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: 210-2285122
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SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. xvii
............................................................................................................................... xxii
..................................................................................................... xxiii
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SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ xvii
.......................................................................................................... xxii
................................................................................ xxiii
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vii
viii

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ix
3.2.1 (Youth Guarantee)

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xvi
Labour and Employment in Greece

Annual Report 2013
Summary
The Yearly Report of the NILHR is being published for the second consequent year. It aims to
provide useful information to the actors involved in labour market and vet policies, social policies as
well as any other interested person in the subject. The themes covered in this publication range from
developments in the basic characteristics of the labour market to more specialized issues relevant to
employment or unemployment gures; in addition, some relevant policy issues are covered in the
current publication. The abstracts of the chapters follow.
Chapter 1: The macroeconomic framework in 2014: a reading and

interpretation, Platon Tinios
The year 2013 was the sixth consecutive recession year. In such a crisis, in order for the
interpretation not to leave gaps, it must transcend the boundaries of a narrowly macroeconomic
narrative. Macroeconomic adjustment is nearing its end, making 2014 a possible turning-point. For
an effective exit strategy to transpire, an answer must be found to a triple decit: a scal decit,
an external decit and a competitiveness decit. Adjustment within the Eurozone constitutes a
demanding project, which places implementation to central stage, given that the programme as
ultimately implemented was at some distance from that originally planned. The interplay of objectives, xvii
implementation and reactions explains programme dynamics and can interpret the timeline of the
crisis. The examination of the macroeconomic situation concludes that 2014 could mark a new viable
trajectory. Whether this optimism is justied depends on progress on three fronts: the external
balance, the scal situation and in social policy. Finding the exit from the crisis will ultimately be a
test of governance capacity.
Chapter 2: Characteristics and developments in the labour market in Greece

and the European Union, Olympia Kaminioti
After six years of recession, the economic and labour market data in Greece show the rst signs
of a weak recovery. The labour force participation rate continues to maintain low compared to the
European average. Employment growth rates in recent years at European level remain very low.
In 2012 the largest reduction in employment change was recorded in Greece, while in the past few
quarters deceleration of the declining in employment is noted. In Greece, the secondary sector has
been hit the hardest by the crisis, while the primary sector shows the highest resilience. In 2012
the average unemployment rate in the EU was 10.5%, showing a slight upward trend since 2009.
The differences between Member States are striking. In Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and
Luxembourg the labour force is facing unemployment rates of around 5%, while in Greece and Spain
of the labour force is hit by unemployment for the period 2003-2012. The percentage of the
population in households without anyone working is strongly associated with poverty and the risk of
social exclusion, as jobless households lack the basic source of income. Greece is characterized by the
highest rate in the EU in 2012. Unemployment among young people in the European Union in 2012
was 23%, ranging from 8.1% in Germany to 55.3% in Greece. The percentage of Greek young people
not engaged in employment, education or training was signicantly closer to the European average
in 2008. Then there is a signicant deviation, which is constantly expanding. Overall, despite the
ANNUAL REPORT 2013

initial positive samples in nancial terms, GDP and unemployment, the situation in the Greek labor
market remains very negative. The employment and economic indicators of Greece even diverge
more and more from the indices of the European Union.
Chapter 3: The mysterious decrease of temporary employment, Stavros P.

Gavroglou
This chapter attempts to explain the paradoxical shrinking of temporary employment in the
Greek economy since 2010, through a broader investigation of the development of exibility and
precariousness. First, after clarifying the conceptual similarities and differences between exibility
and precariousness and between the respective variables temporary employment and involuntary
temporary employment, the evolution of these magnitudes is presented, at the national and the
international level. Second, the main characteristics of temporary employment in Greece are analyzed
and presented, such as the degree of diffusion of temporary employment by branch, by privateprivate sector, age, gender, education, occupation, country of birth, region and part-time/full-time
employment. Third, within a broader framework of exible forms of employment, it is found that
the shrinking of temporary employment in Greece is the outcome of the substitution of this form of
exible employment with other, rapidly growing forms of exible employment: between 2010 and
2013 the reduction of temporary employment by 22,9% is the outcome of its substitution with parttime employment that rose by 46,6% and overtime work that rose by 14,4%. Lastly, it examines the
institutional factors that facilitate the tendency of Greek companies to make less use of temporary
employment as a means of achieving exibility, in favor of precarious versions of part-time and
overtime employment.
Chapter 4: The adaptation of labour cost during the crisis, Stavros P.

xviii
Gavroglou
This chapter presents and analyzes the evolution of labour costs in Greece from the 2nd quarter
of 2010 to the 2nd quarter of 2013, largely on the basis of data from Eurostats Labour Cost Index. It
investigates labour costs by economic activity and by private-public sectors, as well as the distribution
of wages therein. Comparison of these developments with respective ones in the euro zone (EU-17)
reveals a great disparity. The major reduction of labour costs that took place in the Greek economy
during the last period, and especially in the public sector, was accompanied by the stagnation of labour
productivity, and has so far had but a minor impact on the export performance of the Greek economy;
during the same period, euro zones exports increased signicantly, as did its labour costs as well as its
labour productivity. The path of adaptation of the Greek economy to the requirements of international
competition and international lending had impressive results on the critical factor of labour costs.
During 2010-2013 the index of total labour costs per hour in the total of the Greek economy was reduced
by 18.7%, with wage costs declining by 17.0% and non-wage labour costs per hour by 22.0%. In real
terms, total labour costs per hour were reduced by 25.2%, with wage costs declining by 23.5% and nonwage labour costs by 28.5%. The sectors experiencing the most dramatic adaptation were the Tourism
(accommodation & food services), Public administration and Human health & social work activities,
while the adaptation was milder in Real estate activities, and Arts, entertainment & recreation and
in Wholesale & retail trade. Adaptation was more intensive in the public rather than in the private
sector. In the private sector there is an over-concentration of workers at the low end of the wage scale,
while in the public sector the majority of workers are positioned at the middle of the wage scale. The
adaptation that was attempted in Greece, focused as it was on the reduction of (even nominal) labour
costs, left (low levels of) labour productivity almost intact. This is perhaps why exports did not respond
impressively at all; by contrast, in the euro zone as a whole, increases in labour costs, accompanied by
increases in labour productivity, helped increase exports quite impressively. If current trends continue,
labour costs in Greece will continue to fall in next two years, by 16.3%, diverging further from European
levels, while the needed rise in exports will remain elusive.
Summary
Chapter 5: Labour relations developments in the period 2007-2012, based on

the Yearly Reports of SEPE about Labour dispute, Apostolos Charissis
In this chapter we follow the development of certain aspects of individual labour relations in
Greece in 2007-2012, according to information given by the Annual Reports of the Hellenic Labour
Inspectorate (SEPE), and specically, reports on the progress of labour disputes. The labour disputes
are classied into categories such as notice of termination, timeouts work, payment of accrued
salary, annual leave and holiday pay, holiday allowance, gender equality in the workplace and
other relevant matters. The aforementioned data showed that, labour disputes increased during
the economic crisis; moreover, the share of each type of dispute in the total category has changed.
Great increase was identied, in cases of non-payment of accrued salaries, especially if we take
into account the non-payment of annual leave (holiday payments and the so-called 13th and 14th
salaries). Also, the examination of data shows that the majority of labour disputes, infringements
and violations of labour laws were identied in specic economic sectors. Based on the analysis of
the evolution of labour disputes, quantitative and qualitative, a picture of the state of labour relations
during the crisis in Greece, is formed.
Chapter 6: Developments in exible forms of employment in the period 20072012 based on SEPE reports, Apostolos Charissis
This chapter attempts to monitor the development of exible forms of employment, between 20072012, as presented in the Annual Reports of the Labour Inspectorate (SEPE) namely part-time, job
rotation, employment on temporary contract, independent work or supply services. Furthermore, it
attempts to monitor the evolution of conversion contracts (from full to part-time or job rotation and
vice versa) started to be recorded since 2009. Part time is an important form of exible employment;
work rotation shows the biggest increase in the years of the Greek economic crisis. In contrast,
contracted employment service shows a steady decrease in the course of the crisis. An analysis of the
data on the conversion of labour relations that occurs in the same years, showed a great change in
the overall distribution of full and exible paid employment. The text and gures present the sectoral
distribution of recorded forms of exible employment and there development between 2007-2012.
Chapter 7: The developments in labour relations in Europe and in Greece

during 2013, Panagiotis Kyriakoulias
As regards the European developments, the chapter briey reviews the general situation in the
EU labour market eld, and analyses the implementation of basic policies and measures of the EU in
the areas of employment and labour relations. Special references are made to the policies combating
youth unemployment, the effort to reinforce the social dimension of the EMU and the policies to
combat undeclared work. Also a special presentation is made on the European as well as the EU
member states developments as regards labour law, collective bargaining and social dialogue. As to
the national industrial relations developments, the chapter reports on the major commitments of
the Memorandum for the year 2013 (reform of the system of wage formation, reducing non -wage
labor costs, combating undeclared work, further reform of labour legislation) and the corresponding
legislative initiatives of the Greek government. Finally, an overview is given of the National Collective
Bargaining developments leading to the signing the National General Collective Labour Agreement
(NGCA) and of the overall development of the social dialogue in Greece during 2013.
Chapter 8: Workplace bulling, Maria-Christina Tsiama

During the past decades bullying has being increasingly recognized as a prevalent problem in
contemporary working life. Workplace bullying is seen as persistent, long lasting, escalated aggression,
systematically targeted towards one or more individuals by one individual or a group. Several studies
points out the serious negative effects bullying may have on individuals, organizations, families of the
xix
ANNUAL REPORT 2013

victims and society as a whole. Bullying has the potential to damage targets physical and emotional
health and undermine their professional interests. In addition it has been shown to be associated with
higher absenteeism and intend to leave the organization and decreased commitment, productivity and
efciency. Various researches support the view that bullying is the result of a dynamic interaction of
various factors ranging from personality traits to organizational and psychosocial work environment
aspects. In order to protect employees from bullying, management must reconsider those practices
which may foster directly or indirectly to its occurrence, recognize the need to change the culture of
the workplace and develop clear company policies against it.
Chapter 9: Active labour market policies, Konstantina Baskozou

As part of the Strategy Europe 2020 , the Member States are called (among other things) to
target such reforms that will promote labour market participation, reduce unemployment, promote
social inclusion and combat poverty. Specic policies and measures for employment adopted by the
Member States can be categorized as follows :
1) enhance and upgrade the skills of workers (CVT systems, Lifelong Learning, promoting mobility,
etc.)
2) aid for allowance and various benet schemes for unemployed and/or generally vulnerable
groups in order to minimize the social consequences of unemployment (passive labour policies)
3) trying to match supply and demand, skills upgrading and job creation subsidy to tackle the
causes of unemployment (active labour policies). This study is a concise historical literature charting
on Active Labour Market Policies (ALMP), recording of Greek ALMP as administered by the
competent national Employment Agency - OAED, while the nal chapter presents a thoroughly good
practice from Belgium, the so called service vouchers.
xx
Chapter 10: Continuing vocational training: great expectations, poor results,

Chryssa Paidoussi
In this chapter, a critical review on the subject of continuing vocational training in 2013 is
attempted. Three important aspects of the evolution of continuing vocational training are presented
and analysed: a) the institutional aspect, b) the nancing of training programs by European funds and
c) the percentage of participation of population of 15+ on vocational training programs. This approach
reveals that last year the major issue, was youth unemployment and the possible contribution of
vocational education and training- apprenticeship in order to bring it to halt. It is also concluded
that although this year signicant institutional developments took place and despite continued and
intensied funding for training programs, there was no increase in participation in the training
seminars. The most signicant challenge that remains is the decisive increase of participation in
training courses while improving the employability of workers and the unemployed.
Chapter 11: Dual vocational training system (DVT): Implementation issues in

Greece, Chryssa Paidoussi
This chapter, which is partly a republication of an EIEAD study, on the dual system of vocational
education, focuses on eight key points raised by the application of the German-inspired model,
in Greece. Through this analysis, issues highlighted to be taken into account when designing the
application strategy of the system, such as the structure and the size of the Greek economy, the
acceptance of the dual system between the involved partners (social partners, stakeholders, trainees),
the system funding, the dropout problem, labour market absorption of DVT graduates etc. These
factors may play a decisive role in achieving the ultimate goal, which is halting youth unemployment
in Greece, that registers the highest rate among EU members States.
Summary
Chapter 12: Effective practices in vocational guidance and career counseling,

Olympia Kaminioti
In times like today the need of vocational guidance and career counseling is becoming more
obvious than at other times due to the intense difculties of entering and advancing in the labour
market. Career guidance can be extremely helpful in dealing with difculties in entering or reentering the labour market while it provides synergies to a number of other policies aiming at personal
development and employment and social inclusion. Without being able to overcome the causes of
the crisis and the lack of available positions, it can facilitate labour integration and reintegration;
it could be a life long process with positive outcomes both at the personal and social level. Career
guidance includes a range of activities aimed at increasing self-awareness of the individual, providing
information on the labour market and the best possible combination of individual characteristics to
labour market needs. It explores the interests, the abilities, the self-esteem and the work values of
the individual, to provide help in his/her effective integration in the labour market. This chapter
refers to career guidance providers, discusses the various approaches followed and highlights some
effective practices in this eld from various countries.
xxi
, PhD
s.gavroglou@eiead.gr
, PhD
o.kaminioti@eiead.gr
p.kyriakoulias@eiead.gr
k.baskozou@eiead.gr
, PhD
c.paidoussi@eiead.gr
xxii

ptinios@gmail.com

x.tsiama@eiead.gr

a.charisis@eiead.gr
, -15, -27,
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bel A.B., Bernanke B.S. Croushore D., (2010),
,
, , .
cemoglu D. Robinson J.A., (2013),
;
, .
OECD (2007), Economic Surveys: Greece, Paris.
OECD (2011), Economic Surveys: Greece:, Paris.
, ,
OECD (2013), Economic Surveys: Greece:, Paris.
, .
Tinios P., (2013), Is Social Protection a Means
IMF (2012), Republic of Latvia:2012 article iv

consultation and second Post-program
monitoring discussions, IMF Country Report
No. 13/28, January 2013.
IMF (2013), Greece: Ex post evaluation of
of Production during crisis? The role of

prior Social protection reforms in economic
performance in the EU bailout countries,
34th Annual conference of the International
Exceptional Access under the 2010 Stand-by
Working Party on Labour Market
Arrangement, IMF Country Report 13/186,
Segmentation, Dublin, Trinity College,
June 2013.
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., (2013),
:
, ,
.
Lyberaki A., Tinios P. (2012), Labour and pensions
in the Greek crisis: The Microfoundations of
16
. (2011),
Disaster, Sdosteuropa. Zeitschrift fr Politik

und Gesellschaft, ( 60) 3, pp 363-386.
. . (2012),
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121-148, T , 2012,
http://www.bankofgreece.gr/BogEkdoseis/
____
.pdf
Lynn M., (2011), Bust: Greece, The Euro Crisis and
,
, 31-128.
.., (2011),
the Sovereign Debt crisis, Bloomberg Press,
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69,4
69,2
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65,1
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67,0
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67,7
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69,7
70,8
71,6
72,6
73,0
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62,3
63,9
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63,4
63,2
62,4
61,4
60,8
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61,6
62,7
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62,7
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63,0
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69,3
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69,8
70,2
71,4
71,8
64,6
65,8
66,6
66,7
66,9
66,8
68,7
68,2
67,9
69,4
60,6
60,2
61,3
62,0
61,9
61,5
61,6
62,4
62,7
64,3
59,1
57,6
58,1
57,6
58,4
58,9
59,1
60,4
61,6
63,1
76,5
76,6
76,9
77,4
78,5
79,3
79,7
78,2
78,4
79,3
71,7
70,2
72,4
73,7
74,7
75,0
75,3
75,1
75,3
75,9
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63,4
63,2
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65,3
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69,8
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76,8
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: Eurostat http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
2
15-64
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2006
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4,4
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16,6
5,5
11,8
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9,7
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8,1
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8,0
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24,3
24,3
2007
17,5
21,9
1,5
4,4
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25,4
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17,3
5,4
11,6
17,2
6,6
13,4
6,4
5,6
8,1
17,8
3,9
10,6
46,3
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8,5
8,8
8,6
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24,2
24,2
2008
17,5
22,4
2,0
4,3
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25,1
6,4
18,1
5,4
11,8
16,8
6,9
14,1
6,8
5,5
6,5
17,9
4,3
11,1
46,8
22,6
7,7
8,6
8,6
8,1
2,5
12,7
25,7
24,2
2009
18,0
23,2
2,1
4,8
25,2
25,3
9,4
21,0
5,8
12,6
17,2
6,9
14,1
7,5
8,4
8,0
17,6
5,2
10,7
47,7
23,7
7,7
8,4
8,5
9,5
3,4
13,3
26,0
25,0
2010
18,5
23,7
2,2
5,1
25,6
25,5
9,8
22,2
6,2
13,1
17,6
7,5
14,8
8,3
9,3
7,8
17,5
5,5
11,7
48,3
24,3
7,7
8,4
9,7
10,3
3,8
13,9
25,8
25,7
2011
18,8
24,7
2,2
4,7
25,1
25,7
9,3
23,1
6,6
13,7
17,6
7,6
15,2
9,0
8,8
8,3
18,0
6,4
12,4
48,5
24,3
7,3
10,1
9,3
9,5
4,0
14,1
25,2
25,5
2012
19,2
24,7
2,2
5,0
24,8
25,7
9,2
23,5
7,6
14,6
17,7
6,3
16,8
9,7
8,9
8,9
18,5
6,6
13,2
49,2
24,9
7,2
11,0
9,1
9,0
4,0
14,1
25,0
25,9
4

. .
23
2013
3
3

,
..-28 ..-28
,
20081
20132
,
,
20081 20132
24
2009 .
.
-
2012
15,6%

2012
, ,
.

2012

34,6% ,
15,6%

.
2012
,
34,6% ,
5%,

32,5%
5,2%

.
.

5,2%
2012
-

2012
32,5%
.
:

-0,531 1
.

-

2012
:
,

,
-0,531
,
,
,

.

, , , ,

.
, , ,
, - .

2
.
:
, , , ,
, .
4 X

. 2012

10,5%,
3 -
:
, , , ,
, ,
13
.
6

: 2003-2012
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
..-28
16,2
16,2
16,0
15,7
15,5
15,3
15,5
15,6
15,5
15,6
16,6
16,5
16,3
16,2
16,1
16,0
16,2
16,2
16,2
16,3
28,7
28,5
27,8
27,2
26,5
26,4
26,7
27,1
26,6
26,1
17,9
17,5
16,6
16,7
16,6
16,4
17,0
17,5
17,5
17,9
6,7
6,4
6,3
6,2
6,0
5,9
6,0
6,0
5,9
5,9
10,6
10,9
11,3
11,4
11,3
11,1
11,1
11,0
11,1
10,9
8,9
9,7
8,1
8,1
9,1
7,8
8,2
8,3
8,5
8,8
17,6
17,7
16,9
16,3
16,9
17,5
17,6
16,9
16,4
16,5
36,5
35,7
35,6
35,1
34,3
33,7
34,0
34,1
34,2
34,6
14,8
14,6
14,2
13,8
13,5
13,4
13,4
13,3
13,2
14,1
8,7
8,8
8,9
8,9
8,8
8,9
9,0
9,2
9,4
9,6
16,1
15,8
15,4
15,3
15,1
14,7
14,7
14,4
13,6
12,0
25,6
25,7
24,7
24,4
24,1
23,6
23,2
23,4
23,2
23,1
22,8
22,6
22,1
20,6
19,7
17,8
17,8
17,3
17,3
16,4
13,4
13,5
11,9
11,9
11,0
10,3
11,6
11,7
11,6
11,6
20,5
18,7
17,1
15,8
13,7
11,5
12,1
10,9
10,6
11,1
6,8
6,7
6,5
6,2
6,0
6,0
6,1
6,1
6,1
6,1
13,8
13,6
12,7
12,2
11,6
11,4
10,9
10,6
10,8
10,7
11,9
12,0
12,1
12,1
12,2
12,2
12,6
12,5
12,2
12,6
13,5
13,7
13,9
13,9
13,7
13,5
13,6
13,8
14,0
14,4
13,4
13,5
13,5
13,6
13,4
13,4
13,5
13,5
13,3
13,1
26,8
25,8
24,5
23,5
23,0
22,8
22,8
22,7
22,4
16,6
15,9
15,4
14,9
14,5
14,5
14,5
13,9
13,8
14,4
38,3
31,9
33,5
31,3
31,3
30,5
32,0
34,2
32,5
32,5
17,5
17,4
17,2
17,1
16,9
16,8
17,5
17,9
18,3
18,6
11,4
13,3
13,7
14,0
14,5
15,5
16,6
16,6
16,0
15,6
11,4
11,4
11,3
11,5
11,5
11,4
12,0
12,0
11,9
12,1
5,5
5,7
5,7
5,7
5,7
5,4
5,6
5,6
5,3
5,2
12,2
12,2
12,1
12,3
12,5
12,5
12,7
13,2
13,4
13,7
25
2013
7

2003 2012
4
2001 2012.
2009

,

.
7
: 2003-2012
26
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
..-28
9,2
9,3
9,1
8,3
7,2
7,1
9,0
9,7
9,7
10,5
8,2
8,4
8,5
8,3
7,5
7,0
7,9
8,3
7,2
7,6
13,7
12,1
10,1
9,0
6,9
5,6
6,8
10,3
11,3
12,3
7,8
8,3
7,9
7,1
5,3
4,4
6,7
7,3
6,7
7,0
5,4
5,5
4,8
3,9
3,8
3,5
6,0
7,5
7,6
7,5
9,8
10,5
11,3
10,3
8,7
7,5
7,8
7,1
5,9
5,5
10,1
9,7
7,9
5,9
4,6
5,5
13,8
16,9
12,5
10,2
4,6
4,5
4,4
4,5
4,7
6,4
12,0
13,9
14,7
14,7
9,7
10,5
9,9
8,9
8,3
7,7
9,5
12,6
17,7
24,3
11,4
10,9
9,2
8,5
8,3
11,3
18,0
20,1
21,7
25,0
8,9
9,3
9,3
9,2
8,4
7,8
9,5
9,7
9,6
10,2
14,1
13,8
12,8
11,4
9,6
8,4
9,1
11,8
13,5
15,9
8,4
8,0
7,7
6,8
6,1
6,7
7,8
8,4
8,4
10,7
4,1
4,6
5,3
4,6
3,9
3,7
5,4
6,3
7,9
11,9
10,7
10,6
9,1
6,9
6,1
7,7
17,5
19,5
16,2
15,0
12,4
11,3
8,0
5,2
3,8
5,3
13,6
18,0
15,4
13,4
3,8
5,0
4,6
4,6
4,2
4,9
5,1
4,6
4,8
5,1
5,8
6,1
7,2
7,5
7,4
7,8
10,0
11,2
10,9
10,9
7,7
7,2
6,9
6,9
6,5
6,0
6,9
6,9
6,5
6,4
4,2
5,1
5,3
4,4
3,6
3,1
3,7
4,5
4,4
5,3
4,3
4,9
5,2
4,8
4,4
3,8
4,8
4,4
4,2
4,3
19,8
19,1
17,9
13,9
9,6
7,1
8,1
9,7
9,7
10,1
7,1
7,5
8,6
8,6
8,9
8,5
10,6
12,0
12,9
15,9
6,8
8,0
7,2
7,3
6,4
5,8
6,9
7,3
7,4
7,0
6,7
6,3
6,5
6,0
4,9
4,4
5,9
7,3
8,2
8,9
17,7
18,4
16,4
13,5
11,2
9,6
12,1
14,5
13,7
14,0
9,0
8,8
8,4
7,7
6,9
6,4
8,2
8,4
7,8
7,7
6,6
7,4
7,7
7,1
6,1
6,2
8,3
8,6
7,8
8,0
5,0
4,7
4,8
5,4
5,3
5,6
7,6
7,8
8,0
7,9
4
, 2001-2012
, 2001-2012
28,1%
.
2012
10,6%.

.
2012

28,1%
5.
10,6%.
5.
5
, 2001-2012
, 20012012
18
27
2013
8

2003-2012.
,
.
10% (10,9% 2012).

10,3% 2010, 13,7% 2011 -
17,5% 2012.

2012. 6

. ,
, 2010

.
8
: 2003-2012
28
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
..-28
10,4
10,4
10,3
9,8
9,3
9,2
10,1
10,5
10,6
10,9
14,4
13,8
13,7
13,6
12,3
12,0
12,8
12,5
12,9
12,7
15,9
14,4
13,7
12,1
10,2
9,0
9,7
12,0
13,3
13,6
7,7
8,0
7,4
7,2
6,5
6,0
6,7
6,7
6,3
6,5
9,4
9,4
8,6
7,7
8,1
6,8
8,3
9,5
9,9
10,2
10,9
11,1
11,1
10,6
9,6
9,2
9,4
9,1
8,4
8,2
10,2
9,7
8,6
6,6
6,0
6,2
10,4
12,2
9,8
9,7
9,1
8,6
8,3
7,9
7,9
9,0
12,7
14,6
15,6
15,9
9,0
9,1
8,9
8,1
8,0
7,5
8,5
10,3
13,7
17,5
7,3
7,2
6,6
6,3
6,2
7,4
10,8
11,8
12,9
15,0
10,2
10,2
10,4
10,5
10,0
9,7
10,4
10,4
10,3
10,5
13,5
11,8
12,2
12,4
11,3
10,8
11,2
12,1
12,7
13,8
9,6
9,4
9,8
9,5
9,2
9,6
10,4
11,0
11,1
11,7
5,1
5,1
5,3
5,2
4,7
4,9
5,6
5,9
6,2
7,5
8,8
8,1
8,5
6,7
6,6
6,4
10,5
11,5
11,2
10,4
8,2
7,8
6,8
6,9
7,0
9,0
12,0
13,8
13,0
12,4
7,5
7,1
6,7
7,1
7,0
7,9
7,3
6,7
7,2
6,5
11,7
12,0
12,3
11,8
11,9
12,5
13,1
12,9
12,5
11,6
8,5
8,8
8,2
7,9
7,7
8,1
8,2
7,5
7,1
7,2
7,8
7,9
7,9
7,4
6,5
5,9
6,0
7,2
7,1
7,3
6,8
8,2
8,4
7,6
7,1
7,0
7,3
7,2
7,1
7,1
15,0
15,5
14,8
13,2
11,6
10,1
10,2
10,3
10,0
10,1
5,3
5,3
5,7
5,8
5,7
5,5
6,7
7,2
8,2
9,9
11,5
11,8
11,3
10,3
10,4
10,5
10,9
11,0
11,7
10,9
8,8
7,7
7,1
7,4
6,5
6,4
7,5
8,3
8,9
8,6
10,3
10,5
10,3
9,5
8,9
7,5
8,2
9,2
8,7
8,4
11,0
11,1
10,5
9,5
9,1
8,1
9,7
9,5
9,4
9,3
11,3
10,9
10,4
11,1
11,0
11,0
10,9
10,8
10,7
10,7
11,5
11,9
11,9
11,4
http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

6
6

: 2003-2012
:
2003-2012
.
2009
7
.

.,

.

2012

2012 23%

23% 8,1%
, 55,3% .
, -
7.
21
7
(15-24 ) ..-28
29
2013
10
(15-24 ) : 2003-2012
30
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
..-28
18,7
19,1
18,9
17,6
15,7
15,8
20,1
21,1
21,5
23,0
21,8
21,2
21,5
20,5
18,8
18,0
21,9
22,4
18,7
19,8
26,6
24,3
21,0
18,3
14,1
11,9
15,1
21,8
25,0
28,1
17,6
20,4
19,3
17,5
10,7
9,9
16,6
18,3
18,1
19,5
9,2
8,2
8,6
7,7
7,3
8,1
11,8
13,9
14,3
14,0
11,6
13,8
15,6
13,8
11,9
10,6
11,2
9,9
8,6
8,1
20,8
21,6
16,1
11,9
10,1
12,1
27,5
32,9
22,3
20,9
8,7
8,7
8,6
8,7
9,1
13,3
24,0
27,6
29,1
30,4
26,8
26,9
26,0
25,2
22,9
22,1
25,8
32,9
44,4
55,3
22,6
22,0
19,7
17,9
18,2
24,6
37,8
41,6
46,4
53,2
19,2
20,8
21,3
22,4
19,8
19,3
24,0
23,7
22,9
24,7
23,6
23,5
24,0
21,6
20,3
21,3
25,4
27,8
29,1
35,3
8,8
10,2
13,9
10,0
10,2
9,0
13,8
16,6
22,4
27,8
17,6
20,4
19,3
17,5
10,7
9,9
16,6
18,3
18,1
19,5
18,2
18,3
13,6
12,1
10,6
13,6
33,3
36,2
31,0
28,5
24,7
22,1
14,9
8,6
6,8
12,2
29,0
35,3
32,6
26,7
11,2
16,4
14,6
15,5
15,6
17,3
16,5
15,8
16,4
18,0
13,2
15,5
19,4
19,1
18,1
19,9
26,5
26,6
26,1
28,1
17,4
16,6
16,5
15,9
13,9
12,2
14,4
13,1
13,8
14,2
7,3
9,0
9,4
7,5
7,0
6,3
7,7
8,7
7,6
9,5
8,1
9,7
10,3
9,1
8,7
8,0
10,0
8,8
8,3
8,7
41,9
39,6
36,9
29,8
21,6
17,2
20,6
23,7
25,8
26,5
17,8
18,9
19,8
20,1
20,4
20,2
24,8
27,7
30,1
37,7
19,5
21,0
19,7
21,0
20,1
18,6
20,8
22,1
23,7
22,7
17,3
16,1
15,9
13,9
10,1
10,4
13,6
14,7
15,7
20,6
33,8
33,4
30,4
27,0
20,6
19,3
27,6
33,9
33,7
34,0
21,8
20,7
20,1
18,7
16,5
16,5
21,5
21,4
20,1
19,0
17,4
20,4
22,6
21,5
19,2
20,2
25,0
24,8
22,8
23,7
12,2
12,1
12,8
14,0
14,3
15,0
19,1
19,6
21,1
21,0

-

.

.5
2012
18-24 , 17,1%.
,
, , ,
. 2012 , 28,4%.

,

2008. ,
,6 , .
11 18-24

2003-2012
, .
11
18-24 , , (NEET)
: 2003-2012
..-28
2003
16,8
20,4
36,7
17,2
7,0
13,8
13,9
12,9
21,9
14,8
13,5
24,4
20,2
12,3
16,0
14,4
6,6
16,1
18,0
6,5
7,1
22,8
12,5
26,7
10,1
24,4
12,0
9,6
10,8
2004
16,5
18,0
33,4
17,4
6,4
14,6
17,0
13,0
20,9
15,0
14,2
22,2
20,3
14,0
14,3
15,2
7,9
16,4
14,3
6,8
10,2
20,4
12,3
24,6
9,5
23,9
11,7
10,6
10,1
2005
16,2
16,2
31,6
16,3
5,7
15,6
14,0
12,6
19,3
14,7
14,5
22,0
21,1
21,7
12,4
12,1
7,2
16,9
12,7
6,8
10,2
18,7
12,8
21,0
11,0
20,8
10,6
12,8
10,2
2006
15,1
14,6
28,0
12,3
4,6
13,8
11,4
11,8
16,1
13,6
14,7
18,6
20,6
14,5
14,1
11,4
8,7
16,3
11,2
5,4
9,3
17,2
12,4
18,2
10,4
18,6
10,7
12,3
10,5
2007
14,1
14,4
24,0
9,3
5,5
12,6
11,2
12,5
15,7
13,8
13,7
14,8
20,1
12,7
14,1
9,6
7,3
14,9
11,3
4,7
8,8
14,5
13,6
16,0
7,8
16,1
9,7
10,1
14,9
2008
13,9
13,3
21,6
8,9
5,7
11,8
11,1
17,4
15,9
17,0
13,5
13,3
20,7
13,4
13,9
12,3
8,6
15,3
7,6
4,6
8,7
12,3
12,7
13,4
7,9
14,4
9,9
10,7
15,4
2009
16,1
14,5
24,0
11,2
7,0
12,1
19,4
23,1
17,3
22,6
16,5
15,5
22,4
14,5
21,8
16,9
7,5
17,9
11,0
5,6
9,5
13,8
13,9
16,5
9,2
16,6
12,9
13,1
17,1
2010
16,6
14,3
27,8
11,4
8,3
11,4
19,1
24,1
20,6
22,4
16,3
19,3
24,2
16,7
22,5
18,1
6,9
16,5
10,6
5,8
8,8
14,5
14,8
20,0
8,9
18,6
12,5
10,6
17,7
2011
16,7
14,8
26,3
10,7
8,4
10,2
14,7
24,0
24,4
23,1
15,8
20,6
25,2
20,7
19,8
16,1
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17,7
11,6
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8,3
15,4
16,0
20,9
8,8
18,3
11,7
10,2
18,4
2012
17,1
15,0
26,0
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8,8
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23,8
28,4
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16,2
22,2
27,0
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14,9
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(2014).
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63,3
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:
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19,3
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54,9
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27
31,7
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62,8
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48,6
42,4
33,2
44,7
61,7
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36,6
49,8
58,7
48,1
69,9
68,3
7,6
5,9
20,5
2008
36,8
21,8
54,6
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26,5
35,6
61,6
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14,3
59,7
37,6
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38,8
35,9
48,4
68,9
14,7
35,5
52,6
64,5
49,4
71,2
65,9
6,1
5,2
23,9
2009
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24,4
60,3
48,5
2,4
23,8
27,6
30,8
64,5
52,7
14,6
60
45,1
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35,9
37,1
52,7
71,5
12,7
33,6
54
63,7
53,7
68,8
65,6
6,2
4,8
24,8
2010
37,8
21,3
63,6
47,7
1,8
23,2
25,4
35,5
65,9
53,2
18,5
59,7
42
43,9
34,2
40,1
54,9
71,5
14,4
34,3
53,2
62,1
55,8
61,4
68,2
4,7
5,9
23,3
2011
39,1
25
64,6
47,6
2,8
24,2
26
38,2
66,1
57
17,4
61,6
46,7
44,3
40,3
41,6
57,7
70
16,4
34,1
55,3
60,6
57,4
62,8
74
5,2
6,2
21,8
9 9
25-29
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:
2006-2011
: 2006-2011
33
2013
13

: 2003-2012
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
..-28
24,1
26,2
26,1
26,3
26,2
26,2
26,4
26,2
26,2
26,2
26,1
25,6
25,4
25,6
25,5
25,5
25,4
25,4
25,4
24,9
28,3
28,6
28,9
29,2
29,3
29,2
30,0
29,9
29,7
26,8
26,8
27,0
27,2
27,3
27,3
27,2
27,0
27,2
27,0
21,2
21,0
21,1
34
24,0
24,1
23,9
23,9
23,9
23,9
24,1
24,1
24,0
23,8
25,7
25,3
25,6
25,3
25,1
24,6
24,3
24,2
24,5
24,3
25,3
25,2
24,8
24,9
25,1
25,5
25,4
28,8
27,7
28,3
28,6
28,5
28,5
28,3
28,4
28,8
29,1
29,2
29,0
28,5
28,6
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28,2
28,5
28,5
28,9
23,5
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31,6
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.

Cerrutti M. (2000), Economic reform, structural
, .
adjustment and female labor force
. (.),
participation in Buenos Aires, Argentina,
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and social developments in Europe 2012,
Brussels: European Union.
Eurostat (2011), Migrants in Europe, A statistical
portrait of the first and second generation,
Luxemburg.
(2014), ,
, . 75, : .
. (2012),
,
5, , :
.
. . (2014),
, ,
,
,
, 1.
Khitarishvili T. (2013), The economic crisis of 2008
and the added worker effect in transition
countries, Levy Economics Institute of Bard
College, Working Paper 765, May.
Verick S. (2011), Giving up job search during
a recession: the impact of the global
financial crisis on the South African
. (2013),

2012, 2, :
(2012)
(2013).
Labour Market, IZA Working Papers, No

6116, November.
1 ,

3 ,
.1
364.178 2010 224.918
2013,
()
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Blanpain (2013).
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(2007).
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. 1997/81/ 15 1997 -

UNICE, CEEP CES), 1998/23/
1997/81/ 15
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UNICE, CEEP ETUC),
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flexicurity (flexibility-security).7
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Barbier (2011), Evans and Gibb (2009), Kalleberg

(2009). Thornley, Jefferys and Appay (2010).
7
(2007).
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flexicarity (flexibility-precarity).8
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.
56
Communication from the Commission,
).
27.6.2007, COM(2007)359 final.
., . .
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New Organisation of Work - Green Paper.
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sociological view over 30 years of research,
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do?uri=COM:2010:2020:FIN:EL:PDF .
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, COM(2012) 173 final:

, 18.4.2012.
. . European Commission, (2013), Labour Market

Developments in Europe 2013, European Economy
6/2013,
107
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108
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: Eurostat
5
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdec460
109
2013
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, 2012,
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6
http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_li02&lang=en
2013
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social dimension of the economic and monetary union,
Brussels, 2.10.2013, COM (2013) 690 provisoire
(http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/
president/news/archives/2013/10/pdf/20131002_1emu_en.pdf)
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tripartite exchange of views on wage developments,
20.12.2012, :
(http://www.industriall-europe.eu/database/uload/
pdf/EU-Wagediscussion%20note_Signed.pdf)
17
. EIRO, 24.1.2013, Cross-sector social partners fail

to agree on working time: http://www.eurofound.
europa.eu/eiro/2012/12/articles/eu1212031i.htm
16
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2013%20PositionCommissionDiscussionNoteWageDe
velopments-en.pdf
18
. , European Industrial Relations Observatory

(EIRO), 8.4.2013, Social partners assert their collective
bargaining autonomy :
http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2013/02/
articles/eu1302021i.htm
20
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. EIRO, 15.11.2013, Austria: New bill entitles employees to care leave with benefits http://www.eurofound.europa.
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31
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http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2013/07/articles/fr1307041i.htm
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33
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eiro/2013/03/articles/de1303019i.htm
32
35
. EIRO, 8.7.2013, Germany: Metal and electrical industry wages to rise, http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/
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37
. EIRO, 6.6.2013, United Kingdom: Government gives the nod to minimum wage increase, http://www.eurofound.
europa.eu/eiro/2013/04/articles/uk1304019i.htm
38
. EIRO, 28.6.2013, United Kingdom: Key employment law reforms take effect http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/
eiro/2013/04/articles/uk1304019i.htm
36
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. EIRO, 25.2.2013, Slovenia: Minimum wage rises by 2.7% http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2013/01/articles/

si1301031i.htm
40
. EIRO, 24.052013, Slovenia: Retirement age increase as reforms take effect http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/
eiro/2013/01/articles/si1301011i.htm
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. EIRO, 24.5.2013, Slovenia: Mixed reaction to labour market reform, http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/

eiro/2013/02/articles/si1302041i.htm
41
. EIRO, 13.9.2013, Czech Republic: Minimum wage increase comes into effect, http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/
eiro/2013/08/articles/cz1308019i.htm
42
. EIRO, 11.6.2013, Finland: New national agreement talks collapse, http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2013/04/

articles/fi1304011i.htm
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mobbing

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.
137
2013
138

.

, (Harlos 2010),
,
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1994, Leymann 1996). , (Keashly and Jagatic 2003)
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Wilson
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Leymann
1996),
o

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1998) (Bjorkqvist et
al. 1994, Keashly and Jagatic 2003).

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2009).
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1994,
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1976) (Adams 1992).
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1991) ,
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..). ,
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2003). .

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139
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1996). ,
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. . (2013),
/ :
, 9/2013, 2013, ..... http://www.eiead.gr/
index.php?option=com_content&view=article&i
d=162&Itemid=179&lang=el
,

(Brodsky 1976, Einarsen et al 2003, Agervold
and Mikkelsen 2004, Lutgen-Sandvik 2007).
2003
Workplace Bulling and Trauma Institute
, ,
76% ,
71% 39%
- .
(OMoore 2000), 40%

43% . 26%
92%
,
20%
(. Di
Martino, Hoel and Cooper 2003).
-
, ,

(Sandvik et al. 2007, Zapf and Cross
2001).

(Einarsen, Mikkelsen and Matthiesen).

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( Vartia 2001).

:

(Leymann and Gustafsson 1996,
Bjorkqvist et al. 1994, Vartia 2001),
, (Leymann
1990),
(Leymann 1990),
(Leymann 1992),
Burn-out ( )
Einarsen and Mikkelsen 2003),
(OMoore et al. 1998,
Kivimaki et al. 2000, . Bryant
et al. 2009),
,
( Leymann 1990),

(Leymann
and Gustafsson 1996, Bjorkqvist et al.,
1994).

(Einarsen
and Matthiesen 1999, . Djurkovic et al.
2008) .
, ,
10-15%

(Leymann 1990).

,
(Ferrari 2004).

:
(Bjorkqvist et al.
1994, Leymann & Gustafsson 1996,
Zapf et al.1996),

(Leymann 1990),

(Leymann 1990),
(Brodsky 1976),
,
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(Kivimaki et al. 2005,
. Djurkovic et al. 2008).
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2009).
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(Einarsen,
Mikkelsen and Matthiesen).

:

(Einarsen and Matthiesen 1999, .

Djurkovic et al. 2008, Mikkelsen &
Einarsen 2002),

(Leymann 1990, Zapf and Einarsen
2005),

( 2009, Hoel and Cooper
2000, Lutgen-Sandvik 2007),

, (Brodsky
1976, Leymann 1990),
,

(Einarsen, Mikkelsen
and Matthiesen),
(Mikkelsen
& Einarsen 2002),
-
141
2013
(Appelberg et al.1991,
. Einarsen 2000).
142

,

(Leymann and Gustafsson 1996).

. ,

,

(Hirigoyen 2009).
(..

)
, ,
,
.
(Knorz and Zapf 1996, .
Leymann 1996).

(Workplace Bullying Institute
Wash.).
Workplace Bulling and Trauma
Institute
(2003) 70%
,
17% (.
2009).
50%

,

(Leymann 1990).
,
, , -
,

(
Leymann
1996).

(Leymann and Gustafsson
1996, Scott and Stradling 2001).

:
, , .., (Leymann 1992,
Rospenda 2002),
, ,
(Einarsen et al.
1994),

(Leymann 1990).
3.2

-
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.

(Tehrani 2005).

, , (Vartia 2001).

(Barling 1996, . Lutgen-Sandvik 2009).

, -
,
(
Sandvik
2007).
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, (Tehrani 2005, Vartia 2001, Rayner et
al. 2002).

,

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(Tehrani 2005).
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.
,

(Bryant et al. 2009).
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1990). ,

(Hoel and Cooper
2000, Ferrari
2004).
(,
),
(Tehrani 2005).

-

(Heames and Harvey 2006,
Hirigoven 2009).

. , ,

(Zapf 1999, Einarsen et al. 1994).
, ,

(
Mikkelsen
&
Einarsen
2002).

(
Hoel
and
Cooper
2000).

(Tehrani 2005).

(Leymann 1990,
OMoore 2000).
, , 19 .
40 . , $22 (House of
Commons
2003). $1,58 (International
Labour Organization 2000, . Rodgers
and Gago 2006).
,
, ,
(Djurkovic et al. 2004,
. Djurkovic
et
al
. 2008). , , , ,

(Lutgen-Sandvik 2006, .
143
2013
Lutgen-Sandvik 2009, Rayner et al. 2002).

.
,

.

(Heames
and Harvey 2006).

.
3.4
144

-
(Rayner et al. 2002, Tracey et
al. 2006, . Lutgen-Sandvik et al. 2007,
2012).

,

.

,

.
3.5

(Di
Martino et. al. 2003).
:
,
,

,

.

.

,
,

.

, 1992,
20% 40%,
55 , (Leymann
1996).
, ,
,

,
, .
4
, .
.
(Zapf 1999,
Einarsen
et
al
.1994).

,
,
.
, ..
4.1
(Leymann 1996,
Einarsen
et
al
.1994, Vartia
1996). (Matthiesen 2006).

,
,
:
, ,

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, .

(Zapf
1999, Notelaers 2010, Einarsen et al. 1994).

.
.
,
, , ,

(Einarsen et al. 1994).

,
, / (Einarsen et al.1994, Vartia 1996,
Baillien et al. 2009, Hauge et al. 2007).

,
, (Hoel and Salin
2011, WHO 2003).

,
, , , ..,

( WHO 2003).
4.2

.
,

.
,

.
,
(Hoel and Cooper 2000, WHO 2003,
Hirigoyen 2009).

.

(OMoore et al. 1998)
,

(Di Martino et al. 2003, WHO 2003).
145
2013
, ,

.

bonus

, , (Hoel and Salin
2011).
4.3
146

(Brodsky 1976).

(Einarsen 1999).

,

,
(Hirigoyen 2009).

(Rayner
et al. 2002).
, ,
, .

(Archer 1999, . Hoel and Salin 2011)
( 2009).

( 2009).
,

, o

(Neyens et al. 2007, . Hoel and Salin
2011).

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, .

,
.

,
.
4.4
,

(Einarsen 1999, Zapf
1999).

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,
(Zapf et al. 1996, Einarsen 2000, OMoore, et
al. 1998, Vartia 1996).
, ,

(Leymann 1996).

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2011).

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Matthiesen 2006).

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2011).

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..

.
,

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(Neuman
and Baron 2011).
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et al. 2003, Hoel & Cooper 2000).

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.

147
2013
.
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2003). , ,

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148

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152

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Social Security and Welfare
LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT IN GREECE

Annual Report 2013
ISSN: 2241-4827

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2013 ..................................................................................................... 129

3.2.1 (Youth Guarantee)

Labour and Employment in Greece

Chapter 1: The macroeconomic framework in 2014: a reading and

Chapter 2: Characteristics and developments in the labour market in Greece

ANNUAL REPORT 2013

Chapter 3: The mysterious decrease of temporary employment, Stavros P.

Chapter 4: The adaptation of labour cost during the crisis, Stavros P.

Chapter 5: Labour relations developments in the period 2007-2012, based on

Chapter 7: The developments in labour relations in Europe and in Greece

Chapter 8: Workplace bulling, Maria-Christina Tsiama

ANNUAL REPORT 2013

Chapter 9: Active labour market policies, Konstantina Baskozou

Chapter 10: Continuing vocational training: great expectations, poor results,

Chapter 11: Dual vocational training system (DVT): Implementation issues in

Chapter 12: Effective practices in vocational guidance and career counseling,

.. ECD (2007), (2011), IMF (2010),

(.. Abel Bernake, 2010)

: OECD, 2013: 14. , Eurostat, IMF, Financial Soundness

: OECD, 2013: 59.

OECD (2013), Economic Surveys: Greece:, Paris.

Tinios P., (2013), Is Social Protection a Means

IMF (2012), Republic of Latvia:2012 article iv

of Production during crisis? The role of

Exceptional Access under the 2010 Stand-by

Working Party on Labour Market

Arrangement, IMF Country Report 13/186,

Segmentation, Dublin, Trinity College,

Disaster, Sdosteuropa. Zeitschrift fr Politik

the Sovereign Debt crisis, Bloomberg Press,

adjustment and female labor force

participation in Buenos Aires, Argentina,

World Development, Vol 28, Issue 5, pp.

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