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=< P,,Jo x > ete,
from which it follows that
Jeremy, Joy
(62)
To define a first order (J-Jeovariant differential calculus we have to determine all
commutators (x1,dzj] in a way which is consistent with the action (6.2) (which for
instance, implies Jordy = (Jjye)d(JjaPy)) and with the Jacobi identity. Although
it is not difficult to check that the set of covariance equations (like J (rd) — Je
(da;2:) = J» (24,d2j)) has a unique solution given by
lew
wy [ede] =
ai), (ude]=udy , tysdy] = wee
(6a)
the above commutators do uot satisfy the Jacobi identity and thus fail to provide a
consistent diferental calculus, This situation isnot new, and has already appeared
for the differential calculus on other spacetime algebras (28,25). We now show that
the solution proposed there, and which involves an enlargement of the algebra which
has been found to be associated with a Hopf algebra cocycle extension [29], alo
applies here. We ses that this problem is associated to the deformed character of
(8.2) as expressed by being of course absent for the undeformed Euclidean Hopf
algebra 0463)
Contractions, Hopf Algebra Extensions 19
Consider the trivial extension 4,(E(2))>U(u(1)) mentioned in Sec. 4, obtained by
‘adding the primitive Hopf algebra generated by = to U,(E(2)). The previous proce
dure applied to (P., P,,Z) leads now to an enlarged Euclidean algebra E generated
by (2.4.x) (< 5.x >= 1) and to the additional relations
botl=0=[eu] . Axy=x@l+1@x . Jex (64)
Proceeding as before, we find that there is a unique solution for the rotation covariant
differential calculus on the above enlarged Euclidean ‘space’ specified by (ct. (6.3))
fe yl= wy, fex]=0, [edz] = wd , [aydy]=0, [2,dy] = ude
(ds ~ dx), (ydx) = ody
.xJ=0 . [y.de]=wdy , [yao]
[xdz]=wde 5 [xedy]=edy , [xdx]=wdy ,
(6s)
and satisfying Jacobi identity
(8) We define the two-dimensional Galilean plane G3 as the dual (< X,2 >=
Lae Xt >, < Xt >= 0 =< Xyz >) of Uo(Tr(2)). The commutativity (non-
‘covommutativity) of Ua(Tr(2)) implies the relations
[et]=2e ; dr=z@ltl@r , At=t@ltlet, (66)
for the G2 algchra, Following the same pattern of case (2) we construct a bicovari-
ant differential calculus (covariant under the action of the ‘boost? V) that satisfies
Leibniz’s rule and Jacobi identity, The (left) action of V on G2 is given by
Vera Vot=0 67)
Using (6.7), we find that the covariance requirement implies the system of equations
Ve [ede] = —[t.de]— fee] ltsde] = fe, dt] + 200
Vo [edt] = —{tat Voltdt]=0 (8)
‘The unique solution linear in dz,dt that satisfies (6.8), Leibnie’s rule and Jacobi
identity is!
ledz]=0 , [edij=ade , t,de]2-ade , [tat] = ade (6.9)
Een Wf ther no deformation (@ = 0) thers exists a non-trivial solution (se [2]) given by
[ede] = ude and ll other commtators equal to 2, 0 J.A. do Azcétraga and J.C. Pérez Bueno
‘Thus, this case is different from the Buclidean case £2. On G2 there isa covariant
Ailferential calculus without any additional one form. ™
(a) It was seen (eq, (6.5) that to define a J-covariantdiferential calculus on £2
it was necessary to enlarge it to By. Let us now show that two N-covariant calculi
may be similarly constructed on Fung(HW) (eqs. (5.7)) as the dual of the ,(HW)
subalgebra of U,(E(2)) (Sec. 4(a)). The left action » of N on (ys, ye.) is obtained
from (4.7) and given by
Nen=m , Nem=-n , Nex= (6.10)
Proceeding as before, we find the commutators
+ foxl=2em + Ivindys]=0
(6.1)
Pedal = Mie» Uided=(0420Md del ad
Jacobi identity requires A = —2p or A— pp = ~2p. ‘The bicovariance requirement
now determines two bicovariant differential caleuli over Fun,(HW) (on the £2 plane
the coproduct of the generators was primitive, hence the differentials are bi-invariant
by (AA) and the bicovariance is trivial). We first find, using (5.7) and (A.4),
Ardy = 10d And = dye @1
Ady =10dx +4 (WV Odn—nOdn) , (er
Bnd = Olt} (in On—dnow) 5
itis easy to show that the coactions (612) satisfy (A.2). If we use now (A.1) to
calculate Ar|x,dx] = «Ardy we find 4 = 2A; the same condition is obtained using
An. The, (6.11) leads to (A = 2
twewJ=o , dy] =O,
tdi] =—2edy ody =O Dedxl=—dody (619)
and (A= 29,0= 49)
Uwwssl=0 5 Wwoxl= 2m Iyddsl=0
(6.4)
beau
2edyi . [wedx]=4dody . [xvdx]
tod.
"forthe dfeental calculus on the deformed Newtonian spacetime associated with the (1+ 3)
version of the deformed Galle algebra Gy are [2]
Contractions, Hopf Algebra Extensions a
Since (A.3) is satisfied, eqs. (6.13), (6.14) determine two first order N-covariant
differential calculi over
Acknowledgments
‘This paper has been partially supported by the CICY'T grant AEN93-187. One of
us (JCPB) wishes to acknowledge a FPI grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education
jee and the CSIC. Both authors wish to thank M. del Olmo for very helpful
discussions,
and
Appendix A: Bicovariant differential calculus
Let A be a Hopf algebra and let and ¢ be ils coproduct and counit. A first
order bicovariant differential calculus over A is defined [40] by a pair (Ud) where
d: A— I’ is a linear mapping satisfying Leibniz's rule and I’ is a bicovariant A-
bimodule (T, Az, a) ie. the linear mappings Ap: + AQP’, Ag: P+ 2'@A
and the exterior derivative d satisfy
Ar(aw) = Ale)Arw) . Anlaw) = A(a)An(w)
Axa) = AL(w}Ala) , Anlwa) = An(w) Al (At)
(A@id)dy =(id@ Arar , (1d @A)AR=(Ap@id\An ,
(e@id)Ay = id » lid@eAn=id (a2)
(id@ Ap)Ar= (A.@id)An ; (as)
Aud=(id@d)A , Agd=(d@id\A , (Aa)
where the left (right) equations in (A.2) express that I” is a left (right) A-comodule,
(A.3) is the result of bicovariance (commutation of the left and right coactions), and
(A.A) expresses the compatibility of the ex:erior derivative d with A and Ay... Eas.
(A.A), (A.2) and (A.3) characterize (I, 1, An) as a bicovariant bimodule over A;
the addition of (A.A) determines a first order bicovariant differential calculus (I'd).
An element w € 1° is called left (right) inveriant if Az(s) = 1 @w (Anlie) = w © 1).
As in the undeformed (Lie) case, the basis elements of the vector space Liny C T° of
the left-invariant elements generate’ as a left free module
Appendix B: Bicrossproduct of Hopf algebras and cocycles
We list here for convenience the basic formulae of Majid’s bicrossproduct. and
cocycle bierossproduct constructions and refer to [11,12] (see also [14] for details, 2 J.A. de Azcieraga and J.C. Pérez Bueno
The expressions wiich characterize Hina A (used in Secs. 3, involve the mappings
a: AGH — A (right Hemodule action), 8: A» A@7 (left A-comoduleconction)
E:HOH — A (two-cocycle) and YH ABA (hence the more detailed notation
We ean¢ A, see (Il). Those ofthe dual ease (Hz >2¥A when al ingredients are
indicated) involve the respective dual operations; they were used in See. 5. We may
think of Poa Aas emphasizing the ‘algebrolke’ aspects and of H wa as giving
the ‘group-like’ ones™ (in the undeformed case they correspond, respectively, to the
cocommutative Hopf algebra constructed on the enveloping algebra U/(G) of G, and
to the Abelian Hopf algebra of functions Fun(G) over a Lie group GF with coproduct.
given by the group law). Both sets of formulae are in correspondence once H,
{1.85 6,0) ate replaced by their respective duals #1, A, (3,6); ths we shal ony
reprodhce here those forthe second case. Those usefl for How A may be found in
the original papers [11,12] (or in the Appendix of [2] with the same numbers they
are referred to in the main text, also corresponding to the dual formulae for Hf ea
ielow).
let H and A be Hopf algebras and et
a) H be a left A-module algebra (H > ,
;
1 arbitrary product of As
Finally, using the method deseribed in [15] we arrive at the following explicit form
of the x-Weyl algebra:
a) the commutation rules
[fr] = 0
(M8, P) = inl — yg —
[M®, Po] = ing —e°F) + ig Pi,
+1640" ~ Bg)
Lehre
[M®, Py] = So 7B) sb WRB,
tig PCO * — 1) 4 98g Ps
[D.P) = ie(t— 7?
(DP) = ihe
b) the coproduets:
AD = D8I+1@D~ gM @—
AR, = 1@R%+R81
Am = Boet+Iorn
AM! = M’ei+ieM®,
AM® = 1eM°+MP oe?
© guigh* Pe Pa
Bo
M*@ PL, 50 P. Kosifski and P, Maélanka
3. Conclusions
We have constructed the «-Poinearé group resulting from Poincaré group formu
lated in an arbitrary basis, The quantization is unambiguous due to the absence
of ordering problems. The resulting quantum group has a bicrossproduct structure.
Using this and the methods developed in [15] we were able to construct the relevant
‘-Poincaté algebra. The Schouten bracket of the classical rmatrix we have used ap
P
reference frame chosen in such & way that goo
red to be proportional to the gye component of the metric tensor, ‘Therefore in the
0 the relevant Poisson structure can
be extended to any group containing Poincaré group as a subgroup. "This was used
to define the Poisson structure on the Weyl group, which allowed us to construct
‘deformation of this group. Again we obtained a bicrossproduct structure whieh
allowed us to construct the relevant x-Weyl algebra,
‘The above construction seems to us to be a proper introductory step toward the
definition of x-deformed conformal group. One can attempt to quantize the Poisson
stmcture on conformal group resulting from the same r-matrix we used in the case of
the Weyl group, hoping that the ordering problems could be overcome in some way
(as for example in the case of x-Poincaré supergroup [2-6]). As a next step one tries
to construct the relevant algebra. This might be more difficult as the bicrossproduct
structure is lacking in the case of conformal group,
‘An alternating way of attacking the problem would be to try to incorporate on
the quantum level the property of conformal group that it ean be obtained from Weyl
group by adding (in a special way) the operation of inversion
REFERENCES
[1] J. Lukierski, A. Nowicki, H. Ruege, Phys. Let, B20S (1988) 419.
[2] P. Kosisi, J. Lukierski, P, Maélanka, J. Sobcayk, J. Phys. A27 (1994) 6827
(8) P. Koss, J. Lukierski,P, Maslanka, J. Sobcayk, J Phys. A28 (1995) 2255
(4) P. Kosisi, J. Luklerst, P, Madlanka, J. Sobeayk, Mod. Phys. Lett. A10 (1995) 2599.
[5] P. Kosiski, J. Lukiorski, P, Maélanka, J. Sobeayk, preprint IFT UWe887/95, q-alg
95-01010, to appear in J. Math, Phys
[6] P. Kosiiski, J. Lukierski, P. Maslanka, J. Sobeayk, “Quantum deformation of the
Poincaré supergroup”, in: “Quantum Groups. Formalism and applications”. The
Proceedings of XXX Karpacz Winter Sehool of Theoretical Physics, ei. . Lukieesk,
2. Popowice, J. Sobezyk, PWN 1995, p. 53.
[7] M. Klimek, J. Lakiorski, Acta Phys. Pol B26 (1995) 1200.
[5] J. Lukierski, P. Minnacrt, M. Mozrayiuas, preprint CPTMB/PT/96-6.
{0] A. Ballesteros, FI. Herrane, M.A. del Olio, M. Santander, preprint March 1996.
‘The r—Weyl group and its algebra 5
10] 5. Zakrzewski, J. Phys. A27 (1904) 2076.
[11] P. Zangg, preprint MIT-CTP, (1994),
S. Majid, H. Rega, Phys. Lett, B334 (1004) 348.
0
[13} P. Kosieki, P. Maslanka, preprint IMULS/94
14] J. Lukierski, H, Ruega, Phys. Lett, 820 (1994) 189,
[05] P. Madlanka, J. Phys. A26 (1993) L1251 From Field Theory to Quantum Groups
RATIONAL SOLUTIONS OF YANG-BAXTER EQUATION AND
DEFORMATION OF YANGIANS|
S.M, Kwonosnxin
Institate of Theoretical and Experimental Physics
117259 Moscow, Rusia (e-mail: Khoroskin at vxitep itp ru)
A.A. Scoun
Department of Mathematics, Royal Institute of Technology
$-10044 Stockholm, Sweden (emai: astolin at math.kth.se)
anp V.N. Toistoy
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University
119809 Moscow, Russia (e-mail: tolstoy at annal9.npi.msusu)
Abstract: A quantization scheme of a certain class of now
standard rational slition: of CYBE for any simple Lie algebra 9 ic
ziven explicitly. We obtan this quantization using a twisting of the
‘sual Yangian Y(g). Explicit computations are performed for the
case of lye The corresponding quantum object (deformed Yanglan
Yee(ah)) isa tvo-paramerie deformation ofthe universal enveloping
algebra U(eu)) of the positive careent algebra shu). We consider
Uhe quantum double DY, (sl), its the universal R-matrix and also the
RET realization of Yl).
Introduction
‘This paper is survey of results obtained by the authors in [1] and [2]. Itis devoted
to the problem of a quantization of a non-standard rational solution of classical Yang
Baxter equation (CYBE) for any simple Lie algebra g. We propose here a general
scheme of deformation of the Yangians as a solution of this problem for a certain
class of such non-standard rational solutiors
‘Yangian of ¥(g) of a simple Lie algebra g was introduced by V. Drinfeld [3,4] as a
deformation of the universal enveloping algebra U(g[u]) of the current algebra glu. Tt 4 S.M. Khoroshkit, A.A. Stolin and V.N. Tolstoy
has a lot of applications in the mathematical physics and in the representation theory
({5/(25)). In particular, the Yangian symmetry ¥(sl,) was shown for the following
‘one-dimensional N-body integrable models: the Hubbard model [5,6], the classical
‘iy Buler-Calogero-Moser model confined in an external harmonic potential [7], the
‘quantum sly Calogero model confined in the harmonic potential [S], and the quantum
Sutherland model [9,10]
‘The Yangians are employed in [13,14] for an explicit description of the center of the
universal enveloping algebra U(g), where g is a simple Lie algebra of A-, Be, C-y
D-series. A connection between the Yangian Y(glx) and the classical construction of
the Gelfand-Zetlin basis for the Lie algebra gly was established in (15}.
‘Tensor products of finite dimensional representations of the Yangian ¥(g) produce
rational solutions of the quantum Yang-Baxter equation (QYBE). For instance, for
sly these solutions can be obtained by the fusion procedure applied to the Yang
solution R(u) = 1+ p/u, where pis the permutation of factors in C™@C™. However,
there exist other rational solutions of the classical Yang-Baxter equation (CYBB).
‘These solutions were studied in (17]. Every rational solution of CYBE provides
bialgebra structure on glu. These structures have not been quantized yet except the
case r = ¢2/u, when the Yangian is exactly the quantization
We present here a quantization scheme for rational solutions of the form ¢,/u +
constant. We obtain this quantization using a bwising of the comultiphication inthe
usual Yangian ¥(g). ‘The existence of such element was proved by V. Drinfeld (3).
In Appendix we reproduce from ({I8]) another general construction of the twisting
clement. We realize explicitly the twisting for the simplest non-standatd rational
omatri for al, namely r= n/a ha Aen Hore ey, hu ie the standard Chevalley
basis for sl. We note that the additional term he A ¢ leads to a deformation
of the co-algebra structure of ¥(sl). We perform this deformation by means of
the twisting of U (sh) @ U(ala) by some special two-tensor of U(sh) @ U(sla) which
{appeared in {19}. Moteover, this two-tensor enables us to write down a quantum R-
tmatrix corresponding to the classical rmatrixr = cy/u+thy/e-g. On the other hand,
‘writing down this R-matrix explicitly in the fundamental representation, we develop
RIT-formalism (see {20)) to get another presentation of the deformed Yangian. We
discuss also properties af the corresponding quantum determinant, and the realization
of the deformed Yangian Yq (sl) in terms of generating functions “field” realization).
1. Rational solutions of ela
ical Yang-Baxter equation
Let g be a simple Lie algebra over
to the Killing form. Let
{i} be an orthogonal basis of g with respect
P(u,0)
(ue) (ay
be a function from C? to 9 © g, where ¢; = Fs 1@ fh. We introduce the following
definitions
Rational solutions of Yeng-Baxter equation 55
Definition 1.1 We say that P(u,v) is a rational solutions of the classical Yang-
Barter equation (CYBE) if the function Plu,v) satisfies the following conditions:
(i) it is skew-symmetric, ie. P (u,v) =~ P (0,u),
[ii) the function r(u,v) is @ polynomial in uv, ie. it has the form r(u,v) =
Yu Pas(usw)ls@ fy, where py(usv) are usucl polynomials of two variables w and v.
{iii) the function P(u,») satisfies the CYBE
B (uss) P (uns +P (esa) B (ua n9)) + OF (ua) B (vay) = 0 - (1.2)
Here P (x,15) means
B (aan) =D dale ua)(h O18 4), (1.3)
if P(u,v) has the form P(u,v) = Sy di(ts#)/@lhy where $s(4,0) are usual functions
of two variables u and v (dy : C? + C), The elements # (u,12) and P (uz,us)
are defined analogously. ‘The commutators in the left side of (1.2) are considered as
commutators in U(g)™
Definition 1.2 We say that two rational solution P\(u,v) and Py(u,v) are gauge
equivalent if there exists an automorphism Ty of algebra glu} such that (Ty @
Ts)Pi(uyv) = Paluv)
It turns out that the degree of the polynomial part r(u,») for rational solutions of
CYBE can be estimated. More exactly, the following result was proved in [17]
‘Theorem 1 Let Plu
« rational solution P(u,w) being gauge equivalent to P(u,v) and of the form
Bet ruse) be a rational solution. Then there exists
Pu,2) ron + row + rove + rnue aa)
here ron, Me) Mos Ti EGOS.
‘We will be dealing in the present paper with the case
P(e) = (19)
where ry = 109 € 9 Og
In what follows, we need the following result. Let g((u-")) = g @ C((u~))
‘One can define the non-degenerate ad-invariant inner product on g((u~')): (x,y) =
Res,aotr(ad z+ ad y). ‘The following theorem is valid 56 S.M. Khoroshkin, A.A. Stolin and V.N. Tolstoy
Theorem 1.2 1) There is « I-1 correspondence between the set of rational solutions
of CYBE of the form (1.5) and subalgebras W gllu-"]jsuch thal:
(we 4gllw']]| CW Collen],
(i) WS W with respect tothe form (-,-) introduced above,
(iis) Wo ale = ol (uw).
2) Any W satisfying conditions (+i) above defines a subalgebra LC g ond a non-
degenerate 2-cocycle B on £. In other words the clement B is skew-symmetric and
satisfies the equation
B((2, uy.) + Blls.2).u) + Bly,
2)
(1.6)
Jor any 2,y,2 € £. Moreover, the element r € LAL and it is non-degenerate,
rel = BEL AL
3) Conversely, any pair (C,B) such that £ is a subalgebra of 9 and B is « now:
degenerate 2-cocycle on £, defines « rational solution of the form (1.5).
Here the symbol rg! means the following. Since rm» € ££ % Hom(C*,£), 15! €
Hom(£, £*) % £* 6 £*. It should be noted that a Lie algebra with a non-degenerate
eocycle is called quasi-Frobentus Lie algebra
Proof. (see also {18}, (17). Let P(u,) be a rational solution of the form (1.5), where
to is given by the following general expression ro = Sijjrijl:@ Jj. Let us define a
Timear functional on u-"g{{u-¥]] by the formula
ea) = Srig( tinal (7)
for any a € u~¥gl[u"*}] and let us define a subspace W C g{lu-"]} consisting of the
elements of the form a + p(a), where a € u™*g{lu-']]. Since P(u,») is a rational
solution, therefore we have that rij = —rji. It is easy to see that this is equivalent to
the following condition: W = W=, which proves property (ii.
Now we prove that W is a subalgebra of g[[u"*)]- Taking into account that (si) is
already proved, it is sulicent to prove that ((z,y},2) = 0 for all z,y, € W. Since
the elements z, y, = have the form z =a + pla)yy = b+ p(0),=
4,6,6 € wglfurt]}, we have to consider
+ ple) for some
(a+ pla), + a(bl].e+ afe}) = (la, a(6i} 0(e)) + (lo(a), 4} aCe) + (lata). 8)
Since the inner product is ad-invariant, we have:
( (a 0(6)),0(€}) = (as{a(6), Cel) = > rsruci( 2) Taye) lms) 5
where we take into account that [Ju] =Seefle. On the other hand
(o,f
¥E rsrudhie he In
Rational solutions of Yang-Baxter equation st
and the fact that ro satisfies CYBE (this isthe same as P(u,») satisfies CYBE) is
equivalent to that ((z,5),2)=0 and hence to that W is a subalgebra.
It is clear that the properties (i) and (iii) are fulfilled because of the construction
of W and therefore every rational solution of the form (1.5) determines W.
Conversely, let W satis conditions (3) - (i). Since we have another decompoci-
sion u-¥al{u-*)} af = glu] we infer that W” = {a+ fa) : a € u“¥glfu-"]}, where
psu taller!) 9 isa linear map. Let f= fur" be a basis of u-"o[[u~')] and
fi = 10" be a bass of gle]. Then the element Si(Eo @ (Fin + (Si) is tational
solution of CYBE of the form (1.5). The frst statement is completely proved. Let
us prove the second statement
Define a projection x : g{lu-1]] + g as follows: (ag + ayu-! + ...) = ao. Clearly
(WW) = Lisa subalgebra of g. Moreover, WC £6 u"¥gllu"t] C g[lu-"]. Then the
condition (ii) implies that uC @ w¥gllu“"]] C W where £+ Cg is the orthogonal
complement to £ with respect to the Klling frm. It is easily seen thatthe subalgebra
N= wL*@u-%glfu-"] isan ideal inthe slgebra M = Leu~g[lu*]}. The quotient
algebra M/N is isomorphic to the semidirect product of C and commutative algebra
£C*, where £* ie the dual space to £ on which £ acts by the coadjoint representation
We can write M/N = £4 e£*, where e = 0, Thon M/N is equipped with the
non-degenerate ad-invariant symmetric inner product. coming from the inner product
on MC g@C((u-)}. One can check that (2,8) = if-a,b € £: (exyey) = 0
and (a,er) = x(a). Denote by ¢ the natural projection M — N. Then ¢(W) = S
jis a subalgebra of M/N, which coincides with its orthogonal complement. Thus,
dim(S) = dim(). Recalling the construction of £ we deduce that $ is projecting
onto £ under the natural projection £4 c£* ~+ £. ‘Therefore $ ix of the form
S= (14 ofl) :1€ £} for some f € Hom(L,£*). Let x + Hom(C,£*) + £° @ £*
be the natural isomorphism. Then we have that B= y(f). One can check that
the equality § = S+ implies that B is ckew-symmetric and the fact that $ is a
subalgebra implies that B is a 2cocyele. The non-degeneracy of B comes from the
property (ii), which implies that $10 £ = (0) in M/N. The second statement is
completely proved. Clearly, all the considerations above ean be converted, which
proves the third statement, ‘The theorem is proved completely.
It should be noted that in the ease of ¢ = sly all the rational solutions ean be
described in a similar way [17]. Let
y= diag Ly 8,
E
Then every rational solution of CYBE delines some Lagrangian subalgebra W con:
tained in dz? «si(n,C[[t-']}- dy for some k. The corresponding combinatorial data
(ji) subalgebra £ C sl(n,C) such that £4 P, = s(n,C), where Py is the maximal
parabolic subalgebra of si(n,C) not containing the root vector ¢4, of the simple root
(18) 58 S.M. Khoroshkin, A.A. Stolin and V.N. Tolstoy
(ii) 2eoeyele B on L whieh is non-degenerate on £1 Ps
In the case of sly, one has just two non-standard rational matrices (up to the
gauge equivalence} 5
Pile) = ht hy Nena 5 (19)
and
Pur) = =
Gy t he eat eeu B ha (110)
‘The corresponding Lagrangian subalgebras are
Wy = EASE LON) WC (eat™* — ha) B Cleat") @ Chat + 2ena)» (Ll)
and
Wa; = €9(sh[-°) & Cleat ~ hat) ® Olenat™)D
© Chat) @ Cleat?) @ Cleat *) Chat * + 2e-0) (2)
Now we are going to quantize the rational r-matrix (1.5)
2. Deformation of Yangians
In this section we describe procedure for quantization of any rational solution
of the form (1.5). The output is a deformed Yangian,
‘The Yangian ¥(g) as quantum deformation of the universal enveloping algebra
U(gle)), where gl is an algebra of polynomial currents over a simple Lie algebra
wae introduced by Drinfeld [3] Bretly in torma of goncrators which actually are not
associate to choice of a concrete basis in g. Later Drinfeld gave in (3,4,21] another
realization of the Yangians in terms of generators connected with Cartan-Weyl basis
in g. In this paper we use this second Drinfeld realization. We remind the definition
of this realization and the basic properties of the Yangian,
Let g be a simple Lie algebra with a standard Cartan matrix A
(aj}ijaoy
system of simple roots 17 == (a1,...,a2} and a system of positive roots A (g). Let
66 ans fy = hays Lo Soy 1 Cons (0 Tons), be Chevalley generators and
feysda}s (1 € Ay{a), be a basis Cartan-Weyl in g, normalized so that (ea, fa)
Definition 2.1 The Yangian ¥ := ¥(q) associated to g is the Hopf algebra over
C generated (as an associative algebra) by the elements eiy 2= eats bik = hos
Sa 11,2,..-), with the relations:
Crows ha] =O, Fetes Sal = Bihar (a)
foneseys [orf = (ana) »
UPseersed —Ubavenial = nglana,)(hisen} (23)
Rational solutions of Yang-Baxter equation 0
thane fal ~The Soaal = =ngasay) Xba eb (24)
leaessend—feasenonl=nplanas}eas ei) (28)
1
[Santis Sa] ~ Uff
Syme [e-bay vee) = 0
Sym fa Fy =i ofl
schere (a,8} = ab-+ba, ny = 1A, the symbol Syn") denotes « symmetrization
fon Rigkay-+-shy. The co-mltipliction map of Y is given for basic generators cs,
Fy fas OF = 0,1), by
= nga a3 {Firs Sd + (2.6)
foritiy (7
A(z)=2@1+102, reg (28)
Alea)=cn@1F+1@eatho@eo—7- YL fy@leasel, (29)
eB
Alfa) = fa 1418 fat fo@hotn YL laf] ery (2.10)
Ate
Alha)=hn@14+1@hn+ho@he-n YD (anh @er (241)
rel)
We explicitly introduce inthe celations(2.3}-(2.6) and (2.9)-(2.11) the Yangian de
formation parameter 7 € C'\{0} ' and therefore we shall use further the notation
Y4(a) for the Yangian (9)
Remarks, (i) The universal enveloping algzbre (9) is generated by the elements ew,
shi fig and it is embedded in ¥,(g): Ula) 4 ¥,(g):
(ii) One can show that Y,(g) is generated only by the elements eo, hio, fia, fas
(2 = 1...) and therefore we can obtain the co-multiplication map forall generators
ity Sik bins fin, (2 = 1,.--475 FE 2),
(ii) If we replace the right parts of (2.3}(2.6) by zeros, we obtain the algebra iso-
rnorphie to Ut)
For any X.€ C define an automorphiars 7; of Yao) by the formulas:
Ba)=2, 29, 212)
Tilia) = fa + Mav @s)
This “translation” automorphista is compatible with the comultiplication, i.
A(T)
(R@HjAw), re Y%al0) (214)
"TAHT Yangians with different y are isomorphic one to another and therefore one usually assomes
that y= 1 0 S.M. Khoroshkin, A.A, Stolin and V.N, Tolstoy
‘The Yangian is a pseudotriangular Hopf algebra [3]. It means that there exists an
‘unique element R(A) = 1+ Disa AFR, where Re € Yq(g) @ ¥q(9), such that
(LOTIRW)=RUFA-w), (Laid) de)
RUN (T. @ id) A(z) ROA) ,
(2.15)
(AeidA(s) =O) RO), RAR-Y=101, as)
Bc — a) FQ = 29) HE (a= Aa) =H a — As) = As) B= Aa)» 217)
where 7; is the translation automorphism and, as usually, we denote by A’ the
opposite comultipication
Now ve return tothe rational slation of CYBB in the form (1.5). We recall that
this solution P(u,v) ean be characterized by availabilty ofthe following combinatorial
data:
(i) subalgebra £ of g:
(i) non-degenerate 2cocycle B on £
Our approach to quantization of a rational solution of CYBE‘is based on the following
result borrowed from {3
‘Theorem 2.1 There exists an element F € (U(C)[{n})® of the form
Fal+don+ Eoth, (218)
there r5' = B (in sense of the Theorem 1.2), and this element satisfies the following
condition:
F(A Qi =F (id A)F , (2.19)
where Q is the trivial (cocommutative) comaltipcation in U(g)
Remark Auother construction for F is described in [18] and we show in Appendix
an approach, which enables one to consider both cases simultaneously
Let ¥a(g) = (0). For any F satisfying the conditions of the Theorem 2.1
wwe define anew algebra ¥"1(g), which has the same multiplication as Yq(g) but its
comultiplcation is defined as follows
Aa) = FA(a)P (2.20)
The following theorem is valid,
Theorem 2.2 The algebra Ye(a) isthe pseudotriangular Hopf algebra with A" and
RO M(u) =P Ruy PF.
Rational solutions of Yang-Baxter equation 6
Proof. First of all itis not difficult to verify that the comultiplication (2.19) is a
‘coassociative operation. Now we prove tha: the element ")(u) satisfies the relations
(2.15)-(2.17) with A, ‘The first relation from (2.15) and the second elation from
(2.16) are obvious for A”) and RlY(u). I is easy to see that the following chain of
relations takes place
(T,810) (a) = (7, 0) Pa'eye =F ROT @ id) (e(ROYE
t=
BF RQ)E“)((T @ id) (2)) (FRO)
R(T, @id}. dex) (RM) -
This proves the second relation from (2.15). It remains to prove the first relation
of (2.16) and (2.17). ‘The first of these relation is a consequence of (2.15) and the
following equalities (which are equivalent 20 (2.19))
F (4 oid) PoP ofA wid),
((4 @idyr)((id@ayr) = (FB,
@e@a. Atlast, We deduce (2.17) using (218) and (2.16)
where o(a@5@c)
‘The proof is complete.
3. Non-Standard Quantization of U(sl:)
Let eas ho be the Chevalley basis for the universal enveloping algebra U(sla) of
the Lie algebra sly with the standard defining relations
leave-al = hoy — [hoy€ae] = tee 1)
We put here and anywhere (aa) = 2. Let U(b-) € U(sl,) be the universal enveloping
algebra of the Borel subalgebra 6 of sl;, generated by the elements hy and e—»
Let us introduce the following two-tensor (a formal series) F of some extension of
UE) Ul}
LE (Te.+2) 04
+ 82)
FH 14 Ghz eg t Shale +2)82g+
where € € C is some parameter. We have borrowed the element F from (19). It is
not difficult to verify that the following series
Pat thee atShhe does. = ESE (Hlehe-aijoe. 02)
isn ese demon to Fy ie, FFI FF a 1 The falling propasiton i
valid. 6 S.M. Khoroshkin, A.A. Stolin and V.N. Tolstoy
Proposition 3.1 The element F (as formal series) satisfies the following relation
F(A @ id)F = FP(id@ A)F , (a)
where A is the usual comultiplication in U(D.), ie. A(a) = @@1+1@a for any
ach,
Proof. By ditect calculations. 0
‘As consequence of this proposition we have
Corollary 8. Let A bean arbitrary Hopf algebra containing the Hopf ecb Ub)
and lt AUP be the algebra Alf] (ie. the algebra A over Cll} with co-multiplication
map Al"! given by the formula
AMM%a) = FAta\F"", (Wa AL) (3.5)
Then ALP isa Hopf algebra
Proof. Coassociativity of Al") follows from the formula (3.4), Existence of the
antipode is proved in [21].0
We introduce now the fllowing notations for some elements of US (-)
To
heey Ty (1 ben (36)
Proposition 3.2 The elements hy, T#! satisfy the following relations:
TaTy! = Ty'Ty 5 [hoy To] = 21 Te) sUhos TZ] = 21 + G2
AME) = heOT'+1Gho, AMUT,) = T.0T. ,
Sha) = hey, S(Ts) =
ea) =0, ely
The algebra UL(b.) generated by ha, T3 is « Hopf subalgebra of OS%(6-)
Proof. By dvect calculations with (3.1), (24) and (3.5.0
‘The Hopf algebra UL?(b.) is triangular with the universal R-matrix
R= PRP A 14 beg Nhe tence
pgtim ct
ee Tar (TO. 424-2n)et, 0 (Tbe + an)er
(Cayretin et
= OSE (To. +2 -29)a- nto (THe +2A)u—159"
Gy
Rational solutions of Yang-Baxter equation 63
R=" (3.12)
‘This algebra isa quantization ofthe Lie bialgebra b_ defined by the classical r-matrix
ene
According to Corollary 3.1 we can extend the twisting by F to Of%sls). Then
we have
Proposition 3.8 Let Ufa) bean alyena generated the elements hy, eo and 73
withthe defining relations
fey 40)
1 Ta] = 21 ~ Ta) [hay Ta") = 2(T
Uta] =2eu » hy [Tyee] =—2ET*haTs* (14)
AMMA) = hy @Tz'+1@hy APYT) =TOT., AMNUTS)=TA Ts"
(@iis)
Ales) = e5@Ts!+10¢6~ Cha Ts*ha~ Ehalha—2)0T 3! Shale #2)0T5?
(316)
+ SIa)=T;', SITs") = Ts, (1)
Da Shall MTo(To =2) (18)
e(ha) = ela) e(Ta) = e(Tz (3.19)
Then USP |st) i « Hopf subalgebra of Uf (sls) and i is triangular deformation
of Ula) in the direction ofthe clasial Patras F= €-4 A ha
Proof. By direct ealulations with (3.1) and (35).0
‘Remark 1. In every fnite dimensional repreventation of sly the element T,
1 = 2fe- is always invertible since eng is nilpotent, ‘Therefore, the theory of finite
dimensional representations of Ul" (si) is the same asthe theory for sla,
Remark 2. Similar computations for sl, with another twisting element were
caried out in 24]. However, sing Theorem 2 from (22) one can prove the following
result.
‘Theorem 3.1 There exists an invertible element T € U(gh)lél] such that F
(1.@ T)F“A(T™), e(T) = | and p(T) = | € GLa, where py isthe two-dimensional
representation of gly. In other words Hopj algebras obtained from U(slz){[é]] by twist-
ing by F-! and F are isomorphic as Hopf algebras and the isomorphism is given by
conjugation by T.
Proof. The matrix (p: © p:)((F#)-'F) was computed in [24]. We can calculate
the matrix (p; @ px)(F2.F~") and it turns out that we obtain the same matrix (see
Lemma 6.1 further). Then Theorem 2 from [22] implies all the statements. 64 S.M. Khoroshkin, A.A. Stolin and V.N. Tolstoy
4. Twisting of Yangian ¥(sl2)
One can show that the Yangian Y,(sla) (as a Hopf algebra) can be defined by
Chevalley generators hy, exo; C60 With the defining relations [16]:
[east = ha Ths (41)
[hay €-a] = e605 [Cay €6nc (4.2)
Teas feeleov€écoll= One» leases Org (43)
Alhe) = he @1+1@hy , Aleta) = tee @1 +1 Sess, (44)
Ales] ba O14 1 Beso + Mla Bha , (4.5)
S(ltg) = ho C0) te S(cs-2) (4.6)
tha) = elesa) = tia) =, (1) (47)
Since Y(sla) contains U(sh,) a8 a Hopf subalgobra the Corollary 8.1 implies tha the
algebra ¥{0) isomorphic to Yall] withthe comultiplcation (3.8) is a Hopf algebra,
Proposition 4.1 The elements hy ,¢a TS! (see (9.6) and esa satisfy the rela-
tions:
TAT," =T,'To tha, To]=20=Ta), he
[Tovea) = ho» (Pz, ¢6]
(t5-21 41). Mesa) = =P (ts
learleanleanesolll = 6ne2» —[learerabeseohes-0] =6nehn- (4.11)
AMhe) = hoBTy'+18hy, AYN) =T0T,, AMIS) =Tr@T',
(tia)
AP (60) = 6xOT "41 €4~ fhe OTs "ho Lhalhe—2)0T2*~ Shale +2)0T5?
. : (413)
AM ens) = FoOTH +1 Beat th OTS +E (a1)
She) = HhoTo, S(T) =TS!, S(T (4.15)
Slea) = ~eoTa~ Shg(ha +2)T(Te ~ 1), (416)
ena
Seton) = ~eenoTs! ~ SayT, + 2
r Sata + 3 (47)
Alla) = eee) = line) =O, (Ts) u (4.18)
The algebra ¥ee(sla) generated by the elements hy, a, T$4, cena is a Hopf subalgebra
of HOU)
Rational solutions of Yeng-Baxter equation 65
Proof. By direct caleulations.0
One can see that the Hopf algebra ¥"isl) isa quantization ofthe Lie bialgebra
slau} corresponding to the rational solution (1.5)
5. Deformed Yangian double DYq(s!:)
Since Ye(sh) C Yog(sh) C FEEM%sh) (a associative algebras) and since 7) acts
identically on U (sh) and since Yyq(sh) differs from Y,(sb) by elements from
U(sa)l€l] therefore the automorphisms 7; extended to ¥°%(sh) preserve Yoq(sh)
Thus we have the fllowing result
Proposition 8.1 The Hopf algebra Yoe(sta) i pseudotriangular with RS™(A) s=
FAR(A\P-?. In particular, ROA) is a rational solution of QYBE.
Let us recall that the Yangian double DY,(sl) (see [16) is a quasitriangular Hopf
algebra with an universal R-matrix R whieh lies in some extension of DY9(s:) @
DY,(sl2). Since U(sl,) C DY,(sh) we can twist the Yangian double D¥,(sl) by F.
Using formal algebraic arguments similar to that of Section 2 we get as result the
following proposition
Proposition 5.2 The deformed Yangian double DY,¢(sla) is a quasitriengular Hopf
‘algebra with the universal R-matrie R®) = FORE
In what follows we need the realization of the Yangian double DY,(sl) given
in [16]. In this realization the Yangian double DYa(sla) is generated by the
clements his, exstas (# € 2)"; which axe wnnpused into generating functions
W¥(u) = 1 nZipe hasw 1, (ho = he), eba(u) = Lipoeassat ®t, and AW(u) =
1 = qEZuco hast! eZ,(u) = —Decaesseat*, which satisfy the following rela
tions
{mA(u), BAC)
[e*(u),A(o) = 0, (5.1)
A*(u) — hw)
[eF(u), e2.(0° (5.2)
eq = EOE EO) oa)
HC), oy] = —y Eee — ee (4)
Ce ao] =p eal) = eal) 5)
(ebaleef(o] = HOSA” 9)
The gaverators are connect with the notations in [6] at follows: has = ha,
fk 66 5.M, Khoroshkin, A.A. Stolin and V.N. Tolstoy
f
where {a,) = ab + ba. It turns out that Yo(st) is generated by h*(u), ef,(1), while
the dual to Ya(sh) algebra Yo(sh) is generated by A-(u), eza(u). “The universal
Rematrix found in (16) can be factorized as follows:
R= RRR, (5.8)
(u),e5e(0)] = Fn
=e? &
where
= Toon (briyina Beesea) » Re Tero(-reonne cae
(6.9)
Ra = TLexr(nResnn(ytn Qo +2n +O Ayn bw). (6.10)
Here Reseav( f(t) @ 9(v)) = De fr @ gran if flu) =D Sie, gv) = Dov
Corollary 5.1 The element R\) = FRF-" satisfies QYBE, where F is the same
as in (9.3) and R is defined by (5.8)-(5.10).
6, RT'T-realization of the deformed Yangian ¥,<(sl2)
We develop in this section so called RT'T-formalism (see [20]), i.e. we obtain the
RIT-realization or, in other words, the realization in terms of the L-operator.
Let pl!) be the two-dimensional representation of sly in C? with the basis [I) and
|= 1). Itis well-known that g0 is extended to a representation pl!) (u € C) of the
Yangian ¥y(els) by menne of
of (0 (we) IE) = (+e Re “Jn. Ah (w))| 1) = (1 -)
Me (wy) =O, (6.1)
Aet Gon) = 1-1), eto) -1)=0,
We find with the help ofthese formulas
(of & A(R) = vu o)(14 BA )= ou opR(u—v}, (62)
where y is a scalar function and py interchanges factors in C? @ C®,
Let L(u) = (p{!) @id)(R) then QYBE for R(u — v) implies that
Ru-v) Lo) Lo) =L oh Ru»), (63)
where L (u) = L(u)@id, £ (0) = id@ L(v). The matrix L(u) isa generating function
for Ya(gla) and ¥(sla) ® Yo(gls)/(qdetL(u) ~ 1). More exactly, we can formulate the
following result
Rational solutions of Yang-Baxter equation or
Proposition 6.1 Let Lu) bea 2 dm
() Rw bay to) Li) Leate-o)
fii) Du) = 14 4 eg ey
(iii) qdet L(w) = y(n) bal 1) “buna 1) = fx(u)la(u—1) ~beale)lax(u—1) =
L
Then the matriz coefficients of L(u) generate @ Hopf algebra isomorphic to Yq(sl)
The comultiplication A and the antipade S are given hy the formulas
Allite}) = Thaw) @ Lalu) 5 (6a)
rie with non-commuting entries, suck that
S(b(a)) = Lu) (65)
‘The deformed Yangian ¥jq(slz) admits a similar representation. We start with the
lemma,
Lemma 6.1 In the representation pl!@p the universal R-matriz RO) = FRE!
hhas the form
Royale — 0) = (oh) @ plN(RE) =
= (14 Gefen) @ pl(by)) (172) (1 — E90 (he) @ AAM(e-u)) =
- °
ale - S (69)
é
Proof. By direct calculation.O
Let us consider an algebra A of matrix elements of L(u) satisfying the relation
Ryu v) L(w) E(w) =L (e) b (wel v) (6.7)
It follows that L(u) = (pf!) @ id)R(? satisfies (6.7). Algebra A together with the
cornultiplieation (6.4) and antipode (6.5) constitutes a Hopf algebra. The following.
Jemma takes place.
Lemma 6.2 (i) The matriz Ryg(n) i8 the projector onto the one-dimensional sube
space C(|1) @ |= 1) -|=1) @ 1} —€1—1) @|—1)) up to a scalar factor.
(ii) The following relations hold
Roel) L (wu) Lb (un) =i (un) Le) Ryeln) = (deta Lu) Roel)» (68) 68 S.M, Khoroshkin, A.A. Stolin and V.N. Tolstoy
ade ¢ L(u) = bia(u)la(u ~n) ~ fay(u)balu 1) ~ ghea(uplralu = 9) =
= lan{u)lan(u ~ 9) ~ ha(u)lan(u ~ 9) + glaa(ulaa(u—n) (69)
AV gdet,« L(u)) = adety¢ L(u) ® get, Lu) , (6.10)
where the quantum determinant qdet,gL{(u) is an element of the Hopf algebra A
Proof. The patt (i) is verified by direct calculations. The proof of the second part is
standard (see (13)).0.
Lemma 6.3 The quantun determinent qdet, ¢L(u) is a central element of the alge-
ira A.
Proof. The formula for the quantum determinant qdet,, and the quantum Yang
Baxter equation for Ry¢(t) provide the following equality
BEDARD RE (+ REL) L (0) (ety « Lu) RE (n) =
= (adet, ¢ L(u))RE(n) L (ORE n) Re(u) Yu + 9) RELL)
where we use the standard notations: [, (u) := L(u)@1@1, and Rl, = T,a@6@1
and s0 on if Ra = Eye; 8 by. Dizect calculations show that
Fel) Re) Ryle + 0) GRC)
Therefore
REECE" )(adetyg L(u)) RG e(0) = Rela) ladetyg L(w))L'(0) RCM)
and adetye H(u) commutes with L(0), i
fades, Lu), £(0)] = 0
The proof is complete.0)
At last we have the following theorem.
‘Theorem 6.1 Let A be a Hopf algebra generated by matriz elements of the generating
Function L(u) satisfying the following conditions:
Rael ov} L(u) £(0) =f (0) b (u) yeu) (6.11)
. (6.12)
Adel, g Lu) = 1 (6.13)
Alla (W)) = TE bale) bale) 5 (6.4)
S(L(u)) = Lu), (6.15)
here Ty := 1 ~2€e.q. Then A is isomorphic to Yag(sls)
Rational solutions of Yang Baxter equation cy
Proof. The proof is analogous to that of Proposition 6.1. Taking into account that
bu) = (ou oid) (R"™)
wwe sce that there exists a homomorphism from A to Yqa(sla). To notice that this is
‘an epimorphism, one can use the formula (7.2). To prove that this homomorphism
is a monomorphism one can use the same arguments as for non-deformed Yangians
(ee for instance (23)).0
Remark, To find the constant term in the decomposition of L(u) into the series
in w"?, one should find
Ligioaporayn') = oiaym™)=( 4 9) (4 a) (6.16)
where Qn - 1!
tet Beds pet at (6.7)
It is not difficult to see that 2? = T:', hence
im (0 (uw) @ ia)(R) = ( 2 ) (6.18)
ght Ts?
7. Realization of the deformed Yangian ¥,c(sh) in terms of generating
functions
The realization of the usual Yangian ¥,(sh) in terme ofthe generating functions
(fields realization) Kf(w) and ef,(u) (se Section 5) can be obtained from the Gauss
decomposition of the [operator
L(u) = (ou) @ id)(RyRoR-)
w 1)(80? ata )(0 “Han
where ky(uha(tu = 1) = 1, ku) AF"(u) = b*(u) (see 16) and (23)
‘The same procedure can be applied to R1). We have
Lu) = (0 (u) @ id FPR YRoR-P*)
(4.2) (-de VCP IG FH) (FS)
(7.2)
= (erate eeu wont) (3 7 70 SIM. Khoroshkin, A.A. Stolin and V.N. Tolstoy
Remark. Strictly speaking, the decomposition (7.3) is valid in the algebra A defined
by the relation (6.7), but simultaneously the formula (7.3) shows that all the gen
erators {hay ea, TE, ea) of the deformed Yangian ¥;4(sla) can be expressed in
terms of the L-operator (6.3), what proves that the homomorphisin constructed in
‘Theorem 6.1 is an epimorphism.
‘The Gauss decomposition (7.3) provides the following choice of generators for
Yee(sh)
He(u)
robhE(u)Ta? . e(u) = ef(u) ~ ha ts? (7.4)
Using relations (5.1)(5.) one can obtain. the ‘following relations between
Faglue), Exalus) and 134
Te ig(ayrS* = (14 n€etatw)
itu(1
gé2(u)) (7)
TH eh(w) TF" = eu) ¥ 2n€ + InE(1 + n€et(W)) AE (WII Mee CW) (7.6)
Tee (TT = a.nlu)(1En€e-a(e)) «
With the help of the relations (5.1)-(6.7) and (7.5}-(7.7) we can prove the following
theores.
‘Theorem 7-1. Defining relations for the “elds” hf(u), &,(u) have the form:
Pa(WhS(v) = Ha(oVhE(u) , (78)
alee) - 00)"
lesen attoy = LEO SON. 5 one este) este) (79)
(u=v + n)giludeta(v) ~ «= v= n)gilwet) =
n(Qaledetalu)) + 9,(0}22(0)) 5 (7.10)
(usw) Ailu)et,(0)—(u-v4m)Gu(phS eu) = WHa(e)e*a(u)+nGilw)halo) (7.11)
(Halu) ~ Malv))
(E(u) — 2n€ + 2n€a(u)) Galw) — G(W}EL(w) = Sap + nEGaC0)
(7.2)
(u~ +n) (&E(0) — 2n€ + 2ngra(0)) Malu) ~ (w= w= MY Fale) =
= WP )éftu) + 0(ef(u) ~ 296 + 2n€ Halu) Hau) (7.13)
there
Ha) = (1 — 2nfet ) “AZo (1 2n€e,000) a)
Halu) = (1 = nfet (oa) (w) (1 ~ ne (7.5)
Glue) = (1 — 2n6F2(0))” Ga(u) = (1 — net, (7.16)
Rational solutions of Yaig-Baxter equation a
Proof. Let us prove for instance the formula (7.10). From (5.6) we have
(uno F net y(ulet(v) — (uv met (v)eta(u) = neta)? + metal)?
Substituting e-a(u) = TEeG(wjT} and using that TS
n€@%4(0))" (6 (7.)), we obtain the formula (7.10).
of Poisson
8. Appendix. An integral associative formula and quanti
brackets
Let M be a smooth manifold equipped with @ Poisson bracket. To quantize this
bracket means to find a family of new operations + on C™(M) depending on a formal
parameter h (‘Planck constant”) such that
(0 fg = fat ih Sa} + DEa M Fug) where Fare bidifferential operators on
comm);
(ji) the operation + is associative;
(iti) iis a distributive operation with respect to addition;
(io) for any a constant real function a € R is valid the relation a+ f= f xa = af.
We are interested in the following ease: M = C*, where £* is the dual space to 8
real Lie algebra C, and M is equipped with a Poisson bracket {-,-}a, where B is a
2eoeyele on £,
Let us define the following bracket {+-}s:
Aoa)al2) = [foal(2)+ BUSva) + (8.1)
where f and g are two linear functions on £* and we extend the definition using the
Leibnitz rule. We do not claim that B is non-degenerate. The following lemma is
valid.
Lemma 8.1 The bracket (8.1) is a Poisson bracket
Proof. ‘The Leibnita rule (fa.h)n = S{a,b}e + 91f,F}p follows {com definitions
immediately. Further, itis suficient to check the Jacobi identity for linear functions.
‘The latter is straightforward since B(J,91 = const and hence {B(f.9),h} = 0
Thus, the Jacobi identity for (-,-}a follows from the Jacobi identity for £ and the
2eocyele property for B.
Let Ca(e,y) be the Campbell-Hausdor series, uniquely defined by the relation
oe Aca(e9), where x and y are elements of the Lie algebra £. The function
Caley) has a form
Caley) <2 +0 + Kleoal+ EA lal + rove) + 62)
and stishis the flowing associativity condton
CHlCM(2, 92) = Cale. Calys2)) (83) n S.M. Khoroshkin, A.A. Stolin and V.N, Tolstoy
is well-known that Cx(2,y) is & commutator series, namely
Caley) = Se CU 5 Eee stV EL a4)
where f2y--+ 29) = le fesszalen 29)
Deine a form By(zyy) mith values fn as follows
Bey) = $82.9) + E(Ble, lesa) + Bly.lys2)) + (85)
Jn other words, we substitute 1([x129)---24-1}tq) instead of [21,---y2] im the
Campbell-Hansdorf series. ‘The folloting proposition takes place
Proposi
ion 8.1 The form (8.5) satisfies the relation
Bu(Cu(2su)o2) + Ba(x,y) = Ba(z,Caly,2)) + Buy, 2) (8.6)
for any x,y,2 € £.
Proof. Consider the central extension Cp of the Lie algebra £. As a vector space
La = LE R and admits the following commutator
(a), (6, 4)] =
(2,8), B(a,0)) (82)
Ik is easy to check that
expM© exp MO) = pxp(tCston.Bhle8) (38)
‘Phen
A= (exph=® exp). xp(2,0) = expl*M20), exp E01 explPMle0 (89)
ive, expl#(0) js a central element of the group G(Cp) and hence the element A
has the form,
A= (exp OHCAl29)2), expPMEMCes)D4BAE) (8.10)
The statement of the Proposition follows from the associativity in the group G(Cx).0
[As a consequence of this Proposition we have the following result.
Corollary 8.1 Let f,9 € C%(C*), then the following convolution
Foam [ Heata)exm'> exp M6 ded (en)
is an associative operation on C™(C*), which quantizes the bracket {+:}o. Here f(€)
is the Fourier transform of the function J.
Rational solutions of Yang-Baxter equation a
Proof. It is not difficult to see that the operation (8.11) is an associative operation.
Indeed, we have
(E49) + ANla) = [UF 96) rn) exph
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