TV SD

Industrie Service GmbH

Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

Qu trnh ng cn, n mn v x l nc
trong h thng ni hi di 30 bar
Ludwig Hoehenberger
TUEV SUED, Munich, Germany
1.

C s ca s ng cn, n mn v thnh phn ca nc

1.1 S ng cn
Cn trong ni hi c phn loi nh sau:
- Lp oxit st bo v rt cn thit (lp magnetite) c mu nu sm n en, rt mng
(<0.1mm), rn chc ging nh lp vy cn mng, lp cn ny khng lm tng nhit
ca b mt tng trao i nhit.
- Lp cn xp khng mong mun, c mu xm hoc hi nu nht c to thnh t
cc cht nhim bn trong nc (ch yu l cn cng hoc cn silic), lp cn ny
lun lm tng nhit ca tng trao i nhit.
- Lp cn sa lng xp, c mu nu nht ti nu , l sn phm ca qu trnh n mn
st (c hnh thnh ch yu do lng st c trong nc cp ni hi (BFW)). Lp
cn sa lng ny hu nh khng trnh c trong h thng ni hi.
- Phng rp hoc bong trc cc b ging nh cu cn do n mn gy ra bi oxy trong
qu trnh dng l.
Ni hi c thit k tt - ng la kiu ng hoc nm v ng nc- s t c tui th mong
mun khi v ch khi thp ni hi c kh nng hnh thnh v gi c lp magnetite (Fe3O4),
bo v trong sut qu trnh vn hnh v dng l.
Cu cn khng mong mun do thnh phn ca nc hoc sn phm n mn s lm tng nhit
tng l. S tng nhit ny ph thuc vo chiu dy, thnh phn v xp ca lp cn
v c th dn ti s qu nhit ca vt liu, lm gim bn, lm hng hoc gy n ni hi.
c bit nguy him nht l cn silic (hnh 1) v cn cha du hoc m.

Hnh 1. Lp cn silic mng lm cho ng la ca ni hi b qu nhit v bin dng mnh.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

1.2. S n mn
Qu trnh n mn trong ni hi ch yu l n mn in ho. y l phn ng gia vt liu
kim loi vi mi trng m kt qu l vt liu hoc cu kin b ph hu sm hn tui th
thng thng ca n.
Vng m kim loi b n mn v i vo dung dch di dng cation kim loi (nh ion Fe2+) gi
l ant.
Vng m mi trng xung quanh hu ht l nc phn ng vi in t t ant chuyn n gi
l catt.
V d nh phn ng kh xy (O2) thnh anion OH- (dng n mn xy) hoc cation H+ ca axit
b kh thnh nguyn t hyr (dng n mn hyr).
Trong ni hi, n mn c quyt nh ch yu bi trng thi khc nhau ca lp magnetite
bo v (lp xp hay lp chc c), khuyt tt trong lp magnetite (v d nt do c ng sut
khc nhau) hoc nhng iu kin thng kh khc nhau ca lp magnetite (nh trn mt v
di lp cn, trn v di ng mc nc). Cn ch rng lp magnetite bo v gin hn
v dng in hn thp .
Nhng phn ng chung nht trong qu trnh n mn xy trn st hoc thp c a ra trong
hnh 2.

Hnh 2. Nguyn tc ca n mn xy.

S n mn xy thng dn n n mn cc b gp trong sut qu trnh dng l (nu p sut
bng 0 v hi c thay th bi khng kh). S n mn ny (hnh 3 v 4) ging nh thp
cacbon b n mn trong kh quyn.

Hnh 3. n mn xy trn ng la ca ni hi
kiu nm ngang

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

Hnh 4. n mn xy trn ng khi

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

n mn xy mi xy ra thng to nn g mu nu vng. n mn xy sy ra lu v b
nung nng th c mu nu n nu sm. dn cng tng khi n mn sy ra cng mnh.
Cc dng n mn khc trong h thng ni hi p sut thp l:
- n mn axit do axit cacbonic trong ng ng hi v nc ngng, xem nh 5 v 6.
- n mn mi mn hoc n mn do dng chy (FAC) v n mn xi mn (cavitation)
c hai u ch yu chu nh hng ca iu kin dng chy.

Hnh 5 v 6. n mn axit cacbonic trn ng hi lu nc ngng (bnphi: nh phng to)

FAC c th quan st thy ch yu trong bm v cnh bm cng nh trong ng nc v van
do pH qu thp kt hp vi dng chy tc ln, xem hnh 7.

Hnh 7. n mn mi mn trong mt
khi van hi c dng nh
van iu chnh

Hnh 8. n mn xi mn trn nh
ng (v tr 12h) ca ng
ngng hi lu.

n mn xi mn l kt qu ca s to bong bng hi v s n tip theo hng vo thnh ng

ca chng (c th nghe thy r rt). V d nh trn nh ng ngng cha hn hp nc ngng
v hi, xem hnh 8, hoc bm ang vn hnh trong nc nng. Nng p sut u vo ca
bm s khc phc c hin tng ny.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

1.3. Thnh phn nc v mt s khi nim c bn

Nc t nhin (nc ma, nc sng, nc ging, nc my) tu theo ngun gc m n
c cha cc hp cht rt khc nhau. Nc t nhin sch nht l nc ma. Tt c cc loi
nc khc (nh nc sng) u cha cc cht khng tan v cc t hoc nhiu cht ho tan
nh cng, silic, st, mangan, hp cht hu c, oxy
Di y l mt s khi nim thng c s dng nh gi cht lng nc. Cc tp cht
thng gp trong nc, nh hng ca chng v nguy c ca n i vi ni hi cng c
gii thch.
1.3.1 dn
Tng ca tt c cc cht ho tan (dn in) trong nc c th c xc nh thng qua dn
in (nhit ly lm chun l 250C).
dn ph thuc vo nhit v dn tng khi nhit tng, v d, ti 250C dn l
100S/cm th ti 1000C tng ln khong 440S/cm.
(H o lng SI nh ngha: S = 1, trong , S: Siemen; : in tr ; 1S = 1 000 000 S).
dn in ca nc c quyt nh bi cc cht ho tan nh mui, axit (k c axit
cacbonic), baz v mt s cht hu c, xem hnh 9, nhng silic khng c nh g ti dn
ca nc!
Hnh 9. dn ti 250C ca mt s
dung dch axit (1,2), baz (3,4) v
mui (5 - 10)
Cc cht ho tan trong nc ni trn
phn ln u phn li thnh cc ion c
in tch khc nhau ph thuc vo ho
tr ca chng. Cc ion tch in dng
gi l cation (nh Na+, Ca++, Fe+++) v
tch in m gi l anion (nh Cl-,
SO42-, PO43-). Thm ch mt phn rt
nh ca nc cng phn li thnh cation
H+ v anion OH-, v vy m nc
nguyn cht cng c dn in. Ti
250C, nc nguyn cht c dn
khong 0,055S/cm tng ng vi
in tr khong 18,2 M.cm =
18.200.000 .cm!
chu , dn ca nc ma
khong 10- 20S/cm, ca nc sng
(khng b nh hng ca nc bin)
khong 100- 300S/cm v ca nc
ging hoc nc ngm cng c gi tr
tng t. dn ca nc l c th ln ti 10. 000- 20. 000S/cm.
dn ca nc nh hng ti n mn, dn cng cao th tc n mn cng ln.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

1.3.2 pH
phn li rt thp ca nc nguyn cht quyt nh gi tr pH trung tnh l 7, pH thp hn 7
l c trng ca mi trng axit vi axit tng khi pH gim v 0, v pH ln hn 7 l c
trng ca mi trng baz (hoc kim) vi kim tng khi pH tng n 14. Cn lu rng
mi mt bc pH l kt qu ca s thay i nng gp 10 ln! V d nh 0,4 mg/l xt
(NaOH) trong nc s cho pH = 9, nc c cha 4 mg/l NaOH cho pH = 10, tng t nh
vy vi dung dch c 40 mg/l th pH = 11 v 400 mg/l pH = 12. Dung dch xt c nng
1mmol/l tng ng vi 40 mg/l xt (NaOH).
Nc c kim va phi (pH 9 12) l iu kin l tng bo v st khi n mn! Axit
hoc nc c tnh axit s ho tan lp magnetite bo v v ph hu st/thp.
1.3.3 cng
cng ca nc (ch yu l hp cht ca canxi v magie) c phn loi thnh cng
cacbonat v cng phi cacbonat.
cng cacbonat (canxi/magie bicacbonat) l cng ch c th tan c trong nc cng
vi mt lng axit cacbonic (do CO2 ho tan trong nc). Nu lng CO2 ny b loi b do
un si hoc gim i do phun trong khng kh hoc un nng th canxi cacbonat ( vi) s
kt ta v to thnh cn cacbonat.
Cc khu vc nhit i v cn nhit i thng c ma to nn ch c t vi c to thnh,
v vy cng cacbonat ca nc th tng i thp.
cng phi cacbonat (canxi/magie clorua, sunphat, nitrat...) c th ho tan tt trong nc, ch
c canxi sunphat (thch cao) to cn nu nng ca n ln hn 2g/l = 2000mg/l. Nc th
b nhim bn bi nc bin hoc nc l c cng phi cacbonat cao v nc bin c hm
lng NaCl rt cao, thm ch c CaCl2 v MgCl2 cng nhiu.
Khi c silic trong nc (dng axit silic, oxit silic) th c cng cacbonat v phi cacbonat u
to cn canxi/magie silicat (cn silic) v lm gim h s truyn nhit.
Con ng d dng, an ton v thng dng nht kh cng ca nc l p dng bnh
lm mm nc, n chuyn cc hop cht cni v magie thnh hop cht ca natri rt d tan
trong nc.
1.3.4 kim
kim l thng s quan trng trong qu trnh vn hnh ni hi, n cho php xc nh cc
thnh phn khc nhau ca nc bng cch chun vi axit 0,1N khi xc nh gi tr kim
m/p dng v vi baz 0,1N khi xc nh gi tr kim m/p m . kim c phn loi
thnh kim tng, kim hn hp, kim NaOH.
kim tng ( kim m dng) l kim gy nn bi bicacbonat (v d t cng
cacbonat hoc natri bicacbonat (sn phm phn ng ca cng cacbonat trong qu trnh
mm nc), n bao gm c kim hn hp ( kim p dng) v kim NaOH nu c.
Nu nc ch c c kim m dng, tc l nc ch cha bicacbonat (nh cng cacbonat
hoc NaHCO3), y l c trng c bn ca nc th hoc nc sau khi lm mm.
Nu nc c kim m m biu hin mi trng axit c pH thp hn 4,3 v c xc nh
bng cch chun vi NaOH 0,1N.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

kim hn hp ( kim- p dng) c gy nn bi tt c cc hp cht c tnh kim vi

pH > 8.2 nh cacbonat (soda), Na3PO4 v kim t do (nh xt n da NaOH), v n thay th
php o kim NaOH. kim hn hp bao gm c kim NaOH.
Gi tr kim p m (- p) ch th pH < 8,2 v th hin mi trng c tnh kim hoc axit yu,
n c xc nh bng cch chun vi NaOH 0,1N.
kim NaOH ch cho bit hm lng kim t do trong nc nhng n cn xc nh theo
mt qui trnh c bit trc khi chun xc nh kim p (ch th phenolphtalein)
Cht ch th c dng khi xc nh kim m l metyl da cam, n chuyn mu ti pH = 4,3.
Cht ch th c dng khi xc nh kim p l phenolphtalein, n chuyn mu ti pH = 8,2.
iu ny c ngha l nc ch c tnh kim khi n c gi tr kim p. S chuyn tip gia gi
tr kim p m/dng, kim m m/dng, pH v di thay i ch th c a ra trong
hnh 10.
i vi ni hi nm ngang, cn phi kim tra kim hn hp p v tng kim ca nc ni.

Hnh 10. S chuyn tip gia gi tr kim P -/+, kim m -/+ v pH

1.3.5 Silic
Nhng quc gia thuc khu vc nhit i v cn nhit i thng c ma to, nc th thng
c hm lng silic (xit silic) v/hoc silicat (hp cht ca silic vi canxi, magi, nhm, v d
nh nhm silic: t st) t trung bnh n cao, c bit l nc sng sau khi ma to. C silic
v silicat u c ngun gc t cc khong di lng t nh granit, mica, t st, bazan,
bi v vi gn nh tan hon ton trong nc ma.
Silic v silicat c th tn ti dng ho tan hoc bn ho tan (keo) v rt kh loi tr hoc
gim bt i bng cch x l nc. Lc c hc v lm mm nc khng th loi tr c silic
v silicat.
ho tan ca xit silic (SiO2) trong nc tng mnh theo nhit v kim. Trong nc
trung tnh hoc kim yu ho tan ca n rt thp, v vy s hnh thnh lp cn silic.
Silicat hu nh khng tan trong nc, tr silicat kim (Na v K), v vy nu trong mi trng
khng c phtphat m c mt ng thi c silicat v cng th s to cn silicat.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

1.3.6 St, Mangan

Hp cht ca st v mangan lun c trong nc mt v nc ging nu hm lng oxy thp.
Hin tng ny xy ra phn ln trong lng t c cc cht hu c nh bn y sng, trong
mt s trng hp c th c c H2S.
Cc hp cht ca st v mangan c th to lp cn trn ng ng c mu vng nht. Sau khi
tip xc vi oxy (khng kh) n s to ra lp cn xp mu nu. y chnh l nguyn nhn
ng cn trn ng ng cng nh lm gim hot tnh ca ht nha lm mm nc do to lp
mng mu nu trn b mt nha lm mm. Cc mui st lm cho si vi b vng.
Trong nhiu trng hp, tin hnh phun nc trong khng kh v lc c hc th c th loi b
c st. i vi cc hp cht ca mangan, qu trnh oxy ho trong khng kh thng khng
loi b chng m phi s dng cc cht c kh nng xy ho mnh hn.
1.3.7 Cc hp cht hu c
Cc cht hu c trong nc th c th c ngun gc t nhin (nh xc thc vt b phn hu,
than bn) hoc t sinh hot ca con ngi hoc t cng nghip (nh nc thi, nc c
ngun gc cng nghip), thm ch nc ngng t tun hon cng c th b nhim bn bi cc
sn phm hu c (nh sa, du thc vt, dung mi). Nhiu hp cht hu c c kh nng to
thnh bt trong ni hi, lm nh hng n cht lng hi do b ln nc ni (BW). Mt s
cht hu c nh ng v ru b phn hu thnh axit hu c v lm gim pH ca nc ni.
Du v cht bo cng c th lm cho h thng iu khin khng th hot ng c, n to
mt lp mng trn b mt knh v c th hnh thnh lp cn nguy him. Hyro cacbon c
nhit si di 1300C thng khng gy nh hng xu ti ni hi.
1.3.8 Cc cht kh (xy, nit, cacbon dioxit...)
xy, nit, cacbon dioxit lun ho tan trong nc nu nc tip xc vi khng kh. ho tan
ca tt c cc cht kh trong nc ph thuc mnh vo nhit , xem hnh 11. xy gy nn n
mn xy trn thp cacbon hoc thp hp kim thp nu pH qu thp hoc nu thp khng to
c lp magnetite bo v. Nit khng gy tn hi n s vn hnh ni hi. Cacbon dioxit
lm gim pH v gy nn n mn axit trn thp cacbon.
xy v nit trong nc c th loi b d dng bng cch un nng v iu kin si hm
lng ca chng gn nh bng 0. Mt s ho cht nh natri sunphit v hyrazin c kh nng
kh xy. Cacbon dioxit ch c th loi b bng cch un nng vi iu kin pH ca nc
di 7- 8 hoc pH > 8. Nu nhit vn hnh ca b kh kh trong khong 135 - 1400C.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

Hnh11. ho tan ca xy v nit trong nc nguyn cht ti p sut 1 bar

2.

X l nc

Phn x l nc trong bi bo ny ch cp n mt s phng php nhm lm gim qu

trnh ng cn hoc n mn trong ni hi. X l nc th tin hnh dng x l nc trong
ni hi hoc x l nc ngoi ni hi.
X l nc trong ni hi hay x l ho hc tc l qu trnh x l bng cch b sung nh
lng ho cht chuyn ng cho nc cp v nc ni hi nhm to cn dng bn ngay trong
ni hi. Phng php x l ny ch c p dng vi ni hi c nng sut truyn nhit thp
(sn lng hi nh hn 25kg/m2h), t than/g (khng dng cho ni hi t du) v phi x
y mt lng cn thit. Cu to ni cng cn phi thun li cho vic x cn bn ra ngoi..
Phng php ny ch c p dng cho ni hi nh kiu ng.
X l nc ngoi ni hi t nht cng phi s dng bnh lm mm nc nhm gi li
cng trn ht nha trao i v thay cng bi natri, n c ci tin tt hn nu thm phn
lc ngc chiu (RO) hoc phn kh khong. Phng php ny c th p dng cho mi loi
ni hi nhng cng i hi lng x y ln p ng c cc yu cu cho nc cp
ni hi v nc ni hi. Phng php ny ch nn p dng cho ni hi ng nc. Nc x
l cn phi thm mt s ho cht iu chnh pH hoc kim. Dng nhit kh kh l
khu x l tip theo.
X l nc bng phng php vt l nh s dng t tnh, tn s cao, trng th cao... khng
phi l phng php dng x l nc bi v phng php ny khng lm gim cng v
khng x l c silic v silicat!
2.1. X l nc bn trong ni hi
Cn do cng v silicat c th gim ng k nu thm mt lng Na3PO4 theo ng t
l vi cng ban u ca nc cp. cng cacbonat v phi cacbonat phn ng vi
phtphat v to ra cn canxi v magi phtphat, cn ny phn ln tn ti l lng trong nc

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

ni hi. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, cn cn phi loi b thng qua lng x y ln. Sau
qu trnh vn hnh, cn phi x ht cn lng ng trong ni hi thng qua x y b sung.
Phtphat c i lc ho hc vi canxi v magi ln hn cacbonat hoc silicat v nh vy s
trnh c s to cn cacbonat hoc silicat. Tng t nh vy cng cacbonat s chuyn
thnh Natri cacbonat, y l cht kim nn s lm tng kim v tng ha tan ca oxyt
silic.
Nu 1m3 nc cp ni hi c cng l 1 mg/l cn 120g Na3PO4 (ha cht tinh khit 1
dng tinh th ngm 10 nc, Na3PO4.10H2O (20% P2O5)) v cn t nht 5 lt nc ha tan.
V d, x l 1 m3 nc cp ni hi c cng 3 mg/l; 1,5 mmol/l = 150mg/l CaCO3 cn
khong 350g Na3PO4.10H2O .
X l nc bn trong ni hi d dng tin hnh min l cng tng ca nc ngun khng
qu ln (< 1 1,5 mmol/l) hoc s dng nc ma.
2.2 X l nc bn ngoi ni hi
2.2.1 Lm mm
Lm mm l phng thc tit kim v gin n nht kh cng ca nc ( c lc th
bng phng php lc ct) bng cch s dng ht nha lm mm (mu nu h phch c
ng knh khong 0,61,5mm c lm t nha trao i cation acid mnh dng Natri). Ht
nha ny c kh nng chuyn i cng (mui Canxi v Magi) thnh cc hp cht ca
Natri ho tan rt nhiu trong nc. Ht cationit gi ion cng v gii phng ion Natri c
ngha l Canxi bicacbonat chuyn thnh Natri bicacbonat, Magi Clorua chuyn thnh Natri
Clorua...Tt c cc thnh phn khc khng thay i. Trong chu trnh vn hnh cng nh
hn 0,02mmol/l tng ng 2ppmCaCO3.
Cc ht nha thng thng c dung lng trao i khong 0,6 0,7 mol/l tng ng vi 60
70 g CaCO3 cho 1 lt ht nha. V d, nu dng 50 lt nha hon nguyn t yu cu c th
trao i c n 3200 g CaCO3 v tng ng vi kh nng lm mm 30 32 m3 nc c
cng 100 mg/l CaCO3.
Khi nha lm mm ht kh nng hot ng phi dng qu trnh v tin hnh hon nguyn
nha trao i ion bng dung dch mui n, dung dch ny cn c gi l dung dch hon
nguyn (sodium chloride, NaCl). Dung dch mui phi tng i sch, t tp cht nhm trnh
lm bn bnh nha lm mm. Nguyn tc ca qu trnh lm mm v hon nguyn c a ra
hnh 12 v 13.
Lm mm

Hon nguyn

Hnh 12. S phn ng trao i ion khi lm mm nc

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

Nc th

Nc lm mm

Hnh 13. S phn ng khi lm mm nc th

Qu trnh hon nguyn mt khong 60 pht v gm cc bc sau:
- Ra ngc: loi b phn cn rn khng tan nm trn lp nha, khng c ra qu
nhanh trnh nha b cun i theo dng nc.
- Ra bng nc mui sch khong 30 pht.
- Dng nc mm ra nc mui.
- Kt thc qu trnh ra v kim tra cng.
Cc thit b cn thit:
- 2 bnh lm mm hoc 1 bnh lm mm v 1 b cha (lm bng thp c sn
bo v hoc ct composite si thy tinh, li lc bn trong v nha trao i)
m bo cung cp lin tc nc lm mm cho ni hi.
- ng h lu lng.
- ng h nc.
- Van ly mu nc mm.
- B cha nc mui c knh quan st hoc c mc iu khin.
- ng cp nc mm pha long dung dch nc mui n 10%
- Van x.
Ch : lm mm nc l yu cu ti thiu phi c khi dng l t du sn xut hi hoc
khi un nng nc ni hi bng trao i nhit thng thng, nu khng c nhng yu cu
khc cho vn hnh ni hi v cht lng hi. S dng ti a lng nc ngng ti tun hon
l c li.
2.2.2 Qu trnh lc ngc (RO, s kh mui)
Lc ngc l mt phng php rt tt gim hm lng ca tt c cc cht rn ho tan
trong nc th (nh cng tng v silic) ti gi tr nh nht, v th dn s gim rt nhiu.
Nguyn tc ca RO c trnh by trong hnh 14.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

10

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

RO c xem l phng php siu lc, n c th lc c cc ion ha tan trong nc c kch

thc to hn phn t nc cng nh cc cht khng tan trong nc (nh khong st, xit
st..), cc cht hu c v vi sinh vt (vi khun v vi trng). Cc cht c kch thc ln hay
cn cng v cc cht huyn ph c kh nng bt cc l ca mng lc ca h RO. Cc vi sinh
vt cng thng n mng lc hu c ny v lm h hng mng. Nu s dng ngun nc cp
c cha cc vi khun th nc phi c kh trng bng clo, javen hoc bng ozn (n cng
c th kh cc cht hu c). Tuy nhin, lng ozon v clo d cn c loi b bng cch lc
qua ct lc than hot tnh.
Nc cp cho h RO cn phi rt trong, ch c rt t cht hu c, vi sinh vt, v phi c x
l trnh hin kt ta cn khi nc b c c trn mt trc ca mng v d cng.
C th thu c khong 70% lng nc cp vo v 30% cn li l nc c c phi x b.
Mt thit b RO c th t c tui th t 3 -5 nm nu nh nc cp c x l ng cch
v t yu cu trc khi vo mng lc. Ngoi ra, mng lc cng phi c sc ra v kh
trng nh k, c bit i vi mng ngng hot ng trong thi gian di. Tt nht l thit b
RO cn c vn hnh lin tc.
i vi thit b RO nh (< 20 - 40m3/ngy) nc cp cn phi c lm mm trnh kt ta
v lm tc mng lc RO do cng v cc cht khng tan.
Nc lc qua RO (cn gi l thm qua) s khng cn cng v c dn thp ( thng <
20S/cm, ch yu l do NaHCO3 - natri bicacbonat v silica < 0,2 mg/l SiO2).
Trong qu trnh kh kh nhit, natri bicacbonat d cn li b phn hu thnh mui kim
Na2CO3 lm tng pH v to ra BFW c tnh kim yu l tng dng cho ni hi p sut thp.
iu chnh pH ca nc ni cng c th dng Na3PO4 iu chnh.
H lc RO khng mt cng vn hnh, khng cn nhiu khng gian lp t, tn t ho cht v
vi nhu cu nc di 20 - 40m3/ngy th y l phng php r hn v d vn hnh hn so
vi cc phng php x l khc, tuy nhin nc cp cho thit b phi c x l mt cch
chuyn nghip.
Nc c x l bng RO c th dng trong mt s ngnh cng nghip nh thc phm,
m phm hoc dc phm.

Hnh 15. Phn cha cun ca mng

thm thu ngc

Hnh 14. Nguyn tc ca thm thu v thm thu

ngc

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

11

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

2.2.3 Kh kh
Kh kh nhit l cch lm n gin nht lm gim hm lng cc kh ho tan trong nc
nh xy, nit v cacbonic do ho tan ca cc kh ny gim mnh theo nhit v bng 0
iu kin si, hnh 11.
Thit b kh kh thng dng l kiu a, minh ho ti hnh 16, vn hnh p sut d khong
0,3 1 bar. BFW c un nng ti nhit trn 1000C v nng xy gim xung < 0,02
mg/l.
Nu b kh c s lng a (ti thiu 4 5 a) i vi b kh kh hnh tr ng. B kh
kh nm ngang c 2 3 a ch c th lm gim hm lng xy xung ti ~ 0,1 0,3 mg/l.
i vi ni hi loi nh t nht cng nn kh kh mt phn nhit t 50-800C, iu ny d
dng t c khi lng nc ngng nng tun hon v tn dng nc x y un nng
gin tip qua b ng xon trong bnh cha nc cp. Lng xy cn li c th kh bng cch
thm mt lng cht ngm xy nh natri sulphit (Na2SO3).

Hnh 16
3

Cc loi ni hi v cc yu cu i vi nc

3.1 Cc loi ni hi
Ni hi c phn loi thnh:
-

Ni hi ng la: nc ni hi chy xung quanh bung la, cn la cng nh khi

v kh nng i trong ng.

Ni hi ng nc: nc i trong ng v dng kh nng i ngoi ng, cc ng nc

c ni ti bao hi tch pha hi/nc (cn gi l ni hi c bao hi).

Ni hi ng la kiu ng l ni hi mt tng t bng than, c bung la v mt s ng khi

nm ngang, vn hnh p sut < 10 bar v vi cng sut hi di 2000kg/h. Sn lng hi
ring ca cc ni hi kiu ny thng < 25 kg/m2h. i vi ni hi kiu ny c th chp nhn
phng php x l nc bn trong ni hi.
Ni hi ng la kiu nm ngang l loi ni hi ba tng t bng kh hoc du, xem hnh 17.
Tng 1 bao gm mt hoc hai ng la, tng 2 v tng 3 l cc ng khi. Ni hi ny c
thit k cho p sut vn hnh khong 30 bar v cng sut hi khong 25 tn/gi. Hu ht kiu
ni hi ny c b tit kim nng lng nhng t khi c b qu nhit. N c lp rp thnh
mt khi t trn b khung v dng cung cp hi cho cc nh my c nh hoc trung bnh,
Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

12

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

i khi trong cc nh my ln n c dng lm ni hi ph khi ng l. Nu ni hi

c gia nhit bng nhin liu rn (than , g...) chng c th c ghi l ngn gia ng la v
ng nc.
ng khi c lp vo pha trc v sau mt sng vi khe h gia ng v mt sng v ch
c hn pha bn dng kh nng. Cu trc nh vy lm cho nhiu khe h trong khu vng
ny b t nng, gy c c cc b cc phn nc ni hi trong khe.
Ni hi ng nc s dng kh/du/than sn xut hi vi chu k tun hon t nhin hoc
cng bc p sut c th ln ti 180 bar v lng hi sn xut ra khong 500 tn/gi. Cc
thit b i km c b qu nhit, kh qu nhit v hm nng nc cp ni hi.

Hnh 17
Ni hi khi ng nhanh ch yu l ni hi ng nc loi nh s dng kh hoc du vi chu
k tun hon t nhin hoc cng bc, sn xut ra hi bo ha trong thi gian rt nhanh di
30 pht nhng hm lng nc ni ln trong hi cao hn cc kiu ni hi khc.
3.2 nh ngha cc loi nc
Nc th l loi nc trc khi a vo x l nh nc ngm, nc ging, nc sng, nc
ma...
Nc lc l nc sau khi lc c hc loi b cc cht khng ha tan.
Nc mm l nc sinh hot hoc nc c x l qua b lm mm s dng nha trao i
cation axit mnh dng Natri v dng Natri Clorua hon nguyn. Nc ny khng cn
cng (< 1ppm CaCO3 hoc di 0,01 mmol/l) nhng hm lng oxyt silic v dn vn
khng thay i.
Nc kh cacbonic l loi nc c kh cacbonic bng sa vi sau khi lc hoc kh
cacbonic bng nha cation axit yu. C hai loi nc u cn phi lm mm nu chng c
s dng lm nc b sung cho ni. Nu s dng trao i ion th cng cacbonat v dn
gim i mt cch r rt nhng hm lng oxyt sillic khng thay i. Kh cacbonic bng sa
vi nng c th lm gim sillic t 10 - 30%.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

13

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

Nc kh mui l nc qua b lc ngc chiu (RO), phi c lm mm cp cho ni

hi nu trc cha c mm ho. Nc ny c dn trc tip 250C l < 30S/cm
(thng < 10 S/cm) v hm lng xyt silic < 0,5mg/l (ppm) SiO2.
Nc b sung l nc qua x l c s dng thay th cho lng nc ngng tn tht
trong h thng.
Nc ngng ti tun hon l nc ngng sch tun hon li t cc thit b s dng nng
lng ca hi. Khng nn trn nc ngng vi nc b xung cha c kh kh nhit. S
nhim bn nc ngng c th do cc tp cht t qu trnh sn xut khi i hi phi c s
kim sot cht lng nc ngng v x l nc ngng.
Nc cp ni hi (BFW) l nc cp cho ni hi c x l, iu chnh v kh kh. l
hn hp ca nc ngng hi lu v nc b sung. iu chnh pH v kh xy thng phi
b sung ha cht.
Nc ni hi (BW) l nc tun hon trong ni hi. N chnh l nc cp b xung cho ni
hi b c c.
3.3 Cc yu cu nc cp ni hi v nc ni hi.
3.3.1 Cc iu kin ban u
Yu cu v nc ca cc nh sn xut ni hi lun lin quan n bo hnh!
Kim tra cc yu cu ca nc cp ni hi v nc ni hi c a ra bi cc nh sn xut
ni hi da vo p sut v thit k ni, so snh vi cht lng nc ca dy chuyn x l
nc hin hnh v cht lng nc cp thc t bao gm c nc ngng hi lu.
Yu cu v hi v sch ca hi cng lun lin quan n bo hnh!
Kim tra giy bo hnh ca nh sn xut ni hi v cht lng hi v so snh n vi cc yu
cu hi cho qu trnh sn xut. Hm lng nc ni hi trong hi khng c qu 0,1- 0,2 %.
Ch i vi hi c s dng un nng gin tip hm lng nc ni hi cho php ln n
0,5 %.
3.3.2 Cc yu cu v nc
Cc tiu chun th gii:
Cc tiu chun ca M (v d: ASME), Chu u (EN 12 953-10 cho ni hi ng la, EN 12
952-12 cho ni hi ng nc), ca Nht v.v., cng nh cc tiu chun quc gia.
Cc yu cu khng khc nhau nhiu nhng ch yu cp n ni hi hin i - ni hi ng
la kiu ng khng c trong cc tiu chun th gii.
Cc yu cu ch yu cp n cc loi ni hi c lm t thp hp kim thp hoc thp
cacbon thng, s dng 1 hoc nhiu loi nhin liu hoc t bng kh nng.
Phn ln cc tiu chun cp n s an ton c lin quan ti cc yu cu ti thiu v p
dng cho cc b phn t sau v tr nc cp vo v pha trc ng hi ra.
C th p dng cc yu cu v nc cp v nc ni hi trnh by di y:

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

14

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

3.3.2.1 Ni hi ng la kiu ng
Vi p sut vn hnh t 0,5 - 10 bar (g) v cng sut hi < 1,5 t/hr.
Lu c bn:
y l cc yu cu v nc cho ni hi s dng cc nhin liu rn do cung cp bng tay. Cc
ni hi ny c sn lng ring ca hi < 25 kg/m2h v phi c trang b t nht mt ng
ng x y thch hp.
Vi ni hi c sn lng ring ca hi > 25 kg/m2hr, p sut 10 bar v/hoc cng sut hi >
1.5 t/h cng nh cc ni hi s dng nhin liu lng hoc nhin liu kh, phi p dng cc yu
cu v nc cho ni hi ng la kiu nm ngang.
X l nc:
Qu trnh lm mm nc cp b sung hoc nc cp ni hi cn phi theo tiu chun trnh
ng cn v to bn trong ni hi.
Nu khng x l lm mm nc cp b sung hoc nc cp ni hi, th t nht phi x l
nc trong ni hi (IBWT) bng cch b sung lng ha cht thch hp.
X y gin on hp l v trng ra thng xuyn ng thu v b iu khin mc nc l
rt cn thit, t nht ngy mt ln, vi ni hi IBW l 8 gi mt ln.
Cc yu cu:
Cc gi tr di y biu th yu cu ti thiu lin quan n an ton cho c nc cp ni hi
c mm ha v cha c mm ha nhng s c x l bn trong chnh ni hi
(IBWT) gim thiu s ng cn v n mn.
Nuc cp ni hi - BFW
* cng tng (Ca+Mg)

c mm ha

X l bn trong

ppm CaCO3

< 10

< 150

(7,5) 8 - 9,5

7,0 - 9,5

ppm CaCO3

2,5 - 25

0 - 25

mg/l

< 0,5

<5

c mm ha

X l bn trong

trong

< 5 ml/ 100 ml

11 - 12,3

11 - 12,0

ppm CaCO3

100 - 1500

100 - 500

ppm CaCO3

< 10

< 50

S/cm

< 5000

< 3000

mg/l

10 - 20

10 - 40

* pH ti 25 C
* kim hn hp (kim p)
Oxy

Nc ni hi-BW
c

Cht khng tan

0

* pH ti 25 C
* kim hn hp (kim p)
* cng tng (Ca+Mg)

* dn trc tip 25 C
* Photpht (PO4)

* Cc gi tr quan trng nht; mg/l = ppm.

Lu
a

Nc mu phi c lc trong c c gi tr chnh xc.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

15

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany
b

Hm lng xy c kh vt l khi nc c un nng ti p sut mi trng n nhit

ln ti:
- 850C: hm lng oxi gim xung cn khong 2 mg/l.
- 950C: hm lng oxi gim xung cn khong 0,5 mg/l.

Ti nhit thp oxy c th b kh khi b sung cc cht bt xy nh Na2SO3.

c

: Cht khng tan nh bn lng xung sau khi yn mt gi.

Kim tra thnh phn ha hc

Cc thng s s c kim tra nh k. Tn sut ca qu trnh kim tra phi c ghi r trong
hng dn vn hnh ni hi. i vi nc cp v nc ni hi ch vn hnh IBWT t
nht hng tun nn kim tra cc gi tr quan trng nht (*) pH hoc kim, cng, dn,
pht pht v cht khng tan.
3.3.2.2 Ni hi ng la kiu nm ngang
Vi p sut vn hnh 0,5 - 30 bar
Cc lu c bn:
Cc yu cu v nc di y c tham kho cho ni hi ng la (bung sinh hi v ni
hi nc nng >1100C) c lm t thp hp kim thp hoc thp ccbon, t bng cc loi
nhin liu hoc bng kh nng. Ni hi c t bng nhin liu rn c th c pha trc
ng la mt bung l nm bn ngoi c lm mt bng ng nc.
Cc yu cu ny c p dng cho cc b phn ca ni hi gia u vo ca nc cp v u
ra ca hi nhng khng cp n cht lng hi sn xut ra hoc cc l do kinh t v.v.
Ty theo tng mc ch nht nh, c th iu chnh cc yu cu ha hc thch hp ti u
ho, v d sch ca hi (cho vn hnh b qu nhit) v tin cy ca thit b.
X l nc v iu chnh
X l nc: t nht lm mm nc b sung, nc cp ni hi hoc nc nng tun hon phi
tun theo tiu chun trnh cu cn v to bn; trong trng hp c th, nc b sung cn
thit c cht lng cao.
iu chnh: Hnh hc c th ca cc ni hi ng la thng thng c cc khe/k h phn
nhit ti cc mi ni gia ng kh nng c hn v/hoc c nong vi mt sng hoc cc
bung i chiu i hi phi c s iu chnh c bit v nc cp v nc ni hi.
Cc yu cu:
Cc yu cu ti thiu cho nc cp ni hi, nc ni hi hoc nc nng tun hon lin quan
n an ton, c p dng nhm gim nguy c n mn, s to bn hoc lng cn trong ni
hi. Cc gi tr ny p dng cho qu trnh vn hnh lin tc. Trong khi khi ng mt vi gi
tr c th sai lch trong khong thi gian nht nh v n mc gii hn phi c qui nh
bi ngi ch to ni hi.
A Thit b sinh hi
A 1 Nc cp ni hi (BFW)

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

16

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

p sut vn hnh ni hi
* cng tng (Ca+Mg)a

bar (g)

> 0,5 - 15

> 15 - 30

ppm CaCO3

<2

<1

(7,5) 8 - 9,5

8,5 - 9,5

< 0,1

< 0,02

* pH ti 25 C
Oxy

mg/l

S dng nc cp ni hi c dn trc tip > 30 S/cm

A 2.1 Nc ni hi (BW)
p sut vn hnh ni hi

bar (g)

> 0,5 - 15

> 15 - 30

* dn trc tip 250Cc

S/cm

< 4000

< 2000

10,5 - 12,0

10,5 - 11,8

ppm CaCO3

100 - 900

100 - 600

ppm CaCO3

< 10

<3

* Photpht (PO4)a,d

mg/l

10 - 30

10 - 30

*Silic (SiO2)

mg/l

< 120

< 100

* pH ti 250C
* kim hn hp (kim p)
* cng tng (Ca+Mg)

S dng nc cp ni hi vi dn trc tip 30S/cm

A 2.2 Nc ni hi (BW)
p sut vn hnh ni hi

bar (g)

> 0,5 - 15

> 15 - 30

* dn trc tip 250Cc

S/cm

< 2000

< 1000

10,5 - 11,5

10,5 - 11,3

* pH ti 250C
* kim hn hp (kim p)c

ppm CaCO3

25 - 250

10 - 100

* cng tng (Ca+Mg)a

ppm CaCO3

<3

<1

* Photpht (PO4)a,d

mg/l

10 - 30

10 - 20

*Silic (SiO2)

mg/l

< 100

< 80

ppm CaCO3

<5

B Ni hi nc nng
B 1 Nc cp v nc b sung
* cng tng (Ca+Mg)a
* pH ti 250C

> 7,0

B 2 Nc nng tun hon c nhit > 1100C

* dn trc tip 250C
* cng tng (Ca+Mg)

S/cm

< 1000

ppm CaCO3

<5

* pH ti 25 C
* kim hn hp (kim p)

9,5 - 11,5
ppm CaCO3

25 - 250

Lu :
a

: Nu mu nc thc t khng trong th cn phi lc trong c gi tr ng.

: Hm lng xy c th c gim xung <0,05 mg/l bng phng php vt l nu nc

c un nng ti nhit si, u tin s dng kh kh nhit. nhit thp hn, hm

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

17

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

lng xy c th gim bng cch thm mt lng cht ngm xy nh natri sunphit. Trong
trng hp ny mt lng d natri sunphit khong 10- 30 mg/l trong nc ni hi l thch
hp.
c

: Khi vn hnh c b qu nhit, 50% ca gi tr c lu trn c coi l ti a.

: Phi b sung Na3PO4 nu s dng BFW c dn trc tip 30 S/cm, nhng vic b
sung cng c xut cho BFW > 30 S/cm.

(*) : Nhng gi tr quan trng nht

n v mg/l tng ng ppm trong nc

Kim tra thnh phn ho hc

Cc thng s lu phi c kim tra lin tc hoc nh k. Chu k kim tra phi c
ghi r trong bng hng dn vn hnh ni hi. i vi thit b sinh hi ti thiu l hng ngy
v i vi ni hi nc nng t nht hng tun nn tin hnh kim tra cc gi tr quan trng
nht (*) nh pH, kim, cng, dn, xy hoc lng d cht kh xy, silic v pht
pht.
4

Nhn xt v kin ngh

Cc yu cu cho nc cp v nc ni nu trn c th d ng t c v t c hiu qu

kinh t hn nu nh thu hi c nc ngng cng nhiu cng tt. Nh ni trn, nc
ngng l nc nng v rt sch c nhit > 800C n cha nng lng vo khong 340
KJ/kg tng ng khong 10 kg than/m3 nc ngng v tng ng vi vic tit kim
c ti 30 40 kg than, cha tnh n tc x y.
Nc ngng c nhit > 1000C, nh nc ngng t bn l, x hi i c ngha l mt mt
lng ln nng lng. Hi c th lm lnh v ngng t li bng cch phun nc cp b sung
lm mm vo lung hi phn ca thot ca bn cha nc ngng hoc lp mt ng inox
xon rut g.
Nng lng ca 1 kg hi mt i l khong 3100KJ v nhiu hn khong 10 ln so vi nc
ngng 800C, nh vy c th tit kim c 250 350 kg than nu thu li c 1000 kg hi.
Bm nc nng cn phi lp gn bn cha nht v phi c ng knh ng ht to (bao gm
c block van, tt nht l van cu) nhm gim thiu vic mt p v gy n mn cnh bm.
Nc nng c th bm d dng nu u vo ca bm c mt cht p lc, t c iu
ny ch cn nng bnh nc ngng ln cao khong 2 3 m l c.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh, cc cht tan v khng tan trong nc b c c cho nn mun gi
cho cht lng nc ni trong gii hn cho php cn phi thc hin x y (lin tc hoc gin
on), c ngha l nc ni b x b v ni b cn i. Nc x y ny l nc nng, n c
cha nng lng, v d nc ni ca ni c p lc 5 bar cha ti 670 KJ/kg. Nu thc hin x
y khng lin tc th vic thu hi nng lng y rt kh v lng x rt ln li x ra trong
mt thi gian rt ngn. Khi lp thit b x y lin tc th c th thu hi nhit ny un nng
nc cp b sung cho ni bng cch lp mt ci ng xon rut g bng thp cacbon thng.
Vic x y khng lin tc ch kinh t cho ni hi c p lc vn hnh > 10 bar v cng sut
hi > 2000 kg/gi.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

18

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

Cht chng to cn v c v hu c v cc cht thm t

Cc cht ny c a vo ni hi hoc bao hi gim qu trnh to cn. Cht chng to

cn hu c c th c p dng nh l mt bin php phng nga trnh to cn ni hi
trong qu trnh vn hnh.
Cht chng to cn v c nh (Na3/K3)PO4 cng c dng nh ho cht kim ho, c th p
dng cho ni hi c p lc ti 180 bar. Chng phn ng vi cng (hp cht ca Ca v Mg)
to thnh hyroxyl apatit l lng trong nc v trnh c s to cn vi, thch cao v
nhm-silicat. Do i lc mnh hn ca pht pht so vi silicat i vi cc ion gy nc cng
nn c th chng c s ng cn silicat rt nhiu khi c mt pht pht.
Cht chng to cn hu c, thng l poly cacbonic axit (poly acrylic) hoc amin cng nh
pht pht hu c, cc cht ny to ra phc yu v gi hp cht ca Ca/Mg trong dung dch.
Chng t nguy him i vi lp xit st bo v hn phc cng cua v p dng c cho ni
hi c p sut di 120 bar.
Phc cng cua l dng phc mnh nh EDTA, NTA chng gi cng v ion kim koi trong
dung dch. Nu nng qu cao chng s tn cng lp xit st bo v, c khuyn co
khng dng cho ni hi p sut thp.
6

S bo dng

Bo dng v c bn l cc phng php nhm trnh s n mn, thng l n mn xy bn

phn nc ca ni hi, trn cc b phn ca ni hi hoc cc thit b ph tr c lm t thp
hp kim thp trong qu trnh dng l v ch, thm ch c trong thi gian vn chuyn v lu
kho.
Lp xit st bo v bn pha nc ca ni hi (hnh thnh sau khi vn hnh t nht mt thng)
ch c kh nng bo v thp hp kim thp khi tc ng ca m hoc hi m v khng kh
cho php trong mt thi gian rt ngn.
Nu s dng nc c lm mm hoc kh cacbonic hoc c lc th thi gian khng
bo dng rt eo hp khong mt tun.
Ngng l lu hn hoc l vn hnh/ngng theo chu k th phi p dng mt trong cc phng
php bo dng sau:
-

Bo dng t (khng c khng kh) v d thay th khng kh bng nit hoc cha
y ni hi bng nc kim c bt ngm oxy.

Bo dng kh (khng c hi m): h thng c lm kh bng cht ht m, v d

nh silicagel hoc cht lm kh ti sinh tun hon.

Bo dng t c p dng c bit khi dng l trong thi gian ngn, tin hnh theo mt
trong cc phng php sau:
-

Nu ngng l trong thi gian ngn ch cn gi ni p sut 1 bar v in y nc

n van x, kim tra 2 ngy 1 ln

Dng hi ca mt l kkhc ang hot ng in y hi cho ni c bo qun

iu ny dn n s hnh thnh nc ngng ti b mt phn chia hi/nc, pH bt u
gim v cn x gi mc nc ny nu hi c cha oxy th nguy c n mn rt cao.

Dng kh tr (N2) in y mt phn ni c th bo qun c vi tun hoc vi thng

duy tr v kim tra p sut kh N2 cao hn t 10 20 mbar. X ht kh trc khi c
ngi vo ni hi trnh b ngt th.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

19

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

Bo dng kh c p dng cho dng l trong thi gian di v tin hnh theo mt trong cc
cch sau:
-

S dng cht sy kh c th ti sinh

S dng cht ht m nh silica gel (trnh tip xc trc tip vi thp) hoc CaO

Bo qun b mt thp bn pha kh nng ca ni hi cng rt cn thit, c bit vi cc l hi

s dng nhin liu t l than v du.
7

Ly mu nc cp ni hi v nc ni hi/Kim sot trc tip

ng ly mu phi c lm bng thp khng g (t nht l thp TP 321 hoc 316), cng ngn
cng tt v ng knh khong 10 x 1,5 mm hoc 12 x 2 mm.
Mu nc nng, t nht l BW, phi c lm lnh xung khong 25 - 300C vi lu lng
dng khong 25 l/h, thit b lm lnh kiu ng xon rut g cng phi c ch to bng thp
khng g. Nn dng b lm lnh cho ni hi c p lc vn hnh > 10 bar o oxy trong
nc cp b sung.
Tt c cc dng c ly mu phi c lm thng khi ra khi ng ng trc khi i vo b
phn lm lnh hoc thit b o.
7.1 Ly mu nc
Khng cn thit phi thit k c bit ly mu, nhng mu ly c phi i din. Thit b
ly mu o xy ha tan phi rt kn. V tr ly mu nn t sau mi bc x l v sau cc
im b sung ho cht, ti thng xy ra s thay i cht lng nc, v d nh:
- Nc th v nc sau tin x l (keo t, lc, clo ho),
- Nc sau lm mm hoc sau thit b lc ngc
- Nc ngay sau khi ngng t v b cha nc ngng,
- BFW sau kh kh v sau b sung ho cht- tt nht l ly ti u vo ca bao hi,
- BW ly t ng x y lin tc (ti thiu 100 l/h) gn vi bao hi hoc ly trc tip t ni
hi ti ng x vng.
7.2 Kim sot ho cht trong h thng thit b
Kim sot bng tay nn c thc hin t nht 1 ngy 1 ln cho BFW v BW vi cc thng s
lin quan ti an ton trong cc mu nh sau:
-

kim tng v kim hn hp (gi tr P v M) hoc pH

cng tng

dn in/t trng

Ring cc thng s sau nn tin hnh kim tra 2 ln/mt tun:

-

Phosphate/ cht chng ng cn - nu chng c b sung

xit silic (SiO2)

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

20

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

dn in ca BW phi c kim sot on - line trong ng bi v n c th c dng nh

l tn hiu iu khin cho qu trnh x y t ng.
cng ca nc cp b sung v nc ngng hi lu cng nn kim tra. Hm lng xy c
th o bng cch ca Karmina Chemets
8

Tin x l ni hi v ty ra ho hc ni hi

8.1 Trnh t ty ra ho hc ni hi
8.1.1 Kim l
Trc khi thc hin kim l, ni hi phi c lm sch c hc v sc ra bng BFW hoc
nc mm loi b cc cht rn ti khi nc x gn nh trong! Sc ra v kim tra mi ln
x phng b tc.
Ni hi mi ti thiu phi tri qua x l kim ty du m c trong qu trnh ch to cng
nh ty xt v bi. Thng thng s dng Na3PO4, trong trng hp c bit s dng mt
hn hp sda kim vi cc ho cht khc nh cht thm t (dung dch kim ni hi c pH
khong 10 10,5) ti nhit t n khong 70% ca p sut vn hnh bnh thng ca ni
hi.
Vi ni hi c cc khe nhit, v d gia cc ng v mt sng, nh cc ng khi ni hi ng
la th nghim cm s dng sda kim (do c th gy n mn ng lc do kim) v ch nn
dng Na3PO4. Trc khi vn hnh, dung dch kim l cn c x b v ni hi phi c
ra k bng cch x loi b cc cht rn khc v lm long dung dch kim l s dng.
8.1.2 Ty ho hc khi dng l
Ty ra axit (ngm)
Trc khi ty axit v ty si kim cn m bo b mt ni hi c kh nng thm nc (d
dng lm t). Ty axit c xut cho ni hi mi trong trng hp b mt b n mn
nhiu v cho ni hi c tc truyn nhit cc b > 250 kW/m2 c bit i vi ni hi c
ng hn trn b mt c dng nhit ln. Vi ni hi ang vn hnh, ty axit l cn thit nu
cn v c dy hn cho php (ph thuc vo dng nhit v thnh phn >0,11mm). ty cn
thng dng cc axit v c km c ch (u tin axit HF hoc HCl) hoc axit hu c km c
ch (axit Citric, axit Glycolic, axit fomic ). Cn silicat ch c th ho tan trong dung dch
HF v phi c tin hnh bi cng ty hoc ngi c chuyn mn.
Cht c ch cho ty axit l nhng hp cht hu c c tc dng gim tc ha tan b mt
kim loi trong tng dung dch ring bit. Lp vy cn v cc lp cn khc khng c bo v
v b ho tan.
Cht c ch cn ph hp vi loi axit, kim loi s dng ch to ni hi v nhit . Nng
cht c ch v nhit lm vic ti ti a (thng khng qu 60 80oC) cn c duy tr
trong phm vi chnh xc theo xut ca ngi cung cp ni hi m bo chng n mn
ti u.
Vi bt k qui trnh ty ra ho hc no, gii hn ca nhng iu kin lm vic - dung mi,
v d axit, cht c ch, nhit v thi gian p dng - phi c duy tr chnh xc trnh vt
liu b tn cng qu mnh. Tn hao ca kim loi nn khng c vt qu 20g/m2 trong qu
trnh ty. C th dung cc cht nh EDTA hoc ETA tuy nhin n rt kh s dng v nh
hng nhiu ti mi trng.
Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

21

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007

TV SD
Industrie Service GmbH
Westendstrasse 199
80686 Mnchen
Germany

Qu trnh ty cn c kim sot t nht bng cch o nng axit v nng kim loi. Sau
khi ty ra ni hi nn c a vo vn hnh cng sm cng tt.
Trong trng hp thc hin kim tra, cn phi ly mu ca dung dch ty thc hin kim
tra tc n mn, th tch mu dung dch ty t nht phi l 10 lt (v d 1 2 lt cho mi mt
ln dng).
i vi thp khng g austenit khng c dng axit HCl ty, thp khng g ferrit c kh
nng chu n mn axit cao hn i vi thp cacbon thng.
Sau khi ty ha hc cn phi thc hin qu trnh to lp xit th ng cho ni hi v cn a
ni vo vn hnh cng sm cng tt.
Ty ha hc bng cc ha cht khc
Cc cht to phc cng cua nh EDTA hoc NTA khng nn dng nhiu v kh nng ty ca
n khng ng nht v c hi ti mi trng. Ngoi ra cn phi nng nhit ln > 80
1000C, tuy nhin thng khng th thc hin cung cp nhit u trn ton b b mt cn ty
do dn n hin tng lm sch cng nh n mn khng u.
8.1.3 Ty ho hc trong khi vn hnh.
Ty trong khi vn hnh (xem chng 4) ch c th thc hin chng no chiu dy lp cn
khng vt qu 0,3 mm (cc b 0,5 mm), cn dy hn c th b tch ra v c th nh hng
ti s tun hon nc ni hi. Cn cha > 50% hp cht ca canxi v magie khng c du
hoc m d dng ty ra. C th dng cc cht nh EDTA hoc ETA tuy nhin n rt kh s
dng v nh hng nhiu ti mi trng
Gn y nhng cht chng ng cn hu c c th phn hu sinh hc v cht phn tn ang
c pht trin mnh. Chng c th c s dng ty ra trong qu trnh vn hnh. Cc
nh sn xut cht to phc yu hn ny l nhng cng ty x l ho hc quc t nh l Betz,
Drew, Grace Dearborn, Kurita hoc Ondeo (Nalco). Nhng cht ny ch nn s dng tm
thi c th dng 1 thng trong 1 nm ty phng nga cn mng. Khi vn hnh ni hi
c BFW v BW t c cc iu kin nh yu cu th hon ton khng cn phi ty ra ni
hi bng ha cht trong vng 5 nm. Vic thng xuyn ty cn bng ha cht cho thy vic
x l nc BFW v BW khng t yu cu hoc thc hin bo dng khi dng l khng
ng cch.

Chng trnh Pht trin Doanh nghip Va v Nh

22

Hi tho Cng nghip, Hng Yn 20.11.2007