William H Sullivan re CHART OF NUCLIDES JANUARY 1957INTRA-LABORATORY CORRESPONDENCE ‘OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY February 8, 1957 (OR -WES-2159 70: Recipients of Trilinear Chart FROM: William Sullivan ve: Additional Tastructions for Aeseably of Trilineer Chart aE Medes To obtain a more nearly perfect fit of one sheet to another, remove the Chart sheets from the binder and, after cutting (with razor, scapel, or scissors) the excess material from each sheet as per ilstructions, align one sheet to the next DRY, using peper clipe at top and bottom behind the flap fold. Then raise and moisten the gumed flape and press into the position already estab- lished. was/taREVISION SHEET FOR THE TRILINEAR CHART OF NUCLIDES, by Williom H Solliven (ak Ridge Notional Laboratory ISSUE No, 3 = JANUARY 1959 INSTRUCTIONS ~ Cut th ut apart the individual nuclides and affix them, 25 one affixes postage stanps, to thelt proper places on the Chert, MAKE SINGLE CUT BETWEEN HEXAGONS WITHOUT CUTTING INTO BORDERS - cial, (es INFORMATION — As with the two previous issues, the stamps on this sheet consist principally fnew nuclides or those hhaving significant revisions, Magnetic dipole moment (x) values, pearing 20 the gurimed stomps, ate no longer corrected diomagnetically of were such valves on the original Chor. The symbolism €,means that the energy available Tor decay is ‘sufficient only for electron capture bom he C shalle, not the K shell, A person possessing © copy ofthe Trilinear Chor"s Second Printing af this Edition, which has a Toble of the Elements, ortanged alphabetically by symbol, may corse! Wo ‘ypogrorhical errors in the chemical otomic weight values, 06 follows: Cadmium, 112.41 vs, 12241, and Chlevine, 35.457 va, 37.457. For persons intrested in aucls tachnetivm (Te) Is (98) view (99). sobility characteristics, 2 new (since September 1955} and better “atomic weight” for RECOMMENDATION ~ Readers moy find it helnfl ond useful to cut ond paste the stipe of INFORMATION, sometimes containing new symbolism, on the inside back cover of the Chort (er on @ sheet of thresshole notebook paper, which con be inserted within the Chert bindeREVISION SHEET FOR THE TRILINEAR CHART OF NUCLIDES by Willi H Sulliven ck Ridge National Laboratory ISSUE NO, 2 - OCTOBER 1958 INSTRUCTIONS - Cot the seven (horizontal) rows of hexagonel stamps apart 8 strips (single cut between the roms), then cut apart the individual nuclides ond affix them, as one allies postage stomps, Yo thei proper places on the Chart, MAKE SINGLE CUT BETWEEN HEXAGONS WITHOUT CUTTING INTO BORDERS © we i MAKE SINGLE CUT BETWEEN HEXAGONS WITHOUT CUTTING INTO BORDERS INFORMATION = The stomps on this sheet inclode (1) new nuclides and (2) netides havin stumps for element 102 (No®®? ond 102?*4 show thot is discovery hos been reported; however, © controversy st a preat af the properties ofits nuclides. It was nomed nobelium (No) by the first group reporting discovery. Se8® dows not hove 0 hexagonal ore provided on the Chet, but there is ample space fr the gummed stomp, with umber, and the 0, 8c, volues for Se. Nuclides having the symbolism [+], means thot sion products, but produced by nenstvetmal nsclear fission reactions. i gificont roi ‘The numbers below give U?35 theral neutron fission chain yiekd values (see Legend, Port IIB) a8 errata to the 2nd Edition ofthe Chart and are to be eut apart and affixed under the proper mass nusbers at the top ofthe Chor.[REVISION SHEET FOR THE TRILINEAR CHART OF NUCLIDES by Williom H Sellivan (Osk Ridge Notional Laboretory ISSUE NO. 4 = JUNE 1959 INSTRUCTIONS — Cut the horizontel rows of hexagonal stomps into six separate stvps, then cut aport the individual nuclides and affix them, os one effixes portage stamps, 10 their proper places on the Chart. Center each stomp carefully, MAKE SINGLE CUT BETWEEN HEXAGONS WITHOUT CUTTING INTO THE BORDERS INFORMATION ~ The stomps on this sheet include (1) now nuclides, (2) nuclides having significant revisiens, and/or {3) Iseboric diods or tiads that hove changes importont enough to justify the issuance of gummed stamps and whick meke use of the new “chevton-shape ‘The use of o chevron-shope i in keeping with the design pincip specific meaning and nat be repeated. Thus, the chevron s) ond with unique characteristics, either as produced by ho the adjining nuclides or by its properties, The gamno-rediatien in the chevron actuclly belongs to the longer-lived radlo- nuclides) from which it is derived, os showa by the arrows. In mony cares, the chevron represents the first excited state of a stable nuclide, 0.g,, Pal®4, Sn'2?, To!2?, Lol3?, Ey", at, or a longlived nuclide, .g., Ca¥? Nuclear elecnic quadrupole moment volues (a) are shown on the gummed stamps whenever possible. They are given forthe ground states of nuclides in units of 10" cmt, to the right of and, depending on the space available, sometimes beneath the magnetic dipole mement values (yin a lightface Gothic type. shape on the Chart less thon @ micro: The symbol, no x, indicores thot the disintegration energy is too smell for K electron capture but this does not exclude the L electron capture process, Nower otomieimass values of stoble welides ere taken fom the papers of A. O. Nier and collaborators. When appropiate, the moss values for rodionuelides are calculated from these newer values and tote disimegration anergy dota published in Revs. Mod. Phys. 29, 773 (1957) ond 30, 585 (1958),REVISION SHEET FOR THE TRILINEAR CHART OF NUCLIDES bby Williom H Suilivan ‘Ock Ridge National Laboratory ISSUE NO. 1 = JULY 1958 INSTRUCTIONS ~ Cut the cut apart the individual nuclides ond affix them, 05 ven (horizontal) rows of hexogonal stomps epert os strips (single cut between the rows), then 10 affixes postage stomps, to their proper places on the Chort. Maca SINGLE CUT RErveNins HEXAQORS WIMHOUT EYTTING WTO Soest al ah Cami) S MAKE SINGLE CUT BETWEEN HEXAGONS WITHOUT CUTTING INTO BORDERS INFORMATION — The stomps on this shoot include (1) new nuclides, (2) nuclides boving significant revisions, ond/er (3) corrections entedoting the second edition “cutoff date” — July 1955. A date (month/yecr) appearing inthe fowerright= hhond comer of the "nameplate," new, rectangle containing element symbel and mass number, gives the leave dote for the stamp, which means thot all dete eveiloble prior to this, red before the stamp was released. Please note thot uetides Oy 47, Re!77, ond Po!?6 do net have printed hexagonal spaces provided on the Chart, but on ‘space willbe found to place the stomps in ther proper positions, together withthe element symbols ond igotone sumbers. To conserve space ond improve clarity, new Prefix symbols recommanded Ly the SUN Conmission ofthe IUPAP, ford nating vry large end very small numbers, wil be used: M for 10S; G, 10%; T, 10", 10%; and p for 10°", For comple, 78 My = 7.5» 10F y, 5 Gy = 5x 10"y, 0.2 Ty =2 x 10" y, 22 nb ~ 2.2% 10-8 5, nd 2 95 = 3.6 x 10-i2 5,REVISION SHEET FOR THE TRILINEAR CHART OF NUCLIDES by Williom H Sullivan National Laboratory, Ook Ridge, Tennes: ISSUE NO. 5 ~ SEPTEMBER 1959 Ook Ri USA INSTRUCTIONS ~(1) Cut the horizontal rows of hexagonal stamps into seven separate strips. (2) Separate and form indi= vidual nuclides (hexagons) by simple diogonal straight-line cuts. (3) Affix the hexogons, as one affixes postage stomps, to thelr ptoper places on the Chor, centering each stamp carefully. MAKE SINGLE CUT BETWEEN HEXAGONS WITHOUT CUTTING INTO THE BORDERS fF “sain INFORMATION - The stomps on this s ) new nuclides, (2) nuclides having sigaificent and useful revisions, ‘ond (3) some nuclides making use ofthe “chevron” shape (see INFORMATION of ISSUE NO. 4, JUNE 1959). RECOMMENDATIONS ~ For best results, when replacing an eatlier revision stomp with fire (0.5, Be!” or Ma), ” ve the old stamp On the Chort, draw a beta arrow # in the lower right-hand corner of Sn!¥° to show A decay to the ground state, as well af tothe excited stte.TRILINEAR CHART OF NUCLIDES William H Sullivan ‘This second edition of the Trilinear Chart was sponsored and sup- ported by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the Technical Information Service of the Atomic Energy Commission. Some of the early development work, necessary for converting the Chart from coker (frst edition) to black and white, was sponsored and supported by the National Research Council, Committee on Nuclear Science, Subcommittee on Nuclear Constants, under a contract with the Office of Naval Reseat Color reproduction vas abandoned for this edition, principally for reasons of printing costs. In addition, certain advantages aeerue to ‘the reader in improved legibility and greater ease in making use of the Chart. One other design change is that which will permit the iasuance of new nuclide data by means of gummed hexagon “stamps, if the demand for such a service in auicient to justify the time and ort, ‘The fiat edition of the Chart in 1949 was published for the Atomic Energy Commission by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Revised Arork by Hildegard Nem from Originals by Kay Bases OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Operated by the Union Carbide Nuclear Co. for UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSIONACKNOWLEDGMENTS ‘The assistance of the following persons, who have reviewed and offered sug- gestions concerning data on the photoprints for this second edition, is gratefully acknowledged: I. G. Elliot: and colleagues of Chalk River, Ontatio, for infor- ‘mation on work being done there; I. E. Glendenin and B. P. Steinberg, for their efforts to supply the bes: available data on U™ fission product chain yields; J. A, Harvey, for his eareful and thorough evaluation of newly pub- lished results on aeutron cross section values; J. M. Hollander, for offeriag comments on particular Chart panels, W. M Manning and affites, for much ‘useful information on the transuranic daments; C. L MeGinnis, for reviewing those sections of the Chart in which he has a epecial interest; A. O. Nier, for critically reviewing the isotope relative abundance data; G. ‘T. Seabong and fssocintes, for information and for fruitful discussions concerning the heavy nuclides and their systematics; J. R, Stehn, for most helpful assistance in re~ Viewing nuclide properties generally; and H.'E. Walchl, for evaluating nuclear spin and magnetic dipole moment data, May [express my appreciation also to numerous other associates and scientista, both in this country and abroad, who by corrspondence and discus- sion have generously contributed much valuable information. Especial thanks are due Hildegarde Nemetz, whose patience, perseverance, and diligence in working with the transadbesive material used for the artwork has made possible the presentation of s0 many data on the Ckart, In a like manner, [offer my heart-felt thanks to Anna MeNabb who undertook and did inn exemplary manner a difficult assignment on the transadhesive artwork. "To my assistant, Imogene Clayton, I owe a debt of gratitude for invaluable tid in her thorough searching for and essembly of the information embedied in four vast reprint collection, so essential for reviewing the increasingly large Amount of original literature in this field of nuclesr physics and chemistry. Last but certainly not least, I am greatly indebted to my seeretary, Frances Hurley, forthe very helpful assistance she has provided in so many ways during the course of this endesvor, William H Sulli 1956 lewved Jonvary 1957Legend for PART | General Design and Coordinate System A. The Coordinate Grid ‘The Trlinear Chan of Nucldes when properly. as- seb preens on gle continous 1 atchigh Step, the systematics of end psa! constants data for Alf experimentally ented nudes known from infor Snaion eval by approximately July Tae, "Phe equlangulat tliat coordinate ged was dove. oped tom ean ote AE Gumbo ‘eutrons) asthe ont and atomic number) mathe tbseise, by compressing the ordinete-ebscna angle (0 Sat then eating the ene grape pot lake On the resulting tanguler grid was superimposed the Bona (cine ptirs wth each senting «single nus Buuninetion of this jexugon repre- hie. arrangement revesls there tn 8 simultencous plot, with equal emphasis, of A Yersus Z, A-Z,vermun Zand AvZ verwus A” Hero A is {he saass number Coumber of nucvone in the nucleus). ceordingly, iofopee”(aucldes ving” same. atomic ‘number fie along ine inclined at 30° above the hore zontal; caobare (nuclides having the same mass number) fiein« nearly vertical line; faofones (nuclides having the SAN pimbes kneels tne inne at ees mimber of setronn £2) he on ‘horizontal ine, ao shown in the diagram at the beginning of the Chart. “Additional information concerning the telinen coordinate system is given in the J. Chem. Edueation 234,436 Coa?) ‘it will be noted that the actual trilinear coordinate ide ‘his arrangement is sed so that the vith he sccordion-fold arrangement was chosen because of the treet Meuiility in viewing any scion of the Chart (35 feches when the’aiterats page sections ure unfolded) with minimum handling. B. Symbols and Designations “The oumbers ip the parlelogemshaped paces run- ning horzomtally athe top ad bottom of each page fre the mass numbers fr cach group of ober. The semen symbol tina gcle) ad atomie number are Dloced al‘ethar end'of each group of totopes The hhumber of neutrns in a given nucleus indicated at lther end of group af sotonca Trilinear Chart of Nuclides PART Il General Physical Constants Date A. Whole Element Cross Section Values ‘The absorption cross section (¢,) and seatiaring cross section (o) values are placed. gn the coordinate Tine ft the right end of a group of isotopes.” These cross fection values are given in units of 10° em" (barns) ‘The scattering cross section for a particular clement is that averaged over a Maxwellian distribution. The ttbsorption cross section is for a neutron velocity, %, of 2,200 meters per second, corresponding to ® neutron rgy of 0.0853 ev (electron volt), even though the section ia often measured with a Macwellian istrbution. Te should be remembered that thermal faxes (a0) are stated for a velocity of 2.200 meters) second (even ‘though the tempersture of the Mux. ‘wells distribution may be above room temperature) land henge the oross section at thie velocy. must be Sted to compute, the reaction. rate." general the deta are taken from report. BNL-925\ uly 1855), ‘which summarizes the work of the Brookhaven Compi- Tation group, B, Fission Yield Values Fission product chain yield values for the slow neutron fission of Umar placed inmedintely bencth the ase number designations atthe top of cach page in the region A~7E to AWi61. The values giver are for Sine Yeo daa inthe Pro i Cont Boeceful Uses of Atomic Energy 7, (G05), Can. J. Phys 3, 040 1055) By 8 Kats pra, communi izes in brackets indents that the fasion yields ae dderved from the smoothed fision yield curve plotted from date in the references cited above . Line of Stability For any given muss number, there js an atomio charge umber (25), which represents the most stable cot Fan of or, and proton fea nclut Bt of this change aumber fot wavally en, ineege) aga sass number gives a "line of stability” whichis indica five of the stabiity of nuclides aguinst beta deca ‘The positon of thie line of stability, shown on the Chart ase frequently interrupted blac bine, is based Spon a Koowledge of all natarally-occuring: stablenuclides, the decay characteristics of their é-lubile iobars and the stability and decay characteristics of eat” nuclides above Z=83.. The it ulilized are reported in Phys, Rev. 1); 94 119 (1964); Mee. Mod. Phys, 20, 327 (G54); J. Inorg. and Nucl. Chem. 1,3. (1085); and Physica #1, 367, 385, 410 (1955). ‘Phe dashed line sbave mass'256 represents the predicted line of stability te derived from the systematics of the "supersea ‘Values of Z may be obtained from the Chart, by estimating the retonal distance of the line of tbl from the center of nuclide Z* to the center of nuclide aay PART Ill Types of Nuclides All known nuslides are reprsented by date within the cxagons on tho tsliscar soardinate esd” The hewny Bondar around Ure hexagon indicates that nuclide eure ‘are eh en shown to be deed rome radio. fotive geologically longlived nuclide. The fect that Aiea appear in a hoxagen indicates that information fvedable concerning itand thet the nuelde is produced ‘realy by one oF more diferent nuclear reasons. "The recingular pone within the hexagon 1s sed frst, to show the dement symbol and mass number of tire nuclide; and second, to indice the nuclides alpha fd be atablty and satabity, as: based on present Ait experimen evince, daltons on decay Snorpotice data and thooretiedl and practical considers tions. For convenienee. in referenon the historieal Symbols for nuclides in the natoral radioactivity decay Syl are placed usually in the lower right-hand corner of the reslangular aren for the slement symbol nd fnass numbers” Where alpha endjor beta decay have been observed, specie symbols and arrows dena stich decay art teed, ‘The term beta decay snelodes hogatron nd positron emision and orbital electron apture process Tn simplest terms, bot énntability is always indicated by black letra and alpha snatabulity Se shown by grey Uickground tn the rectangle, The various baste types of nucides ate shown in the fllowing figure ORS celta ae represented within the areas which eu irom splictng the hexagonal Sel vertically in half when fone omeric state is shown or in thirds when there are tivo metastable energy levels providing space consid. rations permit "Int general, the. very” short-lived metastable states, for which decay constants are Known, {re aiowen to be tavocintod with the longer lived parent tielide”(oce Part IV-B-6). Tsomers are. generally ced in the order of decrosing energy content from eto Tight. "Typical examples of Homeric nuclides brat ae a DIP so | Swe | se’ | “sane PART IV. Physical Constants Data for Individual Nuclides A. Poston For, ase of location, all physical constants for each nut tre paced when ‘posible in the same relative ition within the hevagonal, ea, even wien, tore bo omar ado ai for atnonion of dat it'providel by the use of diferent type fuse for the several kinds of information presented (cce Part 1V-B), An attempt to indicate the reliability of the data is made ty lowering the position of the lave signiieant. figure where the relative probable error i lngge. The follow Ing examples state the rules Ut af followed 2sss<0.05 258 2.884: 30.05 255 2 5830.20 26 When “rounding off” numbers, with an error in the last digit of 220, the odd-add, even-subtract convention is followed, eg, 188420 becomes 18, 137.5225, Decomes’ 138, "and’ 210.052611 4.0.000280 "becomes 210.0826. ‘Where’ the figures and their errors are large, e.g. 58,000 + 6,000 or 4,800 41,000, the exponential form of preseniation is used, with the preceding examples shown 65.5 X10" und 48S 10, respectively, . Brackets and Parentheres Physical constants or other information derived from related. experimental data are enclosed in bracket also oratgn dead ro theory are etna n. parentheses, Percentage ‘and Tlaiive. intensity iigures whi are easly distinguished, are enclosed in parentheses also. D. Miscellaneous Symbols Question marks are used to expross doubt as to the certainty ‘of given data. ‘The symbol ~ preceding ‘numeral indicates that i an approximation or order- ‘ofmagnitine estimate. ‘The symbols >, 5, 5, meet freater than, equal to or greeter thas, ‘nd approxi {nately equal to-or greater than, respectively. Con Yersely, the symbols'<, 2, 2, meun less then, equal torof less than, and approsimacly equal to or less than, respectively. "The abbrevintion “gs.” refers to the round state of e nuclide.E, Explanation of Symbols and ‘The specific position and type face for each kind of dato, as mentioned in Part TV-A, is shown onthe ‘accompanying figure by circled numbers, with pointers, Which are keved to the numbered sections of explana: tory material below. 1, Relative natural isotope abundance valves are ox presnod as. peroontage of the total number of atoms he symbol car” snieates that the abundance varies signifiancly with the source. 2. Atomic mast values are given for neural atoms on the physieal mass scale. The neuteal OW atom is atbi- teary aasigned mess 16 exaelly. ‘The date are taken tly ror Ue eompllions i Pye 2, 307,389, 410° (1955). ‘he erors given in the papers cited are ‘sed to round off the atomic mass vale, aocording to the: procedure described in Part III-B: "For mae fnengy conversion the formula, 1 amu (absolute mass Unit) 881.162 Mey, is applicable. See Rev. Mod, Fa ein a ingular momentum (owen spin) values are giv in uniteof hid where h s Planck's conatant (8.6210 ‘ra-ocond). Nuelides having an even number of me ltona (even mass umber) ha Irie hse of od mas mer a ‘Magnetic dipole moment valuch (a) are given for netic atom insucour magneton a of Sara ‘where e'is the electronic charge, MT the tass of the Proton, and the velocity of ight. The values of m, ‘btained maily by resonance methods, are based on proton moment of 2702070 nam. exnetly (without i: agotic carci) an re dmngnetaly correct, ts disusead by W. C: Dicinaon in due Physical Review 50 387 so) "the sign ote dpe moron is taken {s pontve when the magnetic and mechanical moments ave tho same directions ‘5. Slow neuron ero section values (o) for nucides are given in uote of 10-" cn fora nextron velocity of Qin por sco ac deed im Part HA. In ‘numberof cases “pile” (average neutron temperaiires ‘ary among reactor but are ronghly 109° C) neutron ros section valuee, as indiated By the symbol “2, given beatae no thermal neutron rons sections are Svallable (none contribution and resonance contrib tion not Keown) and such cross setions are useful to ‘eles reactor experimenters The symbols e-em and te wed to indicate the sara aauton teas sete valves tot apr ae wed sf rections espotuvely. "The cos soon ales Gran" are shined om. absoeption ‘or activation cus section mengurements ibe sruon thes or Somos are placed’ on tho fanget cl inthe srse atre ‘oan: a. the ime and ‘te skews Spurutd” by tro vertical nee. Haye vals re bed: with some exception upon dingt experimental deerntatons and the Wa Ibwing abbreietions are une (sts},d(day). (hours (nine) (econ) as (nile eee tio 0M, ta al half-life for’ any’ particular mode of decay (i. €.«, BF Bo 1 Te Stra) any be clclaed from to Brion Ayrocthch ey ela Rune ey whan Ue brancing as of pata bale Yr dna toder af decay are knobn or applica. "Here hr hy Krier to the dsay constants forthe appa iidual ‘modes of Branhed deeny, es #3, ir, SF, anain Ti mbes ‘having several metastable oma) sta or wish halves ne bec, dtermied te Svmbil'e with'e halle value tegucn placed Ei ie" prominent pamns ay reptesnting that fren molaatle sate, "Alu othe eine auch Encaatable state i frishedthe seer bya dole furs place nthe Moxagon nea the porta nade ising the metastable sats) the teu of sai five dec Tn gener tis method for indiating Aire valde ued whim mulgple wera sping of the hexagonal paces wooid nly iit the amount of Sof Gon tie coud be given. 1 Motes of dictation ded types of radios axe ese ees tr ie Je (bial dection care) : Goutron) pm 0), abasic Gaerne conver ‘When ‘mown, ad. where the apace ie) ine percentage of internal” convefaon 008, lows, began GRE longest-livedstetastable, state. (halle meneur- thi Aine by te git EE ie teamiion) ‘The word no, preceding the symbols. -, B*, a, and ¢, indicates there is ‘neemonsuTable radi fio, wu th Hm expremcd a prea i koown Fosihon anton redion O15 Mev) and" Scuatle sayeaccompanting seb eleccon elas Arent indicated on the Chart " i. Branching sons forthe diferent modes of disin- cate emnshng cain fo the dierent modes of din fares When © pulls cays fo two or fore omens iat the percentage Branching” thwe isomers sates'isindated ‘when Knowns*by gee cain parenheas neat the decay arrows 8 Eargy of radiation in Mev (lion cecron walls) immetinidylalows the symbol for mode of decay. TO. Intensity of radaton of given energy value ie colo in paves and plated bei the ergy ‘alae "het stated percentage aed the rat weitdas integral of the nchde excep when tiphaduitepeton i the made of branched day ‘Hore perentig fire eet to the rlaive nna Gt fine oan inion nah cach Zepaete dccny paths Where the dsnegrton scheme and consequently ihe exact pereentage af each felon pow rai nay le Beindiated’ by enclosing figures behind the ennvalue in parentheses oF by the use of symbols (vs), very song! G), strong: Gm) tnoderate; (w), weak (rw), Score nd (oe), cite wen, wi the net Ui differing fom one anothor progressively by roughly slander of magitide (actor 910). Vhen many alpha, bete,or gamma rays are present, ‘as much data are included as possible, consistent, with {he space limitations, and that information excluded fombined and represented followed by the sppropsiete percent Where posible, the number of other amma rays, a8 determined. rom pres Evidences iadieated, © 3 other, ‘ther I Degree of certainty of element and. mass number assignment is indicated by the letter symbols Element and mass number assignment certain Element certain, mass number probable Element certain, mase number possible (one of & Elsen’ cri, no even for mass number Element assignnient proba Evidence iasficent. Bata probably in error. A small, black cqulateril triangle, placed beneath tho letter indicating certainty of nelle assignment Alenotes the fac that chemistry was performed, estab- lishing the element’ identity Tnformation ‘concerning experimental or other ev gence for evant fle al mama a; nent is provided by using dats ava hexagon patter ‘around the letter symbol. Each dot im its pecfe position bas «particular meaning, according to the following code: 2 1, Nuclde i produced by diferent nuclear reactions sg thatoter aer sumer asigmenta te reti: tly eliminated, Simple noutton “capture is also Shows in this ways * 2, Mass number assignment is known to the same de- ego corti that forth parent or daughter 3, ‘Assignment is based on nuclear excitation function ind reaction yield data, deductions from the Boke: ‘Wheeler mass equation, sion yield measurements, ‘or other considera tons. 4, Mass spectrograph, spectrometer, or time-of-tight mass separator wea sed for the separation and idewienton of mace” | 5. Assignment was deduced from decay energetics or isomers were identified by the simsarty’ of resonance level for neutyon absorption, excitation thresols, 6, Radionuclides were identified through studies with separated stable soopes 12. Genetic relationships among the disintgrat radionuclides are indicated by arrows, Each type a “sintegration fe represented by an arrow of partiealar Siva form and thin i pcan gion postion a 00, panying in hegatron decay the arrows will normally appeae in the' lower leftchand comer and. positron ‘or orbital lectron capture arrows, in the upper righthand comer ‘ofthe hoxagon snless isomers are prosont, in which caso the arrow wil be pointed toward the daighter omer QPP CBee 1 nuclide formed by slphe dea 1 netron decay 4 bat estan decay 1 bet porto deep 1 oft decron cape lah cor = Bont rantion Ina cates, except alpha dooay, the daughter nuclides uso immediately contiguous to heir parents, Alpha decay proceods horizontally tothe lef four mass nhim. ‘here (et iodiapheres. 13. Fission products are indicated by an asterisk at the bottom ofthe hexagon to provide a easy reference for those who are perualary concotned with such mex teal “When ‘stable ope are aos fe fsion cts mse spoctrometically, this Tut shown b the asterisk saa . 7 KEY TO NUCLEAR REACTIONS ‘To find the product nude of the given nude action relative’ ta the targel, the seeompanying Rgure tay be used. The reactions shown are representative Ot those known to eur except there is no attempt 9 Aepict fasion, spallation, or meson product reactions. Sm pron 4 dexteron Beton # io 7 gamma radiation alpha partie Instructions for Arsembly of Chart. After cutting the ends of eacl of tho fist five heats of the chart as indie ‘caved on the end flaps, moisten the gummed underside Of tho first flap up to the fold und affix it to the succeed Ing sheet, taking special eare to match the front edge ‘Wil the first set of isobars on the second shect so that the space between them is comparable to that between ‘other adjacent sete of sobars., Repeat the samo pro- ‘cedure for the remaining four sheetsTRILINEAR CHART NUCLIDESTRILINEAR CHART oF WUCLIBES weattian 8 Suttta oak wut MATIONAS anne ORFoe oeomMmemeaeaeoew HoH ome Rowemeoeeooeemeotowmoewtoe we moeewaoaoeoaoeae ws Caz \\ Fis seh oO CERES , PEEEEEE. LF : Ho 2 ® & =) Le x x x w 7 B&B Z: = PES ef Santee! CE EEE tH Perer ee eeSa@B @ FF @ ® @# FTF ® 8 @2 FF FF SF BF FF @ BF fF 8 B82 FB 2 B® @ &@ 2 & FF &@ &@ & &@ B&B ®@ @ @ B88 fw &@ @® Ss & w wz Lise : TH “g a \ (i cesses: ee i S =(©) = es eB ee ww Bw wy Mw ww m@ &@ FB ww 8 Be we ww ww ww MwA FFF FFF &@ &@ @ mH wm mm m mm Mm B® fy