Problem 1 (5 points) Twelve equal charges +9 are situated in a circle with radius R, and they are equally spaced (see the figure) +4 +9 +9 +4 +9 +9 +q a. (2) What is the net force (magnitude and direction) on a charge +@ at the center of the circle? We remove only the +g charge which is located at “3-o'clock.” b. (3) What now is the force (magnitude and direction) on the charge +0 at the center of the circle?Problem 2 (6 points) ‘Two very thin concentric hollow conducting cylinders with radii a and 3a carry uniformly distributed currents in opposite directions. The magnitude of the current through the inner cylinder with radius a is J, the magnitude of the current through the outer cylinder with radius 30 is 32 Find the magnetic field at distance r from the axis of symmetry in the three regions (i) inside the inner cylinder (ii) between the two cylinders, and (iii) outside the outer cylinder. Show a sketch of the two cylinders which clearly indicates the direction of the currents as chosen by you. Also indicate the direction of the associated magnetic fields as you found for the three regionsProblem 3 (5 points) ‘The circuit below (called a Wheatstone Bridge) is designed to measure the unknown resis- tance of a resistor R,. The battery provides 10.0 Volts. The resistances of Ry and Ro are well known. The variable resistor Ry is adjusted so that the current through the meter (called A in the figure) becomes zero. In this zero-current situation, we carefully read the dial of the variable resistor Ry. So we now know very accurately the values of the resistance of Rj, Re and Ry. What is the resistance of R,, in terms of Ri, Ry and Rs?Problem 4 (7 points) We have an infinite, non-conducting sheet of negligible thickness carrying a uniform surface charge density —o and, next to it, an infinite parallel slab of thickness D with uniform volume charge density +p (see sketch). All charges are fixed. Oo 4 +0 L Calculate the direction and the magnitude of the electric field. a, (2) a distance h above the negatively charged sheet, b. (3) inside the slab at a distance d below the negatively charged sheet (d 0: a. (2) Write down the differential equation for the charge Q on the lower plate of the capacitor, b. (1) Show, by substitution into your equation above, that Q = CV,(1—e7*) is the correct solution, provided that 7 is chosen properly. Determine r. c. (2) What is the current in the circuit at time t; (t; > 0)? d. (1) How much energy is stored in the capacitor at time t)? e. (2) How much heat has been generated in the resistor between ¢ = 0 and f?Problem 9 (5 points) A parallel plate capacitor (in vacuum) is placed in a uniform magnetic field B of strength 0.1 T. The direction of the magnetic field is parallel to the plates as indicated in the figure. The capacitor is charged to provide a uniform electric field £ of 105 V/m in the direction shown. An electron enters the capacitor from the left with a speed of 3x10° m/sec; its direction of motion is at right angles to both the magnetic field and the electric field as shown, a ® E B a. (3) What is the net force in Newtons (magnitude and direction) that the electron expe- riences as it enters the capacitor? b. (2) If we could change the strength of the electric and/or magnetic field, would it then be possible for this electron to pass through the capacitor in a straight line (thus undeflected)? Explain your answer.Problem 10 (7 points) A beam of light with a cross-sectional area of 1 cm? and with energy flux 1 kW/m? falls for 30 seconds on a plane surface. This surface is perpendicular to the direction of the light beam, and it absorbs the radiation completely. a, (2) What is the energy (in Joules) absorbed by the surface? b. (3) What is the force (in N) exerted on the surface by the light during the 30 seconds? The same beam of light is now 100% reflected by a mirror whose surface is also perpendicular to the light beam. c. (2) What now is the energy (in Joules) absorbed by the mizror?Problem 11 (8 points) The LRC cireuit as shown is driven by a power supply whose EMF = V,cos(w1t). In steady state, the current through the ideal self-inductor is /, the current through the ideal capacitor is Ic, and the current through the resistor is Jp. Steady state means that you wait a long time so that all transient phenomena have died out. Don’t even THINK of writing down a differential equation. This problem is designed to see whether you have an appreciation for how a capacitor and a self inductor behave in extreme situations. No fancy math is needed. Express all your answers in terms of L, R, Cand V,. ne a. (2) What are the maximum values of J;, Ic, and Ip in case w = 0 (zero frequency means that the power supply is now a simple battery with zero internal resistance). We are asking you for steady state solutions, NOT transient solutions. b. (3) Answer the same question as under “a”, for the other extreme when w approaches a value which is infinitely high. c. (2) Do you expect the maximum value of the current Ip to be higher or lower than the value you found under “a” in the case that the frequency is somewhere in between the above two extremes. Give your reasons. d. (1) There is one frequency (in steady state) for which Ip is zero, This is not so intuitive, but given the fact that this is so, what do you think that frequency is? Please, do not try to calculate this frequency.Problem 12 (6 points) Apply Faraday’s law to show that a static electric field between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor cannot drop abruptly to zero at the edges of the capacitor.Problem 13 (6 points) Two voltmeters, Viight and Vie, each with an internal resistance of 10‘ Q are in series with a resistor R of 5x10° Q. They are connected through wires of negligible resistance (see the circuit below). The “+” side of both voltmeters is up as shown. A changing magnetic field is present in the shaded area. At a particular moment in time Ven reads +0.1 Volt. a. (3) At that moment in time, what is the reading of Vigne? b. (3) What, at that moment, is the current (in A) in the circuit (magnitude and direction), and what is the induced EMF? R= 5x10°Q WW M eft \Problem 14 (15 points) Here follow 15 “True-False” questions. For each correct answer you get 1 point, for each incorrect answer, you lose 1 point. You have the option of leaving one or more questions unanswered in which case you will neither gain nor lose points. Your total score for this problem will not be less than zero. Please write only a “T° or an “F” in each box, or leave it blank. a, The Brewster angle for red light (reflecting off glass) is different from that of blue light. Therefore there is no angle of incidence for which we can produce exactly 100% linearly polarized white light by reflection off glas b. Spectra observed from stars that are approaching us show lines that have been Doppler- shifted towards longer wavelengths. c. The secondary rainbow is always blue on the outside and its light is strongly polarized. 4. Polaroid sunglasses with a direction of polarization as indicated below can greatly suppress the glare from puddles on the road. OO e. NASA’s tether experiment generated electrie power by moving a very long condueting wire (attached to the shuttle) through the Earth's magnetic field. The electric energy that was generated was at the expense of the kinetic energy (thus speed) of the shuttle i. Two conducting rings, A and B, have identical dimensions. The self-inductance of ring A will be the same as that of ring Beven when the rings are made of very different metals:g. In comparing two capacitors which each are 1F but which differ significantly in size, the largest of the two can probably be charged up to a higher potential difference than the smaller one. It will thus be able to hold more energy than the smaller one. h. The plastic transmission grating in your 8.02 optics kit can decompose white light into a spectrum of colors. Such a spectrum would not appear if the index of refraction of the plastic were the same for all colors. i. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is diffraction limited. Its angular resolution is therefore better at short wavelengths (e.g. blue light) than at long wavelengths (e.g. red light). j. The wave character of light is well demonstrated with Young’s double-slit interference pattern, We can expose a photographic plate to this pattern which will then show the dark and bright regions of destructive and constructive interference. Even if we reduced the intensity of the light source such that only one photon would be emitted at a time, for instance only 1 every 10 seconds, the interference pattern would still show up, provided we expose the photographic plate long enough. size of glories increases with decreasing size of the water drops in the clouds, s is not surprising as diffraction plays a key role in the formation of the glories. 1. The speed of sound in air depends on the air temperature. The musical tones produced by a flute of given length are therefore different when the instrument is played outdoors in the winter (28 F) or indoors in a warm room (70 F). degree halo which can been seen around the sun as well as the moon is the result, of dispersion in ice erystals.n. Charge particles in a magnetic field can not experience an acceleration due to the #x B force. ©. When the magnetic flux through an open surface attached to a conducting loop is zero, there cannot be an induced EMF in that loop.Adam §. Bolton May 21, 2002 boltonGmit.edu MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 Final Exam Solutions Problem 1 (a) The force on +Q due to any particular charge +g on the ring is exactly balanced by the force due to the charge +g diametrically opposite. So the net force on +@ is zero. (b) With the 3:00 charge removed, the 9:00 charge is now unbalanced, and +Q thus experi- ences a force 77-;(4Q/R?) to the right. (We may also obtain the same result by considering the effectively equivalent process of placing a charge —q at 3:00 instead of removing the charge +q from there.) Problem 2 ‘The now-familiar application of Ampére’s law gives Holos. B-dl = Wolpiercing => B= Pe FP -d= those ar For definiteness, consider a cross-section where the inner-cylinder current flows into the page and the outer-cylinder current flows out of the page. Take currents out of the page to be positive, so that positive B corresponds to a counterclockwise magnetic field (by right-handed convention) and negative B corresponds to a clockwise field. Region (i): yg =0 > B=O , . 7 Ep avoll Region (i: pn =I B= — FO pol F : hh, =3f —I=20 B=— Region (iii) ps. = 3. > = (One's own choices of sign convention and system orientation may differ from those made here.) Problem 3 If no current flows through the meter A, then one current (call it ,) flows through both Ry and R, and another current (call it J2) flows through both R and Re. Applying Kirchhoft’s loop rule to a simple loop through all four resistors gives [\(Ry+ Rx) = Ja(R + Ra). Taking another loop through Rs, Rj, and A, we get 1)Rs = IpR;. Dividing the first equation by the second eliminates both J, and J, and solves to give R, = RyRy/Ry.MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 — Final Exam Solutions 2 Problem 4 (See homework problem 1.6.) (There are many ways to do the details of this problem.) By symmetry, the field must be directed normal to the slab and sheet. Take positive B to be up and negative E to be down. By the principle of linear superposition, the electric field at any point will be the sum of the field due to the sheet and the field due to the slab. First consider the sheet. We apply Gauss’s law to the familiar “Gaussian pillbox” enclos- ing a small patch, and with its two endeaps equidistant from the sheet. This gives us Execs = —0/2€ above the sheet and Ester = +0/2eo below, independent of exact distance from the sheet. Next consider the slab. We apply Gauss’s law to a Gaussian pillbox with one endeap out- side and above the slab and the other endcap outside and below the slab (at the same distance from the slab as is the first endeap). This gives Ey, = +pD/2e above the slab and Ey, = —pD/2é below, independent of exact distance from the slab. Inside the slab, since the charge density is constant, Ey changes linearly with position from the “above” value to the “below” value. (a) At a distance h above the sheet, we are also above the slab, and the total electric field is = = 24 PP _ D2) E= Buen + Busy = 3+ 965 = Dey (b) At a distance d < D below the top surface of the slab, Eyay = p(D — 2d)/2¢y: this expression is linear in d, and goes to +pD/2e when d = 0 and —pD/2e when d= D. Also, we are below the sheet. Thus, o a , (D~2) _ [o+p(D~2d)} 2+ eee 0 20 26 B= Eso + Esta (c) At a distance H below the bottom surface of the slab, we are outside the slab and below the sheet as well. The electric field is o _pD_(o-pD) E = Exot + Euay = 2-2 = OP steet + Paty = 95 Deg Dg Problem 5 (a) Since there is no current flowing after a long time, the resistor and the self-inductor are irrelevant. The voltage across both capacitors is V, and the electric field between the plates of each is simply E = V/d (directed downward, since the upper plates carry the positive charge). (b) Since the battery is still connected, the voltage across each capacitor is still V, and we still have E = V/d (downward) between the plates of each.MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 — Final Exam Solutions 3 (c) When we disconnect the battery before inserting the dielectric, each capacitor carries a charge Q = CV, giving a total charge of 2CV on the parallel combination. After inserting the dielectric, charge will flow between the left and right capacitors so as to equalize the voltages across them at some new value V’. The total charge on the two will remain constant, though. The capacitance of the right-hand capacitor is unchanged, so its new charge is Qx = CV! The capacitance of the left-hand capacitor has increased by a factor of x, thus its charge is now Qy = KCV". Enforcing charge conservation as required, we have 1 = OCV peers Qa+Qu=(1+K)CV'=20V => v= ee ‘The electric field between the plates of each capacitor is then De ; Ba Vi [d= ag = WP (divected downward) Problem 6 (a) If the coil lies in the -y plane at time t = 0, then the angle between the coil and the «-y plane at later times will be 2z-ft. The magnetic flux through the plane surface bounded by the coil will be bp = nSBcos(27ft). The induced EMF is € = -dbp/dt = 27 fnSBsin(2njt), and the induced current is J = £/R = (2nfnSB/R)sin(2x/t). The maximum value of this induced current is thus Ina. = 2¢fnSB/R, or using the given numerical value for B, Inax = T{nS/R Amperes. This maximum occurs when the plane of the coil is at a right angle to the «-y plane. (b) The time-averaged mechanical power supplied to maintain rotation must equal the time- averaged power P dissipated in the resistor: P=PR=2,,Rain rit) fe (ins) 2k. Watts. Problem 7 (a) The phase is of the form (ky + wf), so propagation is in the —9 direction. (b) In order for Ey x By to be in the —§ direction given Ep in the +2 direction, By must be in the —# direction. |£y|/|By| = v = c/n is the wavespeed in the medium, so | _ .5)02) 3x 108 =10° + By=-10-%% . © Qne __ 2n(3x 108) ame © _2m(Sx 10) yt nw > (La)(da x 108) ~ 10 ™ => A=MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 — Final Exam Solutions 4 Problem 8 (a) 2. dQ GTR aM (b) For the given Q(t) = CVo(1 — e~/”), we have Q de e ne = Val —e°/") + (ROVe/ 7)” Vo if r=RC (c) The current in the resistor is 10) = 8 = (Cvyne" =H" - (a) ee y_ Ueltr) = $Q(u Vel) = 1) = Fovga ey (e) The time-dependent power dissipated in = resistor is P(t)=P()R= (Ve/Rye ‘The heat dissipated in the resistor between ¢ = 0 and fy is a AVE aurgy — ITVS anys w=" Poa= fre d= 8 emir = Problem 9 (a) The electric force gE is directed upward (remember, the electron is negatively charged) and has magnitude Fr = (1.6 x 10-!")(10°) = 1.6 x 10-!'N. The magnetic force gv x B is directed downward and has magnitude Fy = (1.6 x 10°!9)(3 x 108)(0.1) = 4.8 x 10-"'N. Fy > Fr, so the net force is directed downwards and has magnitude F = Fy ~ Fp = 3.2 x 10-HN evga em) (b) If we adjust the field strengths E and B to satisfy B = vB (v = electron speed), the electric and magnetic forces will be of equal magnitude, Since the two forces are oppositely directed, they will balance one another, and the electron will be able to pass through the capacitor undeflected. (As an example, if we increase E to 3x 10°V/m while holding B fixed, both forces will have a magnitude of 4.8 x 10-"N.) Problem 10 (a) Poynting flux: $= 10° W/m?. Area: A= 10‘ m?. Time interval: At = 30s. Energy absorbed = SA At = (10°)(10~4)(30) = 34 (b) Radiation pressure: P = S/c for the case of total absorption. Force on surface: (108)(10~*) F=PA=SAle= Bap 3.3.x 10°'NMIT 8.02 Spring 2002 — Final Exam Solutions 5 (c) 100% Reflection = no energy is absorbed. Problem 11 (a) In the w = 0 steady state, all currents are constant in time. The self-inductor acts as a wire with zero resistance, shorting out the capacitor and ensuring Ip = 0 (there would be no current in this branch even if we replaced the capacitor with a resistor). Thus we effec- tively have a resistor R in series with a zero-resistance wire, and Ij, = Ip = Vo/R. (Notice, even though it is irrelevant here, that the reactance of the capacitor (1/wC)) is infinitely high.) (b) With w infinitely high, the reactance of the self-inductor (w) becomes infinitely large and thus Jy, = 0. The reactance of the capacitor (1/wC) goes to zero. We eflectively have a resistor R in series with a zero-reactance capacitor, and our peak current values are simply Jc =Ip=Vo/R. (c) We would expect the peak value of Ip to decrease from the value Vy/R found in part (a) as we increase w to non-zero values. The effective impedance of the parallel combination of the capacitor and the self-inductor was zero with w = 0. For w # 0 it can only increase, as the self-inductor will no longer act as zero-Ohm wire and the reactance of the capacitor (1/wC) will also be non-zero. (This expectation can be confirmed by an exact calculation, if you are feeling ambitious.) (d) The frequency is w = 1 / VEC. (What else could it be?) This is the natural oscilla~ tion frequency of the LC sub-circuit alone. We will have an oscillating current in the LC sub-circuit that dissipates no energy. The voltage across the capacitor will be exactly offset, by the power-supply voltage at all times, so that there will never be any voltage across the resistor. Hence, In = 0. (None of this is very intuitive.) Problem 12 (See homework problem 5.7 and Evam 2, problem 4) Assuming an abrupt drop to zero, integrating around the dashed path shown gives fE-dl # 0, for there is an E-field between the plates. Since this isa 7 ~<"j statie situation, we have d®,/dt = 0 for the rate of change of magnetic flux {>= through the open surface bounded by our loop, and thus Faraday’s law asserts || jy fE-dl =0. Therefore the E-field cannot drop abruptly to zero outside the capacitor. Problem 13 (a) Vigne will read —0.1 Volt, since it has the same internal resistance as Vix but has its terminals oppositely oriented with respect to the current in the circuit. (b) If Vigq reads +0.1 Volt, then the current must enter through the positive terminal. Thus the current flows counterclockwise. From Ohm's law, T= Vier / Riese = (0.1)/(10") = 10-5 Amperes. The induced EMF is counterclockwise as well, and is given by E=1(R+ Rie + Reige) = (1075)(2.5 x 10") = 0.25 Volts.MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 — Final Exam Solutions 6 Problem 14 (a) TRUE: For light traveling in air (refractive index © 1), the Brewster (or polarizing) angle is given by tan, = n, where n is the refractive index of glass. n is a function of wavelength, so 6, will be slightly different for red light than for blue light. (b) FALSE: Spectra of approaching stars show lines Doppler-shifted towards shorter wave- lengths. Lecture #35, Giancoli 37-12 (c) TRUE: The blue is on the outside of the secondary bow, and the light is highly polarized due to the two reflections inside the raindrop. Lecture #31 (d) FALSE: Glare reflected from puddles is partially polarized in the horizontal direction, so the polarization of the glasses should be vertical in order to suppress it. Lecture #91, Homework Problem 10.1¢ (ce) TRUE: An exotic generator (as discussed in Lecture #423) based on the same principle as more familiar generators (see also problem 7 of Exam #2). (f) TRUE: Identical currents in the two rings will generate identical magnetic fields, which will in tum result in identical magnetic fluxes. Self-inductance is simply the ratio of this flux to the current, therefore it will be the same for the two rings regardless of their differing composition. (g) TRUE: Consider two parallel-plate capacitors in air: a smaller one with plate area A and plate separation d and a larger one with with plate area 2A and plate separation 2d. Both have the same capacitance C = ¢A/d. However, if both are charged to the same potential difference V, the electric field between the plates of the smaller capacitor will be Ey = V/d while the electric field between the plates of the larger one will be Ey = V/2d. Thus the larger capacitor can be charged to twice as high a potential difference before reaching the breakdown E for air, and can hold more energy (CV?/2). If the dielectric constant, n, is the same for both, the same reasoning holds. It is therefore very probable that the capacitor which is significantly larger in size than the other, can be charged to a higher potential. Jn Lecture #8, I discussed this in some detail. I compared two capacitors, each 100F; one was 10*cm® in volume, the other only 1 cm’. The first was rated for 4000 Volt, the second for 40 Volt. (h) FALSE: The spectrum is not generated by the wavelength-dependent index of refrac- tion in plastic, but rather by the spaces between lines on the plastic acting as parallel slits to set up an interference pattern.MIT 8.02 Spring 2002 — Final Exam Solutions 7 (i) TRUE: HST is not subject to the atmospheric blurring that limits the resolution of large ground-based telescopes. Its limiting angular resolution = (1.22)A/D (D = aperture diameter) improves (gets smaller) as the wavelength of the light A gets shorter. Lecture #34; see also Problem 11.6. (j) TRUE: Even individual quantum particles (such as photons) exhibit interference effects. (k) TRUE: Lecture #31. (1) TRUE: The speed of sound in air does indeed depend on temperature. Musical tones are defined by their frequency f = v/A, and this will change if the wavelength \ remains fixed but the sound speed v changes. (As an example of how \ remains fixed, recall that the wavelength of the lowest tone is twice the length of the flute.) Lecture #26. (m) TRUE: The ice crystals act like prisms. Lecture #91 (n) FALSE: Any unbalanced force on a particle causes an acceleration (F = ma). If the force is perpendicular to the particle’s velocity (as is the case for magnetic forces), then the acceleration causes a change in the direction of velocity. (o) FALSE: It is not the value of the flux itself that gives an induced EMF, but rather the time derivative of the flux. ©p can be zero at an instant, and dép/dt can still be non-zero. ABSOLUTE END