trt l t trong khu vc ln cn c

phng vn.
Hin th bn im PGIS_Locations l bn thuc tnh v a ra thuc
tnh Landslide_damage trn nh c phn gii cao.
Bn c th kt lun g v v tr ca cc khu vc c kh nng trt l, v cc
khu vc ny c lin quan n cc khu vc ln cn nh th no?
Bn c th phn bit c cc khu vc trt l da trn bn PGIS khng?
Mt trong nhng T chc phi chnh ph ang hot ng tch cc trong khu vc ln cn
cng vi c dn a phng gip h trong vic kim sot cc vn trt l
t. H thc hin iu ny bng cch s dng cc cch tip cn sau y:
T chc mt vi cuc hi tho vi a phng hiu v bn bc v cc
vn trt l t v chng nh hng nh th no n cuc sng hng
ngy.
Mt y ban khn cp c thnh lp vi hu ht cc thnh vin hot
ng n t cng ng. Hn 70% h l n. H c kin thc a phng
tt do l ngi ang sng trong khu vc, v cc vn ang xy ra. H
c o to cung cp s tr gip c bn n nhng ngi dn a
phng, v d trong trng hp cc vn y t v vi s sinh . Khi khu
vc qu dc, trong sut ma ma, khng th i li c trn cc con
ng dc nh vy. Mi ngi ang sng trong nhng phn thp hn v
th khng th no di chuyn nh ca h trong trng hp khn cp, v
h nht nh khng th c di chuyn trn cng trong tnh trng khn
cp ti cc trung tm y t nm trn nh sn dc. V th s gip ca
c dn a phng l ti quan trng.
Cc T chc phi chnh ph cung cp cc vt liu xy nh c bn cho
khu vc ln cn v o to vic xy dng cc tng chn n gin c
xy dng gia cc nh. Hnh sau y minh ha iu ny
Hnh: S tr gip nhm gim nh ri ro do trt l t gy ra da trn

cng ng ti RiskCity. Bn tri: cc tng chn n gian c xy dng
bi ngi dn a phng vi cc vt liu xy dng cung cp bi NGO. Bn
phi: cc trang thit b c NGO tng cho vic nh gi ri ro tai bin:
dng c o ma, thit b lin lc v.v
Cng ng khn cp cng thng trc a ra cc cnh bo trt l i

vi cng ng trong khu vc ln cn. H c cho cc dng c o ma
n gin, v c o to ghi li lng ma v lng ma tch t
khng qu 3 ngy. Khi lng ma vt qua mt ngng gi tr xc nh
trc 60 mm trong 3 ngy, sau , h thng chuyn sang bo ng
vng, n chuyn sang Bo ng khi mt vi trt l nh xy ra. Ti
tnh trng ny cng ng a phng bt u cc th tc di tn. Vic di
tn s tip tc cho ti khi lng ma tch ly b t u t hn 60 mm sau
ba ngy. Hnh di y cng cp mt bng n gin v cc th tc di tn
(nhn c t Oxfam, ESFRA, ISMUGUA, Guatemala)
Hnh: H thng bo ng n gin i vi vic chun b i ph vi trt l t

c cng ng a phng vn hnh vi s gip ca NGO (ngun : Oxfam,
ESFRA, ISMUGUA, Guatemala).
Ta c thng tin t cc trm o ma a phng, c gi l Rainfall_Station, nm
ti gia cc khu vc c kh nng trt l. Chng ta s s dng thng tin ny quyt
nh mc bo ng nh c a ra trong hnh trn
Hy hin th Rainfall_station trn bn Buildings v thm bn im

PGIS_Location vo , ci m bn hin th vi thuc tinh
Landslide_damage.
M bng Rainfall_record, v s dng s biu th trn tnh ton mc
bo ng i vi nhng ngy trong bn ghi ma.
Hy tnh lng ma tch t qua 3 ngy s dng phng trnh:
Rain2=Rain+Rain[%R-1]
Rain3=Rain+Rain[%R-1]+Rain[%R-2]
Yellow_Alert:=
iff((Rain>60)or(rain2>60)or(Rain3>60),Yellow_alert,No_alert).
tnh ton Orange alert:
Orange_Alert:=iff((Yellow_Alert=Yellow_alert)and(rain>20),Orange_al
ert,Yellow_alert)
Bao nhiu ngy c Red alert?
Vit kt qu vo bng sau:

Mc bo ng
S ngy
Bao nhiu ngy khng lm

vic
Bo ng vng
Bo ng da cam
Bo ng
Phn D: S dng PGIS nh gi cc vn l lt

Trong sut nghin cu ca PGIS chiu cao l lt ca cc bin c lch s khng
c ghi li theo cm, nhng theo cch ngi dn chng minh n. Bng di y ch ra
cc mc tham kho c tm ra trong mt vi hot ng thc a v mt vi ngi
s dng lm ch th v cp n su mc nc l.
Mc su l lt tham kho da trn
cng ng tng ng vi cc phn c
th ngi
Su n mt c chn
Su n u gi
Su n hng
Su n ngc
Su ngang u
Ngp tng 1
Ngp tng 2
Mc nc tng ng tnh theo cm

<20cm
40-50cm
50-100cm
100-150cm
150-250cm
250-350cm
>350cm
Nh bn bc trong sut cc cuc hi tho, s khc bit trung bnh 10cm chiu cao
gia nam v n c th xc nh s khc bit trong vic nhn thc v tai bin. gim
thiu s bt tin ny, iu ny c th a ra cc su mc nc c mi ngi
tham gia tn thnh v r rng, hn l a ra cc gi tr tuyt i hoc qu chnh xc.
Hnh: Phng php o su l lt tham kho da trn cng ng

theo cm trong hi tho
Chng ta s nh gi cc kin thc a phng v l lt ca ba bin c m ngi dn
a phng vn cn nh r rng nht:
Bin c chnh t nm 1998, y l mt trn l tn kh c nht trong khu
vc, v ph h y mt s lng ln nh ca. Cc nh ca b ph hy
trong sut bin c ny c minh ha trong bng vi s dng t :
Vac_damaged. i vi cc ta nh ny vn c th thu c chiu cao
mc nc trong sut bin c t nhng ngi dn sng ti khu vc ln
cn, v cng l d ng nh c th khi phc li c. Tuy nhin, thng tin
dn c c th khng phc hi li c
Cc bin c chnh, nhng nh hn, x y ra nm 1993. Nhiu ngi
khng th nh c trn l lt ny tt nh nh trn lt nm 1998, cng
bi v mt s ngi khng sng trong khu vc vo thi im .
Cc bin c hin ti v nh xy ra nm 2007. Khi y l s kin cui
cng, ngi dn a phng c th nh c tt chiu cao l l t ca s
kin ny.
Hy m bng PGIS_Survey v phn tch s lng thi im mi mt lp

c cp n.
S dng ct Column, Aggregate v chn ct Remember_flood_1993. S
dng hm: Count, Group by: Remember_flood_1993. Lu kt qu trong
bng Water_heights, ct: Number_1993. Hy thc hin iu tng t i
vi l lt nm 1998 v 2007.
Hy m bng Water_heights v so snh cc kt qu. Hy vit cc s lng
trong bng sau y.
Bn c th kt lun c g t iu ny?
Chiu cao mc nc
S ln c cp S ln c cp S ln c cp
n trong bin c n trong bin c n trong bin c
1993
1997
2007
Khng th nh
Khng c l
Mt c
u gi
Hng
Ngc
u
Tng 1
Tng 2
Tng
Ba bin c l lt ny khng th c nh tng t nhau. u l l do cho iu ny?
i vi ba bin c cng nh mt m hnh l c tin hnh, v ba bn chiu cao
mc nc l c to ra: Flood_100y tng ng vi bin b nm 1998, Flood_50y
vi nm 1993 v Flood_10y lin quan n bin c nm 2007.
Hy hin th bn Flood_10y, v chng bn m nh vi nh ca nm

1997 (Buildings_situation_1997). ng
C
hi n th bn im
PGIS_Location, v chn thuc tnh Remember_flood_1998.
Hy m Pixel infomation v thm bn Flood_100y, Flood_50y,
Flood_10y v bn im PGIS_Location. Hy so snh thng tin
a
phng vi cc m hnh kt qu.
Bn c th kt lun c g?
Vic so snh th cng thng tin a phng v ba trn l ny vi ba bn c m

hnh (Flood_100y, Flood_50y and Flood_10y) khng phi lc no cng d dng,
v chng c hai h thng o c khc nhau (chiu cao mc nc theo m v chiu cao
mc nc theo con ngi). so snh chng th tt hn ht hy chuyn thng tin
cng ng sang dng mt.
Hy m bng Water_heights v thm mt ct Height_in_m (Gi tr, nh

nht:0, ln nht: 15, chnh xc: 0.01).
Hy in vo cc gi tr mc nc trung bnh i vi mi lp. V d. Mt c:
0.1, u gi: 0.35 v.v.
Hy ng bng Water_heights v m bng PGIS_Survey. Gi hy Ni vi
bng Water_height v ct Height_in_m v group by
Remember_flood_1993. Gi ct u ra: Water_height_1993.
Thc hin tng t vi nm 1998 v 2007.
M Pixel infomation mt ln na v kim tra d liu i vi ba bn l lt.
Cui cng chng ta cng c th tnh s ng thun gia cc kt qu c m hnh

v cc kt qu ca PGIS. Chng ta c th thc hin bng cch giao bn im vi
bn l lt, nhng trong ILWIS cng c th c c cc thng tin t bn l lt
i vi ton b cc im, bng bn im PGIS_Location. Chng ta c la chn:
Open as Table
Nhp chut phi trn bn PGIS_Location v chn option: Open As Table.

Gi bn im m nh mt bng, v bn c th thy h ta ca mi
mt im.
Bn c th c cc gi tr ca bn i vi cc ta c th s dng
phng trnh sau
( xem c dng lnh, vo View v chn Command
Line):
Water_Height_50y:=Mapvalue(Flood_50y, Coordinate)
Thc hin iu tng t vi cc trn l lt 100 nm v 10 nm.
Hy ng bn im PGIS_Location li v m bng PGIS_Survey. Ni vi
bn im PGIS_Location v c ba ct bn va lp.
By gi bn c hai dng thng tin trong cng mt bng bn c th tnh ton
s khc bit:
Difference_50y:=Water_height_1993 Water_height_50y
Hy vit cc s khc bit trong bng di y. Bn c th kt lun c g?
S khc nhau trong

chiu cao mc nc
gia PGIS v m
hnh cho :
1993 (50 nm l
lt)
1998 (100 nm l
lt)
2007 (10 nm l
lt)
Thp nht
Cao nht
Trung bnh
lch chun
Bi tp 5a. To ng cong kh nng tn thng
Thi gian d kin:

D liu:
Nhim v:
3 gi
d liu t th mc :/exercise05a
Trong bi tp ny, chng ta s hc cch thc hin nh gi thit hi do l lt
bng cch s dng hm su-thit hi. Chng s ly t d liu PGIS cc
tham s tnh ton hm su-thit hi .
D liu u vo
D liu cho bi tp ny bao gm cc bn v cc bng lin quan n: 1) Kiu nh ca, 2) su
nc ngp, 3) thng tin lin quan n tc ng ca l lt ln nh ca t iu tra cng cng.
Bng/Bn
Buildings (M/T)
Waterdepth_1998 (M)
Ct
S dng t
Din tch
S tng
Din tch mt sn
su nc ngp
(0.00 m)
Gii thch
Miu t v cc nhm nh ca
Din tch nh ca tnh theo m2
S lng tng
Tng din tch mt sn (mt sn*s tng)
Bn su c tnh ton s dng d liu u
ra ca m hnh m phng l lt HEC-RAS.
PGIS_Survey (T)
PGIS_Location (M)
Bn im ch ra v tr cc im iu tra ca
PGIS
nh gi thit hi do l l t c th c thc hin theo kiu bn nh lng. Ngha l thi t hi phi

c nh lng trn mi loi ca ci da theo mc tp hp c chn nh gi. Hm giai onthit hi miu t gii php hiu qu nht lin quan n cc tham s thit hi do ngp lt trong cc
m hnh nh gi thit hi (Krzysztofowicz and Davis, 1983a; Krzysztofowicz and Davis, 1983b)
Bc A: Ly cc tham s tn thng t iu tra ca PGIS

Cc bc theo, ta s hc cch xy dng hm su-thit hi
Hm giai oncho cc kiu nh ca khc nhau. Hm su-thit hi l mt
thit hi l hm
kiu c th ca hm giai on-thit hi lin quan n t l mt
ton hc biu
mt/thit hi do su nc lt. Hm giai on-thit hi xc
din mi quan
h gia mc
nh s lng, thng qua cc biu thc ton hc, t l thit hi
thit hi v cc
bin i nh th no vi s bin i ca tham s l lt.; do
tham s l lt:
cc hm ny thng c p dng trong nh gi thit hi bn
hnh d i ch ra
nh lng do l l t. Cc hm ny biu din kh nng tn
2
kiu
chc
thng ca mi yu t chu ri ro bng tham s xc nh khi
nng tnh tr ng
thit hi
bin c ngp lt tc ng. Cc yu t chu ri ro c nhm li
da theo mc tp hp m chng ta mun thc hin khi nh
gi ri ro. Cc yu t chu ri ro m ch cc kiu nh ca (nh
g mt tng, nh n xy bng va gch, nh b tng ct thp nhiu tng, v.v)
hoc cc yu t c th tp hp thnh cc n v nh , thng mi, cng nghip, v
nng nghip. Trong hnh X.X, 2 kiu hm tnh trng-thit hi c a ra: 2 th
pha trn lin quan n thit hi nh bng b tng do ngp nc c biu din theo
phn trm; 2 th bn di biu din mi quan h gia thit hi v thi gian ngp
cho cc nhm cy trng khc nhau. (Dutta et al., 2003).
Hm giai on-thit hi c ly theo 2 cch: th nht gm s tnh ton hm s da

trn d liu thit hi do ngp lt trc y; th hai s tnh ton hm s t s phn
tch da trn: nh gi da trn kin thc chuyn gia v cc nhm ca ci, iu tra
bng bn cu hi, v s tp hp thng tin v cc n v ca ci hoc nhm thm ph.
Trong trng hp th hai, hm c gi l hm giai on-thit hi tng hp.
Chng ta thu thp thng tin cn thit xy dng cc hm s t cc cuc iu tra ca
PGIS. D liu thu thp c s lu tr trong mt bng gi l iu tra PGIS; cc d
liu ny lin quan n tai bin trt l v l lt, nhng chng ta s ch s dng d lin
quan n ba trn lt lch s xut hin trong nm 1993, 1998, 2008. Bng ny c 200
v tr phng vn, mi v tr lin quan n mt ta nh; cc ID t F001 n F100 tp
trung vo bin c l lt; mi bn ghi c mt kt qu trung bnh ca cc bn tr li v
nh gi c lng ca tt c cc h gia nh m sng hc t ng sng lc xy ra
thin tai trong cc ngi nh ring. Cc cu hi tp trung mc nc ngp, thit hi gy
ra, tnh trng ca con ngi, xe c, v nh ca trong mi quan h vi cng ca
nc ngp cng ca trn l. Cc cu tr li s c bin din li bng code
cng ng d hiu v d dng tnh ton sau ny.
M bng: PGIS_Survey v kim tra ni dung cc ct. Vit li bn di kiu

domian ca mi ct lin quan (class, identifier, boolean, value):
1) Landuse:____________
2) Building_type: _________
3) Nr_floors: _________
4) Waterheight_1998: _______
5) Flood_effect: ________
Waterheight_1998: domain ny lin quan n su nc ngp, Lm th
no bn c th xc nh cc khong tng ng vi cc mc ngp khc
nhau? Vit xung pha di.
1) Mt c chn: t_____n____ mt
2) u gi: t_____n_____mt
3) Hng: t____n____mt
4) Ngc: t_____n_____mt
5) u: t_____n_____mt
6) Ngp ht tng mt: t____n_____mt
7) Ngp ht tng hai: t_____n_____mt
Bng ny c lin kt vi bn im PGIS_Location m biu din v tr mi cuc

phng vn trong RiskCity. u tin chng ta phi kim tra v tr ca cc cuc phng
vn trong mi quan h vi quy m trn lt; hin th v tr iu tra vi bn ngp lt
giai on 100 nm li y.
M cc bn sau y:
1) PGIS_Location: Kim tra thuc tnh m bn c lin kt vi bng
PGIS_Survey.
2) Trong ca s ny thm bn Flood_100y ( trong sut =50) Viewer >
layers > add layer.
3) Thm bn polygon buildings
4) Thm bn polyline Building_situation_1977
Cc ngi nh trong bn 1977 nhng khng c trong bn polygon l cc
ton nh b ph hy hon ton hoc b h hi hon ton v th b b hoang.
C khong bao nhiu ngi nh b ph hy bi trn l nm 1998.
Gi chng ta c th bt u chit xut hm su-thit hi. D liu thit hi c lu
tr bng ny lin quan n trn lt nghim trng xut hin trong 1998, ng cong
su-thit hi c tnh ton da trn c s cc d liu ca bng. u tin bn cn
phi xut d liu bng PGIS_Survey sang Exel. Ch ly nhng bn ghi lin quan n l
lt. Bn c th lm theo 2 cch: bn c th m bng trong ILWIS, chn v copy cc
dng F001 n F100 sau paste chung thnh bng tnh trong Exel; hoc bn c th
xut ton b bng bng cch nhp chut phi vo bng chn export; bn nh l phi
chn file xut ra nh dng DBF. Mt khi bn c bng d liu trong Exel th cn phi
xa cc d liu khng cn thit ca phn bi tp ny. V bng tnh ca bn cn phi
ging nh bng v d di y.
Bc B: Tnh ton hm giai on thit hi cho tt c cc

ngi nh.
tnh ton ng cong su-thit hi chng ta s dng cc bn ghi thit hi nh
hng n cc ngi nh; d liu c lu tr trong bng m bn va xut nm ct
Flood_damage. Ct ny ghi li cc thit hi do l l t nm 1998. Chng ta cn tnh
ton gi tr trung bnh v thit hi ca mi khong cao.
Sp xp cc bn ghi cao nc l nm 1998 trong Exel: chn ct bn phi v n

vo nt trong vng trn trong hnh x.x
Tnh ton gi tr trung bnh ca mi khong cao mc nc. Nhp vo Function

(vng trn mu xanh trong hnh x.x) v chn average.
Khong
Mt c chn
u gi
Hng
Ngc
u
Ngp tng 1
Ngp tng 2
cao mt nc
(m)
0-0.2
0.2-0.5
0.5-1.0
1.0-1.5
1.5-2.5
2.5-3.5
> 3.5
Trng tm ca
khong cao
0.1
0.35
0.75
1.25
2.0
3.0
5
Trung bnh thit

hi
To trong Exel mt bng vi t nht 2 ct cui cng; bng ny c s dng biu

din kt qu trong th trc X/Y. Thm 1 hng pha trn v 1 hng pha di nh
l hnh pha di. Hng u tin th hin v tr m trong cc ngi nh khng b
ngp, dng cui cng th hin ch ngp rt su hn 7m; chng ta coi khi nc ngp
ln hn hoc bng 7m, thit hi trung bnh ca tt c cc kiu nh l 90% (iu ny
c tnh ton thng qua cc phng php khc)
Gi chng phi xy dng mt th

trong Exel s dng cc gi tr trng tm
ca mi khong cao l gi tr ct X
v trung bnh thit hi l gi tr ct Y.
M Graphics menu trong Excel bng
cch nhp vo biu tng trong vng
trn mu xanh trong hnh x.x. Chn XY
Scatter v nhp vo next; sau vo
th series; thm dy mi v in vo
pha phi ca s nh hng dn.
1. Chn gi tr X v chn ni
bn
l u tr ng tm ca
khong mt c chn v
pha trn (cc mu xanh
dng trong bng)
2. Chn gi tr Y v chn ni
bn lu gi tr trung bnh
thit hi cho khong cao
kia v pha trn (cc
mu xanh l trong bng)
Theo cch ny tt c cc khong cao (t mt c chn n 7m hoc hn) v hin
th ln th. Nu bn khng thy ng th, nhp chut phi vo mi cp im
chn format data series, v, trong pattern thm ng . ng th s ging
vi hnh bn di.
Bc tip theo s iu chnh hng ng ca mi dy. Nhp chut phi vo mi cp

im, v chn add trend line. Trong Type menu chose linear function v trong
Option menu chn display equation on chart (cho dy Mt c chn chn c Set
intercept =0).
Lp li vi tt c cc dy v cui cng bn phi c cc ng i qua cc im v cc
phng trnh ca cc dy ging nh hnh di y.
M hnh cc hm phc tp ny biu din li s thay i ca t l thit hi ca tt c

cc ta nh (th hin theo phn trm) trong mi quan h vi su nc ngp. Vi 8
phng trnh c hin th trong biu chng c th vit lnh trong ILWIS tnh
ton thit hi cho tt c cc ta nh b nh hng bi bt c trn lt no.
Trc , chng ta cn phi nh gi ngi nh no b l lt trong trn l nm 1998.
Chng ta cn bit nhng ngi nh no b lt bin c v cao nc ngp trong mi
ngi nh.
Trong
ILWIS, raster ha bn polygon Buildings v chng n ln

Flood_100y th hin li su nc l nm 1998. t tn bng chng
ln flooded_buildings: bng ny ch ra mi ta nh khc c mc
ngp khc nhau da theo bn tai bin.
M bng flooded_buildings v tnh cao mc nc ln nht trn cc

ta nh (chng ta chn s dng mc nc cao nht, nhng mt phng
php khc c th s dng mc nc trung bnh). Trong Column menu
chn aggregation. Trong aggregation menu chn Column =
flood_100y; chn Funtion l Maximum; nhm l Buildings. t tn ct
l Max_waterdepth_per_building.
M bng Buildings v ni ct mi Max_waterdepth_per_building bn va

mi to trong bng flooded_buildings. Gi bn c cao nc ngp cho
mi ta nh trong trn lt nm 1998
Gi chng ta c th p dng trc tip vo ILWIS hm su-thit hi to trc y

bng cch chy tp lnh di nhng n gin trong bng Buildings. Mc ch l p
dng cc phng trnh khc nhau c s dung tnh ton cc khong mc nc
khc nhau.
M bng Buildings mt ln na v, trong phn vit lnh ny vit mt tp
lnh tnh ton thit hi theo cch sau: nu cao mc nc di 0.1m (l

trng tm ca khong cao Mt c chn) th p dng phng trnh lin
quan, nu khng th, nu cao mc nc nh hn 0.35m (trng tm ca
khong cao u gi) p dng phng trnh m thu c v khong
cao ny v tng t nh vy cho cc khong cao khc. Cc phng
trnh l ny c tnh ton trc. Di y l tp lnh . Nhng trc
tin hy bn th vit on ny lnh ny.
Damage_per_building= IFF(Max_waterdepth_per_building <=0.1, 60 *

Max_waterdepth_per_building,
IFF(Max_waterdepth_per_building<=0.35,Max_waterdepth_per_building*36
+2.4,
IFF(Max_waterdepth_per_building<=0.75,Max_waterdepth_per_building*27.
5+5.375,
IFF(Max_waterdepth_per_building<=1.25,Max_waterdepth_per_building*26
+6.5,
IFF(Max_waterdepth_per_building<=2, Max_waterdepth_per_building*24+9,
IFF(Max_waterdepth_per_building<=3,Max_waterdepth_per_building*20+17
,
IFF(Max_waterdepth_per_building <=5,Max_waterdepth_per_building+74,
IFF(Max_waterdepth_per_building<=7,Max_waterdepth_per_building*5.5+5
1.5, 90))))))))
Trong iu chnh ct nh phi chn precision = 1 !
Mi khi tnh ton ct Damage_per_building bn c th hin th mc thit hi bng

cch s dng bn raster Buildings. Nhp chut phi vo bn trong ILWIS v
chn Display Options. Chn damage_per_building (xem bn bn di)
Nu bn kim tra cn thn kt qu ny, bn c th tm thy nhiu mu thun khc

nhau. Kim tra t l thit hi v su mc nc ca cc ta nh sau y trong b ng
Building
M ngi nh
Cch s dng
su mc nc
Thit hi
B_15425
B_14910
B_27688
B_28591
Bn c kt lun g t bng trn? L kt qu tha ng v c ngha?
Tt c cc ngi nh c tnh ton vi cc c im ging nhau v s tng nh khng
a vo tnh ton. Nhng khu nh tm c n l mt tng c mc thit hi khng
ging vi nh b tng ct thp 4 tng. ci tin cch lm chng ta cn chn mc
tp hp nh hn. V d chng ta c th bt u tnh ton cc hm su-thit hi ch
cho nhng nh tm c trong khu dn c. Phn gii thiu sau y ch ra cch lm ngn
gn tnh ton cc hm cho squatters, nu bn c thi gian v bn quan tm n n
hy c phn nhim v di y.
Bi tp nng cao
Copy bng PGIS_Survey vo Exel mt ln na. Sp xp theo ID v xa cc

bn ghi lin quan n thit hi trt l. Gi sp xp cc bn ghi theo cch
s dng t (Landuse) v ch lu Res_squatter v Vac_damaged. Xa
tt c cc bn ghi m khng phi l Wood and other scrap materials hoc
Brick in mud. Cui cng sp xp chung theo s tng. Chng ta cho
squatters lm bng g hoc gch va v chng ta cn a vo tnh ton c
nh b sp (vacdamaged).
Gi bn c th chia danh sch thnh chui: nh 1 tng, 2 tng, 3 tng.

Vi mi chui bn phi tnh ton cc hm su-thit hi bng cch lm
sau y c gii thch phn trc. Mt khi bn c phng trnh v cc

ng, hy vit tp lnh (script code) cho ILWIS ging nh tp lnh di
y s dng cho tt c cc ta nh nh vch ra.
To
trong bng Buildings mt ct mi gi l Maxwd_squatter_1 vi

dng lnh sau y
Maxwd_squatter_1:=IFF((Landuse= Res_quatter) AND (nr_floors = 1),
Max_waterdepth_per_building,?)
Gi bn c su mc nc ch cho squatter 1 tng, lp li tng t vi
squatters 2 tng v 3 tng.
p dng hm su-thit hi bn ly 3 ct mi to v cng ht cc kt

qu trong mt ct gi l Squatters_damage.
So snh kt qu vi bn thit hi trc
Di y, cc th ca squatters c ch ra to iu kin thun li cho nhim v

nng cao. Trong mi th phng trnh ca mi ng ca mi khong cao c
lit k. Nu bn khng mun t tnh ton, s dng nhng ci di y.
on m lnh trong ILWIS tnh ton cho mi tng c a ra pha di; kim tra cn
thn tn ca mi bn nu bn mun s dng cc on m ny, chng c tnh
ton s dng cc ct v cc bn c tn khng ging vi cc bn u vo ca
bi tp, thch nghi vi cc cu lnh c th l mt bi tp hu ch.
One floor squatters: IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 0.1,

100*Maxwd_squatter,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 0.35, 60*Maxwd_squatter
+4,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 0.75, 37.5*Maxwd_squatter+11.875,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<=1.25,
30*Maxwd_squatter + 17.5,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 2, 38.667*Maxwd_squatter +
6.6667,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 3,11.556*Maxwd_squatter+60.889,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 5,
2.0722*Maxwd_squatter+89.339,100)))))))
Two floors squatters: IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 0.75,
40*Maxwd_squatter,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<=1.25, 15*Maxwd_squatter + 18.75,
IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 2, 30*Maxwd_squatter,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 3,
20*Maxwd_squatter+20,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 5, 5*Maxwd_squatter
+65,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 7, 5*Maxwd_squatter+65, 100))))))))
Three floors squatters: IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 0.1,
50*Maxwd_squatter,IFF(Maxwd_squatter<=3, 22.414*Maxwd_squatter + 2.7586,
IFF(Maxwd_squatter<= 7, 7.5*Maxwd_squatter + 47.5, 100)))
Ti liu tham kho v c thm
Dutta, D., Herath, S. and Musiake, K., 2003. A mathematical model for flood loss estimation.
Journal of Hydrology, 277(1-2): 24-49.
Krzysztofowicz, R. and Davis, D.R., 1983a. Category-Unit Loss Functions for Flood ForecastResponse System Evaluation. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 19(6): 1476-1480.
Krzysztofowicz, R. and Davis, D.R., 1983b. A Methodology for Evaluation of Flood ForecastResponse Systems 1. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 19(6): 1476.
Bi tp 5b. nh gi a Tiu chun Khng gian trong nh

gi tn thng v ri ro nh lng.
Thi gian d kin:
D liu:
Nhim v:
3 gi
D liu t th mc:/exercise05b
Trong bi tp ny, bn s to mt s thng s ch th cho tn thng x hi,
da vo cc n v hnh chnh khc nhau. Cc bn thng s ch th ca
tn thng t nhin cng c thnh lp, cng nh mt s ch s kh nng.
Cc thng s ch th v tn thng x hi v t nhin c kt hp thnh ch
s tn thng chung s dng trong nh gi a Ch tiu Khng gian
Gii thiu
nh gi a ch tiu khng gian l mt cng ngh m cho php cc bn lin quan
trong vic to quyt nh v cc mc tiu c th (trong trng hp ny l nh gi ri
ro nh lng). y l mt cng c l tng cc nhm to quyt nh r rng, bng
cch s dng cc ch tiu khng gian, m c kt hp v hoch nh cho mc tiu
chung. thc hin cc phn tch trong khu vc nghin cu RiskCity, s dng module
SMCE trong ILWIS (ITC,2001). D liu u vo l mt b cc bn l m t v
khng gian ca cc ch tiu, m c nhm, tiu chun ha v t khi lng trong
cy ch tiu. Nn tng l thuyt nh gi a ch tiu da vo l Qu trnh Phn cp
Phn tch (AHP) c Saaty (1980) pht trin.
Trong cc phn tch cc bc tin hnh nh sau. u tin, vn c cu
trc thnh mt mc tiu chnh (nh gi ri ro nh lng) v mt s cc
mc tiu ph. Cc mc tiu ph quan trng c xc nh l Tn thng x
hi, tn thng cng ng, tn thng t nhin v Kh nng. Tng quan v
cc ch tiu s dng cho mi mc tiu ph c di thiu hnh 4. Mi mc
tiu ph ny c mt s cc ch tiu xc nh m o c hiu sut ca mc
tiu. Mt khi cc ch tiu c xc nh, mt cy ch tiu s c lp ra, n
s th hin s phn cp, mc tiu chnh, mc tiu ph v cc ch tiu. Mi ch
tiu to mt lin kt vi thng tin thuc tnh v khng gian lin quan. Trong
khu vc RiskCity, ch tiu tn thng v ch tiu kh nng c lin kt n 3
cp khng gian khc nhau: n v bn , khu vc v qun trong thnh ph.
V cc ch tiu thng nm trong cc nh dng khc nhau (tn, th t,
khong khng gian v.v) nn chng c tnh t 0 n 1. Cc nhm ch tiu
c t khi lng khc vi nhau, sau cc ch tiu thuc cng mt nhm
v thm ch c chnh cc mc tiu cng c t khi lng, bng cch s
dng hoc phng php so snh tng i hoc phng php xp hng. Mt
khi vic tiu chun ha v t khi lng xong, mt bn ch s tng hp c
tnh ton cho mi mc tiu ph, v thm ch bn ri ro nh lng cng c thnh
lp, v phn chia thnh mt s nhm.
D liu cho bi tp ny c lu tr trong mt s bng m c lin kt vi cc bn
polygon ca ba cp qun l hnh chnh khc nhau: Mapping_units (cp phn chia
nh nht ch yu l cc l nh theo ph), Wards (vng ln cn ca thnh ph) v
(ton b thnh ph chia ra lm 5 qun).
Ba n v hnh chnh ny c c thng tin thuc tnh khc nhau lin quan n tng n
v. V d, thng tin nhn khu ca thnh ph ch c cp qun. Thng tin tht nghip
c cp khu vc (trong thnh ph), ngc li thng tin v mc ngho i v cu

trc x hi c sn cp l nh.
Cng c th c 4 cp phn chia, thm cp cc ta nh c th (map
Building_map), tuy nhin cp ny chng ta khng c bt c thng tin lin quan
no c th s dng nh thng s ch th trong nh gi a Tiu chun Khng gian
D liu u vo
D liu sau y c s dng trong bi tp.
Tn
Cc yu t chu ri ro
Mapping_units
Mapping_units
Kiu
Miu t
Polygon
Bng
Wards
Wards
Districts
Districts
Mt mt do cc kiu tai bin khc nhau
Flood_risk_buildings
Seismic_risk_buildings
Technological_risk_buildings
Landslide_risk_buildings
Flood_risk_population
Seismic_risk_ population
Technological_risk_ population
Landslide_risk_ population
D liu khc
High_res_image
Polygon
Cc l nh trong thnh ph
Bng cha thng tin thng k chung v s
ngi nh v ngi dng trong mt l nh
Khu vc trong thnh ph
Bng
Bng
Raster
Bng c kt qu v nh gi mt mt do
ngp lt, ng t, trt l v tai bin k
thut xy dng. y l kt qu ca cc bi
tp trc.
Bng c kt qu v nh gi mt mt do
ngp lt, ng t, trt l v tai bin k
thut xy dng. y l kt qu ca cc bi
tp trc.
nh phn gii cao ca khu vc
La chn thng s ch th v cch tip cn chung
M bn Mapping_units, v thm bn Wards, v Districts. Raster

ha cc bn ny, s dng georeference Somewhere.
S dng PixelInformation tm kim thng tin t cc thuc tnh lin kt
n cc bn ny.
Trong s cc d liu ny chng ta s to ra bn b thng s ch tiu sau y:

1. Cc thng s tn thng x hi, c ch ra bng 1, nh l:
Phn trm tr em
Phn trm ngi cao tui
Mt dn s ban ngy
Mt dn s ban m
Phn trm cc nhm thiu s
Phn trm cc h gia nh cha hoc m c thn
Phn trm cc h gia nh sng di mc ngho
T l bit ch
2. Cc thng s tn thng cng ng (ch ra trong bng 2)
S ngi nm trong vng tai bin l lt, vi cc tn sut lp li khc nhau, v vi c kch bn ngy
v m.
S ngi nm trong vng tai bin trt l, vi nhy cm trt l khc nhau v vi c kch bn
ngy v m.
S ngi nm trong vng tai bin k thut, vi nhy trt l khc nhau v vi c kch bn ngy
v m.
S ngi nm trong vng tai bin ng t, vi tn sut lp li v cng khc nhau v vi c

kch bn ngy v m.
3. Cc thng s tn thng vt l (ch ra trong bng 3)
S ngi nh nm trong vng tai bin l lt, vi tn sut lp li khc nhau
S ngi nh nm trong vng tai bin trt l, vi nhy cm trt l khc nhau.
S ngi nh nm trong vng tai bin k thut, vi nhy cm trt l khc nhau.
S ngi nh nm trong vng tai bin ng t, vi tn sut lp li v cng khc nhau.

4. Thng s kh nng
Nhn thc
RI RO = TAI BIN * TN THNG

KH NNG
Trong bi tp ny, chng ta s dng quan h ri ro nh ch

ra bn tri. Chng ti mun bao gm c tnh tn thng v
kh nng. Kh nng th hin cc ngun hot ng v qun l
tch cc v cc bc gim thiu cc tc nhn ri ro.
Bng 1: Tng quan v d liu c sn cho nh gi tn thng x hi

Bn
Qun
Khu
vc
n v
bn
Bng
Qun
Qun
Qun
Qun
Qun
Ct
Age_under_4
Age_4_to_12
Age_12_18
Age_18_24
Age_24_65
M t
Phn trm
Phn trm
Phn trm
Phn trm
Phn trm
Qun
Age_over_65
Phn trm ngi ngh hu
Qun
Minor
Phn trm dn s l cc nhm thiu s
Khu vc
Nr_buildings
S ngi nh trong mt khu vc
Khu vc
Daytime_population
Dn s ban ngy trong mt khu vc
Khu vc
Nighttime_population
Dn s ban m trong mt khu vc
Khu vc
Unemployment
T l tht nghip trong mt khu vc
Khu vc
Literacy_rate
T l bit ch trong mt khu vc
n v bn
Pred_landuse
Cch s dng t chim u th trong mt khu vc
n v bn
PerVacant
Phn trm cc n v bn m b trng v c th s

dng lm ni tr n, nu n c right landuse
tr em cha n tui n trng

tr em tui hc tiu hc
tr v thnh nin tui hc cp 2
thanh nin, theo hc cp hc cao hn
dn s tui lao ng
n v bn
Percent_single_household
Phn trm h gia nh c thn trn n v bn
n v bn
Poverty_level
Phn trm dn s sng di mc ngho trong n v bn
Phn thng s ch th tn thng x h i, chng ta ly t thng s ch th tn thng

cng ng c a ra bng di
Bng 2: Tng quan v cc d liu c sn cho tn thng cng ng
Bn
Bng:
Cc n
v bn
Ch
th:
Ri ro l
cho
lt
con ngi
Bng:
Cc n
v bn
Ch
th:
ro
Ri
trt
l
cho
con
ngi
Cc n
v bn
Ch
th:
ri ro k
thut cho
con ngi
Cc n
v bn
Ch
th:
ro
ri
ng t
cho
con
ngi
Bng
Ct
Day_pop_aff_10_year
Day_pop_aff_50_year
Night_pop_aff_10_year
Night_pop_aff_50_year
Landslide_risk_population
Pop_night_high
Pop_night_moderate
Pop_night_low
Pop_day_high
Pop_day_moderate
Pop_day_low
Lng ngi sng vng c nhy cm

trt l cao, thp v trung bnh vo ban
m
Lng ngi sng vng c nhy cm
trt l cao, thp v trung bnh vo ban
ngy
Technological_risk_population
Pop_day_sc1
Pop_night_sc1
Pop_day_sc2
Pop_night_sc2
Seimic_risk_population
VI_night_pop
VII_ night_pop
VIII_night_pop
IX_ night_pop
VI_day_pop
VII_ day_pop
VIII_ day _pop
IX_ day _pop
Lng ngi trong khu vc m b nh

hng bi pool fire vo ban ngy
Lng ngi trong khu vc m b nh
hng bi pool fire vo ban m
Lng ngi trong khu vc b nh hng
bi BLEVE (v n) vo ban ngy
Lng ngi trong khu vc b nh hng
bi BLEVE (v n) vo ban m
S ngi trong nh ca ta nh b sp
di cc trn ng t VI-IX vo ban
m
Landslide_risk_population
Seimic_risk_population
M t
Lng ngi b nh hng vo ban ngy
bi trn lt trong khong thi gian 10
nm v 50 nm
Lng ngi b nh hng vo ban m
bi trn lt trong khong thi gian 10
nm v 50 nm
S ngi trong nh ca ta nh b sp
di cc trn ng t VI-IX vo ban
ngy
Phn thng s th ba l cc thng s ch th tn thng vt l, ch ra bng 3.

Bng 3: Tng quan d liu c sn cho tn thng vt l
Bn
n v
bn
n v
bn
n v
bn
n v
bn
Bng
Ct
Buildings_5_year
Buildings_10_year
Buildings_25_year
Buildings_50_year
Buildings_100_year
Nr_buildings_high
Nr_buildings_moderate
Techological_buildings
Nr_buildings_low
Nr_buildings_sc1
Techological_buildings
Nr_buildings_sc2
Seismic_risk_building
VI_collapse_max
VII_collapse_max
VIII_collapse_max
IX_collapse_max
M t
S nh b nh hng l lt trong khong 5 nm
S nh nm trong khu vc nhy cm trt l cao
S nh nm trong khu vc nhy cm trt l
trung bnh
S nh nm trong khu vc nhy cm trt l thp
S nh nm trong khu vc b nh hng bi pool
fire
S nh nm trong khu vc b nh hng bi
BLEVE
S nh c cho l b sp di cng ng t
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Bc tin hnh
S dng module SMCE ca ILWIS-GIS
thc hin m hnh bn nh lng.
ng dng SMCE gip v hng dn
ngi dng tin hnh nh gi a ch
tiu trong mt kiu khng gian (ITC,
2001). D liu u vo l mt b cc
bn l m t v khng gian ca cc
ch tiu m c nhm, tiu chun ha
v t khi lng trong cy ch tiu.
D liu u ra l mt hoc nhiu bn
ch s tng hp ch ra vic thc
hin m hnh. Nn tng l thuyt
nh gi a ch tiu da vo l Qu
trnh Phn cp Phn tch (AHP) c
Saaty (1980) pht trin
Chng ta lm theo cc bc c ch ra di dng biu di y:

Chng ta lp cu trc cc nhm ch tiu ch yu, trong Cc ch s tn thng x h i
chung, cc ch s tn thng x h i c th do tai bin, cc ch s tn thng t nhin
c th do tai bin, v ch s kh nng. Sau lm theo cc bc cn thit sau:
Bc 1: To trong SMCE mt cy ch tiu cho ch s tn thng x h i

chung, vi cc nhm tc nhn, s tiu chun ha ca cc tc nhn v s xc
nh khi lng bng cch s dng so snh tng i.
Bc 2: To trong SMCE mt cy ch tiu cho ch s tn thng x h i c

th do tai bin, vi cc nhm tc nhn lin quan ti cng ng b tc ng
bi thm ha ng t, trt l, ngp lt v k thut trong cc kch bn ban
ngy v bui ti, tiu chun ha ca cc nhn t v xc nh khi lng bng
cch s dng so snh tng i.
Bc 3: To trong SMCE mt cy ch tiu cho ch s tn thng t nhin

c th do tai bin, vi cc nhm tc nhn lin quan n nh ca b tc ng
bi cc kch bn thm ha ng t, trt l, l lt v k thut, tiu chun ha
cc tc nhn v xc nh khi lng bng cch s dng so snh tng i.
Bc 4: To trong SMCE mt cy ch tiu cho ch s nng lc, trong trng

hp c gii hn trong mt ch tiu: mc nhn thc.
Bc 5: Tng hp 4 b ch s trong mt ch s tn thng chung.

Ch : Cng c th tin hnh cc bc c lp v cng c th
b qua mt hoc nhiu bc. Nu bn ang thc hin cng mt
nhm, th cc thnh vin trong nhm c th lm c cc ch
ny.
Cng c th tin hnh phn tch y mt cy ch tiu (trang
tip theo). Tuy nhin, chng ti khuyn lm theo tng hp
phn ring nh miu t pha trn
C bi tp ny s tn
nhiu thi gian hon
thnh. V vy chng ti
ngh hon thnh t nht
phn 1 (ch s tn thng
x hi) v 4 (ch s kh
nng)
Cy ch tiu cui cng m cc bn lm trong bi tp s ging nh th ny
Phn A: Cc ch tiu tn thng x hi

Trong bc ny, chng ta to trong cng c nh gi a Tiu chun Khng gian
(SMCE) ca ILWIS cc vn di dng cy (problem tree) s dng nh gi ch
s tn thng x hi chung. Chng ti cho rng bn c kin thc c bn v SMCE,
v s khng gii thch nhiu v kin thc nn tng. Xin tham kho thm trong phn
help (gip ) ca ILWIS nu bn mun bit thm thng tin. Trong SMCE chung c
mt s bc:
1. Xc nh vn . Lp cu trc ca vn trong cy ch tiu, vi mt s
nhnh hoc nhm, v mt s tc nhn v/hoc nhng hn ch (constraints).
2. Tiu chun ha cc tc nhn. Tt c cc nhn t c th cc dng khc
nhau (tn, th t, khong thi gian hoc khng gian, v.v) v c tiu chun
ha thnh di t 0-1. SMCE c mt s cng c c ch cho d liu gi tr, n s
dng th bin i khc nhau.
3. t khi lng cc tc nhn trong mt nhm. SMCE c mt s cng c rt
hu ch chuyn ha t Qu trnh Phn cp Phn tch (AHP), nh l so snh
tng i v xp hng.
4. t khi lng nhm. tr thnh gi tr khi lng chung.
5. Phn loi cc kt qu
Di y chng ti s hng dn bn bng cc bc to cc ch s t thng x hi
chung. Sau bn c th t lm vi cc nhm khc.
A.1. Xc nh vn :
Cy ch tiu c to t cc tiu
chun sau:
Contraint: cc ch tiu ny c
s dng che i khu vc m
khng c mc tiu. Trong trng
hp ny l ni khng c tn
thng x
h i, bi v y
khng c ngi sng.
Tc nhn: l cc ch tiu ng
gp theo cch khc nhau cho
mc tiu (trong trng hp ny
l im d b tn thng x hi).
Chng ta c th nhm chng
thnh mt s mc tiu ph hoc
cc nhm.
S dng cc ch tiu no, sp xp chng th no? Thng l

nhng phn kh nht trong phng php ny.
Chn Operations / Raster Operations / Spatial
Multi Criteria Evaluation. Chn ty chn

Problem Analysis. Mt cy vn rng c
m ra
Thay i mc tiu:
Social_Vulnerability, v tn ca bn xut
ra ( pha phi) l Social_ Vulnerability.
Nhy
chut
phi
vo
Generic_Social_Vulnerabilily v chn Insert
group. Thm nhm: Age_related, Income
related, Ethnicity related, Social Structure
Related.
Bao gm cc tc nhn khc nhau cho cc ch
tiu, c ch ra di y bng cch nhp chut
phi vo ch tiu c th v chn vo cc tc
nhn khng gian
Bn cng c th thm constraint gi l Built-up area (khu

vc xy d ng). N l ct Boolean (ng hoc Sai) t bng
Mapping_unit, trong bn ch ra cho mi n v bn
c phi l khu vc c xy dng hay khng. lm c
iu ny u tin phi to ct Boolean trong bng Landuse,
sau ghp n vi bng Mapping_unit.
CU HI: Ngoi cc ch tiu a ra y, c ch s no khc m bn ngh c

th dng xc nh tn thng x h i? Cho v d v ch ra ni bn c th
tm thy d liu nh th, trong quc gia bn?
Tip theo bn phi phn chia d liu khng gian m c lin quan n mi ch tiu m
bn xc nh. Cc d liu ny ch yu l t cc bng, c lin kt vi cc bn
Mapping_units, Wards, v Districts. Tt c d liu lin quan n tui ch c
cp qun. Ch : cc khu vc c mu trong SMCE ngha l d liu cha c xc
nh.
Nhy p o khu vc mu bn cnh Young_children. Chn t bn

Districts ct: Age_under_4.
Tm thng tin khng gian lin quan n cc ch tiu khc, v kt qu c
ch ra bn di
Lu cy ch tiu l Generic_social_vuln
Cy ch tiu ging vi v d c ch ra pha
bn tri.
Ch : tt c cc phn c
mu cn c xc nh
trc khi bn tao bn xut
ra
A.2. Tiu chun ha cc tc nhn

Trong trng hp tt c cc tc nhn m chng ta s dng trong nh gi ny dng
gi tr v tt c u lu tr nh l thuc tnh ca bng thuc tnh lin vi mt trong
ba bn hnh chnh th chng ta cn phi tiu chun ha cc gi tr ny, v a
chng thnh di t 0 n 1.
Trong ca s SMCE, thay i kiu (mode) t Problem Definiton thnh

Multi Criteria Analysis. Gi bn c th bt u tiu chun ha.
Nhp p v vng mu 0.00_Young_children. Gi mt ca s m ra
trong mt th c hin th ph hp vi di gi tr ca d liu ca tc
nhn ny phm vi t 0-1.
Bn c th la chn mt s cch chia t l cc gi tr t 0 v 1. Hnh d i hin th ca

s tiu chun ha v cc ty chn khc.
Ln nht: Gi tr u vo c chia bng gi tr ln
nht ca bn
Khong: Hm tuyn tnh vi cc gi tr ln nht v
nh nht ca bn
Mc tiu: Hm tuyn tnh vi cc gi tr ln nht v
nh nht c th
Tuyn tnh phn on: hm tuyn tnh c 2 im
chn nm gia 2 cc
Li: Hm li vi mt gi tr c ngi dng xc
nh to ng cong
Lm: Hm lm vi mt gi tr c ngi dng xc
nh to ng cong
Hnh ch U: ng cong hnh ch U vi gi tr c
ngi dng xc nh gin hoc co ng cong
Hnh GaussianBell: ng cong vi gi tr c
ngi dng xc nh gin hoc co ng cong
Khi chn cc ranh gii tiu chun ha, bn phi xem xt mc ch ca bc t

khi lng v tiu chun ha (trong trng hp ny l tn thng x h i), v bin s
c bit ny lin quan n chng nh th no. Trong trng hp ny: phn trm tr
em trong mt khu vc cng cao th tn thng cng ng cng ln. Hoc trng hp
khc, bn c th s dng mt ng thng n gin, gia 0 v gi tr ln nht. Trong
nhiu trng hp, gi tr ln nht c th l gi tr ln hn gi tr ln nht m bn
thng tm c. Vd nh gi mt mt ca cng ng, bn c th cho bt c gi tr
ln hn 20 l cao (20 l gi tr cao nht m bn thng tm thy), v coi l 1.
Trong trng hp bn chn ty chn Mc tiu (Goal), bn c th t t gi tr.
Chn ty chn Goal v thay i s b nht trc X bng 0 v ln nht bng

20 vi bin Elderly_people
Tiu chun ha theo cch ny vi cc bin khc
Sau khi tiu chun ha tt c cc nhn t, cy tiu chun ca bn s ging nh nh

bn di. Cc thanh mu s ch ra cc im m bn cn phi t khi lng.
Tiu chun ha th no?
Bn phi t xc nh cc phm v tiu chun
ha. Xem xt mi tc nhn: cn bao nhiu gi
tr coi n l tn thng? V d, phn trm
ngi cao tui trn mt n v bn l bao
nhiu tr thnh gi tr 1 (tn thng cao
nht). Cc gi tr ngng ny thng c xc
nh trong qu trnh to quyt nh ca nhm
thng qua hi tho v.v Bn hy tho lun v
cc gi tr ngng vi ngi bn cnh.
A.3. Xc nh khi lng gia cc tc nhn

Khi lng
Khi lng lun l gi tr gia
0 v 1
Khi lng khng c l s
m
Tng khi lng cc tc nhn
trong mt nhm bng 1
Khi nhm ch c 1 tc nhn,
tc nhn s bng 1
Constraints khng c tnh
n trong qu trnh t khi
lng
Bc th 3 trong l xc nh khi lng gia cc tc nhn khc

nhau. c th l cc tc nhn trong cng nhm (vd 2 tc
nhn Young_childern v Elderly_people trong cng nhm
Age ealated), hoc l khi lng trong cc nhm (vd Age
related vi Income related). C 2 nhm c cng mt tc
nhn, v vy khi lng ca 2 nhm ny l 1 (Minority v
Single parent household). quyt nh t khi lng trong
SMCE s dng 3 phng php khc nhau:
Khi lng trc tip (bn t khi lng trc tip

trong mt bng)
So snh tng i (bn so snh cc cp nhn t, v

da vo s thng nht trong s la chn ca bn v
ngha lin kt m t gi tr nh lng cho cc tc
nhn.
Xp hng (bn xp hng tng i cc nhn t, v

phn mm s chuyn i chng thnh khi lng)
Trong bi tp ny, chng ta s dng cch so snh tng i
Nhp chut phi v nhm nhn t mu Age ralated, v chn Weight.

Chn: Pairwise
Xc nh trong tn thng x hi, phn trm tr em quan trng hn phn trm
ngi gi hay bng hoc t hn. Tho lun iu ny vi ngi bn cnh hoc
nhm ca bn
Nhp p vo vng mu xanh tip theo age related v in age_ralated; n

enter. Nhp p vo tn bn v to bn . Xem kt qu
Tiu chun ha tng t vi cc nhm khc vd Income related v to cc bn
trung gian cho Income related, Etnicity related, v Social structure related.
Cy ch tiu s ging nh hnh bn
tri
A.4. Xc nh khi lng gia cc nhm

Bc th t l xc nh khi lng gia cc nhm (vd Age related vi Income
related). C 4 nhm trong v d. Trong bi tp ny s dng phng php so snh
tng i, nhng bn c th th cc phng php khc
Nhp chut phi vo ng mu pha trn Social vulnerability

indicators, v chn Weight. Chn: Pairwise
Xc nh cho mi s kt hp mt ngha lin kt (xem bn di). Tho lun
vi ngi bn cnh hoc nhm ca bn.
Cy ch tiu kt qu s ging nh hnh bn d i (nhng khi lng s khc, da vo

ngha bn t cho cc nhm tc nhn)
Gi bn c tt c thng s tnh ton bn kt qu
Nhp chut phi vo biu tng bn Social_vulnerability, v chn Generate

selected item.
Hin th bn kt qu. S dng Pixel Info so snh bn kt qu vi bn u
ra. Bn c th iu chnh tiu chun ha v khi lng nu bn mun.
Cu hi
Bn c th kt lun ci g t
m hnh tn thng x
h i
ny
Phn B. Ch s tn thng cng ng c th do tai bin

Trong phn ny bn s to cc bn cn thit cho cc ch s tn thng cng ng
s dng phn tch a ch tiu khng gian. Cng ng b nh hng do thm ha ng
t, trt l, ngp lt v k thut trong kch bn vo ban ngy v ban m s c
kt hp thnh mt loi tn thng cng ng.
B.1 Chun b bn u vo
Trong bc ny chng ta s to bn cn cho phn tch a ch tiu khng gian.
Trong phn mm SMCE mi bng cha cc ct c dng nh cc ch s v bng ny
c lin kt vi cc bn raster. V hu ht cc bng thuc tnh c kt qu mt mt
ca cng ng v nh ca v lin kt vi bn mapping_units, nn chng ta cn
copy bn ny ra lm nhiu ln, mi bng s hu mt bn .
Raster ha cc bn polygon Mapping_units, Wards, v Districts bng

cch s dng Georeference Somewhere nu cc bn ny cha c
raster ha.
Chn bn mapping_units v chn Edit/ copy Object to v chn New
Name. t tn file l Flood_risk_buildings.
Thay i thuc tnh ca bn raster Flood_risk_buildings, v lin kt
bn vi bng Flood_risk_buildings.
Lp li tng t vi tt c cc file trong bng lit k di y, v t tn
chng nh tn bng
Bng 4: copy bng raster Mapping_units cho cc bng sau, lin kt mi bn vi

mt bng v t tn bn ging tn bng
Tn bng
Seismic_risk_buildings
Seismic_risk_population
Technological_risk_buildings
Landslide_risk_ population
B.2 To cy ch tiu
Mt khi bn u vo c to ra, bn c th bt u to cy ch tiu v cc phn
tch a ch tiu. V cc bc thc hin c gii thch phn trc, nn chng ti s
khng lp li y mt ln na.
To mt cy ch tiu mi: Population_Vulnerability, v t tn file tng

t.
Thm cc nhm tc nhn c th: Earthquake_losses, Landslide_losses,
Flood_losses, Technological_losses.
Trong mi kiu tai bin, c 2 nhm ph: Nighttime losses, v Daytime
losses.
a vo cc kch bn lin quan nht cho mi kiu tai bin. Vd, cho ng
t, ch thm kch bn IX l . Bn c th so snh cc kch bn ca mnh
vi hnh bn di, nhng bn khng phi lm chnh xc theo hnh.
B.3 Tiu chun ha v t khi lng

Mi khi cy tiu chun c to, bn c th xc nh cc thuc tnh lin quan v bt
u tiu chun ha. V cc bc thc hin c gii thch chng trc nn chng
ti khng gii thch li
Chn cc thuc tnh lin quan t ct Population risk c lin kt vi bn

Mapping_units ca tai bin ng t, trt l, ngp lt v k thut.
Tiu chun ha tt c cc ct, bng cch s dng chung hm Goal v d nh gi tr bng
100 khi mt mt tin ti 1.
t khi lng cho mt mt ban ngy-ban m, s dng mt gi tr khi lng l 0.5
S dng phng php so snh tng i cho tai bin v tnh trng tai bin m bn thy quan
trng hn cc tai bin khc
To bn u ra Population_vulnerability, v nh gi cn thn kt qu. Nu cn, th
iu chnh li cy ch tiu. V d v cy ch tiu c a ra pha di
Bn c ngh r ng cc ch s trong bi tp tt cho nh gi tn thng khng? Bn c
kin khc khng?
Phn C. Ch s tn thng t nhin c th do tai bin

Trong phn ny, bn s to cc bn cn thit cho cc ch s tn thng t nhin c
th do tai bin bng cch s dng phn tch a ch tiu khng gian. Bc ny nh
gi s lng ngi nh b thm ha ng t, trt l, ngp lt v k thut gy nh
hng v c gii thch bi tp phn 6. phn ny, chng ta s kt hp chng
thnh mt ch s tn thng t nhin.
To mt cy ch tiu: Physical_Vulnerability, v tn file xut ra cng tng t

Thm cc nhm tc nhn: Earth_losses, Landslide_loses, Flood_losses,
Techonological_losses.
Trong mi kiu tai bin, tt c cc kch bn u c tnh ton. V d, cho ng t, thm
cc kch bn c cng VI, VII, VIII v IX.
Chn cc thuc tnh lin quan t cc ct Building risk c lin kt n cc bn ca
cc n v bn cho ng t, trt l, l lt v k thut.
Tiu chun ha tt c cc ct, s dng cng mt hm Goal v d nh gi tr bng 25 khi
mt ci tin ti 1.
S dng phng php so snh tng i cho cc kch bn trong mi loi tai bin
S dng phng php so snh tng i so snh cc tai bin khc nhau v tnh trng ca
tai bin m bn thy n quan trng hn cc tai bin khc.
To bn u ra Physical_vulnerability, v nh gi cn thn kt qu. Nu cn thit,
iu chnh cy ch tiu. V d v cy ch tiu c a ra bn di
Phn D. Ch s kh nng
Ch s tn thng tng hp cng cha mt ch s lin quan n kh nng. Kh nng
th hin ngun qun l v hot ng r rng v cc b c thc hin gim thiu cc
tc nhn ri ro. Dn n lm gim thiu tn thng. Trong khu vc nghin cu ca
chng ta , chng ti ch s dng mt ch s kh nng duy nht : mc nhn thc,
th hin bng t l bit ch.
Ch s kh nng nn ngc li vi cc ch s tn thng khc. Nh cng thc:
RI RO = TAI BIN * TN THNG
KH NNG
Ngha l trong cc ch tiu tn thng, gi tr cao hn th t n thng ln hn, nhng
chng ta mun ch s kh nng ch ra cho chng ta bit rng gi tr cao hn th kh
nng s tt hn. Sau , khi kt hp cc gi tr, chng ta s chia ch s tn thng
cho ch s kh nng, da theo cng thc trn.
To mt cy ch tiu mi: Capacity, v t tn file tng t.

Thm nhm: Disaster_Awareness.
Di nhm ny to thm mt tc nhn: Literacy_rate Chn ct
Literacy_rate t bng Wards.
Tiu chun ha tc nhn, nh rng gi tr ca t l bit ch cao dn n gi
tr ca ch s kh nng cng cao.
To bn Kh nng u ra v xem xt cn thn kt qu
Phn E. Kt hp ch s tn thng v kh nng

Ch s tn thng tng hp c tnh bng cch kt hp bn ch s m chng ta
tnh:
Social_Vulnerability (Part A)
Population_Vulnerability (Part B)
Physical_Vulnerability (Part C)
Capacity (Part D)
C th tng hp tt c 4 ch s trong SMCE. Tuy nhin, v ch s Kh nng c ngha
ngc vi ch s tn thng, v th chng ta kt hp 2 ch s tn thng trc, v sau
chia chng vi ch s kh nng, theo cng thc.
To cy ch tiu mi: Total_vulnerability v t tn tng t

Thm 3 tc nhn: Social_vulnerability, Population_vulnerability, v
Physical_vulnerability
Lin kt chng vi 3 bn m lm phn A, B v C
Tiu chun ha 3 tc nhn, v s dng phng php so snh tng i
xc nh trng lng.
To bn u ra c tn Total_vulnerability.
Vit dng lnh nh di y:
Overall_vulnerability:= Total_Vulnerability/Capacity
S dng gi tr domain v chnh xc l 0.1
Phn loi bn u ra thnh ba lp v nh gi cn thn kt qu. (To
mt biu t Overall_vulnerability v chn 3 nhm
KHU VC NO TN THNG LN NHT?
Bi tr li: nh gi a Tiu chun Khng gian cho

nh gi ri ro nh lng
5.2 Cc ch s tn thng x hi chung
5.2.1 Xc nh vn :
Cu hi: Ngoi tr cc ch tiu c y, cc ch s no m bn ngh c th s
dng trong qu trnh xc nh tn thng x h i? Cho bit mt s v d, v ch ra ni
bn c th tm thy cc d liu nh vy, trong quc gia bn.
Tr li: Ngi tn tt (t ngi bo v sc khe ca chnh quyn a phng hoc
chnh ph), gia nh c hn 6 ng i (t chnh quyn a phng hoc iu tra dn s),
s ph n (t chnh quyn a phng)
5.2.2. Tiu chun ha cc tc nhn

Hnh pha d i ch ra php tiu chun ha c s dng trong bi tp. Nh bn thy chng
c s dng cc phng php khc nhau. y l mt trong nhng cch tiu chun ha kh
thi v hu nh nh gi ca chnh bn s khc.
Di mc ngho kh
Tht nghip
Cu trc x hi lin quan
H gia nh b m c thn
5.2.3. Xc nh khi lng gia cc nhn t

xc nh khi lng gia cc nhn t, s dng phng php so snh tng i so snh mt i
tc nhn da theo cc lp nh lng lin quan v sau kim tra bc nh gi nh lng tip theo
c chia theo la chn ca bn. Pha di l bn kt qu Age_related_map theo phng php so
snh tng i
i vi tnh cch dn tc lin quan v c cu lin quan ch c mt tc nhn nhng chng ti

khng trnh by bn raster kt qu y.
5.2.4 Xc nh khi lng gia cc nhm
C th trong s so snh ca bn mt s tc nhn tr nn mu thun. iu ny rt c th xy ra khi trong cy ch

tiu c nhiu tc nhn. V d nu bn chn A>B>C, chng ta nn chn c A>C nu khng s l bt thng
T m hnh v tn thng x h i, c th nhn thy rng hu ht cc khu vc tn thng nm trong

mi quan h ca cc qun Europe v Australia vi cc gi tr ln nht ca kiu s dng t
residential_squatter.
5.3 Ch s tn thng cng ng c th do tai bin

Hnh di y hin th hp thuc tnh ca Flood_risk_buildings, bn c th thy rng bng thuc tnh
c lin kt thay i
Hp di y th hin cch tiu chun ha v cc gi tr s dng cho cc ch s
Khi lng gia cc nhm c coi nh tng ng nhau v c th coi tm quan trng tng ng
nhau khi cc kiu tai bin khc nhau xy ra. Ni cch khc, ch s lng ngi b nh hng (da theo
kiu tiu chun ha c to) mi quyt nh gi tr tn thng cng ng.
Bn tn thng cng ng c hin th pha di y.
Bn c ngh r ng cc thng s c a vo tnh ton

l cc ch s tt cho nh gi tn thng
cha? Bn c sng kin no khc khng?
S ngi b nh hng trong mt kch bn c th hin trn mt n v bn . Ngha l cc n v
bn c trng cho s ngi tng ng nhng khc v s lng, nhng phi xem xt cn thn vi
cc ch s tn thng tng t. Cn mt cch khc l mt ngi b nh hng trn mt n v bn
(chia s ngi b nh hng vi din tch ca n v bn ).
5.4 Ch s tn thng t nhin c th do tai bin

To cy ch tiu
Tiu chun ha v t khi lng

Vi tiu chun ha , s dng kiu tiu chun ha goal v gi tr l 25
Trong khi so snh cc tc nhn, mi kch bn u c so snh theo kiu cng trc t quan trng
hn cc mc cng cao hn tip theo (cho trng hp ng t).
So snh tng i thit hi do ng t
So snh tng i thit hi do trt l
So snh tng i thit hi do ngp lt
So snh tng i thit hi do k thut
t khi lng gia cc nhm
Cy tn thng t nhin s ging nh trong nh di (c th gi tr ca bn s khc)
5.5 Ch s kh nng
Di y s ch ra cc phng php nh gi khong cch t mi n v bn ti bnh vin
1. To bn thuc tnh v bnh

vin (l bn ngun nh
gi khong cch)
2. To bn
khi lng
3. Thnh lp bn khong
cch (distance_hopitals)
Chng ta nh gi kho ng cch dc theo ph, theo tng pixel. Chng ta cn bit khong cch gia
mi n v bn v bnh vin. lm nh vy chng ta phi giao cc n v bn vi bn
Distance_hospital. Nhng s c bt c kt qu no v Distance_hospital c tnh dc theo ph, v
khng ct vi cc n v bn . V l do chng ta ph i lm rng t nht l 1 pixel kch c ca n
v bn v cc n v bn ct vi Distance_hospital. Hai nh bn di gii thch cch lm. Ch
n ng ranh gii mu en trong hnh mapping_units.
Khong cch t mi n v bn ti bnh vin c ch ra bn bn di. Nh bn thy c mt

s n v bn khng xc nh c khong cch. Xy ra iu ny do cc n v khng c
ng bao quanh. (C th gn cho cc n v bn ny mt gi tr khong cch vi bnh vin, bng
cch s dng b lc gp nhm (majority), nhng ln ny s dng bn distance_MU_hospital.
Cc
n
v
bn
cch
bnh
vin
xa
nht
hu
ht
khu
vc
TyBc
KH NNG THM VO: a vo tnh ton kh nng khc di chuyn xuyn qua n v bn
M bng Landuse, to mt ct mi t tn
l Cross_resistance, s dng domain gi
tr, c di gi tr t -1 n 1, v chnh
xc n 0.1. t gi tr cho mi kiu s
dng t, nh rng 0 l khng i qua c
v 1 l t trng. S dng c gi tr trung
gian. Bn c th s dng cc gi tr c ch
ra bn tri hoc t gn gi tr
M bng Mapping_units v ghp vi ct

Cross_resistance t bng landuse. t tn
tng t vi ct xut ra
To mt bn thuc tnh cho ct
Cross_resistance t bn mapping_units
v gi l cross_resistance.
Chng ta cn gn cho cc gi tr khng xc
nh c (trong trng hp ny l con
ph) gia tr bng 1 (c th hon ton di
chuyn c)
Weight_cross:=iff(isundef(Cross_resistance),1,Cross
_resistance)
Trong bn Weight_cross pha bn tri. Khu vc mu

l khu vc t do di chuyn, trong khi khu vc mu
xanh th khng di chuyn c. Khu vc mu cam th
kh di chuyn.
Chng ta s s dng bn ny l khi lng tnh
ton khong cch t bnh vin.
Vo distance calculate trong danh sch operation ca ILWIS. Chn bn

Hospital l source map, v Weight_cross l weight map v t tn bn
u ra l Distance_hospital_weighted.
Hin th bn Distance_hospital_weighted v kim tra thng tin pixel.
Bn c ngh y l cch tnh ton ci tin.
Khi bn nhn vo bn Distance_hospital_weighted c mt s n v bn cc ln (v d nh t

trng cy bi mc) m c coi nh l n v trong mapcalculation. Ngha l trong cc khu vc ny c
gi tr khng thc t. Trong v d di y, l cc n v bn c gi tri khong cch 35m t
bnh vin. Ni cch khc, gi tr ny s ging nhau vi tt c cc v tr trong n v bn v cn gy
nh hng n cc khu vc khc (thc t cc khu vc gn vi cc n v bn ny c gi tr khong
t 30 n 40).
Du sao, chng ti mun gn gi tr ny n cc n v bn v sau so snh kt qu.

Chng ta cn lm cc bc tng t nh on trc (giao bn mapping_units_grow vi bn
Distance_hospital_weighted).
Vo
operations,
raster
operations,
cross
v
chn
mapping_units_grow, v Distance_hospital_weighted. t tn
bng xut ra l Mapping_units_G_W.
Gi vo bng mapping_units v ghp vi
Distance_hospital_weighted. S dng hm nh nht (minium) v
t tn ct Distance_MU_H_weighted
Thng thng hy cn nhc trong mt s trng hp m bn c th di chuyn xuyn qua cc n v

bn , th ng lm tng khong cch n bnh vin na. Nu mun kim tra khong cch mi n
v bn gim c bao nhiu
M bng mapping_units v g cng thc

check_wheight:=iff(distance_hospital_weighted>distance_hospital,1,0)
v kim tram ct d liu xut ra, nu chng c gi tr 1 th ng thay i
tnh ton khong cch thu c khi giao vi n v bn , g cng thc

Meters_gained:=Distance_hospital-Distance_hospital_weighted
To bn thuc tnh Meters_gained v kim tra kt qu
y khng phi mt phng php hay, v n s ai vi thc t. V vy chng ti ngh s dng phng
php c dng on trc.
ADDITIONAL TIP: Gi chng ta tnh ton khong cch t trm cu ha v n cnh st. Cc bc
lm ging nh s dng cho tnh ton khong cch t bnh vin.
Fire_station
Tnh ton ct Fire_station trong bng mapping_units, theo cng thc sau:
fire_station:=iff(Emergency_centers="fire_station",Emergency_centers,?)
To bn thuc tnh Fire_station t ct ny v bn raster

Mapping_units.
Chng c bn Weight t cc bi tp trc, v vy cn phi xut n ra mt

ln na. Chng ta c th tnh ton trc tip khong cch ngay trn
fire_station. Vo trong distance operation, v chn Fire_station nh source
map v Weight nh weight map. t tn d liu xut ra
distance_firestation.
Giao bn mapping_unit_grow vi distance_firestation. t tn file l

map_grow_fire.
M bng mapping_units v ghp vi bng map_grow_fire. c trong ct

distance_hospital v t tn d liu l Distance_MU_fire. S dng hm
minimum.
To mt bn thuc tnh Distance_MU_fire v t tn file tng t.
Police_station:
Tnh ton ct Police_station trong bng mapping_units, theo cng thc sau:
Police_station:=iff(Emergency_centers="Police_station",Emergency_centers,?)
To bn thuc tnh Police_station t ct ny v bn raster Mapping_units.
Vo trong distance operation, v chn Police_station nh source map v Weight

nh weight map. t tn d liu xut ra distance_Police.
Giao bn mapping_unit_grow vi distance_Police. t tn file l

map_grow_Police.
M bng mapping_units v ghp vi bng map_grow_Police. c trong ct

distance_Police v t tn d liu l Distance_MU_Police. S dng hm
minimum.
To mt bn thuc tnh Distance_MU_Police v t tn file tng t.
To ch s kh nng vi SMCE
nh bn di cho ta thy cch tiu chun ha khong cch ti bnh vin (Distance to hopitals).
a mt gi tr thp vo cc n v bn xa nht, chng ta s dng hm chi ph (cost). Nh bn
thy vi la chn ny hm s ngc vi la chn li ch (benefit)
Ch
ng
thng
trong nh
c h s
gc m
Nh bn thy cch tiu chun ha nhn thc c xu hng ngc vi tiu chun ha khong cch t
bnh vin v thng dng hm li ch (benefit)
Chng ti coi khong cch t bnh vin quan trng hn t l nhn thc. Kim tra hnh di y
Kt hp 2 tc nhn kh nng to bn kh nng ging nh hnh di y
y chng ta ch xem xet n khong cch n bnh vin. Bi tp sau y s bao gm c cc bn

khong cch khc.
* Dnh cho nhng ngi thnh tho ILWIS

Trong cy kh nng bao gm c bn khong cch t trm cu ha v n
cnh st
To cy SMCE khc gi l Capacity_improved. t tn file ging nh th.
To cy ny ging nh cy kh nng bi tp trc
Thm
vo
distance_emergency_centers
2
tc
nhn
na:
Distance_policestation, Distance_firestation.
Tiu chun ha cc nhn t v sau l cc nhm.
Lp bn Capacity_improved cui cng, hin th kt qu v so snh vi

bn Capacity lm bi tp trc.
So snh tng i mt gia khong cch cc trung tm khn cp c a ra di y
5.6 Kt hp ch s tn thng v kh nng

Vi cch tiu chun ha trong cy tc nhn tn thng, ta s dng hm ln nht (maximum). Kim
tra nh di y hiu cc gi tr s dng t khi lng.
Trc khi ti phn loi nh v cc nhm ri ro hy xem biu nh c phn loi
Biu ca qualitative_risk
C th tham kho cc nhm c chn ca domain qualitative_risk_SMCE trong nh di y
nh pha di hin th mt bn ri ro nh lng ti phn loi. Mu l ri ro cao, mu vng l

ri ro trung bnh, v mu xanh l ri ro thp
Phng php khc trong s dng SMCE nh gi tn

thng
Trong bi tp ny, chng ta s phn phi li cc ch s c sn trong khu vc v qun trong cc n
v bn . Gi s phn trm ca cc ch s trong tt c cc n v bn l ging ca khu vc trong
qun m bao gm n v bn .
Tn thng x hi
Age_related
Cho ngi s dng ILWIS thnh tho:

Ci tin bn tn thng trong SMCE da trn s nh gi cc n v bn
Giao mapping_units vi District_map. t tn d liu xut ra l

mapping_units_district.
M bng mapping_units v ghp vi bng mapping_units_district. c ct

Districts. t tn ct xut ra l Districts.
Trong bng mapping_units gp s ngi v nhm trong mi districts. S

dng hm sum (cng) v t tn l people_per_district.
Ghp bng mapping_units vi bng districts v c cc ct: Age_under_4,

Age_4_to_12, Age_12_18, Age_18_24, Age_24_65, Age_over_65. S
dng tn tng ng cho mi ct.
Gi chng ta c th nh gi d dng cc tc nhn trong cc n v bn .
M bng Mapping_units v nh cc lnh sau:
Age_under_4_MU:=Age_under_4*Nighttime_population/100
Age_4_to_12_MU:=Age_4_to_12*Nighttime_population/100
Age_12_18_MU:=Age_12_18*Nighttime_population/100
Age_over_65_MU:=Age_over_65*Nighttime_population/100
Sau , tt c cc tc nhn c to trn nm trong SMCE v c bit trong tn thng x hi - tui

lin quan
Income related
Giao bn mapping_units vi bn Wards. t tn d liu u ra l

mapping_units_wards.
M bng mapping_units v ghp vi bng mapping_units_wards. c
trong ct wards. t tn ct xut ra tng t
Ghp vi c bng wards, c trong ct unemployment. t tn ct xut ra
tng t
Tip tc ghp ct nighttime_population t bng wards. t tn ct xut
ra l nighttime_population_per_ward.
Trong bng mapping_units g cng thc sau:
Unemployment_MU:=Unemployment*nighttime_population_per_ward/100
To bn thuc tnh Literacy_rate_MU v kim tra kt qu.
Income related
M bng mapping_units v ghp vi bng Wards. c trong ct

Minority_groups. t tn ct xut ra tng t
Minority_groups_MU:=Unemployment*nighttime_population_per_ward/100
To bn thuc tnh Minority_groups_MU v kim tra kt qu.
Tn thng cng ng
Vi tc nhn ny, cc ch s c trong cp n v bn
Tn thng t nhin
Vi tc nhn ny, cc ch s c trong cp n v bn
Kh nng
Disaster_awareness
M bng mapping_units v ghp vi bng Wards. c trong ct

Literacy_groups. t tn ct xut ra tng t
Literacy_rate_MU:=Literacy_rate*nighttime_population_per_ward/100
To bn thuc tnh Literacy_rate_MU v kim tra kt qu.
Gi bn c th to cy tn thng nh lm bi trc nhng s dng cho tt c cc nhn t,

thng tin cp n v bn . Cch lm tng t nh ch ra cc bi tp trc.
Cy social_vulnerability_MU trng ging nh nh di y.
V bn social_vulnerability_MU:
D dng nhn thy rng phn gii ca thng tin c ci thin. Trong Social_Vulnerability, kiu
cc lp ging vi kiu khu vc, v cc gi tr gn nh l khng i, trong khi trong
Social_vulnerability_MU thng tin chi tit hn v bin thin hn.
Nh bn thy kt qu khc v chi tit hn nhiu trong Nhn thc trn trong mi v bn .
Trong nhm tui lin quan (t tn thng x hi) chng ta s xem xt tt c cc ch s to trn. Bao
gm cc nhn t khng gian sau: Age_under_4, Age_4_to_12, Age_12_18, Age_18_24,
Age_24_65, Age_over_65.
Tiu chun ha v t khi lng chng
nh di y ch ra s khc nhau gia Age_related (da vo khu vc) v Age_related trong mi n

v bn
Gi c th kt hp tt c mi th v to cy Total_vulnerability_MU
Total_vulnerability_MU khng thay i nhiu so vi total_vulnerability ca bi tp trc. Nhng kt

qu ca phn ny th khi lng c gn cho nhn t tn thng x hi thp
Bc cui cng nh gi nh lng da vo thng tin trn mi n v bn
G cng thc
Qualitative_risk_MU:=Total_vulnerability_MU/Capacity_Mu
S dng domain gi tr (value) v chun xc l 0.001

Hin th kt qu
To mt domain mi copy t qualitative_risk_SMCE, nhng thy
i gii hn trn ca cp thp nht (hoc to mt domain mi vi cc
cp mi da trn biu ca bn the qualitative_risk_MU). t
tn l qualitative_risk_MU_SMCE
Ti
phn
loi
bng
cch
s
dng
domain
qualitative_risk_MU_SMCE.
t
tn
bn
mi
l
qualitative_risk_MU_class.
So snh kt qu vi qualitative_risk_MU_class to bng biu
ca chng
Nh bn thy t biu bn di, kt qu cui cng thay i, v c bit l s tng ln ca nhm

ri ro trung bnh lm gim ca nhm ri ro thp.
Bi tp 6F: nh gi ri ro l l t.
D liu:
D liu t th mc con :/exercise06F
Mc ch:
Bi tp ny s gii thch lm th no kt hp thng tin v su ca l, v d c
to thnh bi mt m hnh ,
l v i d liu ta nh, nh l v tr, cao, kin trc v
vt liu xy dng to thnh mt nh gi ri ro l l t. Vi 3 kch bn l lt vi cc chu
k lp li khc nhau (10, 50 v 100 nm) th
r i ro s c nh gi. Khi kt thc bi
tp chng ta cng c th hiu c v ti to li cc bc trong kt qu.
Riskcity tri qua mt vi trn l lt nguy him. nh gi ri ro l lt, bn

su ca l c to thnh vi mt m hnh nc (hydraulic) vi cc
chu k lp li khc nhau. Do s gii hn v thi gian, nn ch xem xt 3 kch
bn l lt vi cc chu k l 10, 50 v 100 nm.
Hnh nh: Cc ta nh trong ng ba sng ca hai con sng Risk City
Tn
Kiu
ngh a
Raster map
Bn su l
l t t nghin cu m hnh l t
l cho cc kch bn vi chu k
lp li 100, 50 v 10 nm.
Raster map
Bn cp nhp cc ta nh cho tnh hung sau khi c thm ha nm

1998. Tt c cc thng tin v ta nh u c sn v thnh thi, landuse,
s lng cc tng, vng din tch xy dng v vng ngp lt.
D liu l l t
Flood_100y, Flood50y,
Flood_10y
D liu v ta nh
Building_map_1998
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-1
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity: nh gi ri ro do l l t
Phn 1
Bi tp 6F
Trong bi tp ny, chng ta theo mt phng php nh gi ri ro nh lng, c

gng xc nh s lng ri ro theo nh ngha r i ro trong chng 1 ca sch Guide
Book. Phng tr
nh c b n nh sau:
Risk = Hazard * Vulnerability * Amount of elements-at-risk
Phng trnh ny khng ch l l thuyt, m thc s tnh ton c vi d liu khng
gian trong mt GIS nhm xc nh s lng ri ro t cc tai bin. Trong y s lng
cc yu t ti ri ro c m t (v d, s lng ta nh, s ngi, gi tr kinh t hoc
din tch ca cc lp nh tnh quan trng) m ri ro c a ra. Thnh phn tai bin
trong phng trnh th c s a ti xc sut xy ra ca mt hin tng tai bin vi
cng xc nh trong mt gia on c th (vd, xc sut hng nm). tnh ri ro v
nh lng s dng phng trnh 1, s nhy cm c gii hn ti cc nhy cm t
nhin ca cc yu t ti ri ro xem xt, c quyt nh bi cng ca s kin tai
bin v cc c tnh ca cc yu t ti ri ro (vd, kiu nh). Phng trnh c th c
thay i trong cch sau:
RS = PT * PL * V * A
Trong y:
PT L xc sut xy ra theo thi gian (hng nm) ca mt kch bn tai bin c th vi
mt chu k lp li trong mt din tch;
PL L xc sut xy ra theo v tr hoc khng gian ca mt kch bn tai bin c th vi
mt chu k lp li trong mt din tch tc ng cc yu t ti ri ro;
V l tnh nhy cm vt l, nh l cc mc ca nguy him ti mt yu t ti ri ro c th,
cng local gy ra, bi s xy ra kch bn tai bin;
A l s lng ca mt kiu ti ri ro da on c th .
y, quan trng bit rng s lng cc yu t ca th c xc nh trong cc
cch khc nhau, v trong y s lng c xc nh, v ri ro cng c xc nh.
V d s lng a c th l theo s, nh l s lng cc ta nh (ri ro m cc ta
nh tri qua nguy him), s lng ngi (b thng/ t vong/nh hng), s lng
cc ng giao thng trn mng li b hng. Cc yu t ti ri ro cng c th c
xc nh theo khi nim v kinh t. Sau y, n cng c m t nh l cc thit hi.
c th nh gi nhng thnh phn ny, chng ta cn c thng tin v khng gian
nh l tt c thnh phn thay i theo khng gian, ng
c
nh th i gian. Xc sut xy
ra ca mt kch bn tai bin theo thi gian (PT) cng c mt thnh phn khng gian. V
d mt trn lt vi mt chu k lp li c mt s m rng nht nh, v s bin i v
khng gian ca cng . Khi nim (P L) cho bit xc sut xy ra theo khng gian v nh
hng. N khng lin quan ti tt c cc loi tai bin, v trong nhiu trng hp, xc sut
ny c th c xem l 1, a ti mt kch bn tai bin c th (vd, vng din tch s b lt
vi chu k l 50 nm).
M bn raster Flood_100y v add bn raster building_map_1998.

To bn cui l 50% transparent. M ca s Pixel-Information v xem cc vng din
tch b lt v mc su ca nc ti nhng v tr .
ng ca s bn .
Khi bn c th thy nhng phn ln ca trung tm ca thnh ph b lt, nhng khng xa v

pha bc, bn cng s thy cc ta nh m b nh hng bi nc. Mc su ca nc c th
ln ti 8 m trong nhng vng xc nh!
Trong bi tp ny chng ta s phn tch c bao nhiu ta nh b tc ng trong 3 kch bn
l lt.
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-2
Bi tp 6F
To mt bn m rng l l t bng cch nh:

floodextent_010:=ifundef(flood_10y,0,1)
Cu hi:
Cu lnh ny lm g ?
Xem kt qu.
Giao (cross) bn buildings_map_1998 vi bn floodextent_010 v to

mt bng cross building_flooded_010.
M cross-table v thm vo 1 ct vi din tch b mt ca cc ngi nh. Thc hin
ton t join trong menu ct. Thng tin din tch b mt c th c xc nh trong
histogram building_map_1998,v thm ct area, nhng tn l area_building.
Cu hi:
Ti sao ct mi thm vo khc vi ct ang c area? gi tr c khc vi mi
hng ?
Tnh din tch phn trm cc a

t nh b tc ng bng cch nh
dng:
Perc_affected_010:= iff(floodexent_010=1,area/area_building,0)
Tnh s lng cc ta nh m b tc ng mt phn do l :

partially_flooded_010 := iff(perc_affected_010>0,1,0)
Tnh s lng cc ta nh m b tc ng hon ton do:

l
completely_flooded_010 = iff(perc_affected_010=1,1,0)
Cu hi:
C bao nhiu ngi nh b lt hon ton v b mt phn? C bao nhiu ta nh b
tc ng hon ton?
c ton b kt qu cho 2 bn l lt khc (t top ca box ny)
Vit ton s cc ta nh b tc ng (tan b), v v chng trong mt graph

ri ro. Xem 2 v d pha di.
Cu hi
Ri ro xc nh s lng trong cu lnh ny nh th no
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-3
Bi tp 6F
Hai cch m t mt ng cong ri ro. Tri: Cc tn tht vi chu k lp li. Phi : Cc tn tht vi xc sut
hng nm.
C mt vi cch m t cc tn tht v kinh t. Cc tn tht ln nht c th (PML) l tn
tht ln nht c xem l xy ra trong mt chu k lp li c th, nh l 1 ln trong 100
nm, hoc 1ln trong 250 nm. Trong nhng graph trn cho thy PML vi 1 ln trong
1000 nm l 1400. Ri ro c th c m t nh l mt ng cong, trong , mi kch
bn c v vi nhng chu k lp li ca chng hoc xc sut v cc tn tht lin quan.
Mt ng cong ri ro cng c gi l ng cong vt mc tn tht (LEC). Hnh bn
tri c mt u im l, n hin th chu k lp li tt hn, v l phn ln nht ti cc tn
tht. ng cong bn phi c th c s dng trc tip tnh ton cc Tn tht
thng nin trung bnh (AAL). N c lm bng cch tnh vng din tch di ng
cong (guide book, phn 6.5.5).
Chng ta s thm vo phn trm cc ta nh b nh hng tnh ti bng
building _map_1998.
M bng: Building_map_1998
Join vi bng buildings_flooded_010, Bng ct

perc_affected_010.
Theo cc bc sau thng qua join-wizard. Bi v building_flooded_010 c hn 1 bn ghi

cho nhng ta nh m bn cng cn chn mt hm lin kt.
Chn: MAXIMU M.
Cu hi:
Ti sao c nhiu hn 1 bn ghi cho cc ta nh trong bng
building_flooded_010; ti sao hm Maximun l s la chn chnh xc?
Lp li kt qu ny (t top ca box ny) cho 2 kiu kch bn l lt (thm cc ct

perc_affected_050 v perc_affected_100 ti bng building_map_1998)
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-4
Phn 2
Bi tp 6F
trong phn sau y ca bi tp ny, chng ta s to mt lin kt gia cc thuc tnh ca ta

nh (tnh nhy cm ca cc yu t ti ri ro) v cc tnh cht ca tai bin (trong trng hp
ny, su ca l). thc hin, chng ta phi chun b d liu c th to ra link ny;
Bn su l lt phi c phn loi (sliced trong ILW IS term inology) v cc ta nh
phi c m t theo cch nhn bit cho ri ro l lt. Da trn kinh nghim ca cc s
kin l lt trong qu kh, c 2 tnh cht c bn ca cc ta nh cn xc nh tnh nhy
cm. l: construction m aterial v number of floors. Chng ta s to ra mt
lp mi trn s kt hp ca 2 tham s v chng ta s lin kt n vi cc bn su l
phn loi.
Chng ta s phn loi 3 bn su l lt (flood_10y, flood_50y v flood_100y.
To mt nhm domain Flooddepth v chn vo class-boundaries:

Upper Boundary
Class Name
0.5
< 0.5 m
0.5 1.0 m
1.0 3.0 m
3.0 6.0 m
99
Code
>6m
Ct 3 bn su l lt vi tn l: flood_010_cla, flood_050_cla
v flood _100_cla.
Lc ny chng ta chun b cc tnh cht ca ta nh. Bc 1 l to mt domain vi

3 kiu xy dng vt liu ch yu:
To mt lp domain building_mat v chn vo 3 lp sau:

Class name
Code
Adobe and wood
Brick
Concrete
Click chut phi ln domain Landuse v chn create table. t tn l

building_mat
M bng building_mat v thm mt ct l building_mat v a n ti domain
building_mat
Lp y bng nh hnh di y.
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-5
Bi tp 6F
Bc 2 l ti phn loi cc ta nh theo s lng cc tng ca chng. c tin hnh

trong bng building_map_1998, nhng phn loi ny khng ph hp vi mc ch ca
chng ta. Chng ta mun c s lng nh phn lo i trong 3 lp: 1 tng, 2 tng v
nhiu tng. Chng ta thc hin bi v nhng tng thng xuyn b tc ng l tng 1,
i khi c tng 2 v ch him khi n mi tc ng ti cc tng cao hn.
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-6
To mt nhm domain Nr_floors v chn vo cc lp:

Upper Boudary
Bi tp 6F
Class name
Code
1.5
1 tng
2.5
2 tng
99
>2 tng
M bng building_map_1998
Nhm ti phn loi s lng cc tng, nh dng l nh sau:
Nr_floors_flood := CLFY(nr_floors,Nr_floors)
Chng ta mun thm vt liu xy dng vo bng. S dng la chn Join trong ct
menu.
Chn bng Building_mat, ct Building_mat v dng join-wizard chp nhn mi
defaults.
Trong bc tip theo, chng ta s kt hp vt liu xy dng vi s lng cc

Ta nh m chng ta phn lo i cc ta nh nh
l m t hm ca 2 tham s
ny
nh dng lnh sau:
Build_type:=code(build_mat)+code(nr_floors_flood)
Mt ct mi c thm vo bng vi 9 code: a1, a2, an, b1, b2, bn, c1, c2
v cn.
Cu hi:
Nhng code ny c ngha g?
a1 =
a2 =
an =
b1 =
b2 =
bn =
c1 =
c2 =
cn =
Domain ca nhng code l string (kim tra).
Double-click ln header ca ct v chn create domain

from strings in column. Tn domain l Build_type
ng bng.
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-7
Bi tp 6F
Hiu chnh s m t ca build_type theo bng mu sau:
To mt bn thuc build_type t bn raster building_m ap_1998

(chn ct build_type) v xem bn kt qu.
Chng ta c hu ht mi d liu yu cu cho nh gi ri ro l lt: Chng ta c mt bn

vi cc mt tnh cht ca cc ta nh (build_type) v chng ta c 3 bn vi cc kch
bn tai bin l lt khc nhau (flood_010_cla, flood_050_cla v flood_100_cla). Ch
thiu l cc ng cong nhy cm ging nh cc ng cong ti trong bi tp 5a. Tip
theo, phn cui ca bi tp ny, chng ta s ti ra mt bng 2 chiu trong , chng ta
chn cc ng cong nhy cm l lt cho mi kiu trong 9 kiu nh. Vi bng ny, chng
ta s thu c phn s nguy him ti cc ta nh gy ra do l lt.
To bng 2 chiu mi. Tn l flood_vuln; domain u tin = build_type, domain

Th 2 = depth. Phm vi gi tr: 0 to 1 v chnh xc l 0.01.
Lp y bng nh hnh di y.
ng bng
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-8
e
s
Cu
hi:
p
Bng
2 chiu m t 9 ng cong nhy cm. Hy v 9 ng cong vo
a
khong trng di y.
c
e
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-9
Bi tp 6F
Bi tp 6F
Bng 2 chiu c s dng tch hp d liu t 2 bn khc nhau thnh mt bn

u ra. Chng ta s so snh bn su vi bn kiu nh v vi mi pixel gi tr
output tng ng c c t bng, v d build_type = c2 v su = 1.0 3.0 m ,
gi tr nhy cm = 0.40.
S dng bng 2 chiu, nh cu lnh sau, trong ca s catalogue ca ILWIS
build_damage_010:=flood_vuln[build_type,flood_010_cla]
Cu hi:
bn output m t g? Ri ro c m t nh th no trong bn ny?
Lp li s dng ca bng 2 chiu cho 2 kch bn l lt khc.
L ny, cc bn ri ro l lt hon thnh. Tuy nhin, n l hu ch m t bn

ny nh l bn thuc tinh ti bn building_m ap_1998. lm nh vy trc
tin chng ta cross cc bn build_damage vi building_map_1998 v sau y, chng
ta kt hp bng kt qu ti bng building_map_1998.
Cross building_map_1998 vi bn build_damage_010 v tn ca bng

kt qu ra l: build_1998_damage_010.
M bng building_m ap_1998 v joint vi bng mi
build_1998_damage_010; chn ct build_dam age_010.
S dng join-wizard chp nhn cc defaults nhng ti ca s cui cng chng hm tch
Hp maximum (C mt vi ta nh m n b trong 2 lp nguy him, chn trng
hp nguy him nht).
Lt li kt qu ny vi 2 kch bn l lt khc.
Lc ny, cc toa nh b nguy hi vi mi kch bn l lt c thm vo bng

building_map_1998. Nu chng ta mun bit gi tr ca mi ta nh, ta b nguy him ca
mi kch bn l lt c th c tnh ti v ng cong ri ro c th c v. S c lm
trong mt bi tp khc.
Bi tp RiskCity 6F-10
Bi tp 6L: nh gi ri ro do trt l t
Thi gian d kin: 3gi
D liu:
exercise06c
i tng:
Bi tp ny a ra cho bn phng php bn nh lwng nh
gi ri ro trt l t v d nh s dng trt l t t cc giai on khc nhau tnh
ton xc sut theo thi gian v chuyn bn kh nng nhy cm sang bn tai bin.
Cc yu t ny sau c kt hp vi cc yu t chu ri ro dn xut ra bn ri
ro.
D liu u vo
Trong bi tp ny ta s s dng bn nhy cm vi trt l t
(Susceptibility) c thnh lp bng phng php thng k nh trong bi tp 3. i
vi cc yu t chu ri ro ta s dng hai bn : mapping_units biu din cc khi nh
v building_map vi cc ta nh ring l. Bn Landuse_ID cng c yu cu
thay i bn kh nng nhy cm thnh mt bn tai bin, vi cc thng tin trt
l t theo thi gian.
Tn
Loi
Cc yu t chu ri ro
ngha
Mapping_units
Raster
Cc khi nh trong thnh ph
Mapping_units
Bng
Building_map_1998
Building_map_1998
Raster
Mnh
Bng bao gm thng tin thng k chung v s lng nh v s

lng ngi/khi nh
Bn a ra cc ta nh c lp
ng ranh gii ca cc ta nh
D liu trt l t
Landslide_ID
Raster
Landslide_ID
Bng
Cc im vi mi mt trt l c gii on vi cc bng thuc

tnh lin quan
Bng thuc tnh vi thng tin v trt l trong khu vc nghin cu
Susceptibility
Raster
Bn nhy cm vi trt l t s dng phng php thng k
D liu khc
High_res_image
Raster
nh c phn gii cao ca khu vc nghin cu.
Tnh ton s lng nh trong cc lp nhy cm cao, trung bnh v

thp i vi trt l t
Cc tip cn ny i vi nh gi ri ro
trt l l phng php bn nh lng, kt
hp cc vng c kh nng nhy cm vi cc
n v bn , v tnh ton s lng nh v
ngi trong cc vng c kh nng nhy cm
cao, trung bnh v thp. y vn l phng
php bn nh lng bi ta ch tnh phn
Amount ca cng thc. Ta vn cha th tnh ri ro c bi ta khng
bit xc sut theo khng gian v thi gian ca trt l.
Cng thc tnh

ri ro:
Ri ro=T*K*L
T-Tai bin
K-Kh nng tn
thng
L-Lng gi tr
cc yu t chi
ri ro
Bi tp RiskCity 06L - 1
Bi tp RiskCity: nh gi ri ro do trt l t
C th tnh ton s lng nh trong cc vng tai bin da trn hai dng thng tin: cc
n v bn - mapping units (l cc n v chung c s dng biu din ri
ro) hoc cc ta nh ring l - individual buildings.
Ta hy bt u php phn tch s dng cc n v bn v ph cc yu t ny ln
bn nhy cm vi trt l.
Ch rng:
Hy chc chn
domain ca
tnh nhy cm
ch c 3 lp
(cao, trung
bnh, thp).
Nu bn lm
cc bi tp
trc cho
nhng ngi
dng ILWIS
kinh nghim,
c th bn s
c 4 lp (lp
rt cao)
Hy raster ha bn polygon Mapping_units s dng thng s trc

a Somewhere
Chn Operations / Raster Operations / Cross. Hy giao bn raster
Mapping_units vi bn raster Susceptibility. Hy to mt bng
giao Mapping_units_LSS, v mt bn giao vi cng mt khu vc.
Trong bng giao Mapping_units_LSS, u tin hy tnh tng din tch
ca mi mt n v bn . Chn Columns / Aggregate. Chn ct Area.
Hm: Sum, group by: Mapping_units, ct u ra: area_unit.
Gi chng ta tnh phn s ca n v bn dd trong khu vc nhy cm
cao. G cng thc:
LSS_high:=iff(Susceptibility ="high ", area/area_unit,0)
S dng chnh xc = 1.
Gi hy tnh phn s ca cc n v bn trong tai bin trung bnh.
Hy t mnh lm mt cng thc.
Gi y ta tnh ton c phn trm ca mi mt s kt hp ca cc lp nhy cm

vi cc n v bn , sau ta cng c th tnh bao nhiu nh trong mi mt s kt
hp. Ti y ta gi s rng s phn b nh ca trn n v bn l ng nht,
khng phi lc no cng l tr ng hp in hnh. Thng tin v s lng nh c lu
trong bng Mapping_units.
Hy m bng Mapping_units v kim tra ni dung trong ct

nr_buildings. Hy tr li bng Mapping_units_LSS.
Hy ni vi bng Mapping_units v c trong ct nr_buildings.
Sao bn c th tnh ton s lng nh trong mi mt s kt hp ca
n v bn v lp nhy cm. i vi cc lp ri ro cao:
LS_Risk_high = LSS_high * nr_buildings
Hy tm tng s nb trong lp tai bin trt l cao v vit chng vo
trong bng di y. Tnh ton tng t vi cc lp trung bnh v thp.
Hy kim tra tng s lng nh c ng hay khng.
S lng nh
Lp nhy cm cao
Lp nhy cm TB
Lp nhy cm thp
Phn trm ca tng
Ta cng mun c s lng nh trong cc lp cao, trung bnh v thp trong bng thuc
tnh Mapping_units, sau s dng trong vic nh gi ri ro.
Hy m bng Mapping_units v ni vi bng Mapping_units_LSS. Hy c trong

ct LS_Risk_High (s dng kt hp ln nht v n v bn d tng t cng c gi
tr 0 i vi cc kt hp vi cc lp nhy cm khc). t tn n l: Nr_B_High
Hy thc hin iu tng t vi trung bnh v thp: Nr_B_moderate, Nr_B_Low.
C th thnh lp cc bn thuc tnh m ch ra trn mt n v bn l khu vc

cao, trung bnh v thp, v bao nhiu ngi nh lin quan n.
Hy to mt bn thuc tnh t bng Mapping_units s dng ct: Nr_B_High v

gi bn u ra: NR_B_High(=s nh/n v bn trong bng nhy cm vi
trt l cao)
Hy thc hin iu tng t vi trung bnh v thp: Nr_B_moderate, Nr_B_Low.
Bn c th ni g v dng khng gian?
S dng cc nh ring l
Cc kt qu thu c cho n gi cn nhiu sai lc bi cc mt mt c a
ra trn n v bn , v khng cho cc ta nh ring l phn b trong cc khu vc
tai bin cao. iu ny c th thc hin c nu ta s dng mt bn du vt xy
dng, ci m ta c trong bn Building_map_1998. Ta s giao bn
Susceptibility vi bn Building_map_1998.
Chn Operations / Raster Operations / Cross. Hy giao bn raster

Building_map_1998 vi bn raster Susceptibility. Hy to mt bng giao
building_nr_LSS. La chn bn u ra building_nr_LSS.
Trong bng giao Building_nr_LSS th hin s kt hp ca nh ca vi tai bin ln.
iu ny thc hin c qua cng thc:
LR_high:=iff((Susceptibility ="high"),1,0)
Thc hin iu ny cho cc tai bin trung bnh v thp.
Hy hin th cc kt qu nh l mt thuc tnh ca bn Building_nr_LSS (hy
nh lin kt bng n bn trong bng thuc tnh)
Hy in cc gi tr s lng nh vo trong bn di y.
S lng nh
Lp nhy cm cao
Lp nhy cm TB
Lp nhy cm thp
Phn trm ca tng
Hy so snh kt qu ny vi kt qu trc . Bn c th kt lun c g?

Hy kim tra tng s nh. N c ging nhau khng?Ti sao bn li ngh n nh th?
Gi ta va tnh c phn Amount ca cng thc:

Risk = Probability * Vulnerability * Amount.
Ri ro = xc sut * kh nng tn thng * lng gi tr
Tnh ton nh lng ri ro hng nm v thnh lp mt ng

cong ri ro vi trt l t.
By gi chng ta va tnh ton c s lng nh trong cc lp cao, trung bnh v
thp, chng ta c th thc hin nhiu hn na vi vic nh gi nh lng. Gi s ta
c th thu c xc sut khng gian, xc sut thi gian, kh nng tn thng v
lng cc yu t chu ri ro, theo cng thc:
Ri ro = xc sut * kh nng tn thng * lng gi tr
Ta s phi tnh c tai bin (=xc sut) v kh nng tn thng. Thnh phn duy nht
m ta tnh ton cho n gi l s nh phn b trong vng vi cc tai bin trt l cao,
trung bnh v thp (Lng gi tr - Amount). Ta cn bit mt s iu sau:
1. Bao nhiu phn trn cc lp tai bin ln, trung bnh v thp c th b trt l
tc ng?
2. Trong giai on no th cc trt l ny xy ra?
3. Kh nng d b tn thng i vi trt l t l g?
T kh nng nhy cm n tai bin

c th lm bn tai bin (xc sut), ta cn c hai hp phn:
Xc sut theo thi gian l cc trt l c th xy ra lin quan ti cc
bin c kch hot. Ti y ta lin kt chu k lp li ca cc bin c kch
hot vi trt l do cc bin c ny gy ra. Ta s phi phn bit chu k
lp li ca 50, 100, 200, 300 v 400 nm.
Xc sut theo khng gian l mt khu vc c th m trt l nh
hng ca cc xc sut theo thi gian. Xc sut ny c tnh nh mt
trt l t trong lp nhy cm vi tai bin.
Hazard = temporal probability * spatial probability
Tai bin = xc sut theo thi gian * xc sut theo khng gian
Nu cc hin th ca khu vc nhy cm cao, trung bnh v thp chnh xc, cc bin c
trt l t khc nhau vi cc chu k lp li khc nhau s a ra cc phn phi trt
l trong cc lp ny khc nhau. Xc sut c th c c tnh bng cch nhn xc
sut thi gian (1/lp li/chu k xc sut hng nm) vi xc sut theo thi gian (=c
hi m 1 pixel chu tc ng)
Hy lm mt bn thuc tnh ca ct ReturnPeriod ca bng

Landslide_ID. t tn bn : Landslide_RP.
Hy kim tra ni dung cc bn Landslide_RP v Susceptibility
Thc hin giao bn Susceptibility vi bn Landslide_RP (Raster
Operations, Cross, khng nn qun cc gi tr khng xc nh). Thnh lp
bng u ra: Hazard_RP.
Tnh din tch ca mi mt lp tai bin (s dng hm kt hp) v vit vo
trong mt file Excel vi cu trc tng t nh bng di y. m bng
Hazard_RP, vo column, aggregation v chn ct area v hm sum.
Group by: Susceptibility. Gi ct u ra class_area.
Trong bng Hazard_RP, g cc cng thc sau:
Area_low:=iff(susceptibility="low",area,0)
Area_moderate:=iff(susceptibility="moderate",area,0)
Area_high:=iff(susceptibility="high",area,0)
Vo column, aggregation, v chn ct area_low, hm sum, group by
Landslide_RP, lu kt qu trong bng Landslide_probability v gi ct
mi Landslide_area_low. Hy lm tng t i vi trng area_high v
area_moderate v lu kt qu trong bng Landslide_probability.
Tnh ton din tch trt l t tch t (xem v d di) v gi thit rng
cc bin c vi mt chu k lp li ln hn cng s kch hot nhng
trt l m c kch hot bi cc bin c c chu k lp li nh
hn.
Gi hy tnh trong file Excel mt trt l trn lp tai bin v trn chu k
lp li, v vit cc kt qu trong bng di y.
Mt l xc sut ca s xut hin trt l t theo khng gian trong mi mt

lp tai bin: ni cch khc trn chu k lp li c hi mt ngi nh s b tc ng do
mt trt l trong vng tai bin.
Tai bin
Cao
Trung bnh
Din tch trt l

Din tch trt l tch t
Din tch lp
Xc sut theo khng gian
(mt )
Xc sut theo thi gian
Tai bin
Din tch trt l
Din tch trt l tch t
Din tch lp
(mt )
Tai bin
1/50
46578
46587
2566780
0.01815
1/100
375898
422476
2566780
0.1464
1/200
231863
422476
2566780
0.0903
1/300
190954
845293
2566780
0.0744
1/400
107777
953070
2566780
0.0420
0.02
0.000362
0.01
0.01
0.0033
0.0025
Thp
Din tch trt l

Din tch trt l tch t
Din tch lp
(mt )
Tai bin
Bc tip theo l tnh ton xc sut theo thi gian. T khi ta thc hin php
tnh ton thit hi hng nm, chng ta c th n gin s dng 1/chu k lp li c
xc sut xut hin hng nm.
Gi hy tnh ton trong file Excel xc sut theo thi gian trn lp tai bin v
trn chu k lp li, v vit kt qu vo bng.
Tai bin c tnh ton bng cch nhn xc sut thi gian vi xc sut khng
gian. V th y l xc sut hng nm m mt khu vc cho trc s b tn cng bi
mt trt l t vi mt lp tai bin nht nh.
Gi hy tnh ton trong file Excel tai bin trn lp tai bin v trn chu k lp
li, v vit kt qu vo bng.
C th kt lun c g v tai bin trong mi mt lp tai bin?

Tinh ton h qu
Trong bi tp trc ta tnh c s lng nh trong cc lp tai bin cao,
trung bnh v thp. S lng ny c lu trong bng Mapping_units, vi cc ct:
Nr_B__high, Nr_B_moderate, Nr_B_Low.
c tnh kh nng d b tn thng.
Vic c tnh kh nng d b tn thng vi trt l rt phc tp. Vic ny yu
cu kin thc v cc dng nh ca khc nhau v v khi lng v vn tc trt l
c c on. Cc yu t ny rt kh c tnh. V th, trong nhiu nghin cu
kh nng tn thng trt l ca nh ca c n gin ly bng 1, gi s s ph
hy hon ton cc yu t chu ri ro. Tuy nhin, iu ny trong trng hp ca chn
ta a ra cc gi tr ri ro phng i qu mc. V th, chng ta s gi s ti y (cng
hy t mnh thit lp gi thit tt hn..):
Cng nhiu nh 3 tng hoc cao hn, kh nng tn thng vi trt l t cng thp,
do t nh ln b trt l ph hoi.
Tt nhin cn nhiu tranh ci v tnh chnh xc ca gi thuyt ny. Ta cng c th
tnh vo trong dng s dng t (gn kh nng tn thng cao hn i vi cc khu
vc dn c) v ta c th thm ch s dng khi lng trt l t bn trt l
minh ha ln trt l t c th xy ra, nhng iu s khin bi tp tr nn qu
phc tp. Do , ta s gii hn vic nh gi kh nng d b tn thng n gi thit

n gin trn.
Trong bng Mapping_units th hin cng thc sau y thnh lp mt ct

kh nng d b tn thng:
Vuln:=iff(PerVacant=1,0,1-(Perc3floor+Percover3floors))
Hin th kt ca l mt bn thuc tnh ca bn Mapping_units, v t
tn bn u ra Vuln. Gii gi tr kh nng tn thng l bao nhiu? iu
ny c a ra mt kt qu hp l hay khng?
c tnh thit hi
By gi ta va tnh ton tt c cc hp phn ca ri ro trt l t ta c th
bt u tnh ton ri ro. Vic tnh ton s c thc hin trong bng Mapping_units.
u tin ta s tnh cc thit hi i vi chu k lp li 1/50 nm
Trong bng Mapping_units, hy tnh ton nhng thit hi i vi mi mt

lp tai bin v chu k lp li. Hy vit cc kt qu thit hi (=s lng nh b
ph hy) trong bng di y.
Loss050_high:= 0.0181 * vuln * Nr_B__high
Loss100_high:= 0.1672 * vuln * Nr_B__high
v.v
Hy thc hin iu i vi ton b cc kch bn. Mi ln hy vit cc gi tr tng

ca cc thit hi cho ton b khu vc trong bng di y. Cc gi tr xc sut theo
thi gian c tnh ton sm hn v trong bng sm hn.
Chu k
lp li
50
100
200
300
400
Risk050_High
Risk050_Moderate
Risk050_Low
Risk100_High
Risk100_Moderate
Risk100_Low
Risk200_High
Risk200_Moderate
Risk200_Low
Risk300_High
Risk300_Moderate
Risk300_Low
Risk400_High
Risk400_Moderate
Risk400_Low
Xc sut
khng
gian
0.0181
0.1672
Kh nng
d b tn
thng
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Lng gi tr
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Thit
hi/lp
Thit
hi/kch
bn
Thnh lp mt ng cong ri ro
Mt khi bn thu c cc thit hi i vi mi mt kch bn trong nm kch bn,
bn c th tnh c cc mi ri ro c th, ri ro tng coonjgg v v c ng cong
ri ro. u tin hy in vo trong bng di y.
Chu k lp li
Xc sut theo thi

gian
50
0.02
100
0.01
200
0.005
300
0.00333
400
0.0025
Ri ro tng cng (nh ca)
Thit hi
Cc mi ri ro c
th
Gi hy v mt ng cong vi cc thit hi/kch bn trn trc X v xc sut

hng nm trn trc Y. Tng ri ro thc t l din tch di ng cong. Hy
xem hnh di y
Cc ri ro ny c nh gi nh th no? Liu n c cao hay khng? Lm th

no c th so snh ri ro ny vi cc dng tai bin khc?
Ci thin kh nng d b tn thng bng cch s dng cc ta nh ring l

Hy c gng ci thin th tc bng cch a ra cc c tnh kh nng d b
tn thng tt hn. V d bn c th thc hin iu ny bng cch s dng
cc ta nh ring l bng cch to ra mt s phn loi s trn s lng tng
v kch thc nh, gi thit l cc ta nh cng ln, kh nng tn thng
cng thp. Hy xem bng di y.
Kh nng tn thng nh ca i vi trt l t l mt hm ca s lng sn v din
tch nh. Nh cng ln, cng t c hi trt l t ph hy
S tng
Din tch nh (m2)

<50
50-100
100-500
Khng c nh
1 tng
2 tng
3 tng
4-10 tng
>10 tng
500-1000 >1000
p n bi tp 6a. c tnh thit hi trt l

nh gi bn nh tnh ri ro do trt l t
Cc cng thc i vi phn trm nh gi cc lp nhy cm trong cc n v bn
i vi tnh nhy cm cao:

LSS_high:=iff(Susceptibility ="high ", area/area_unit,0)
i vi tnh nhy cm trung bnh:
LSS_Moderate:=iff(Susceptibility ="Moderate", area/area_unit,0)
i vi tnh nhy cm thp:
LSS_Low:=iff(Susceptibility ="Low", area/area_unit,0)
Cc cng thc nh gi s lng nh ca trong mi mt n v bn kt hp v tnh

nhy cm l:
LS_Risk_high = LSS_high * nr_buildings
LS_Risk_Moderate = LSS_Moderate * nr_buildings
LS_Risk_Low = LSS_low * nr_buildings
S dng chnh xc bng 1.
tm ra tng s nh trong cc lp tai bin trt l khc nhau th tc c gii thich.
Hy kim tra tng s nh c ng hay khng.
M bng Mapping_units_LSS v i n columns, aggregation. Chn ct

LS_Risk_high, hm Sum v group by : Susceptibility. Gi ct mi:
Nr_Build_High_risk.
Thc hin tng t i vi LS_Risk_Moderate v LS_Risk_Low. Gi ct
u ra Nr_Build_Moderate_risk v Nr_Build_Low_risk.
Gi bn c th in vo bng di y.
Lp nhy cm cao
Lp nhy cm TB
Lp nhy cm thp
S lng nh
2799
6831
20042
Phn trm ca tng

9,43%
23,02
67,55%
Nh bn thy tng s nh l 29672 trong khi trong bng n v bn s lng

nh l 29679. iu ny xy ra do vic nh gi s lng nh s dng phn trm v
chnh xc bng 1.
Vic a ra bn thuc tnh ca s lng nh ca/n v bn thuc v cc lp
khc nhau. C th thy rng cc mu m t hnh dng ca trt l.
Trong v d di y a ra hot ng trt l t v Nr_B_Moderate.
S dng cc ta nh ring l
Nh trng thi
nhy cm trung bnh
Lp nhy cm cao
Lp nhy cm TB
Lp nhy cm thp
Nh trng thi
nhy cm thp
S lng nh
4426
9645
22019
Nh trng thi
nhy cm cao
Phn trm ca tng

12.26%
26.72%
61.01%
Tng s nh trong ba lp l 36090. Trong thc t s lng nh trong RiskCity l

29238. S khc bit ny xy ra do mt vi ta nh thuc v nhiu hn mt ln v
cng mt nh c m hn mt ln. Kt qu dn n sai lc v s lng nh.
Ch : cc ta nh
c phn loi trn
mt hoc nhiu lp.
Nh ca c hin
th vi mi ln c
im 3 ln.
C th iu chnh nh gi ny. Mi ta nh ch nn c m 1 ln. Ni cch khc

khng th c mt ta nh c phn loi vo hn mt lp.
u tin ta phi thc hin mt s suy xt. Ta coi rng nu mt ta nh thuc v
nhiu hn mt ln , th n s c gn cho lp cao nht.
To mt bng t domain Building_map. Gi n l buildings_attribute. Ni

vi bng giao Building_nr_LSS v c trong ct LR_High, LR_Moderate,
LR_Low. S dng cc gi tr ln nht l gi cng mt cch nh trn.
Trong bng buildings_attribute, g cng thc:
LR_High_corr:=iff(LR_High=1,1,0)
LR_moderate_corr:=iff(LR_High=1,0,iff(LR_Moderate=1,1,0))
LR_Low_corr:=iff((LR_Moderate=1)or(LR_High=1),0,LR_Low)
Cng hay g cng thc sau:
suscept_class:=iff(LR_Low_corr=1,"Low",iff(LR_moderate_corr=1,"
moderate","High"))
Bng vi cc gi tr chnh xc c ch ra di y.
Lp nhy cm cao
Lp nhy cm TB
Lp nhy cm thp
S lng nh
4426
7143
1769
Phn trm ca tng

15.14%
24.43%
60.04%
i vi ngi dng ILWIS c kinh nghim

Cc ngi nh c cc kch thc khc nhau v s rt tt i vi nh gi ri ro khi bit
quy m cc ta nh trong trng thi nhy cm vo v trung bnh ni ring. Vic xt
quy m thay i theo dng nh ca l mt iu hp l. Ta c th nh gi s lng
nh trong 3 lp nhy cm, c chia thnh cc dng nh (lin quan n dng s dng
t)
Ci thin vic tnh ton s lng nh ca vi cc quy
m khc nhau
To mt bn thuc tnh t mapping_units
s dng ct pred_landuse v gi l Landuse.
Giao bn Landusev Building_map. Gi
bng u ra l Landuse_building.
M bng Building_nr_LSS v ni vi bng
Landuse_building. c trong ct Landuse. Gi
ct mi Landuse.
G cc cng thc sau trn bng Buildind_nr_LSS:
high:=iff(susceptibility="High",1,0)
Moderate:=iff(susceptibility="Moderate",1,0)
Low:=iff(susceptibility=Low,1,0)
n column, aggregation, v chn ct High,
hm Sum v group by Landuse. Gi ct u ra l
Landuse_high. Hy xem nh bn tri.
Thc hin iu tng t vi ct Moderate and
Low.
in vo bng di y.
S dng t
Com_business
Com_hotel
Com_market
Com_shop
lnd_hazardous
lnd_industries
lnd_waterhouse
lns_fire
lns_hospital
lns_office
lns_poilce
lns_school
Pub_cemetery***
Pub_cutural
Pub_electricity
Pub_religious
Rec_flat_area
Rec_park***
Rec_stadium
Res_large
Res_mod_single
Res_multi
Res_small_single
Res_squatter
Vac_car
Vac_construction
Vac_damaged***
Vac_shrubs
Din tch
(m2)
2343
1702
8001
735
4775
4214
1359
987
29692
9410
582
813
0
1707
180
5354
351
0
28578
805
357
685
241
112
832
339
0
352
Cao
17
13
1
149
0
34
130
0
0
2
2
7
0
1
0
0
5
0
0
83
275
118
874
2137
0
72
352
134
Trung bnh
14
23
0
196
4
86
172
0
0
3
13
79
0
1
0
11
17
0
0
317
651
118
2771
4845
0
29
25
237
Thp
476
195
22
3042
31
107
1700
24
2
175
34
163
0
56
1
24
58
4
1
677
2462
1574
6179
4540
44
21
122
197
***: C mt vi gi tr sai lc, v d nh nh c phn loi trn sng. iu ny xy

ra khi mt vi pixel ca nh ca nm ngang qua ng bin ca dng s dng t.
Trong bi tp ny, ta khng xem xt cc ta nh ny.
Ta cng mun nh gi kch thc trung bnh ca nh ca trong mi mt dng s

dng t. Ta c th s dunjgg khng gian sn lm tham s biu th kch thc.
M bng Landuse, c khng gian sn trung bnh trong mi mt dng s dng t
(trong bi tp Cc yu t chu ri ro t ng c tnh ton khng gian sn cho
mi mt ta nh v nh gi s dng t trung bnh) v hy tip tc in vo
bng.
i vi ngi s dng ILWIS c kinh nghim

Rt quan trng xt khi lng nh ca nh l tham s cho vic nh gi kh nng
d b tn thng vi sp do cc bin c trt l t gy ra. Ta c th gi thit cc
ta nh ln hn v cao hn t kh nng tn thng hn so vi nhng ngi nh b v
thp hn. Chng ta cng coi nhng ta nh l n c nn mng su hn. Yu t ny l
cc k quan trng v sp nh trn thn trt hon ton ph thuc vo su b
mt ph hy sn v su ca nn mng. i vi cc ta nh xy dng trn vch

, s sp ch yu lin quan ti khi.
Ch rng biu
a ra s
lng cc pixel
v khng phi l
cc ta nh n
l. iu ny c
ngha rng trong
trng hp ny
c th a cho
chng ta ch mt
tng v s
phn b ca nh
ca di cc
lp nr_floors.
Tng cng hp phn d b tn thng.
Hy m building_map v kim tra cc gi tr.

To mt bn thuc tnh t ct nr_floors trn bng
building_map. Gi l nr_floors. T bn nr_floors to mt
biu (t danh mc, nhp vo bn raster nr_floors,
statistic, histogram).
M biu v kin tra s phn b ca cc pixel gia s lwownjgg
cc lp tng
Thc hin iu tng t i vi trng Area_building.
Cng hay kim tra cc gi tr ca avg_floorspace trn cc lp
s dng t trong dng c dn ring
Gi y ta cn to 2 domain phn loi li cc nh nr_floors
v area_building. Bn c th thnh lp cc lp m bn mun
hoc n gin s dng cc gi tr c a ra trong bng di
y. Trong ca s chnh ca ILWIS vo File,create, domain v
flag class ri sau group. Gi domain mi l: Area_building
v nr_floors.
Phn loi li cc nh nr_floors v Area_build s dng ln lt
cc domain nr_floors v area_building. Gi cc u ra
nr_floors_reclass v area_build_reclass.
Biu ca
area_building
Domain Area_building
Biu ca nr_floors
Domain nr_floors
Gi ta cn thnh lp mt bng 2D. Vo file, create,

2Dimensional
table.
Chn nr_floors lm domain u v
area_building lm domain th hai. Chn mt gi tr
domain vi phm vi gia 0-1 v chnh xc bng
0.1. Gi bng 2D Vulnerability_volume. Xem hnh
bn tri
in cc gi tr kh nng tn thng nh c ch
ra di y hoc chnh sa nu bn khng ng
vi cc gi tr ny.
Thnh lp bn Vulnerabilty_volume. G cng
thc:
Vulnerabilty_volume:=Vulnerability_volume
[nr_floors_reclass,area_building_reclass]
Hy kim tra bn kt qu v thnh lp mt biu
t kt qu ny.
Bng Vulnerabilty_volume hai chiu (C th ta iu chnh cc gi tr kh nng tn

thng (gim gi tr i mt t). C qu nhiu gi tr gn bng 1).
Biu ca bn
Vulnerabilty_volume
Bn Vulnerabilty_volume
Gim cc chi ph di chuyn

To mt bng t domain Landuse, gi l
landuse_cost.
To mt ct mi vi mt gi tr domain v gi l
building_cost.
Gn cc gi tr ca nh/m2, theo nh bn tri.
M building_map v ni vi Building_cost t bng
Landuse_cost. Gi ct mi l cost_sqm.
Trong bng Building_map g cng thc:
Cost_building:=Floorspace*cost_sqm
To mt bn thuc tnh ca Cost_building, gi
no l Cost_building v ch ra cc kt qu. S dng
ko gin gia 0 - 1000000
Phn 3: Tnh ton nh lng ri ro hng nm v thnh lp ng

cong ri ro cho trt l t
Bng Landslide_probability v bng tnh Excel c a ra di y
Landslide_probability
Bng tnh Excel v cc tai bin trt l

Nu bn nhn vo bng, bn c th thy cc xu hng ca tai bin. R rng l, tai
bin gim t cc lp cao n thp v gim dc theo mt dng (t chu k lp li l 50
nm n chu k lp li 400 nm)
c tnh kh nng d b tn thng

Trong bn raster Vuln c a ra di y. Phm vi cc gi tr c th c kh nng
tn thng nm trong khong 0-1 nhng di gi tr thc s li nm trong khong 0
0.93.Cc gi tr ny l cc gi tr phn trm. Ni cch khc, vic xem xt cc ta nh
t 3 tng tr ln s c kh nng tn thng l 0 v vi cc ta nh thp hn 3 tng
s c kh nng tn thng l 1. c th nh gi kh nng tn thng cc n v bn
da trn phn trm nh ca ln hn hoc bng 3 tng v t hn 3 tng. V d mt
n v bn khng c nh ln hn hoc bng 3 tng s gi thit gi tr kh nng tn
thng l 1 (dn xut t 1-0, trong , 1 l tng din tch ca cc n v bn theo
phn trm v 0 l phn trm cc ta nh >= tng). Vi cng mt l do nh vy, mt
n v bn vi 1% nh >= 3 tng, th gi tr tn thng s bng 0 (v 1-1=0).
y l php c tnh kh nng khng chnh xc. Rt kh khi ngh r ng mt ta nh 2
tng s hon ton b tn thng v mt ta nh 3 tng th s khng b lm sao c.
php phn tch chnh xc hn, ta nn xem xt khi lng nh nh
tnh ton
chng trc v loi vt liu dng xy nh.
Bn Vuln
Bi tp 6E. S c lng trong nh gi ri

ro ng t
D liu:
D liu t th mc con:/exercise06
Mc ch:
Trong bi tp ny, chng ta s gii thch phng php cho tnh ton mt lot
cc ta nh m n c th b nguy hi mt phn hoc nng n bi nhng trn
ng t vi nhng lp cng ng t khc nhau. Chng ta tin hnh
phng php ny bng cch s dng cc ng cong nhy cm, hoc cc
bng nhy cm,a ra mt mi lin h gia cng ng t v mc
thit hi cho mt s cc ta nh. Chng ta khng gii quyt xc nh ca cc
tai bin ng t thc s, v tnh mc rung mt t vi cc kch bn ng
t khc nhau v cc iu kin v t trng ti vng. Phn cui ca bi tp
ny cng c mt kt qu cho d on v thng vong c a ra. Tnh ton
c thc hin vi mi n v bn .
D liu u vo
D liu sau c s dng trong bi tp ny.
Tn
Kiu
ngha
Cc yu t ti ri ro
Mapping_units
Raster
Cc ta nh ca thnh ph
Bng bao gm cc thng tin thng k v s ta nh v s ngi
Mapping_units
table
mi ta nh
D liu ng t
File script m s s dng tnh ton tn hi do ng t vi
Thit hi
Script
cc kch bn khc nhau
D liu khc
High_res_image
Raster
nh phn gii cao cho vng nghin cu
Ph thuc vo cng ng t v vng tri ca ta nh, mt ta nh c th c nguy hi
trong sut mt trn ng t t vt nt mnh ti s sp hon ton ca ta nh. Khi c ng
ng t c xem l hng s, cp thit hi lin quan trc tip ti bn ca ta nh,
li lin quan ti kiu kin trc v vt liu . Xem xt tnh nhy cm a chn, v cc ta nh
trong trng hp trong vng nghin cu c chia thnh cc lp.
Gch sng (phi nng khng nung) - Adobe (AD)

Gch vi va bn, xy ti (BM)
Gch vi va bn, xy tt (BMW)
Gch vi xi mng hoc vi (BC)
Khung b tng ct st vi cng trnh c 3 hoc t hn 3 tng (RCC3)
Khung b tng ct st vi cng trnh c 3 hoc hn 3 tng (RCC4)
Bng Landuse gm mt da on ca nhng phn s -fraction ca cc ta nh vi cc

kiu khc nhau (AD, BM, BC v RCC) trn mi kiu t.
M bng Landuse v kim tra cc gii tr cho cc kiu nh khc nhau.
Bi tp RiskCity 6E -1
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity: nh gi ri ro do ng t

Ch , chng ta khng c nhng gi tr ring r cho cc ta nh RCC vi 4 hoc t hn 4 tng,
v ch vi hn 3 tng. Bi v nhng phn trm c tnh t trc.
nh gi mt s to nh vi tng kiu nh.

Trc tin, chng ta cn tnh s lng cc ton nh ca cc kiu nh khc nhau (AD, BM, BC
v RCC). Chng ta cng nn th c hin trong bng mapping_units. Tuy nhin, chng ta s
tnh mt s ct, v to mt bng mi lin kt ti bn Mapping_units, v c gi l
Buildings_per_unit.
Select File / Create / Table. To mt bng vi tn l:

Buildings_per_unit, s dng chung domain Mapping_units.
khi bng trng, m bng, chn Columns / Join v ni vi bng .

Mapping_units, v c trong cc ct Pred_Landuse,
Percover3floors v Nr_Buildings
M bng Buildings_per_unit v ni vi bng Landuse sau y c cc ct

Perc_AD, Perc_BM, Perc_BC v Perc_RCC.
By gi, chng ta c th tnh s lng cc ta nh ca cc kiu khc nhau.
Trong bng kiu Buildings_per_unit vi cc cng thc sau (s dng chnh

xc =1 cho tt c)
N_AD:=Nr_Buildings*Perc_AD
y l s lng cc ta nh xy bng gch phi trn mi n v bn .
N_BM:= Nr_Buildings*Perc_BM
y l s lng cc ta nh xy bng gch vi bn trn mi n v bn .
N_BC:= Nr_Buildings*Perc_BC
y l s lng cc ta nh xy bng gch vi va trn mi n v bn
N_RCC3:= Nr_Buildings*Perc_RCC*(1- Percover3floor)
y l s lng cc ta nh RCC vi 1-3 tng trn mi n v bn
N_RCC4:= Nr_Buildings*Perc_RCC* Percover3floor
y l s lng cc ta nh RCC vi > 3 tng trn mi n v bn
To cc ng cong nhy cm
Trong bng di y, cc ph hy, l phn trm ca cc phn nh b ph hy cho nhng
cng ng t khc nhau (trong MMI) cho cc kiu nh khc nhau trong thnh ph, c
a ra. Mi lin h ny c ly bi NSET-Nepal v JICA. Trong bng, 2 cp ph hy c
a ra, chng c nh ngha trong cch sau:
Thit hi nng n : Sp hoc khng th ti phc hi
Thit hi mt phn : C th phc hi (d dng di tn dn c)

Cc ta nh vi cao v cc kiu vt liu khc nhau s dng nh l mt kt qu ca sn
phm c chia nhm thnh cc lp cp pha trn. Trong bng ma trn nguy him,
cc cp thit hi khng nhng c a ra mt gi tr phn trm m cn mt phm vi
thp nht v cao nht ca cc ta nh trong lp vt liu xy dng. Trong mi lin h cng
-nguy him c s dng d on tnh nhy cm ca cc kiu nh trong thung
lng Kathmandu Nepal.
Xem sn phm cho p dng cc ng cong nhy cm ti d liu RiskCity, theo 4 kiu ct
cho mi lp cng ng t (t VI ti IX) s c to thnh trong GIS nhm tnh cc
ta nh nhy cm trong cc n v bn .
Thit hi mt phn nh (s lng nh nht c th ca cc ta nh b thit

hi mt phn)

Thit hi mt phn ln (s lng ln nht c th ca cc ta nh b thit hi mt
phn)
S sp t nht (s lng t nht c th ca cc ta nh b thit hi hon ton))
S sp ln nht (s lng ln nht c th ca cc ta nh b thit hi hon ton)
c th trnh c mt s da tha qu ln cc ct trong bng, chng ta s chuyn

nhng ct ny thnh bng mi : unit_damage.
Select File / Create / Table. To mt bng vi tn Unit_damage,

s dng domain Mapping_units.
khi bng trng m, chn Columns / Join v ni vi bng

Buildings_per_unit, V c cc ct sau N_AD, N_BM, N_BC,
N_RCC3 and N_RCC4.
T bng nhy cm a ra pha trn, c nhiu xc sut khc nhau cho vic kt hp thng
tin: t cc cng khc nhau (VI, VII, VIII and IX) v mt phn hoc s han ton
cc gi tr thp nht v b nht. Chng ta ch tnh mt kch bn: Phn trm ln nhn
ca cc ta nh b sp trong mt trn ng t vi kch bn IX.
Trong bng Unit_damage theo cng thc sau:
IX_collapse_max:=(N_AD*0.72)+(N_BM*0.41)+(N_BC*0.18)+(N_RCC3*0.3
5)+(N_RCC4*0.3)
To mt bng thuc tnh ca ct IX_Collapse_max.
Bao nhiu ta nh s b sp ln nht khi ton b din tch b mt trn ng
t vi cng cp IX?
S dng mt scrip cho nh gi tn tht ta nh

Trong phn trc, chng ta ch tnh s lng cc ta nh ln nht m c th b ph hy ch
cho mt kch bn ng t (1 cng ). Tnh s lng cc ta nh ln nht v nh nht m
b thit hi nng hoc va phi vi ton b kch bn ng t, s mt rt lu tin hnh
bng tay, v c th lm tt hn trong mt script. Chng ta chun b mt script nh sau:
Script ch gm 2 dng:
Script
Tabcalc Unit_damage
%1_%2_%3:=(N_AD*%4)+(N_BM*%5)+(N_BC*%6)+(N_RCC3*%7)+(N_RCC4*%8)
%1%2%3:= MapAttribute(mapping_units,Unit_damage.tbt.%1_%2_%3)
Parameters:
%1 = Tham s (VI, VII, VIII, IX)
%2 = S sp hoc mt phn
%3 = Max hoc Min
%4 = Gi tr v thit hi cho cc ta nh gch phi (N_AD)
%5 = Gi tr v thit hi cho cc ta nh gch vi bn (N_BM)
%6 = Gi tr v thit hi cho cc ta nh gch vi xi mng (N_BC)
%7 = Gi tr v thit hi cho cc ta nh RCC vi t hn 4 tng
%8 = tGi tr v thit hi cho cc ta nh RCC vi nhiu hn 4 tng
NOTE: Bn cn mt bn raster ca cc n v thnh lp bn chy dng thc 2 ca script.
S dng scirpt Damage v chy n khi s dng cc tham s khc nhau t bng
nhy cm. V d:
Run damage VI collapse max 0.1 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.02
Bn cng c th to ra mt script n xem nh l script u vo cho mt script Damage v n

s gm tt cc kch bn.
Chng ta s tp trung vo cch tnh ton ca ton b cc ta nh m b thit hi nng nn
vi cc trn ng t cp VI , VII, VIII, v .
To mt script Damage_input v vit u vo ca ton b kch bn trong cch

sau:
Run damage VI collapse max 0.1 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.02

Run damage VI collapse min 0.02 0 0 0 0

Run Damage VII collapse max 0.35 0.21 0.05 0.08 0.07
Run damage VII collapse min 0.1 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.1
V d
Chy script Damage_input bng cch nh dng l nh sau:
Run damage_input
Hin th kt qu trong mt bng
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Collapse
max
Collapse
min
Trn l thuyt ca cc nghin cu v cc catalog ng t ca mt vng v vi s gip ca cc
m hnh cho s tnh ton ca s suy yu v ng t, n c quyt nh rng cc cng
khc nhau xy ra vi cc chu k lp li sau:
Chu k lp li
VI
10
VII
25
VIII
50
IX
100
Ta mt ng cong ri ro, vi xc sut hng nm trn trc Y v s lng

cc ta nh b ph hy trn trc X, v v cc gi tr cho 4 kch bn cng ng
t trong graph.
Cu hi:
Lc ny, chng ra cho r ng ton b thnh ph s cng cng ng t vi mt kch
bn ng t, n l mt cn ng t c th vi phm vi ln xy ra ti mt khong cch
xc nh t thnh ph. y l mt s gi thuyt ng? Chng ta nn lm g
ci thin
kt qu ny?
Bi tp 6M: nh gi nh tnh ri ro a tai bin, s dng ng

cong ri ro
Thi gian d kin: 3gi
D liu:
exercise06
i tng:
Bi tp ny ta tnh ton ri ro t cc dng tai bin khc nhau v cc
chu k lp li khc nhau theo mt cch thc nh tnh, s dng cc ng cong ri ro.
Xc sut hng nm v cc thit hi lin quan c so snh i vi cc dng tai bin v
c kt hp trong mt ng cong ri ro tng th.
D liu u vo
D liu cho bi tp ny c lu trong mt s bng c th c lin kt bn
polygon cc n v bn . Di y lit kt bng, v ct ca chng v vi biu th
ngha cc dng bng.
Bng
Flood_risk_
buildings
Flood_risk_
population
Landslide_risk_
buildings
Landslide_risk_
Population
Seismic_risk_
buildings
Seismic_risk
population
Ct
ngha
Buildings_5_year
S lng nh chu nh hng bi l lt vi chu k lp li l 5 nm
Buildings_10_year
Buildings_25_year
Buildings_50_year
Buildings_100_year
day_pop_aff_10_year
S ngi chu nh hng bi l lt vi chu k lp li l 10 nm ban ngy
day_pop_aff_50_year
S ngi chu nh hng bi l lt vi chu k lp li l 50 nm ban ngy
night_pop_aff_10_year
S ngi chu nh hng bi l lt vi chu k lp li l 10 nm ban m
night_pop_aff_50_year
S ngi chu nh hng bi l lt vi chu k lp li l 10 nm ban m
Nr_Buildings_high
S lng nh trong vng tai bin trt l t cao
Nr_Buildings_moderate
S lng nh trong vng tai bin trt l t trung bnh
Nr_Buildings_low
S lng nh trong vng tai bin trt l t thp
Pop_night_high
S lng ngi trong vng tai bin trt l t cao vo ban m
Pop_night_mod
S lng ngi trong vng tai bin trt l t trung bnh vo ban m
Pop_night_low
S lng ngi trong vng tai bin trt l t thp vo ban m
Pop_day_high
S lng ngi trong vng tai bin trt l t cao vo ban ngy
Pop_day_moderate
S lng ngi trong vng tai bin trt l t trung bnh vo ban ngy
Pop_day_low
S lng ngi trong vng tai bin trt l t thp vo ban ngy
VI_collapse_max
S nh b sp trong vng vi cng bng VI
VII_collapse_max
S nh b sp trong vng vi cng bng VII
VIII_collapse_max
S nh b sp trong vng vi cng bng VIII
IX_collapse_max
S nh b sp trong vng vi cng bng IX
VI_night_pop
S dn ca nhng nh do ng t cng bng VI vo ban m
VI_day_pop
S dn ca nhng nh do ng t cng bng VI vo ban ngy
VII_night_pop
S dn ca nhng nh do ng t cng bng VII vo ban m
VII_day_pop
S dn ca nhng nh do ng t cng bng VII vo ban ngy
VIII_night_pop
S dn ca nhng nh do ng t cng bng VIII vo ban m
VIII_day_pop
S dn ca nhng nh do ng t cng bng VIII vo ban ngy
Bi tp RiskCty 06M - 1
Bi tp RiskCity: nh gi ri ro a tai bin
Technological_
risk buildings
Technological_
risk population
IX_night_pop
S dn ca nhng nh do ng t cng bng IX vo ban m
IX_day_pop
S dn ca nhng nh do ng t cng bng IX vo ban ngy
Nr_buildings_sc1
S lng nh trong khu vc chu nh hng ca chy thng pool fire
Nr_buildings_sc2
S lng nh trong khu vc chu nh hng ca chy p lc (BLEVE)
pop_day_sc1
S ngi sng trong khu vc chu nh hng ca chy thng ban ngy
Pop_night_sc1
S ngi sng trong khu vc chu nh hng ca chy thng ban m
pop_day_sc2
S ngi sng trong khu vc chu nh hng ca chy p lc ban ngy
Pop_night_sc2
S ngi sng trong khu vc chu nh hng ca chy p lc ban m
Trong bi tp ny ta s ch tp trung vo nh ca, m khng ch n dn c, v i u

ny s tn nhiu thi gian. Cng c th thc hin php phn tch tng t i vi dn
c trong kch bn ban ngy hoc trong kch bn ban m.
Chng ta s theo mt s cc bc sau:
Cng thc tnh
u tin ta s thnh lp cc bn thuc tnh cha s lng nh
ri ro:
ca chu nh hng ca mi mt dng tai bin v lp tai bin.
Ri ro=T*K*L
Sau ta s chun ha cc gi tr v chuyn chng sang cc gi
T-Tai bin
tr ri ro hng nm. Trong bc ny ta cng phi th hn cc gi tr kh
K-Kh nng tn
thng
nng tn thng v xc sut nu chng cha c bao hm.
L-Lng gi tr
Sau ta s kt hp d liu v to cc ng cong ri ro.
cc yu t chi
ri ro
Bc 1: Thnh lp cc bn thuc tnh.
Trong bc ny ta s hnh thnh cc bn thuc tnh ca tt c cc ct trong

cc bng ri ro lin quan ti thit hi nh ca.
Raster ha bn polygon Mapping_units.

Chn Operations/ Raster Operations / Attribute Maps. ChnMapping_units, lm
Raster Map, Flood_Risk_Buildings lm Attribute Table v
Buildings_affected_10 lm column. t tn bn u ra: Flood_10.
Hy thc hin iu tng t i vi ton b cc ct trong bng lit k di
y,v t tn nh c ch ra .
Bng
Ct
Tn ca bn u ra
Flood_risk_ buildings
Buildings_5_year
Flood_5
Buildings_10_year
Flood_10
Buildings_25_year
Flood_25
Buildings_ 50_year
Flood_50
Buildings_ 100_year
Flood_100
Nr_Buildings_high
Landslide_high
Landslide_moderate
Nr_Buildings_low
Landslide_low
VI_collapse_max
Seismic_VI
VII_collapse_max
Seismic_VII
VIII_collapse_max
Seismic_VIII
IX_collapse_max
Seismic_IX
Nr_buildings_sc1
Technological_sc1
Nr_buildings_sc2
Technological_sc2
Landslide_risk_ buildings
Seismic_risk_ buildings
Technological_risk buildings
Bi tp RiskCity 06M - 2
Cc ta nh c tnh ton b sp trong cc trn ng y

Mt tm tt cc kt qu ri ro m ta thu c, c a ra di y.
Bng
Kch bn
Flood_risk_
buildings
Chu k lp li l 5 nm
Xc sut
hng nm
0.2
Chu k lp li l 10 nm
0.1
Chu k lp li l 25 nm
0.04
Chu k lp li l 50 nm
0.02
Chu k lp li l 100 nm
0.01
High
Cng VI
Gi nh cha
xc nh
Gi nh cha
xc nh
Gi nh cha
xc nh
0.067
Cng VII
0.029
Cng VIII
0.020
Cng IX
0.017
Chy thng, Pantan
Cha xc nh
Chy p lc, Pantan
Cha xc nh
Landslide_risk_
buildings
Trung bnh
Thp
Seismic_risk_
buildings
Technological_risk
buildings
Kh nng tn thng nh ca
Cha xc nh, ta ch va chng du
vt tai bin vi nh ca
Cha xc nh, ta ch va chng

du vt tai bin vi nh ca.
S lng cc ngi nh b ph hy s
t nhiu hn
C, da trn nh ca v ng cong
kh nng tn thng
Cha xc nh, ta ch va chng

du vt tai bin vi nh ca
Nh ta thy, t bng ny khng phi tt c cc bn kt qu l cc bn ri ro

thc s, v rt nhiu trong chng khng in y yu cu c a ra t khi bt
u ca mt bn ri ro, theo ny, bn c thnh lp nh vo s kt hp Xc
sut, Kh nng tn thng v Lng gi tr. Rt nhiu mt trong ba thnh phn ny
b thiu. iu s gy kh khn cho cng tc nh gi nh tnh ri ro, theo cng
thc:
Ri ro = Xc sut * Kh nng tn thng * Lng gi tr
Hy so snh cc kt qu ca cc thit hi nh ca i vi cc tai bin khc

nhau.
Bn c th kt lun g v cc s khc nhau ca cc kt qu ny?
R rng l hu ht cc bn ri ro khng h hin th d liu trong cng mt th t.

Mt vi kch bn s xy ra rt thng xuyn, v gy nn nhiu hu qu, v s khc c
th xy ra thng xuyn hn, v gy ra t thit hi hn nhng c th gy ra thit hi
v lu v di.
Bc 2: Tnh ton ri ro hng nm v ng cong ri ro i vi

tai bin a chn.
Trong phn ny, ta s c gng tnh ton nhng thit hi d on c v mt ri ro
hng nm, bng cch nhn thnh phn xc su vi cc lp c tnh. Ta bt u thc
hin iu ny i vi cc thit hi do ng t, v ti y s tp trung ch yu vo
nhng thit hi nh ca. Kt qu ca vic c tnh thit hi ny a ra thng tin v s
lng ln nht cc ta nh c th sp trong mi mt n v bn , di cc trn

ng t vi cng t VI n IX.
Cng
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Chu k lp li
15
35
50
60
Xc sut hng
nm (P)
S lng nh sp
(= V*A)
Ri ro hng nm
(R = P*V*A)
0.067
1323
88
Hy m bng Seismic_Risk_Buildings v c tng s nh sp di cc

trn ng t c cng VI,VII, VIII v IX. (Nu bn khng thy cc gi tr
ny bn phi chc rng View/Statistics Pane c chn).
Hy in cc gi tr ca s lng nh thit hi trong bng trn
Hy tnh xc sut Hng nm v ri ro Hng nm i vi bn kch bn v a ra
cc gi tr trong bng trn hoc trong mt bng tnh Excel
To mt ng cong Ri ro, vi xc sut hng nm trn trc Y v s nh ca
thit hi trn trc X, v v cc gi tr i vi 4 kch bn cng ng t trong
biu
Cc gi tr ny c ngha g?Bn c th kt lun c iu g?
Bc 3: Tnh ton ri ro hng nm v ng cong ri ro i vi l

lt.
Bc tip theo thc hin tng t i vi ri ro l lt. Vn vi cc bn ri
ro l l t l ch c hai trong ba tham s l c bit: tai bin v lng gi tr hazard v amount. Tai bin lin quan n xc sut l lt v khu vc chu nh hng
ca l lt i vi cc chu k lp li khc nhau (5, 10, 25 v 100 nm). H s th ba,
kh nng tn thng, khng c tnh n trong phn tch. Php phn tch ny
khng th c thc hin khi ta khng c thng tin v chiu cao l lt i vi cc chu
k lp li khc nhau, nhng vi s m rng l lt ta c th thc hin c iu .
V th kh nng tn thng l l t c tnh da trn c s ca s dng t th.
Trong cc lp s dng t c lu trong bng Flood_vulnerability. Ta cn phi xc
nh cc gi tr kh nng tn thng i vi mi mt dng s dng t v mi mt
chu k lp li, trong ta gi s rng chu k lp li cng ln, su v vn tc l
lt cng ln v v th kh nng tn thn s cng ln.
M bng Flood_vulnerability v kim tra cc gi tr trong bng ny.

Hy bn bc cc gi tr vi ngi xung quanh. Bn c t do sa li cho hp l.
S dng t th cng c xc nh i vi mi mt n v bn , v c
lu trong bng thuc tnh Mapping_units. c th s dng cc gi tr tn thng
t bng Flood_vulnerability, ta phi lin kt cc gi tr kh nng tn thng n

bng Flood_risk_buildings. Trong bng ny thng tin v s lng nh ca ch nh
hng c a ra.
Hy m bng Mapping_units, v kim tra cc gi tr ca Pred_Landuse. Hy

ng bng li
Hy m bng Flood_Risk_Buildings v chn Columns / Join. Ni vi bng
Mapping_units v c trong ct Pred_Landuse.
Ni vi bng Flood_vulnerability v c trong cc ct V_5year, v_10year,
v_25year, v_50year v v_100year.
Cc ct m bn va thnh lp gi y bin din cc gi tr tn thng i vi cc n

v bn khc nhau. Ta c th tnh ton ri ro l lt hng nm i vi 5 chu k lp li
khc nhau. iu ny c thc hin trong cng mt bng Flood_risk_buildings
Trong bng Flood_Risk_Buildings, v tnh 5 ct mi i vi s lng nh b

ph hy vi mi mt chu k lp li
v d. Buildings_destroyed_5:=Buildings_5year*v_5year
Hy in cc kt qu vo mt file Excel hoc trong mt bng di y
Hy tnh ton file Excel hoc bng ri ro hng nm .
Hy so snh cc kt qu vi cc kt qu t ri ro a chn. Ti sao li c nhng
khc bit nh vy?
Kch bn
5 nm
10 nm
25 nm
50 nm
100 nm
Chu k lp li
10
25
50
100
0.2
0.1
0.04
0.02
0.01
V_5years
V_10years
V_25years
V_50years
V_100years
Xc sut hng nm
(P)
Kh nng tn thn
(trung bnh)
S lng nh sp
(= V*A)
Ri ro hng nm
(R = P*V*A)
33
7
Bc 4: Tnh ton ri ro hng nm v ng cong ri ro i vi

trt l t.
Bc tip theo c thc hin tng t i vi ri ro trt l t. Ti y ta c mt
vn b sung v ta khng bit c tai bin (xc sut) cng nh kh nng tn
thng. iu duy nht ta tnh ton c l s lng nh ca phn b trong cc vng
vi tai bin trt l t cao, trung bnh vfa thp. Ta cn bit mt s iu sau:
1. Bao nhiu phn trm cc lp tai bin cao, trung bnh v thp c th chu nh
hng bi trt l t?
2. Trong giai on no cc trt l ny s xy ra? Trong mt bi tp trc ta

va tnh ton xc sut thi gian v khng gian i vi cc trt l t vi chu k
lp li l 50, 100, 200, 300 v 400 nm.
3. Kh nng tn thng do trt l t l bao nhiu? iu ny thng c gi
nh n gin l kh nng tn thng bng 1. Trong bi tp trc, ta lm
mt hm n gin trong ta chng minh c kh nng tn thng cng t
nu nh cng ln. Kt ca c lu trong ct vuln.
Bi tp trc c kt qu nh sau:
Chu k
lp li
Xc sut
thi gian
50
Pt
0.02
100
0.01
200
0.005
300
0.00333
400
0.0025
Cc thit hi
vi 1 chu k lp
li = tng thit
hi trong cc
khu vc xc
sut cao, trung
bnh v thp.
Xc sut
khng gian
Ps
0.0181
0.00000131
0.00000060
0.1672
0.005739628
0.00000537
0.2575
0.134536362
0.00000859
0.3319
0.293138228
0.00000954
0.3739
0.552257869
0.00001014
Kh nng
d b tn
thng
V
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Lng gi tr
Thit
hi/lp
A
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
(Ps*V*A)
13.14
0.0033
0.0003
Thit
hi/kch
bn
13
Da
trn
ngy
thng
c
a
trong
bng
Landslide_results_buildings gi y ta c th thc hin php tnh
s lng k vng nh ca b ph hy i vi mi mt lp tai bin v
vi mi mt kch bn.
M bng Landslide_results_buildings v kim tra d liu

sng c. Cng hy hin th cc d liu lm thuc tnh s
dng bn Mapping_units.
Nhng thit hi nh ca c d on bng cch nhn xc sut khng gian,

xc sut thi gian, kh nng tn thng v s lng nh phn b trong mi mt lp
tai bin. i vi kch bn u tin iu ny tnh ra theo phng trnh sau:
Hy tnh ton nhng thit hi nh ca i vi kch bn 1/50 nm trong bng

Landslide_results_buildings nh di y:
B_loss_50_high:= 0.0181*vuln* Nr_Buildings_high
B_loss_50_moderate:= 0.00000131*vuln* Nr_Buildings_moderate
B_loss_50_low:= 0.00000060*vuln* Nr_Buildings_low
B_loss_50:=B_loss_50_high+B_loss_50_moderate+B_loss_50_low
(Hy chc rng s dng chnh xc l 0.0001. Nu khng ta cho tt c
ton b gi tr 0 lin quan n cc xc sut thp.
Hy kim tra kt qu. Bn c th kt lun c g?
V cc xc sut thi gian thp trong tai bin thp, nn s khng vn g khi b qua
n. Tuy nhin lp tai bin trung bnh, m bao gm cc trt l c rng ln, c th
phn ng do cc bin c kch hot vi chu k lp li ln, cng d n n kt qu s
lng nh ca thit hi ln. nng cao tc tnh ton bn cng c th xem xt
vic thnh lp mt file tp lnh. Mt file tp lnh n gin bao gm mt s cc lnh
bn c th lm trong mt chng trnh bin tp text.
Hy to mt file tp lnh Landslide_loss (File, Create, Script). Khi ca s bin tp

tp lnh script editor m ra, hy vit cc lnh trn nh sau:
REM this is a script for calculation building losses for landslides
REM Each line contains a calculation in the table Landslide_results_buildings
REM first we calculate for the 50 year return period
Tabcalc Landslide_results_buildings B_loss_50_high:= 0.0181*vuln*
Nr_Buildings_high
Tabcalc Landslide_results_buildings B_loss_50_moderate:= 0.00000131*vuln*
Tabcalc Landslide_results_buildings B_loss_50_low:= 0.00000060*vuln*
Nr_Buildings_low
Tabcalc Landslide_results_buildings
B_loss_50:=B_loss50_high+B_loss_50_moderate+B_loss_50_low
REM now we calculate for the 100 year return period
Tabcalc Landslide_results_buildings B_loss_100_high:= 0.1672*vuln*
Nr_Buildings_high
Tabcalc Landslide_results_buildings B_loss_100_moderate:= 0.005739628*vuln*
Tabcalc Landslide_results_buildings B_loss_100_low:= 0.00000537*vuln*
Nr_Buildings_low
Tabcalc Landslide_results_buildings
B_loss_100:=B_loss100_high+B_loss_100_moderate+B_loss_100_low
v.v. Hy hon thnh tp lnh s dng copy v paste
Hon thnh tp lnh. Lu li l Landslide_loss.
Trn bng lnh thc hin dng lnh:
Run Landslide_loss
Gi tp lnh s chy. Sau hon thnh tp lnh bn c th m bng
Landslide_results_buildings v ly cc gi tr thit hi nh ca i vi mi mt
chu k lp li v vit chng ra trong bng di y
Gi y bn c th n gin ha cc th tc v c cc thit hi nh ca v xc sut

thi gian cn cho ng cong ri ro.
Bn c th kt
lun g khi bn
so snh cc xc
sut khng
gian v cc kt
qu i vi cc
lp xc sut
cao, trung bnh
v thp?
Hy vit cc thit hi nh ca trong bng di y v tnh

ton cc ri ro c th i vi mi mt kch bn.
50
100
200
300
400 nm
Xc sut theo thi

gian (PT)
Cc thit hi nh
ca (PS*V*A)
Ri ro hng nm
(PT*PS*V*A)
Hy to ng cong ri ro i vi trt l t trong Excel.

Bn c th kt lun c g? Ri ro trt l t ln nh th no khi so snh vi
cc dng ri ro khc?
Bc 5: Tnh ton ri ro hng nm i vi tai bin k thut.

Trong phn ny ta s c gng tnh ton ri ro hng nm i vi cc tai bin k thut.
Trong trng hp ny ta cng khng bit c xc sut, v kh nng tn thng. Khu
vc c bao ph bi cc vng tn thng k thu t tng i rng ln, nhng c hi
m bin c xy ra li thp, v kh nng tn thng theo cng tng i thp.
Kch bn
Kch bn 1: Chy thng
Kch bn 2: Chy p lc
Chu k lp li
50
500
0.1
0.1
S nh chu nh hng
Xc sut hng nm (P)
Kh nng tn thng (trung
bnh) (V)
S nh b ph hy (=V*A)
Ri ro c th hng nm
(R = P*V*A)
Hy tm s nh phn b trong din tch kch bn 1 v 2 bao ph, v ghi cc gi

tr trong bng trn
Tnh ton xc sut hng nm, s nh b ph hy v ri ro hng nm.
Ta c th tnh mt ng cong ri ro i vi cc ri ro k thut c khng?
Chuyn cc thng tin thit hai sang chi ph:

tnh ton tng gi tr nh ca, ta phi nhn tng khng gian sn trong mi mt
n v bn vi n v chi ph ca nh ca. Ta thc hin iu ny bng cch lin kt
chi ph nh ca vi cc dng s dng t th. V th i vi mi mt dng s dng
t ta phi nh ngha chi ph n v ca cc ta nh v chi ph ni dung trong bng
Landuse_cost.
Hy kim tra cc n v chi ph xy dng v ni dung xy dng trong bng

Landuse_cost.
Hy m bng Mapping_Units v ni vi bng Landuse_cost, v c trong hai
ct Building_sqm v Contents_sqm.
Gi ta c th n gin nhn khng gian sn vi n v chi ph nh ca v n v chi

ph ni dung tm ra tng gi tr.
Hy tnh ton chi ph xy dng v chi ph ni dung bn trong cn nh

Cng tnh tng chi ph/n v bn . Hy hin th iu ny lm thuc tnh ca
bn Mapping_Units.
Dng cu trc no bn c th thy? Bn nn hin th bn nh th no cho
tt nht? Hy so snh dng ny vi s lng nh. Bn c th kt lun c g?
Chi ph trung bnh/n v bn l bao nhiu?
C thnh ph s l bao nhiu?
Ta cng c th tnh chi ph trung bnh/nh trong mi mt n v bn .
Tnh ton chi ph trung bnh/nh

Cost:=total_cost/nr_buildings
Thm ch c l tt hn: hy lm mt cng thc trong khng c cc gi tr
khng xc nh trong ct u ra
Chi ph trung bnh cho cc ta nh i vi cc dng s dng t khc nhau l
bao nhiu? Bn s tnh ton nh th no?
Thnh lp mt bn thuc tnh ca chi ph ny, gi l: Cost
Tnh ton ri ro hng nm.

Trong phn ny ta s tnh cc thit hi theo cc gi tr tin t i vi cc tai bin ng
t, l lt, trt l t v k thut.
Mi mt bng thuc tnh vi thng tin v thit hi nh ca, hy ni vi bng

Mapping_units thu c ct Costs. Nhn ct ny vi cc thit hi nh ca
cho mi mt kch bn
Trong Excel s dng tng gi tr ca cc thit hi tin bc tnh ton ri ro c
th v thnh lp ng cong ri ro
Hy nhp cc gi tr kt qu vo trong bng trang sau.
Thnh lp cc bn thuc tnh vi ri ro tng cng
Hy so snh cc gi tr ri ro hng nm i vi ri ro a chn, ri ro trt l t v

ri ro k thut.
p n: nh gi nh tnh ri ro a tai bin,

s dng ng cong ri ro.
Hy so snh cc kt qu ca thit hi nh ca i vi cc tai bin khc nhau:

Nu bn kim tra bng cc ta nh chu nh hng/dng tai bin khc nhau, bn s c th thy cc gi
tr thit hi cao nht lin quan n kch bn BLEVE (ri ro k thut). Ta s tnh ton iu kin ti t nht
trn mt tai bin. y ch l s xem xt u tin, bi ta vn phi xt xc sut tai bin, kh nng tn
thng ca nh ca v s phn b trong khng gian
Bc 2: Tnh ton ri ro hng nm v ng cong ri ro i vi tai bin jia

chn
Cng
VI
VII
VIII
IX
Chu k lp li
15
35
50
60
0.067
0.029
0.020
0.017
1323
4850
8945
10991
88
139
179
183
Xc sut hng
nm (P)
S lng nh sp
(= V*A)
Ri ro hng nm
(R = P*V*A)
ng cong ri ro ng t
Xc sut
VI
VII
ng cong ri
ro ng t
VIII
IX
Thit hi nh ca
Nh bn c th thy t biu , sau trn ng t mnh VIII , s lng nh ca b thit hi khng

tng cht no na. iu ny xy ra bi ti VIII , mt lng ln phn trm nh ca trn n v bn
b sp ht
Bc 3: Tnh ton ri ro hng nm v ng cong ri ro i vi l lt
nh gi ri ro l lt trn kch bn, g dng cng thc sau

y trong bng Flood_risk_building:
Buildings_destroyed_5:=Buildings_5_year*v_5year
Kch bn
5 nm
10 nm
25 nm
50 nm
100 nm
Chu k lp li
10
25
50
100
0.2
0.1
0.04
0.02
0.01
V_5years
V_10years
V_25years
V_50years
V_100years
33
74
192
375
1096
11
Xc sut hng nm
(P)
Kh nng tn thn
(trung bnh)
S lng nh sp
(= V*A)
Ri ro hng nm
(R = P*V*A)
Xc sut
ng cong ri ro l lt
ng
cong ri
ro l lt
Thit hi nh ca
Hy xem ng cong ri ro l lt, ta c th d dng suy lun rng sau bin c c chu k lp li 25 nm
(xc sut = 0.04), mi mt s gia nh ca chu k lp li, to ra mt s gia thit hi ln.
so snh ri ro do ng t v L lt, hy xem v d cc bin c c chu k lp li l 50 nm. Cc thit
hi do ng t ln hn 20 ln nhng thit hi do l lt gy ra.
nh hng
ca kh
nng
Effectdofbthe
tn
thng
Vulnerability
Gi
thit
Assuming
kh
nng
vulneability=1
tn thng
=1
iu quan trng l ch s nh hng tnh cho kh nng tn thng m trong cc trng hp ny n

lm gim cc thit hi, s a ra mt kt qu thc t hn. Khng tnh n kh nng tn thng bn s
dng gi tr 1, v bn s gii thit rng cc ta nh b ph hy hon ton v may mn thay y ch iu
kin ti t nht.
Bc 4: Tnh ton ri ro hng nm v ng cong ri ro i vi trt l

t
G cc cng thc trn Landslide_results_buildings:
i vi chu k lp li 100 nm:
i vi chu k lp li 300 nm;
B_loss_300_high:= 0.3319 *vuln* Nr_Buildings_high

B_loss_400:=B_loss_400_
high+B_loss_400_moderat
e+B_loss_400_low
tng tc th tc tnh ton,
bn c th chy tp lnh
Landslide_loss a ra di y
v cho ra cc kt qu tng t
Chu k
lp li
Xc sut
thi gian
Xc sut
khng gian
Pt
Ps
0.0181
0.00000131
0.00000060
0.1672
0.005739628
0.00000537
0.2575
0.134536362
0.00000859
0.3319
0.293138228
0.00000954
0.3739
0.552257869
0.00001014
50
0.02
100
0.01
200
0.005
300
0.00333
400
0.0025
Kh nng
d b tn
thng
V
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Vuln
Lng gi tr
Thit
hi/lp
A
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
Nr_B__high
Nr_B__mod
Nr_B__low
(Ps*V*A)
13.14
0.0033
0.0003
121,3830
35,1520
0,0376
186,9390
823,9800
0,0709
240,9520
1795,3540
0,0802
271,4430
3382,3580
0,0840
Thit
hi/kch
bn
13
157
1011
2036
3654
50
100
200
300
400 nm

(PT)
0.02
0.01
0.005
0.0033
0.0025
Cc thit hi nh ca
(PS*V*A)
13
157
1011
2036
3654
Ri ro hng nm
(PT*PS*V*A)
So snh ri ro do trt l t vi cc ng cong ri ro, ta c th suy lun u l cao
Xc sut
ng cong ri ro trt l t
ng cong ri
ro trt l t
Log (cong tld)
Thit hi nh ca
Bc 5: Tnh ton ri ro hng nm i vi tai bin k thut
Kch bn
Kch bn 1:
Chy thng
Kch bn 2:
Chy p lc
Chu k lp li
50
500
828
10843
0,02
0,002
0.1
0.1
82,8
1084,3
1,656
2,1686
S nh chu nh
hng
Xc sut hng
nm (P)
Kh nng tn
thng (trung
bnh) (V)
S nh b ph hy
(=V*A)
Ri ro c th
hng nm
(R = P*V*A)
Xc sut
Ri ro k thut
Ri ro k thut
Thit hi nh ca
Nh bn c th thy t biu , khng th to mt ng ong Ri ro k thut bi ta ch c hai

kch bn
Biu di y a ra ng cong ri ro tng cng vi dng ri ro c th. Bn c th thy
ri ro ng t l c lin quan nhiu nht, trong thc t ng cong ri ro tng cng thng
theo ng cong ng t
0.2500
0.2000
Ri risk
ro tng
Total
0.1500
cng
Ri ro ng
Earthquake
Risk
t
Flooding
Ri ro Risk
l lt
0.1000
Ri ro trt l
Landslide
Risk
t
Ri ro k thut
Technological Risk
0.0500
0.0000
0
50000
100000
150000
c s so snh tt hn gia ri ro tng cng v cc dng ri ro khc, ta s dng y

mt php ko gin i vi trc X v Y. Xem hnh di y
0.0500
0.0450
0.0400
0.0350
Ri risk
ro tng
Total
0.0300
cng
Earthquake
Risk
Ri ro ng
0.0250
0.0200
Flooding
Risk
Ri ro l
lt
0.0150
Landslide
Risk
t
Ri ro trt l
Ri ro k thut
Technological
Risk
0.0100
0.0050
0.0000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Nh gii thch trc , ni cc gi tr ca kh nng tn thng l 1 c ngha l cc ta nh

hon ton b ph huy v khng ch dng li thit hi. ci thin ng cong ri ro c
th bit c chi tit hn v kh nng tn thng ca ta nh i vi cc dng tai bin khc
nh gi ri ro(din tch di ng cong), ta c th b sung mt ng xu hng vo
biu v a ra phng tr
nh. Di n tch di ng cong c cho bng vic thng nht
phng trnh ca bn thn ng cong.
Total Risk Curve
Xc
sut
probability
ng cong ri ro tng cng

0.5000
0.4500
0.4000
0.3500
0.3000
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
ng cong ri
ro tng cng
ng phng
equation
trend line
trnh xu hng
Total Risk Curve
y = 3.996x-0.61
0
40000
80000
120000
Nh
ca destroyed
b ph hy
Building
C th nh gi ri ro di ng cong mt cch d dng trong bng tnh, nh excel. Trc

ht ta a mt vi v d n gin hiu phng php v sau ta s nh gi ri ro tng
cng di ng cong i vi din tch ca RiskCity
Ta c th nh gi din tch di ng cong trong hnh di y, c biu din bng phng
trnh Y=f(x), c phn nh bng ng vung gc vi trc X, i qua a v b. Bn c th
chia din tch vi n hnh ch nht, vi mt gi tr c s khng i, v cao ph thuc vo
hm ca ng cong. Din tch tng cng di ng cong, s l tng din tch ca mi mt
hnh ch nht n l. Gi y ch cn duy nht mt vn l nh gi din tch ca mi mt
hnh n l. R rng l, cng nhiu hnh ch nht, th cc nh gi c chnh xc cng cao
(hy xem s khc bit gia hai hnh di y).
Khong cch trn trc X c tnh bng Xn-X0, trong n l s lng hnh ch nht ta s
dng tnh ton.
Chiu di c s ca cc hnh ch nht c tnh bng cch chia khong bng s lng hnh
ch nht:
x = (Xn-X0)/n
Din tch ca hnh ch nht c tnh bng php nhn c s i vi chiu cao ca cc hnh ch
nht
Area = x*Y,
Trong , Y=f(x)
V d:
D liu xc nh
F(x)
Y=X3
x0
Xn
n
1
2
20
Ta mun s dng 20 hnh ch nht di ng cong.
M mt bng tnh trong excel v thnh lp mt bng c a ra di y:

X values = X0+n x
Y values = X3
Single area = Y* x
Total area = Single area
S lng hnh
ch nht
1
X0
Gi tr
X
1
X1
1,05
1,1
1,15
1,2
1,25
1,3
1,35
1,4
10
1,45
11
1,5
12
1,55
13
1,6
14
1,65
15
1,7
16
1,75
17
1,8
18
1,85
K hiu X
19
1,9
20
Xn-1
1,95
Gi tr Y
1
Din tch
ring
0,05
1,157625 0,05788125
1,331
0,06655
1,520875 0,07604375
1,728
0,0864
1,953125 0,09765625
2,197
0,10985
2,460375 0,12301875
2,744
0,1372
3,048625 0,15243125
3,375
0,16875
3,723875 0,18619375
4,096
0,2048
4,492125 0,22460625
4,913
0,24565
5,359375 0,26796875
5,832
0,2916
6,331625 0,31658125
6,859
0,34295
7,414875 0,37074375
Tng
din tch
3,576875
Hy kim tra cc kt qu ca bn
Cng th s dng hnh ch nht vi tm ca chng trn
ng cong. iu ny s a ra php c tnh qu ln ca
din tch di ng con ri ro (ngc vi cc tc ng
a ra hnh ch nht xut ) (opposite effect gives the
rectangle inscript).
Mt th tc t c th dng im trung bnh ca hnh ch
nht.
Th tc i vi phng php s dng hnh ch nht trung
bnh c gii thch di t, v ch yu l ging nh
c a trong v d trc, ch thay i gi tr X.
Gi tr
X
1
1,025
1,076890625
Din tch
ring
0,05384453
1,05
1,075
1,242296875
0,06211484
1,1
1,125
1,423828125
0,07119141
1,15
1,175
1,622234375
0,08111172
1,2
1,225
1,838265625
0,09191328
1,25
1,275
2,072671875
0,10363359
1,3
1,325
2,326203125
0,11631016
1,35
1,375
2,599609375
0,12998047
Xk
Gi tr Y
1,4
1,425
2,893640625
0,14468203
1,45
1,475
3,209046875
0,16045234
1,5
1,525
3,546578125
0,17732891
1,55
1,575
3,906984375
0,19534922
1,6
1,625
4,291015625
0,21455078
1,65
1,675
4,699421875
0,23497109
1,7
1,725
5,132953125
0,25664766
1,75
1,775
5,592359375
0,27961797
1,8
1,825
6,078390625
0,30391953
1,85
1,875
6,591796875
0,32958984
1,9
1,925
7,133328125
0,35666641
1,95
1,975
7,703734375
0,38518672
Tng din tch
3,7490625
Trong bng ny, cc gi tr X l cc gi tr

ca bi tp trc. im trung bnh (Xk)
cho trc, i vi mi mt hnh ch nht,
bng gi tr X cng mt na chiu di c s
Xk = X values + x/2
By gi nh bn thy ri ro cao hn ri to c tnh vi hnh ch nht vi ng con ln nht
nh gi din tch di ng cong ca khu vc RiskCity.

Ta s p dng phng php va c gii thch v c s trung bnh ca hnh ch nht ni
ring.
Nh bn thy, hm ca ng cong l : Y = 3,996x-0,61, v ta s dng 100 hnh chu nht.
S dng cng th tc c gii thch trn i vi vic nh gi din tch di ng cong
Th t ca vic nh gi cc tham s l
Xn-X0 x gi tr X Xk Gi tr Y din tch ring Din tch tng cng

D liu xc nh
Hnh ch
nht N
X max
113588
X min
33
Xn-X0
113555
100
Equation
Y=3,996x^-0,61
1135,55
Mu X
Gi tr X
Ch : Trc ht, bn hy
sa khong m bn mun
dng, sau bn c th nh
gi x. iu ny ph thuc
vo la chn ca bn, nhng
ti y, ta coi gi tr c cho
trc.
Xk
Gi tr Y
Din tch
ring
1 X0
33
600,775 0,0806513 91,5835579
2 X1
1168,55
1736,325 0,0422134 47,9354512
3 X2
2304,1
2871,875 0,0310559 35,2655585
4 X3
3439,65
4007,425 0,0253441 28,7795398
4575,2
5142,975 0,0217663 24,7167263
5710,75
6278,525 0,0192722 21,8845987
6846,3
7414,075 0,0174137 19,7741119
7981,85
8549,625 0,0159639 18,1277553
9117,4
9685,175 0,0147945 16,7998801
10
10252,95
11
11388,5
11956,275 0,0130104 14,7740051
12
12524,05
13091,825 0,0123099 13,9785339
10820,725
0,013827
13
13659,6
14
14795,15
15362,925 0,0111655 12,6789315
15
15930,7
16498,475 0,0106902 12,1392267
16
17066,25
17634,025 0,0102648 11,6562098
Etc
...
100 Xn
14227,375 0,0117009
15,701291
...
13,28696
112452,5 113020,225 0,0033052 3,75324123

Tg din
tch
888,876272
Bi tp 6T. nh gi tn tht do cc tai

bin cng ngh.
D liu:
D liu t th mc con :/exercise07
Mc ch:
Trong bi tp ny chng ta s nh gi nhng ri ro xy ra ngoi mt nh my cng
nghip trong thnh ph s dng mt tp d liu khng gian cung cp, vi bi tp ny
kin thc c bn ca nh gi ri ro cng ngh thu c t bn thuyt trnh.
D liu vo
Tn
Nhng d liu sau c s dng trong bi tp ny.

Kiu
ngha
Elem ents at risk

Mapping_units
Raster
Cc khu nh ca thnh ph
Mapping_units
table
Gm cc thng tin thng k v s nh v s ngi trong mi

khu nh
Script
File Script m s c s dng tnh tn tht do ng t vi

cc kch bn khc nhau
Raster
nh phn gii cao ca vng nghin cu.
D liu ng t
Damage
D liu khc
High_res_im age
Trong thnh ph, v hn na l tnh rt nhy cm ca cc tai bin t nhin (L l t, ng t

v trt l) cng c th b nh hng bi cc ri ro cng ngh, xy ra bi cc tai bin t
nhin hoc do mt tai nn cng nghip.
Ch cn thn, bn s quan st s lng cc v tr vi kho lu tr cc vt liu nguy him t
trong thnh ph, nm gia vng ng dn. Trong vng t s dng c mt lp c gi
l :Ind_hazardous (code: ind_h) ch ra: kho lu tr vt liu nguy him ca nh my.
M domain Landuse v kim tra s c mt ca lp ny.
Bao nhiu unit mapping c vt liu nguy him?
M bng Mapping_units, v chn column/ Sort. Sp xp theo Colum n:

Pred_landuse. Tm cc units mapping c tn l Ind_hazardous.
c th hin th nhng vt liu , trc tin chng ta cn to mt bn thuc tnh

ca bn Mapping_units, v s dng ct Pred_landuse.
Chnt Operations / Ve ctor operations / Polygons / Attribute map. Chn bn

Mapping_units v ct Pred_landuse, Tn bn ra l Urban_landuse
M New _high_res_im age, V thm vo bn polygon Urban_landuse,

Nhng trong cc options hin th Mask: Ind_hazardous.
Bi tp RiskCity 6T-1
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity: nh gi tn tht do cc tai bin cng ngh
1. M hnh kch bn tai bin

Lc ny, bn bit c cc a im ca cc v tr vi vt liu nguy him. Trong mapping unit
(nr_551) cng ty RiskStorage c xc nh. Ta nh ln lu tr mt lng ln Pentae, mt
cht ha hc d chy nguy him cao, cung cp cho nhng users pha di dng sng. Ta
nh ny c xem l mi tai bin gy tai nn chnh (Major Accident Hazard- MAH) theo lut
ca RiskCity. Theo cc ghi r v landuse theo lut nh khng c khu cng nghip MAH trong
gii hn thnh ph. Tuy nhin, bi v cc xem xt v kinh t x hi (vic lm v kinh t),
RiskStorage c cho php tip tc cc hot ng sau khi trin khai cc qun l v nghim
ngt an ton k thut cn thit. hiu cc tnh cht ha hc ca Pentane, hy xem phn
Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) ca Pentane Annexed trong trng hp nghin cu ny.
Ta nh ny cng c yu cu bi cc nhm thng mi khc nhau v mt kt qu trin
khai mt s ci t trong qun l vi s thay i trong trch nhim hot ng ca nhng
ngi quan trng. Nhn mnh v mc an ton ca thc vt cn phi gim gim cc
chi ph.
Vo ngy 15/11 nm 2005,lc 3h chiu, mt hot ng gii cu mt phng tin giao
thng trong vng thc vt (m n khng c php trc y), phng tin m vo
lm v ton b ng ng ngm c s dng cho vn chuyn Pentan t Kho cha. nh
hng ca v m gy nn mt m chy trong ng ng v n bt u lan ti kho
chnh. Mt ngi ngoi vng t th y m chy vng t v thng bo t i
Trung tm qun l khn cp cng nghip (Ind ustr ial E mergency Manage ment Centre
(IEMC)) bng in thoi. IEMC c mt h thng GIS v ton b d liu yu cu lm
mt phn tch khng gian ca tai nn v a ra mt quyt nh phn hi chnh xc
(cng d liu c cung cp trong th mc RiskStorage). N cng c hiu l, thi
gian l mt s thc p khn cp bao gm nhanh (t bit trong vng 1 gi) v quyt
nh chnh xc c a ra nhanh chng.
Vng ny c xem l mt im trn bn tai nn.
M nh New_high_res_image, v thm im vo bn Accident.
Hu qu ca cc tai nn cng ngh ph thuc vo s lng cc yu t bao gm t nhin v

ha hc (cc thuc tnh ha hc v vt l), cc iu kin lu tr (lm lnh hoc nn p
sut), cc iu kin gii phng t nhin (thng qua s gy ca mt ng ng hoc l
thng ca thng cha), cc iu kin v p sut. Tai nn c gi thch trong mt la chn
tng th c xc sut cao ca mt POOL Fire, m n b gy nn khi mt cht gy chy lng
ging nh Pentane t mt thng cha v tip xc vi m chy. Tai bin u tin t mt
m chy l mt s bng pht ti s bc x nhit. Tuy nhin, nu mt pool fire lan ti kho
cha chnh, mt s kin c gi l Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVEs) c
th xy ra vi cc hu qu rt nghim trng. Mt BLEVEs c th b gy nn khi ngn la tc
ng ti mt kho cha xng, v gy nn m chy ln. N cng to nn mt qu cu la ln
v bao gm cc gy khng khip ca cc thng cha, vi cc phn s tng nhanh. Mc d,
s n a n mt p lc qa cao cn xem xt, nhng nh hng nguy him nht b gy nn
do cc bc x nhit, v n chu nhit trong mt khong thi gian.
Ly v d ny nh l mt s xem xt, tai nn sau c th l hu qu ca cc kch bn c
xem xt bi nhng mu trong IEMC cho cc khong cch phn tch ca endpoint:
Kch bn 1: S t gy ca ng ng Pentane gy ra bi mt oto m vo mt van

gm t bn cnh ng. ng ng gii phng Pentane ti ng y vi t l thp 10
pht v hnh thnh mt pool m n lan ti 1 cm chiu su. Pool gii phng c xem nh
bt chy v chy sau 10 pht lan ra.
Kch bn 2: Mt pool fire trong mt vng ph cn lan ra ti kho cha Pentane v lm

kho y bc chy d di to nn mt fireball hoc BLEVE. 10% v n ra nh l m
my hi nc.
Nhng endpoint cho 2 kch bn c tnh khi s dng cc phng trnh US Environm ent
Protection Agency (EPA) cho phn tch hu qu c m t di y.
Bi tp RiskCity 6T-2
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity :nh gi tn tht do cc tai bin cng ngh
Pool Fires
Phng trnh EPA c da trn cc nhn t cho d on khong cch ti mt cp
bc x nhit m c th gy ra mc thc hai gy nn m chy t mt s
nguy him 40-giy. Cp bc x nhit c tnh l 5,000 wat mi m2. Phng
trnh cho nh gi khong cch t pool fires ca cht lng gy chy vi cc im
nng trn nhit xung quanh l:
X = Hc
0.0001A
5000 (Hv + Cp (TB - TA ))
X = khong cch ti 5 kilowat mi m2 endpoint (m)

HC = nng ca s t chy ca cht lng gy chy (jo les/kg)
HV = nng ca s bc hi ca cht lng gy chy (joules/kg)
A = pool area (m2)
CP = Cng sut nng ca cht lng (joul es/kg-K)
TB = Nhit si ca cht lng (K)
TA = Nhit xung quanh (K)
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosi on
Nhng phng trnh s dng EPA nh gi tc ng khong cch ti
BLEVEs:
X=
2.2 t a R H c Wf
0.67
3.42 x 106
4
0.75
Vi:
X = khong cch ti 5 kilowat mi m2 endpoint (m)
R = Phn s bc x ca sc nng ca s t chy (cho l 0.4)
tA = p sut vn chuyn (cho l 1)
HC = sc nng ca s t chy ca cht lng gy chy (jo ules/kg)
Wf = Khi lng ca cht gy chy trong fireball (kg)
t = Khong thi gian ca Fireball tnh bng giy (D on t cc phng tr nh)
W f < 30,000
30,000 kg
t = 0.45Wf
t = 2.6 Wf
1
3
kg
Wf >
1
6
Tnh kt qu theo cc khong cch endpoint vi 2 kch bn trong Excel da trn thng
tin a ra tr c:
Scenario 1 = . m
Scenario 2 = .. m
Cc bin no quan trng nht trong tnh ton ny, chng nh hng ti kt qu ra sao?
Bi tp RiskCity 6T-3
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity: nh gi tn tht do cc tai bin cng ngh
2. Tnh ton buffer v vng b nh hng

Trc tin, chng ta s tnh 2 vng buffer t mt v tr tai nn, m n xy ra trong 2
gi tr . c th thc hin c, chng ta cn phi tnh khong cch t v tr tai
nn. Khong cch tnh ton l mt php tnh raster v do bn Accident cn c
raster ha trc tin.
Raster ho bn im Accident s dng georeference Somewhere.

chn Operations / Raster Operations / Distance Calculation. Chn bn
u vo Accident, V bn kt qu Distance_Accident. Chn phm vi
gi tr t 0 ti 1410 v chnh xc l 1.
M bn New_high_res_im age v hin th bn kt qu

Distance_accident Vi 75% transparency trn cng. m bo rng bn
Distance_accident c hin th trn cng, mt khc bn s khng nhn thy
n.
Lc ny bn c th thy vng din tch s b tc ng trong kch bn 2. Khng may mn

vng din tch khng phi l mt ng trn hon ton, do khong cch raster thut ton
s dng trong ILW IS (xem ILW IS: v tm kim Di stance algorithm ).
c th tnh nhng hu qu ca 2 kch bn, chng ta hy convert 2 buffer
khong cch thnh 2 bn lp. Trc tin, chng ta s to mt domain cho n.
To mt lp domain Accident_scenario, V add vo 2 lp :

scenario1 v scenario2.
Convert bn khong cch thnh bn tai bin cho kch bn 1 s dng

cng thc sau:
Scenario_1:=iff(Distance_accident<395,scenario1,?)
Chn dom ain: Accident_scenario
Convert bn khong cch thnh bn tai bin cho kch bn 2 s dng
cng thc sau:
Scenario_2:=iff(Distance_accident<1410,scenario2,?)
Lc ny, chng ta bit nhng vng b nh hng cho c 2 kch bn, chng ta c th tnh
nhng mt mt d on. Chng ta s thc hin bng vic nh gi nhng vng din tch cho
nhng kiu landuse khc nhau. Phng php lm l crossing bn kch bn vi bn
v Urband_landuse, v trong nh dng raster.
Raster ha bn polygon Urban_landuse s dng georeference

Som ewhere.
Chn Operations / Raster Operations / Cross. Chn bn

Urban_landuse u tin, V bn Scenario_1 th 2. Tn ca bng ra v
bn ra l Damage_scenario1.
Tin hnh ging ht vi scenario 2.

c tnh vng din tch b tc ng bi 2 kch bn, v join cc kt qu t bng
landuse.
Bi tp RiskCity 6T-4
Nghin cu th nghim RiskCity : nh gi tn tht do cc tai bin cng ngh
3. Tnh ton s ngi nh v s ngi b tc ng

S tt hn nu chng ta cng s tnh ton s lng cc ngi nh v s ngi b tc
ng.
Thit k mt phng php cho tnh ton s lng cc ta nh trong khong

cch nh hng cho 2 kch bn.
Cng tnh s lng ngi ti ri ro trong kch bn ban ngy v ban m.
Bi tp RiskCity 6T-5
Bi tp 7a. Phn tch chi ph & li nhun cho cc kch bn

gim thiu ri ro.
Thi gian d kin:
D liu:
Nhim v:
3 gi
d liu t th mc ph :/exercise07
Sau khi tnh ton mt mt d kin cho cc khong thi gian lp li khc
nhau, v ri ro trung bnh hng nm, gi chng ta c th phn tch cc la
chn khc nhau m chnh quyn a phng phi lm gim bt ri ro,
bng cch dng phn tch chi ph/li nhun c bn.
Trong phn bi tp trc, chng ta tnh mt mt hng nm theo gi tr tin t (cho

cc mt mt trc tip v nh ca v nhng th bn trong nh). Nhng mt mt ny
c tnh theo cc kch bn tai bin l lt, ng t, trt l v k thut xut hin
nhng khong thi gian khc nhau. Bng di y a ra tng kt v cc gi tr ny.
y s l nn tng nh gi chi ph v li nhun trong chng ny.
Khong
thi
gian lp li
Kh nng xy
ra hng nm
Ngp lt
ng t
Trt l
K thut
6
0.2
Mt mt trc tip v nh ca c tnh ra tin theo .10

19.34
10
0.1
34.4
15
0.0667
25
0.04
35
0.0286
50
0.02
60
0.0167
8.493
100
85.85
199
231.0
0.1519
44.96
338.3
100
0.01
510
2.016
200
0.005
16.49
300
0.003
33.99
400
0.0025
61.93
500
0.002
249.3
M Exel v to trong mt worksheet mt bng tng t nh trn

V th ng cong ri ro
Bn c kt lun g v cc kiu tai bin c trng? Ci no gy ra mt mt
nng nn nht?
Chnh quyn a phng RiskCity lm mt nghin cu v bo co nu ln cc vn

kh thi sau y gim thiu ri ro. Bng di y ch ra mt s bin php gim
thiu ri ro kh thi, bao gm c ch s chung v chi ph ca cc phng php ny.
Phn sau y, chung ta s tinh ton mt s bin php ny chi tit hn.
L lt
Bin php
Di di nh ca trong vng tai bin l c
khong thi gian lp li 10 nm
Bn chn l
ng t
Trt l
B sung thit b v ng t
Di tn khi vng tai bin ln
K thut
Bin php n nh sn
B tr li cng nghip ha cht
Tnh ton nh hng ca ri ro

Gim thiu 100% thit hi trong vng l
trong khong thi gian lp li 10 nm
Gim thiu kh nng l lt ca vng trong
khong thi gian bng thi gian lp li
Gim thiu mt mt khong 40%
Gim thiu 100% mt mt trong vng t
ny
Gim thiu ri ro n 90%
Gim thiu 100% ri ro
Trong cc phn sp ti, u tin chng ta s nh gi cc la chn cho gim thiu ri

ro l l t. Trc ht, chng ta xem cc kch bn, xc nh chng s gim thiu ri ro
nh th no, sau tnh ton n s tin u t vo cc bin php gim thiu ri ro
v cui cng phn tch ch ph, li ch.
Tt nhin l vn cn nhiu bin php gim thiu ri ro kh thi khc. Ni chung bn c th chia ra
lm 2 loi bin php cng trnh v bin php phi cng trnh. Bin php gim thiu ri ro cng trnh
bao gm cc bin php k thut v xy dng chng chu tai bin v bo v cc cng trnh v c s
h tng bn trong. Bin php ny c nh lng theo gi tr tin t. Bin php gim thiu ri ro
phi cng trnh bao gm cc hp phn lin quan n phn vng s dng t, cnh bo sm, nng
cao nhn thc, phng chng thin tai, thm ha v.v
Phn.1 Gim thiu ri ro l lt

C 2 kch bn trong gim thiu ri ro l lt:
Kch bn I bao gm vic di chuyn cc ngi nh trong vng

l l t c khong thi
gian lp li trong 10 nm (vd bao gm c bi ngp chu k 2 nm v 5 nm). Cc
ngi nh ny cn c ph b, chuyn n vng mi, cc ngi nh mi phi c
xy trn vng khng c tai bin no khc, c s h tng cn c xy dng li, v
vng ngp c chu k 10 nm ny nn chuyn thnh khu vc xanh (khu vc cng
vin c phng tin gii tr). Trng coi nghim ngt trnh khu vc ny b ln
chim tri php ca dn nhy d. iu ny i hi s c cu ca nhm Ri ro
trong khu vc trc y b l lt c chu k lp li 10 nm e da s khng cn,
l kt qu ca bin php gim thiu tai bin ny. Cc mt mt d kin cho kch
bn l lt vi chu k lp li ln hn 25 nm c bn cng ging nh vy. Tuy nhin,
nhng mt mt ny cng th p hn, bi v mt mt do cc bin c c chu k 25
nm cng c gim thiu t kch bn ny.
Kch bn II bao gm vic xy dng cc h cha thng ngun. Cc h ny

c xy vng thng ngun ca thnh ph, v khng phi di chuyn nh khi
khu vc. Tuy nhin, knh dn nc cn c lm y v cc cy cu trong khu
vc cn c thc hin mt s x l k thut. H thng thot l v b n chn l
cn c duy tr thng xuyn. Bn chn l s gim thiu mt mt do l lt. N s
gi lu lng nc cho l c chu k 2 v 5 nm, khi gim thiu ri ro xung
bng 0. Vi cc ch k lp li khc, thit hi s gim: mt mt ca l chu k 10
nm s l mt mt do l chu k 5 nm trong cng mt tnh trng; tng t mt
mt do l 25 nm s thnh 10 nm v.v
lm phn tch chi ph-li nhun ca cc bin php gim thiu khc nhau. Chng ta
cn so snh ri ro trung bnh hng nm hi n nay vi ri ro trung bnh hng nm trong
tng lai ca 2 kch bn, xc nh khi lng ri ro gim xung. Trong bn pha
di, mt mt do l lt c ch ra cho v tr hin nay.
nh gi gim thiu mt mt do l lt da vo nhng miu t cc kch

bn c a ra trn, v vit cc gi tr vo trong bng di y.
Thi gian l quay

li
2
5
10
25
50
100
200
Mt mt do l
(khng
c
hot
ng gim nh)
6
(theo .10 )
0
19.3
34.4
100
199
510
1134
Kch bn gim nh
mt mt do
l l t I
6
(theo .10 )
Kch bn gim nh
mt mt do l lt II
6
(theo .10 )
0
0
0
100
199
510
1134
0
0
19.3
34.4
100
199
510
Tnh tng ri ro hng nm t ng cong ri ro

Bc u tin trong phn tch chi ph-li nhun l tnh tng ri ro hng nm cho tnh
trng hin nay v s gim thiu tng ri ro hng nm c a ra trong cc kch bn
gim thiu khc nhau. Tng ri ro hng nm l tng din tch di ng cong ri ro,
trong trc X th hin mt mt (theo gi tr tin t) v trc Y th hin kh nng xut
hin hng nm. Cc im trn ng cong th hin s mt mt kt hp vi cc chu k
lp li thc hin mt phn tch (vd cc chu k lp li c lit k trong bng
trn). C 2 phng php ha tnh ton tng din tch di ng cong. u tin
chng ta s xem qua 2 phng php ny.
Phng php 1: phng php tam gic v ch nht
Din tch di ng cong c chia ra thnh cc tam gic, ni cc ng thng gia
2 im trong ng cong v s khc nhau trc X l s khc nhau gia cc mt mt
ca 2 kch bn. Trc Y ca tam gic l s khc nhau v kh nng xy ra gia 2 kch
bn. Phn cn li ca ng cong l cc hnh ch nht, nh trong th v bng di
y.
Phn
Kh
nng
xy
ra
hng
nm
Mt mt
(theo
0.5
0.2
19.3
10
0.1
34.4
Chu k
lp li
.106)
Khong
cch
trc Y
Khong
cch
trc
X
(theo
.106)
A
B
C
25
0.04
100
50
0.02
199
D
E
100
0.01
510
200
0.005
1134
Tam
gic
(theo
T Trc
Y
.106)
Ch
nht
(theo
.106)
0.3
19.3
2.895
0.2
3.86
0.1
15.1
0.755
0.1
1.51
0.06
65.6
1.968
0.04
2.624
0.02
99
99
0.02
1.90
0.01
311
1.555
0.01
3.11
0.005
624
1.56
9.723
0.005
3.12
16.204
25.927
y l ri ro hng nm, bng
cch ly tng ca cc tam gic
v hnh vung trong th
Phng php 2: Phng php t gic n gin.

Trong phng php ny chng ta n gin ha th thnh cc ch nht, trong
trc Y l s khc nhau gia 2 kch bn lin tip, v trc X l mt mt trung bnh gia 2
bin c mt mt lin tip. Xem th v bng Exel di y
Phn
Chu
k
lp li
Kh
nng
xy ra hng
nm
Mt mt
(theo
0.5
0.2
19.3
.106)
A
B
10
0.1
34.4
25
0.04
100
50
0.02
199
100
0.01
510
200
0.005
1134
1500
0.0006667
1500
C
D
E
F
G
Khong
cch
trc Y
Trung
bnh
trc X
Mt mt
(theo
0.3
9.65
2.895
0.1
26.85
2.685
0.06
67.2
4.032
0.02
149.5
2.99
0.01
354.5
3.545
0.005
822
4.11
0.004333
1317
5.707
.106)
25.964
Chng ta bit 2 phng php, gi c th bt u tnh ton chng trong Exel
M Exel v to trong worksheet mt bng ging vi bng trong phng

php u tin. Tnh tng mt mt hng nm
Sau , trong workbook tng t, to mt worksheet khc v tnh tng
mt mt hng nm nhng dng phng php th 2.
V c s bin thin ln trong th mt mt v kh nng xy ra, nn ng lm trn s

nhiu. Bn c th mun thay i di gi tr ca trc X v gim n mt cht.
Gi th chng ta tnh ton m t mt hng nm cho tnh tr ng hin nay, v chng ta
cng c th tnh ton gim thiu tng mt mt hng nm cho 2 kch bn.
Tnh ton trong Exel theo cch tng t nh tnh vi ri ro hng nm

trung bnh cho Kch bn I v Kch bn II (xem trong bng m bn t
in trc y v mt mt ca 2 kch bn vi 2 chu k lp li khc nhau)
Tnh ton lng ri ro gim c, so snh Kch bn I v Kch bn II vi
ri ro trung bnh hng nm thc t hin nay. in vo bng di
Ri ro hng nm trung
6
bnh (theo .10 )
Gim thiu ri ro hng

6
nm (theo .10 )
Trnh trng hin nay

Kch bn 1
Kch bn 2
V 3 th ng cong ri ro trong mt biu trong Excel
Gi chng ta tnh c li nhun bng vi lng ri ro gim c.
Tnh ton chi ph u t

Sau khi tnh c s lng ri ro gim thiu da trn c s ca 2 kch bn, chng ta
gi c th tnh ton li ch. Li nhun chnh bng lng ri ro gim thiu c.
Tuy nhin, 2 kch bn gim thiu ri ro cn lin quan n cc chi ph nht nh. Bng
dui y s ch ra chi ph u t thc hin 2 kch bn.
Cc hot ng
c th
Mua li khu vc
nh ca c s hu
t
nhn
trong
vng l lt
Ph d cc ngi
nh trong vng l
lt c chu k 2,5
v 10 nm
Tm kim mnh
t mi (vng
ti nh c)
Kch bn 1
Xy
nh
cho
nhng ngi di di
khi vng l lt
S thch ng ca
cc khu vc ti
nh c
Kch bn 2
Xy
dng
bn
ngn l
Thch
ng
ca
lng sng
Thch ng ca cu
Tnh ton nh
th no
S ngi nh X gi
t chung
Gi
tr
tiu
chun
Gi t chung trn
mt ngi nh =
15000
S ngi nh nh X
chi ph ph d
chung
Chi ph ph d
chung
=
1000/ngi nh
S ngi nh X chi
ph
chung
cho
mnh t trn
mt ngi nh
S ngi nh X chi
ph di di
Ch ph chung cho
mnh t trn
mt ngi nh =
10000
Chi ph di di
trung
bnh
=
50.000/ngi nh
Chi ph thch ng
chung/m2 = 20
Din tch tnh

hecta X chi
thch
chung/hecta
Chi ph c
ca nh thu
Chi ph c
ca nh thu
Chi ph c
ca nh thu
theo
ph
ng
tnh
10.000.000
tnh
10.000.000
tnh
5.000.000
Gi tr
A
25.000.000
Vi kch bn 2, chi ph u t cho phng n gim thiu ri ro l tng i n gin.

Hot ng gim nh ri ro bao gm c cc cng vic v xy dng cng trnh, v c
nh thu tnh ton v s tin u t ln n 25.000.000. Cn kch bn 1 bao gm vic
di di mt s ngi nh trong vng c tai bin ngp lt cao nht, chng ta vn cn phi
tnh ton cc hp phn mt cch c th.
Nu bn khng quan tm nhiu n tnh ton chi ph u t cho vic di di nh ca v s thch nghi
ca vng mi bn c th b qua bi ny ny v chuyn n phn tip theo
tnh ton cc chi ph t phn A n D bng trn, u tin bn cn bit s lng
ngi nh trong vng l c chu k lp li 10 nm. Vi phn D bn cn phi bit din
tch ca vng ngp l 10 nm l bao nhiu.
Bn c th tm thy s lng ngi nh nm trong vng l c chu k lp li

10 nm bng cch giao bn Flood_10_year vi bn Building_map.
Bn c th tnh c din tch vng ngp chu k 10 nm bng cch raster

ha bn Flood_10_year v sau tnh biu .
Vit cc gi tr trong bng bn dui v tnh ton chi ph cho cc hp phn

khc nhau trong kch bn 1
Tnh ton tng s tin u t trong kch bn 1
Kch bn 1
S lng nh
Din
vng l
tch
Chi ph chung
(theo )
Chi ph (theo
.106)
A
B
C
D
E
F
Tng s tin
u t
Quan trng:
Chng ta ch ang xem xt kha cnh kinh t ca vic thc hin kch bn 1. Cn nhiu
kha cnh kinh t-x hi: cc cng ng sng trong khu vc s khng bng lng
vi vic di di. H c nhng mi rng buc lch s vi ni h sng, ni h sinh ra v
ln ln, v.v... Nhng kha cnh khng th tnh ton c ny cng cn phi a vo
trong nghin cu nh l kha cnh hon ton kinh t
Cho nhng ngi s dng ILWIS nng cao:

Cho nhng ngi dng ILWIS kinh nghim: Tnh ton s nh b ph hy.
S lng nh tnh c mt sai st: n bao gm c nhng ngi nh b

thin tai nm 1998 ph hy. Tm cch loi tr nhng ngi nh ny. Mo: s
dng kiu s dng t Vac_damaged du nhng ngi nh khng tn ti.
Nhng ngi nh nm trong khu vc l c chu k 10 nm khng ch c ton

nh m cn c nhiu kiu s dng khc. Bn c th mun ci tin cch
tnh ton chi ph ph d v xy dng li do s khc bit v chi ph ca mi
ngi nh da trn kiu s dng t khc nhau.
Din tch ca vng c tai bin l lt chu k 10 nm cng bao gm c din

tch sng hin nay. Tm cch loi b khu vc sng hin nay.
Phn tch chi ph - li nhun

Sau khi tnh ton gim thiu ri ro (li ch) v chi ph u t ca 2 kch bn l lt, gi
chng ta c th tip tc nh gi chi ph/li ch. Bng sau y ch ra cc chi ph ca 2
kch bn.
Kch bn 1
Kch bn 2
Chi ph: chi ph u t cho

mi kch bn
50.000.000
25.000.000
Li ch: Gim thiu ri ro hng

nm
8.762.000
16.189.500
Chi ph duy tr v chi ph hot ng

Mi kch bn u i hi nhng s u t di hn.
Kch bn 1 i hi b my t chc ca a phng phi kim sot s ln

chim bt hp php ca cc h gia nh trong cc khu vc c mc tai bin
cao. N cng c n c chi ph cho nhn vin, vn ph
ng v thi t b, chi ph ny
tng ln theo thi gian do tin lng v s lm pht tng ln. Chi ph hng
nm c tnh vo khong 250.000. Chng ta nn coi cc chi ph ny s tng
thm 5% mi nm.
Kch bn 2 cng i hi chi ph duy tr v chi ph hot ng. Do bn ngn l b

lng ng trm tch. Hng nm, trm tch ca bn phi c no vt bng cc
thit b hng nng. H thng tiu thot cng c n phi sa cha lin tc. Chi
ph cho duy tr c tnh khong 500.000 trong 1 nm. C
ng ta cng coi chi
ph ny s tng 5% mi nm. Xem bng bn di.
Thi gian u t
Thi gian u t xy dng ca 2 kch bn u khng th hon thnh trong vng 1
nm. N ko di trong vi nm, v cc cng o n khng th tin hnh trong cng mt
lc.
Vic di di cc ngi nh kh kh khn. Chnh quyn a phng cn mua li
t thuc s hu ca cc h dn, nhng h s khng ng , v s xy ra
nhiu kin co nn mt rt nhiu thi gian. V th chng ta coi vic di di
ton b cc ngi nh phi mt khong 10 nm. Chi ph u t v th cng ko
di theo giai on ny.
Cng vic k thut cng trnh kch bn 2 s mt t thi gian hn. Nhng vn
phi mt khong 3 nm.
Li nhun s ch bt u c khi qu trnh u t xy dng hon thnh. Vi kch bn 1
th bt u t nm th 11 cn kch bn 2 l nm th 4.
Tui th ca d n
Tui th ca kch bn 2 khong 40 nm. Sau cng trnh s b h hng v cn phi
xy dng li. Vi kch bn di di, rt kh xc nh c tui th, nhng chng ta cng
cho vo khong 40 nm.
Mi d n ca mt tui th xc nh, trong khong thi gian th cn hon li tin (gi tr)
u t cho d n. Bn ngn l c th tn ti khong 40 nm. D nhin khong thi gian
ny th khng th p dng vi kch bn I: s di di t vng ri ro l lt cao
Bng: Chi ph ca Kch bn Gim thiu Ri ro L lt (tnh theo .106)

Nm
Chi ph u t cho
kch bn I_F (theo
.106)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12-40
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
10%
0
0
ca
ca
ca
ca
ca
ca
ca
ca
ca
ca
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Chi ph hot ng
ca chnh quyn
kim
sot
ln
chim
0.250
0.250 + 5%
0.263+ 5%
0.276+ 5%
0.289+ 5%
0.304+ 5%
0.319+ 5%
0.335+ 5%
0.352+ 5%
0.369+ 5%
0.388+ 5%
v.v
Chi ph u t
cho kch bn II_F
(theo .106)
33% ca 25
33% ca 25
33% ca 25
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chi ph bo dng v
duy tr hot ng
hng nm ca kch
bn II
0
0
0
0.5
0.500+ 5%
0.525+ 5%
0.551+ 5%
0.579+ 5%
0.608+ 5%
0.638+ 5%
0.670+ 5%
v.v
Gi chng ta s t ri ro c ngn chn trong mt nm vo trong mt bng cng

vi chi ph v tnh ton li nhun trong 40 nm.
To trong Excel mt bng mi t

tn l Flood Mitigation Scenario I
(xem hnh bn tri)
Ct 1: Year (bt u t 1 n 40
nm)
Ct 2: Risk Reduction (vd ri ro
c ngn chn, hoc li ch)
Ct 3: Invest cost (chi ph u
t) cho kch bn gim thiu ri ro
Ct 4: Maintenance
Ct 5: Incremental Benefits
Nhp cc gi tr v tnh ton li
nhun gia tng
Gi tr hin ti rng
Chng ta cn phi nh rng lng tin ging nhau nhng trong tng lai s t gi tr
hn hin ti. V th chng ta cn tnh ton gi tr hin ti rng (NPV).
Gi tr hin ti rng (NPV) tnh ton gi tr hin ti rng ca mt nh u t bng cch s

dng t l chit khu v chui tin chi ph trong tng lai (gi tr m) v s tin thu c
hay thu nhp (gi tr dng)
n
NPV =
i =1
valuesi
(1 + rate)i
Rate: l t l chit khu trn khong thi gian ca mt giai on

Value 1 value 2 l i s th hin chi ph v thu nhp.
NPV = li nhun v chi ph chit khu theo t l chit khu.
V d c a ra di y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
D liu
8%
-40.000
8.000
9.200
10.000
12.000
14.500
Cng thc
=NPV (A2,A4:A8)+A3
=NPV(A2,A4:A8, -9000)+A3
B
M t
T l chit khu hng nm. N th hin t l lm pht hoc li sut u t
cnh tranh
Chi ph u t ban u
Tin li nm u tin
Tin li nm th 2
Tin li nm th 3
Tin li nm th 4
Tin li nm th 5
M t (kt qu)
Gi tr hin ti rng ca i tng u t (1922,06)
Gi tr hin ti rng ca i tng u t, c thua l trong 6 nm l 9000
(-3749,47)
Trong worksheet bn phi ca bng di gi l NPV (gi tr hin ti rng)

Trong bn cnh c tn Interest rate (li sut) (ging nh l t l chit khu) v
nhp gi tr: 10%.
Trong Exel: nhp vo NPV v chn Insert Funtion; chn Financial
Functions.
Chn: NPV
Hp Function Arguments m ra (xem hnh di);
Interest Rate chn 10%
value 1: chn ton b ct li nhun gia tng; bt u t nm th nht n nm
40.
Nhp vo OK
Lp li cch tnh NPV, nhng vi t l chit

khu/ li sut l 5 v 20%
Cu hi:
NPV cn l s dng khng?
Bn ngh rng internal rate of return (ch s

ni hon) l g?
Internal rate of return (ch s ni hon)

Gi chng ta tnh ch s ni hon. Ch s ni hon l t l chit khu/ li sut khi
NPV=0.
Trong Excel: Nhp vo Insert Function v chn Financial functions.

Chn: IRR
Hp Function Arguments m ra;
c thm file help
Trong values: chn ton b ct li nhun gia tng; bt u t nm th
nht n nm th 40.
Nhp vo OK
Kch bn l lt khc
Gi ta so snh gi tr NPV v IRR vi cc kch bn gim thiu ri ro khc nhau.
Lp li cc bc lm vi Kch bn gim thiu l lt 2. Vit kt qu vo bng

bn di.
Nh rng kch bn gim thiu l lt II cng c chi ph bo dng v hot
ng nn phi ly li nhun tr i m tnh ton li nhun gia tng.
Kch
bn
gim
thiu ri ro l
Kch
bn
gim
thiu I
Kch
bn
gim
thiu II
NPV khi
sut 5%
li
NPV khi li
sut 10%
NPV
khi
sut 20%
li
IRR
34.56
-3.10
-15.58
9%
195.80
91.16
27.32
42%
Cu hi:
Kch bn gim thiu no m bn s khuyn chnh quyn a phng
thc hin?
Phn.2 Gim thiu ri ro ng t

Tng t vi cc kch bn gim thiu ri ro l lt c th coi mt s kch bn lin quan
n cc bin php gim thiu ri ro ng t. Tuy nhin, kh nng gim thiu ri ro
ng t rt thp. Cc ngi nh mi cn c thit k thch hp chng chu ng
t. Nhiu vic trong nng cao nhn thc, din tp tnh hung v cc hot ng phng
chng thin tai khc cng c th lm c.
S trang b thit b chng ng t l mt trong nhng la chn cho vic gim thiu
ri ro cng trnh ca cc cng trnh hin nay. S trang b thit b chng ng t
khng phi l phng n kh thi cc tt c cc ngi nh v n rt tn km v mt
nhiu thi gian. Phng n ny ch c p dng cho nhng ta nh quan trng (nh
trng hc v bnh vin).
Tuy nhin, trong bi tp ny, chng ta s tm hiu gim thiu ri ro kinh t. V vy
chng ta s n gin ha, v coi nh tin hnh trang b thit b chng ng t
cho 100 ngi nh trong 1 nm l iu kh thi. Cc ngi nh c trang b s l
nhng ngi nh c ri ro ng t cao nht. Tui th ca cc bin php ny c
tnh ton l 40 nm. Chi ph u t khong 10000 trn 1 ngi nh. Tc l chi ph l
100*10000 = 1 triu trn 1 nm.
Mt mt trung bnh hng nm l 61,46 triu. S lng ngi nh c kh nng sp

trong cc kch bn khc nhau c tnh ton trong cc bi tp trc y, v c th
hin di y.
Kch bn
Chu k lp li
Kh nng hng nng (P)
S lng nh b nh hng (A)
VI
15
0.067
1323
VII
35
0.28571
4850
VIII
50
0.02
8945
IX
60
0.016667
10991
nh gi s tc ng lm gim ri ro hng nm trong 100 ngi nh, chng ti cho rng ri ro c

gim thiu khong 1% trong 1 nm (xp x 1% mi nm ca 10991 ngi nh trong nhm IX).
Lm theo cc bc tng t nh m t trong cc kch bn l lt (xem

thm v d trng tip theo
Vit kt qu vo bng bn di
Kch
bn
gim
thiu
ri ro ng
t
Kch
bn
gim nh
NPV khi li
sut l 5%
NPV khi li
sut l 10%
NPV khi li
sut l 20%
IRR
Cho ngi dng ILWIS nng cao:

Cho ngi s dng ILWIS c kinh nghim: tnh s lng nh b ph hy.
Mc gim thiu ri ro hng nm 1% nh c s trang b thit b chng

ng t trong 100 ngi nh trong 1 nm, d nhin l c n gin
ha. Suy ngh cch khc trong bn c th ci tin cc tnh ton gim
thiu ri ro.
iu th v y l gim thiu ri ro c th thay i theo thi gian. Kha

cnh no khc c th thay i theo thi gian v chng c kt hp th no
trong tnh ton ri ro.
Phn.3 Gim thiu ri ro trt l t v tai bin cng ngh

Ri ro trt l thp hn nhiu so vi cc kiu tai bin khc. Mt phn v thc t thm
ha trt l t nm 1998 ph h y s nh nm trong vng tai bin trt l cao
nht. Bng di y ch ra cc gi tr ca ri ro trt l.
Gim nh trt l l vic kh thi nhng vng tia bin trt l cao. N bao gm
nhng cng trnh lm n nh sn, nh l s tiu nc sn, tng chn. Tui th
ca cng trnh n nh sn khng th hn 16 nm. V phi bo dng hng nm.
Chn mt hoc 2 phng php thch hp trong gim thiu ri ro trt l.

Tnh ton gim thiu ri ro/ri ro trnh c cho cc phng php, cng
nh chi ph u t v bo dng bng cch s dng cc bc tng t c
a ra cho cc kch bn l lt. Vit kt qu vo bng bn di.
Kch
bn
gim thiu ri
ro trt l
Kch
bn
gim nh
Kch
bn
gim nh
NPV khi li
sut l 5%
NPV khi li
sut l 10%
NPV khi li
sut l 20%
IRR
R rng, la chn tt nht cho gim thiu ri ro k thut l di di cc nghnh cng

nghip nguy him khi a im d xy ra l lt hin nay.
Tnh gim thiu ri ro/ri ro trnh c cho vic di di cng nghip ha hc,
cng nh chi ph u t v bo dng bng s dng cc bc tng t c
a ra cho cc kch bn l lt. Vit kt qu vo bng.
Bi tp 7b: Thng tin ri ro trong cng tc phng chng &

ng ph khn cp
Thi gian d kin:

D liu
Nhim v:
3 gi
D liu t th mc ph :/exercise07a
Mc ch ca bi tp ny l gip bn s dng thng tin ri ro m bn to ra
trong bi tp trc cho phng chng tnh trng khn cp. Chng ta s m phng
mt tnh trng khn cp din ra RiskCity. Bn s lm vic theo nhm nh l
phng thng tin a l ca chnh quyn a phng v bn phi cung cp cho h
thng tin phn ng li tnh trng khn cp.
Gii thiu v bi tp m phng

Phng thng tin a l ca chnh quyn a phng trong RiskCity ph trch vic thu
thp v x l thng tin khng gian m c s dng trong giai on phng chng tnh
trng khn cp cung cp y thng tin cho vic ngi quyt nh phn ng
vi thm ha. Bn c c s d liu GIS v bn truy cp lin tc n bng l ni bn
nhn cc bo co lin tc v tnh trng m bn phi i ph. Bn cng s nhn c
cc tin nhn yu cu nhng thng tin c th t nhm qun l v tnh trng khn cp
ca chnh quyn a phng RiskCity.
Bn lp 1 i gm 3 ngi lm vic cng nhau. L tng nht l nhm bao gm nhng
ngi c la chn t cc ch khc nhau (ng t, l lt v trt l) trong phn
tai bin ca kha hc t nht mt ngi trong nhm c th s dng ILWIS kh tt. Cc
thnh vin trong nhm c nhng nhim v nh sau:
Thnh vin 1: Ngi lp k hoch. Ngi lp k hoch c v gii thch cc

tin nhn nhn c lin quan tm n tnh hnh. Ngi ny cng nhn tin nhn
t ngi qun l tnh trng khn cp RiskCity khi hi v cc thng tin c th.
Ngi lp k hoch s dng nhng thng tin c c v lp cc nhim v
tin hnh phn tch (d
nhin ph i cng tc cht ch vi ngi phn tch v
ngi truyn tin).
Thnh vin 2: Ngi phn tch. L ngi ch yu lin quan n cc phn

tch GIS, da trn nhng yu cu ca ngi lp k hoch. Thnh vin ny s
cung cp thng tin cho ngi truyn tin.
Thnh vin 3: Ngi truyn tin. Ngi ny c trch nhim chun b cc bo

co nh tr li cc cu hi c ngi qun l tnh trng khn cp t ra, c
th yu cu cung cp c cc bn thng tin trong bo co. Cc bo co phi
c gi mail n a ch e-mail c th trong 1 thi im.
Trch nhim ca ban qun l gm 2 phn trong bi tp m phng:
Mt trong cc thnh vin ban qun l s nh gi cc bo co c cc

nhm a ra trong thi gian thc t, v truyn t li khi thng tin b mt.
Hai thnh vin khc s sn sng h tr trong khi m phng bng cch a
ra cc gi v cch gii quyt cc vn GIS c th.
D liu u vo
Khu vc nghin cu c m phng s dng mt lng ln d liu, lin quan n tai
bin, yu t chu ri ro v mt mt c on trc cho tai bin ng t, l lt, trt
l. D liu ny m phng v tr thc t ni bn khng bin khi no v ci g ang x y
ra, v v th tt c thng tin c c u hu dng.
Bng di y a ra mt danh sch cc d liu quan trng nht
Tn
Yu t chu ri ro
Mapping_units
Kiu
M t
Raster
Building_map_1998
Bn raster
Cc l nh trong thnh ph. Cc bng km theo cha thng tin

thng k chung v s lng ngi nh v ngi trong mt l nh
Bn nh trong thnh ph th hin tnh trng sau thm ha
1998. Bng km theo cha thng tin v: s dng t, s lng
tng, khng gian sn, kiu nh, mt dn s ngy v m
trong cc ta nh RiskCity
D liu ng t
Seismic_risk
Bng
Earthquakes_country
im
D liu l lt
Flood_risk
Bng
Flood_05year_to
Flood_100year
Flood_10y, flood_50y
Flood_100y
D liu trt l
Landslide_risk
Polygon
v
Raster
Bng
Landslide_susceptibility
Landslide_ID
D liu ri ro k thut
Technological_risk
Raster
Bn polygon
Main_industry
im
D liu khc
High_res_image
Country_anaglyph
City_center
Raster
Raster
im
D liu thi gian thc

Rainfall_data
Bo co tnh hnh
Yu cu thng tin
Bng c lin kt vi bn Mapping_units, cha mt mt

v nh v ngi d kin trong ng t vi di cng t VI
n IX (Cng Mercalli chnh sa)
Bn cc im ng t v bng km theo vi thng tin ng
t trc y.
Bng c lin kt vi bn Mapping_units, cha mt mt
v nh v ngi d kin trong l l t c chu k lp li
5,10,25,50 v 100 nm.
Cc bn polygon m hnh ha l l t c chu k lp li
5,10,25,50 v 100 nm
Bn raster su mc nc vi chu k lp li 10,50 v 100
nm
Bng c lin kt vi bn Mapping_units, cha nh v
ngi trong vng tai bin trt l cao, trung bnh v thp
Bn raster v nhy cm trt l
Bn lit k trt l c bng cha thng tin trt l lin quan
Bng c lin kt vi bn Mapping_units, cha nh v
ngi trong cc vng gn vi cng nghip nguy him chnh
Bn im c v tr khu vc cng nghip quan trng ca
RiskCity
nh phn gii cao ca khu vc nghin cu
Bn lp th ton b quc gia
V tr RiskCity trong quc gia
D liu lng ma hng ngy trong nhng khong thi gian

thng xuyn trong sui trong qu trnh m phng
Ngi tham gia s nhn cc cp nht thng xuyn v tnh
trng khn cp
i s nhn yu cu thng tin t nhng ngi qun l tnh
trng khn cp lin quan n thng tin
Chun b cho qu trnh m phng

Thng tin
pixel
Mt trong
nhng cng c
quan trng
truy vn thng
tin l ca s
Pixel
Information.
Bn c th m
v thm cc lp
d liu quan
trng nht v
gi ca s
always on top
(lun trn
cng) trong
sut qu trnh
m phng
Nh cc bn bit rng s c mt bin c xy ra trong qu trnh m phng, nhng

khng bit l iu g v khi no, tt nht l s dng thi gian trc khi bn nhn bt
c tin nhn no tip tc lm quen vi cc d liu. B d liu quan trng nht l bn
cc ngi nh, gi l Building_map_1998.
M High_res_image v thm bn segment Building_map_1998.

M thng tin pixel, v thm cc bn : Building_map_1998,
Mapping_units, Wards, Landslide_susceptibility, Slope v cc bn
cn thit khc. Chn Options, Always on Top.
ca s ny m trong sut qu trnh m phng. N cho php bn tra cu
d liu nhanh chng.
Trong khi bn vn cn thi gian, quan trng nht nhn ra cc trung tm tnh
trng khn cp chnh. Bn c th tm cc ta nh v s ngi lin quan n trm cu
ha, n cnh st v bnh vin.
M domain Landuse v kim tra tn v m
M bng Building_map_1998 v to ct s dng cng thc sau y:

Emergency:=iff((landuse="ins_p")or(landuse="ins_f")or(landuse="in
s_h"),landuse,?)
Hin th bn raster Building_map_1998 vi thuc tnh Emergency m

bn mi to. Chng bn segment Building_map_1998.
Kim tra v tr cc trm cu ha, bnh vin, n cnh st.
Nhn bit thng tin m bn nhn trong tin nhn v thng tin khoa
hc trn bng.
Kch bn: hiu ng Domino: ng t-trt l-l lt

Gii thch v bi tp vo sng th ba trong hoc sau khi ni chuyn v ngi Nooc-mng. Yu cu mi
ngi thnh lp cc nhm ba ngi vi 2 my tnh. Mt phn tch GIS v mt truyn tin s dng
bng hoc/v email. Cc tin nhn cho sinh vin s c lu trn bng, mi ci c thi gian m (c
nhc n trong kch bn). Cu tr li ca sinh vin nn s dng digital dropbox (?) hoc thng qua
email (vd to DGIM@itc.nl)
Bt u: 13.45 Lp nhm v cc nhm t sp xp thnh vin.
Tin nhn 13.55
Bo co hng ngy ca Vin Kh tng
Bo co lng ma hm qua l 40 mm. Cng vi lng ma ngy hm kia (30 mm) v d bo thi
tit hm nay (ma) lm cho mc bo ng l lt v trt l tng thm.
Tin nhn 14.00
Bo co 1 ca Vin a Chn Quc Gia
Mt trn ng ng t c ln cp 6 xut hin vo hi 13.57 theo gi a phng. Tm chn v
tr:
V : 130 56 51.53 N
Kinh : 870 20 51.93 W
Cha c bt c thng tin no v thit hi do ng t gy ra.
Tin nhn 14.05
Yu cu 1 t Trung tm Qun L Tnh Trng Khn Cp RiskCity (RCEMR)
Xin hy cung cp cho chng ti thng tin v khong cch t trn ng t n RiskCity. Trn ng t
cch y bao nhiu km? Gi kt qu cng sm cng tt cho chng ti bng email.
Gi : s dng bn lp th quc gia, chng im City_center, tm v tr trn ng t. o khong
cch bng cch s dng nt o khong cch trong thanh cng c ca s bn
Tin nhn 14.16
Bo co 2 ca Vin a Chn Quc Gia
Mng li chuyn ng ca Vin a Chn Quc Gia o c mt trn ng t va xy ra trong
RiskCity. Cng cao nht o c trong di 0.5-1 Herz (1-2 giy). Cc ta nh b nh hng ln
nht trong t ng t ny l cc ta nh cao t 10 n 20 tng.
Tin nhn 14.20
Xin hy cung cp cho chng ti thng tin v s ta nh cao t 10 n 20 tng trong RiskCity? Chng
nm nhng khu vc no ca thnh ph?
Gi : s dng thng tin v s lng cc tng trong bng Building_map_1998. Thng tin v
khu vc c th tm trong bn Wards.
Kim tra sch hng dn trang 4-20 v nh hng ca ng t ln cc ta nh.
Tr li:
Trong bng Building_map_1998 tnh:
High_rise:=iff(Nr_floors_class=">_10_Floors",landuse,?)
To mt bn thuc tnh ca ct high_rise
Chng vi bn polygon Wards, v s dng Pixel Information (thng tin pixel) c cc khu vc:
Kabul (1), Enschede (4), Brazaville (1), Montevideo (1) v Santo Domingo (2)
Tin nhn 14.30

Bo co 1 t Cc iu Tra a Cht Quc Gia
Trn ng t to ra mt im trt l ln khu vc tm chn. Bin c trt l c mt nhm
phng vin ghi li trn my bay trc thng khi bay qua y. on phim v bin c c th ti v t
Tin nhn 14.40
Xin hy cung cp cho chng ti thng tin v kiu nh ca trong RiskCity m c 10 n 20 tng? C
bao nhiu ngi trong cc ta nh ny?
Gi : s dng thng tin v s lng tng trong bng Building_map_1998 v v s lng
ngi vo ban ngy. Tnh ct ch ra s ngi nu ta nh cao hn 10 tng.
Tr li
Trong bng Building_map_1998 tnh:
People:=iff(Nr_floors_class=">_10_Floors",Persons_day,0)
S dng vung thng k thy s ngi: 2344
Tin nhn 14.50
Vt trt ln trong khu vc tm chn dng nh chn dng con sng chnh chy qua RiskCity. Bin
c ny c cc phng vin ghi li trn my bay trc thng khi bay qua y. on phim v bin c c
th ti v t ...
Tin nhn 15.00
Bo co 1 t Phng Cnh St RiskCity
Hai ta nh cao tng RiskCity sp do ng t. Chng nm trong Khu vc Montevideo v Kabul.
Chng ti khng xc nh c s ngi c kh nng b thng.
Tin nhn 15.05
Xin hy cung cp cho chng ti thng tin v cc ngi nh s p trong khu vc Kabul v Montevideo?
M hiu ca chng l g? C bao nhiu ng i trong 2 ngi nh ny? Chng thuc kiu g? Chng ta c
ch trong bnh vin khng khi gi s rng c 50% s ngi trong 2 ta nh cn iu tr, trong cc
bnh vin s lng ging bnh bng s ngi lm trong bnh vin.
Gi : Hin th ct cc ngi nh cao tng t bng Building_map_1998 m bn tnh trc y.
S dng Pixel Information lc thng tin ca 2 ngi nh ny. Tm bnh vin ghi trong bng
Building_map_1998 (sp xp theo s dng t v cun xung). Tm cc thng tin yu cu.
Tr li:
Montevideo building: B_13371, khch sn vi ti a 113 ngi
Kabul building: B_06071, vn phng vi ti a 408 ngi
C 1 bnh vin vi 2771 ngi: l 693 ngi. Bnh vin ny ch cung cp ch mc thp.
Tin nhn 15.15
Bo co 1 t Phng Thy Vn RiskCity
C s suy gim mnh dng nc con sng chy qua RiskCity. Chng ti khng bit nguyn nhn ti
sao.
Tin nhn 15.20

Bo co 1 t Phng Cha Chy RiskCity
Ngi nh cao tng khu vc Montevideo b sp dn n chy v ang lan rng ra xung quanh. Chng
ti ngh nn di tn cc khu nh nm trong vng bn knh 100m t ta nh b sp.
Tin nhn 15.25
Xin hy cung cp cho chng ti thng tin v cc l nh (n v bn ) nm k st vi khu nh b sp.
C bao nhiu ngi sng trong ?
Gi : trong bng Building_map_1998 to mt ct ch cha cch s dng t ca ngi nh b sp
(s dng cng thc: Collapsed:=iff(%K="B_13371",Landuse,?). To mt bn thuc tnh b t
ct ny. S dng chng trnh khong cch (Operations, Raster, Distance) tnh ton bn
khong cch, v s dng gi tr t 0 ns 100 vi chnh xc l 1. Tn bn u ra l:
distance_collapsed
Hin th bn , v thm bn segment Building_map_1998. S dng Pixel Information vi
Mapping_uints c s lng ngi nh.
Tr li: khong 42 ngi nh cn di di.
Tin nhn 15.35
Ci h ng sau con p c to ra do v trt l khu vc tm chn ang rng ra nhanh chng do
lng ma ln ca nhng ngy hm trc. N l mi nguy him rt nghim trng v con p c th v
v to ra mt trn l xuyn ra RiskCity. on phim v bin c c th c ti v t ...
Tin nhn 15.45
Chng ti lo ngi rng con p do trt l c th v tung v nh th mt t l c th i qua RiskCity.
V vy chng ti ang xem xt c nn di tn nhng ngi trong vng c kh nng l lt hay khng.
C bao nhiu ngi ang sng trong vng c kh nng b l lt vo ban m? V c bao nhiu ngi
chng ta c th di tn by gi? Chng ti gi s t l lt c th tng ng vi bin c l lt 50
nm.
Gi : giao bn raster Flood_50year vi bn building_map_1998. To mt bng xut ra
Flood_building_50. Ghp vi bng Building_map_1998 v c trong ct Persons_night. Lm
tng t vi Persons_day. c thng k bit tng s
Tr li: Ban ngy:
Bui m:
Tin nhn 16.00
Chng ti mun bit tng thit hi v kinh t l bao nhiu nu trn l thc s xy ra.
Gi : Lin kt bng Multihazard losses vi bn Mapping_units. Giao bn raster
Flood_50year vi bn building_map_1998. To mt bng u ra Flood_building_100.
Ghp vi bng Building_map_1998 v c trong ct Persons_night. Lm tng t vi
Persons_day. c thng k bit tng s
Tin nhn 16.30

Qun i ph thnh cng con p, v do vy ngn cn c ci h ng sau con p tch nc
qu nhiu n ni gy ra v p.
Tin nhn 16.45
Hin nay chng ti kim sot tnh hnh. Chng ti s h mc bo ng, v chng ti cm n bn
v nhng thng tin bn cung cp. Chc mt ngy tt lnh!

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2 Exercises Vietnamese

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Bi tp 1: Gii thiu v ILWIS v b

d liu t th mc con: YenBai_exercises/exercise01/data

ILWIS l ch vit tt ca Integrated Land and Water

Thit k tch hp raster v vector

Bi tp v Yn Bi: Tm hiu v phn mm ILWIS v b d liu v Yn Bi

khi ng ILWIS, hy nhp p chui vo biu tng ca ILWIS

trn mn hnh. Sau khi m ra bn s thy ca s chnh ca

Ca s ILWIS gm mt s chc nng:

Danh mc d liu: hin th cc biu tng v tn ca cc i tng trong th

Thanh cng c chun: cung cp cc ng dn tt n mt vi lnh hay dng

Thanh cng c chun c nhng nt sau:

Thng tin pixel

Danh sch thu gn

Danh sch chi tit

Bi tp v Yn Bi: Tm hiu v phn mm ILWIS v b d liu v Yn Bi

Bng iu hng - Navigation pane: cho php di chuyn nhanh, v c th

Trnh thc n - Menu Bar: l ni bt u thc hin hu ht cc lnh trong

Dng vit lnh - Comand line: l tin ch chnh ca ILWIS. Ti y bn c th

La chn i tng - Object selection: n cho php bn chn cc i tng

Tr gip - HELP : cho php bn tm thng tin t bt c im no ca chng

Help on this Window. Bn tm tr gip trn ca s hin thi. Ty thuc

Related Topics. Khi la chn thc n ny, mt hp hi thoi s hin ra

Contents. Hin th ni dung tr gip. Bng cch nhp chut vo ng

Index. Hin th trang mc lc ca ILWIS Help. Bn c th g mt t kha

Search. Hin th ca s ILWIS Help vi thanh tm kim Search. G cc k

Yen Bai exercise 1 -3

Bi tp v Yn Bi: Tm hiu v phn mm ILWIS v b d liu v Yn Bi

Cc i tng trong ILWIS

Cc i tng d liu - Data objects. Cc bn dng raster, bn dng

Cc i tng ph tr - Service objects. Cc i tng ph tr c cc i

Cc i tng cha - Container objects. Cc i tng cha l tp hp cc i

i tng c bit - Special objects. Cc i tng c bit l cc honh , b

Mt bn vector cn c h ta (coordinate system), mt vng d liu (domain) v

Bi tp v Yn Bi: Tm hiu v phn mm ILWIS v b d liu v Yn Bi

Nhp chut phi trong Data Catalog ln GeoReference

Trong ca s Properties of Georeference bn thy gc ta ca ca s

La chn thanh Tab Used By. Gi bn thy mt danh mc ton b cc bn

Ch rng khng c biu tng Coordinate System hin th trong Danh

La chn nt Help ch thng tin c s chi tit v i tng

2. i tng d liu khng gian:

Nhp chut phi trong Data Catalog ln bn Segment

La chn Thanh Tab Used By. Bn thy rng bn segment khng c

Hin th bn Segment Roads bng cch nhp p chut trong Data

Lp li cc bc trn i vi Bn Segment Rivers

La chn Help c thng tin c s tt hn v cc i tng ca d liu

Yen Bai exercise 1 -5

Bi tp v Yn Bi: Tm hiu v phn mm ILWIS v b d liu v Yn Bi

Cc c trng khng gian c gii thiu trong ILWIS theo nhng

im - Points. Nhiu k hiu c th c biu din nh mt im n l trn bn . Cc

ng - Lines. Cc c im dng tuyn nh ng, tuyn thot nc hoc cc ng

Vector data model

C hai m hnh u gi cc chi tit v khu vc ca thuc tnh v cc gi tr ca cc thuc

Raster data model

Cc cch hin th theo dng vector v raster ca cc im,cc ng v cc vng. M ca cc cim

Domain nh danh - Identifier domain: ID domain theo trn mi mt n v

Domain nhm lp - Class domain: ton b cc gi tr vi cng mt lp c cng

Domain gi tr - Value domain: mi mt n v bao gm mt gi tr, v d, mt

Domain nh - Image domain: Di gi tr t 0 256 i vi nh v tinh 8 bit.

Bi tp v Yn Bi: Tm hiu v phn mm ILWIS v b d liu v Yn Bi

Domain mu - Color Domain: c dng vi cc hnh nh chng hn nh hoc nh

Nhp p chut trong Data Catalog ln Domain Lp - Class Domain

Nhp chut vo biu tng

La chn Help c thm thng tin cn bn v Domain Lp - Class Domain.

La chn Help c thng tin cn bn chi tit v Domain Nhn dng - ID