Transmission Lines SP" 2 eye Mi . D: lt _ A transmission Line (S an electromag ene Gerding Sy Stem Consisting of two er more conductors wt | Cn beolded sn & SurfiWe dfelectre., Pee (dewty cad Cross - Sechon Cou fs guratior for all positions abong /t5 length [TEM = princpal mole | [$2 100 Feld Coufiquration : inode of propagahoyu v ox! chapterWave propagation Ip trans Ssioy Lines @ ; ee E (a & ae Pupere’s Law” Fx fj = a Yox wy Px Hx Ay 7 Oty | é aes 22 at be phe Pages oe ot Soladion: Ey (ee - &i2- ut) + Ee (2+rut) ae He ~ independent of +he fromety anol ime the frequeucy (fr TEM wave) Moke: TEM mode (E: =H H, =o) Aas Ao CtoPp reg utuey We waut th eblecn rela fiouship between jv) anol “ H) J) — dye Ede = -2 (Beds ee b,=0 od fede adn Couserva hve. V (2,4) - le i = eeLransmission Lines (Contd ) ci Pnpir's lee Bihue = (ae) ad febus Cc Si C- any Couteur iy the transverse plore Oe encircling Con ductor / ere magnet Pfrelel 1S <=> fi-dé = (2,0) * Unigely fe ves a the current in the Dishi bused transmission Cre Schon of TL may be Modeled by a network Figure 7.3 Voltage and current at an arbitrary point on a transmission lin lomped ata pod transmission Line (Cr) elements are disbributed " througtt its Gength re ON ee conductance per Faure 74 Approximate circuit representation of an incremental sexton uurt Reusth eeDist buted Circuit Represeutation Kircbhobt's vadtage Law’ — 6h; ae aVv . At — - y-2442 =0 v Az -é€ V 2 OV i aly > ease Gale.Frepa gation of waves in losslecs Th @ V(2,t)> Vt(e-ut) + v-(2 +04) U (at) =it(e-at) +e- (rut) -[waves of volta or current theé shrtts its positron wrth time thong the transmission Ling without change |'n form a magus tede. vtl(e-ut) shifts in posihve 2 Ai'rer, — incident wave (fou grnerator~ buwarel the Coad) ee ER Gacut)- yo cS é =V*(2,- uty) % a el vt =p ar-ut, =E,-4te Sv= Ba tuler-td v- (a4 uty — reflected weve | Charackvishic Tnpedanee >i 162 4 Lit a@u® aut dieu? 22 ot v(e-ut) oF (ews oe oc aut CK Soa + a(e-u) 2 (z-ut) eae ey ut oe tt cu Ee 2. tun Coe VsVelinge RePlection Coobbiciat GF sé — Chara cteristte hex pedance. (= vr = Ze — Characterishe t Admittance , Reflection Coots renw: Vos 207 cee Vrs 2. ut “ reble ction from discout nur hes Reflections from Resis bve Termination © R- t2,— impedance _y- Me) Bhp wtamatch ate look Mage Z idling reblechion oo br Physics; * V4=2it cannot in sotis Fy Ohwis law at Vee terinimebeon jwhick results in te twtrecducbton 8} vebleched waves so iiak tole Vi aa L sahShy bia Couditions®ReLlechon Cont cen @ Ce TTBS i te ie reflechwn ‘ew ak Lhe " dhe LecminakionD Moakched Lint Q.=2, > <0 — load reflechion cofticieut is Zero > 2 no reflected voltages and currents Open-Cirewsled Ling : R= > real => Vie =V.t => Heincident voltage is totally reflected by the load and the terminal Voltage. Vo =ave and Cutrenk Lp= Oe Shor -cirowabed poe ee Curren 6 totaly reflected by the load : cpa ay 5 Vy, = 0 mMinakous a \N hk se Ww arbifay ae ‘ae i : B [ransiewts on Transmission Line @ Current and voltage waves travel on aw transa/ssion Cine at a speed iL, pepefere they Cannot reach any positon bad ont] a time _ => transient analySis ss Because aloveg. Pee we Mave epee Excitation ve(aut) 4 UCer Re ao Ro Vo Lage ¢ ae VG ve ie a a [] EE ; o es Elie” —ryu.a2 wine inp conn a= 0 () eae! he t= t=o ; Ve vi Va=Vt = et ey ee Ret Bo Re + Zo TL tho Aiea is marched » Vo reflechon = Sleady Stale will be reeebsd oot T= Ts 4h, { aber one fronsit time), TL Be Look is not matelad byt source tA ts wankuhed > sheady ote ot Pade TL bol euds are pot workload aul woaies Comb mag, bouncing baek forever. Dy ke Z\ voximate ete $ | ) Py ‘| = a ee after Sdueo tid.Ke +lecnon Viagra i WS Transiewk analysis forz, 172 vee Site _ o ne hatiteee dire Uf oT = o free fn ~ Veltage wave vel TSS well cancel 7 “, i 2 i se ee eee incidew® wave frend nce tame aaa e veo oo | “ | veveer ~{ » | vg |_Tstser = [-} ae Figure 7.130 Transient analysis ofa section of a transmission line terminated by a resistive load R,.- (b) Voltage and current distributions along a short-circuited Ua, icansmission line for ime 0 < t < 7. (@) Voliage and current distributions along the = TE ea era odin yt Gistributions along the open-ireait terminated transmission line for T<¢ < 27. Moye +o Refleckon Diagram as Q mete Couyinierh repre geua tionee Diagram e) 496 ‘Transmission Lines Chap. 7 Time sr 220 Voltage [ere =o) st jad Te ia le tr Basic use of AD. - obltining voltage and current dis ty botion alous TL. aba qrven tle @ obluining vo Urge avd current at any Specie poi as a Punckonw of tine, Exau gle aS Zo= SO ) lossless > Reo, d=4oom U= 3107 m/s , Batlery with V=4V, Re=Isod open -cirealeh Ci, A, Vollaye Ass i bukion ak t= |o \o es a. Time Ape dance of voltage ot 22 400m. Cail a es theio"*s)Poe hon saenks me Re -& tooo Ry t%, tset50 T- al ( open - circuited | Tine fe traved 1 4. Us = Ve 2 t RetZ. u-so [So*So alk a J Zo/Ry TT [4+&/R, & Goow -3°10 $ son -\o-}o $ os Xu ing beak Voltage rg save 2.5508, Open circuit x= 3000m Le 3000, [Jom ca om) eer < Tine Te =05 BE 600 wy 3 >600 Moz 4+ 1405 23,5Y /y. Tot Time yee Seo- 300= a Eunos pt 10x 10°F s 7 Vol rage 3V arasv - = 900m |) ' met 1+ = 44 ltas -o5 = 3A——_—_ =Time Time t= 10ps or fy 8pe AHHH 4 tau fe 7 fy-2us 8 Votoge [#600 Voraas iongst tet (a | rr Figure 7.15 (6) Reflection diagram with speci | tion at 2 = 600m, (2) Voltage distribution at 2 phasis on the voltage distribu- 600 m as a function of time. to z = 600 mis2.5 V and that from z = 600 mo z = 900 mis 3 V. Thus, we ahtain the voltage distribution shown in Figur> 7.15b. ‘To find the time dependence of the voltge at 2 = 600:m from an initial time ¢ = 0 up to atime r= 12 x 10s, we draw a dashed line corresponding to the abscissa, point 2 = €00 m as shown in Figure 7.15c. This intersects the locus straight lines representing the multiple reflections at = fy tf, and f where for this example 652% 10s, 4 = 4x 10°*5, = 8 ¥ 10%, and 4 = 10 x 10s, The develop- rent of the voltage wave form as a function of time ig shown in Figure 7.154. The voltage at z = 600m is zero from r = Oto 2 x 10°, when the voltage changes to 11V with the arrival of the incident voltage. At each of the subsequent times t,t, and t indicated on Figure 7.154, the voltage at z ~ 600 m changes by an amount indicated on the appropriate locus straight line representing the multiple reflection as shown in Figure 7.15e. In this manner we obtain the voltage at z = 600 m as a function of time up tor =-42 x 10°, 2 4,2 Gus (+rave avotier 600") ty7 Bps (rave auotter 1200)Tandem Connecton of Transmission fe ReLleckons may occur at junctions behueon Various fausmission Crnos. ua be Boundevy coudibrns: Source So) ul te Bog Lead a 5 mi bale LeU eer rrr EI. > Vita v7 ut z Wy = iF — tefllection ! Coefh'ci-ens- oe Vet |— transmission Va 4 we Zz Vv Coop cient +E Consider +o}.0 Voltage aud Currenk ak the junction aerate a i : ; ata, ; Zoy acks as L be Ut +ir = ¥ ue termination toExaw fle a4 ‘Tandem TL Re=2s 4, | Vezbev Zo R, = 2 mle C= Uy = 3:0? wy/s eres determing voltage dish bkkou at -7510 8s. Solujvon - Determine FT 5 Coefficients at various punhens, Re -2 (ee eats Wmatchod oo | iG ») ee eee | Ry + Zea, ae cuieeead a ~ tart _- eee a u 2 a > Tye b+ hi 7 “Ley 7 Zor ~ Soa, ee i 3 Ia * Za ae eae a ) Tat “ha = 2 Th wale. . ow Ti: Ve=Vt = 2 ge eaeExawele 7,4 /coutd) aw ‘Tandem Connection of Transmission Lines Time taPytgy 221878 1 i 1 i H 1 1 i 276x108 s ! i i 1 i i I i i i t Voltage (a) Figure 7.19 Reflection diagram for a tandem connection of two transmission lines of the same velocity of propagation. Voltage 9.375 V 6.25V 7 ‘) Figure 7.19b Voltage distribution at 1 = 7.5 x 10°". Vi =dSV + Cia + (-Ga5)V + 31asVe 9375V Note. Mace yee COM aent = “bo Colurade Ho dis hy, Lutton of DC HanseukeOverview of TL, o Fulse propagation on TL can be treated Similar te step-veltago. exerterh ons usirty Feplechon Hagrams ¢ P 508) - Time ~domain reflechomeler + Pw) , Tw) Fourier tars for ig OS Broad frequency band t B-pulse ot y- She Analysis Prackica® applications : 60-H2 power Quine e > 2 (at a V(a\4) = rez) +e rol ae 2 zt) oz l(a) a 9% (2,4) t¢ ee V(2,40= Re f V(z) eet — phasor form . A Se harmonic. i (2 t)=RefTlaye* > ter | exer fron S - dV = rT(e +/wei(e) 42 —4i@ a gv le + fee Viz) dz @SinuseidaQ Analysts of TL ge 244 cede dv(p —(r4swe) G tjwe) V (2) =O { dif d2? an equal. SEO Cra juedlgajue)$ layne je ; ae V(a=U,t @ +Vcet* oe oA Tok+ j p= a. | 7 Oe 72 (rsjwe)Ge jo) . +o + —Ae —jpe vi Me ren > Subsbhde ty Ive e € the TL equation rE (2) +/wl L/2) > se that AV) _ dz D4 eS ae ¥ lex Characteristic Mugen ee lossy transmission Qine : lossless Cae , En A=O ,Profec P= jwlec 2, = camp of He~ Distertionless anes ee an We reed to transmit a broadband signed and to Winimexe diStorsion to the signeD. cae Vph # Veh (w) 9 various frequency Components traveR with +he Sane pelouty > hk #M LL) => various corecponents wl attenuate in egual amounts, Lossless is fre: no distorhon | est Th can also be dishrtonbss (|C£ @ c > i (r+ jee) (9+ jac) . 7 SEE Since Ve = Yo => er $ > Bswlee Phase Velocity: Ups S = —L- => Mo distor bion. : ee= Practical Examgle aide Gd heii aio Par a >a Para nulers aS. Re es aoe = = =e \ os Conductanu ' ee R -S Coayial Cable. conduckane per unit Cenath ? zr (a - 5 _O(i}\» ro Qnko & ine b a =z (bla)Example 319 Electromagnetic Power and Poynting Theorem = costar ~ py2)a, H = costar ~ Be2)a, ‘The instantaneous Poynting vector P(2.1) is given by = = costor - piza Pl) Ex H= © coset ~ 6.2)a, and the time average Poynting vectar is, hence, Pal {rena a [E cos (or ~ Be aif [En esters] G87) Tr chould be noted that [ota - pune 20 because it involves integrating a sinuscidal function of double the original frequency ‘over a complete period. The relation between the instantaneous Poynting vector and the time-average value for a wave proragating in free space is shown in Fi re 3.44, Skuse! Figure 3.44 |The relationship between the sinusoidal excitation, the in- stantaneous Poynting vector P(z,1) at double the frequency and the time. average Valve P..(2),Exauiple 312 (cout) 2. The electric and magnetic fields of a plane wave propagating in conductive medium are E = Exe costut ~ Bz)a, * costwt ~ Bz - 8a, % cos(ut ~ Bz) cos(w! — Bz - B)a: FTA e eos + cos(2ue ~ 2B2 ~ oy}, The time-average Poynting vector is then apt esta Pals) = 5] Pleniae =} Be costa, 6.88) ‘The relation between the instantaneous Poynting vector P(z, (), and the electric and magnetic fields in this case is shown in Figure 3.45. ‘The main differences between expressions in equations 3.87 and 3.88 for the average Poynting vectors are the following: 1. The time-average power density associated with the free-space propagation is a constant value simply hecause of the absence af the attenuation in the medium of propagation. In a conductive medium, the power density attenuates with the factor e7* as the wave propagates along tke positive z direction, 2. The attenuation factor €” is not the only source of power loss in the conductive medium, The cos@ term that resulted from having an angle @ between the electric Figure 3.45 The relationship between the electric and magnetic fields, and the instantaneous Poynting vector for a plane wave propagating in a conductive medium,Poynting Theorem pag & P=E*H (Yim > li = Wu) power deusity vector along tHe direction of propagation (energy flow) Poynting Heeorem deals with elechomagnsic power balance — (1884, Enghish physicist) Slep |i Vector \duihity: (Ex Fi) = Fe(Fré) - skpt: ot fies, ECFA) Tx from Maxwell's equations P(e) AEH) at Sheps: rearranging derm tO see the physica? Weaning ee a Bo pH i = HORE 2 WS Similarly f (25) 2Derivation of Poynting Theor ee plugging in He ews et) 3. indegvortion over He volume in whiets “e would Uke fo €xauiinege +e poe beclaneg “(5 (ia [2 (SEn (3 (Pyles Step es WR of He divergone theoren (HePlav + {(ES jay +lexav V vA iMfoynting Theorew (Trans ni tee Case) @ - assumed tha EM feild were generated otside | 2 geaecator is inside Vi xi = 7 +f. +2= ad > adiitonD ae “Source term" -[senar = 2f fF E2w +f [22a] [e-tedv +fe x Heds Total power Rate of increase of the electric Power aaa ity generated by ee cea source from P= ExA —tnstantaneous power olen sity assorpared with prepegection of EM wave Sracticah Tasks : a Poynting Vector Py (2) = ta t) dt o- fer oF a funebions: Pay (2) = 1 fix¢ &) atComplex Foyt Poynting Vector for & Harmonie Bi Relds past Ea, t) = Re fE(D ei" ay H(2)4)= Ref F(a!" ay Coupler numbers: E(2)> Ey jE H (2) =H, +) He Ela) Re (ers jta)e™*f -fcasut-6 sont H (2,42 Ref (Heri Me’ *f =(ip cones tH, Sinwot) dy tei ie Pl2,) . ExA 2 [EH Cos “wt +L sin?wt — ELH, Sinwt cox ut- EH, sinust cart [dy The time — average Pun ting: T tt Se Far (2) = = [Pljeyde- [qErte 7; Hi Faw (2) = Re sé xf *f ~ hel G rE) ay is «(He -jHJ ay} = g (Etre + Eth Ja,2 Exane ple 3.A0. pase @ 2 ~f Bot» free SPeee Eley = Ep eg, “Eiy : 4 ; a (%t)~. H (a) = Ea lh? a % Py (2). pele A*fas se lea eb / . a Ye a J- a = af ic ie Elayemge tigi, aetna Hle> a eo g (4 gte’?) p. ale + XB p/P?) o> he Pul2) = inte IPP Ze fe lhe J?) 5 Eth eres ae 7 : vay © zEt co (wh - Bre)ax H = Ee tes (wt -pr.r) ay Wo ( = Ee - Ex Cont fot yor) gate = YH AM tio S3S-]G0S KHz shu ocbwave radio d- 46 Mite VHF Wo FM 8 S@ 26 Mae Uae WP ee,£ Historica) Background © ~ James Maxwell (1864) published theoretical Paper wrth predicton thot EM waves can travel (Sco ttish ) Heinrich Herte (lake 18805) demonstrated EM radiakon in lab (Ger men) ’ ' Marconi (1 844)! Commanrcahon across Eneish Chowne (Nobel Prize in 1404) ~ Marconi (1401) : transatlantic Com uunicat on Whak pade the tadio waves bent i Fin Marconi Ss * Figure 1. Areas inthe igh bie region Laws arlan NC. are within the radio "Line of Sight” (LOS). The receiving antenna isin the de ustvakons shadow region (SR) and cannot receive’ a signal directly from the transmitter. Reflective Region - Heaviside and Kennelly (1902): : : Conducting layer saunas LyISsts in the upper alta would "elect rao senals atmes phone iTuperlanew of Tonoesphere (2 - BBC and ochler shill use fonespkire to reflect rackic signale hack te Earth - Sate Coumenicabius: EM Waves wuesk Je rough fenosphere ionosphere is : pla sua rm ost Common oF matter’) Ni bregen Ng +> NM avr NV Oxygen Op > O and O ~ OF and Om (moleuler) (atowicd Cinkraction : nets brats wth EUV wo \ on radiabon ) 1 Oy = Aawcaba Onygen 10! N3 = Molecular Nitrogen OFF Aionds Onpern 0 Orc bagenine \ os dh 5 Partile Density Quumber per cubic centimeter) Zz ‘ 10° ePnN] 10° ta ae o"| m q wt t 5 5 § & EF § jy [Etayer__ | F her 2 3 ¢ = Electron Density Gan? > s 300 200 300 $00 700 1000 Height don)Theory of Tonosphare Propagation e > plane EM wave with frequency w 2 ions do not collide with heuteds E(ty=€& xed pol fn E(4>= Ey, Cos wt (4 af Motion of a single jon vader the tntluene oF EM Wave! wal QE, coswt + QV * (Mo He) Cos wrt Te = JE, ak VERS ~Veu => Secoud lerm cv Ewe => can be ignored QE tos wk dk a ann veloccty of Sm wt me iy lous x No propagation => teriticod frequency” f= 82 0 3+ 3 Mia | £.% |00 Ha on he on Dispersion and Group Velouty a . EE L Se E,= louck Me = Cons Vso ) in gern €= E(w) > Upn = Upn (ws) — depeudoug of R and Vu ou frequency is called dis persion Group Vwhodtx Cughoaty of & signal) Soe = ier ; a [oie |Reflechon b Relraction oF © EM Waves in +e Tonos here. @ - achibracy angle D (5°- 70 leur) E (100 - 150 kw) (3-4 Mile) Concectvad on F, C roo lem ) (u-s MH2) of elechvous 5 iM layers 2 (CASo-300km >) (6-8 MHe) Duri ns nie DAE dSappeav él- ae o ¢ waves refrack of nor rye fle ) Sin Oo | ef Sind, ° Su a a uno,” a mn nef mee te mnt ereaeeeinae : ese oe on nee ; = Sing’ | - (Fe, aoe Sin Os TE GG.) are such Het Oem et the Wight ak which fo ofoya, HM wave iil] bend but ell pass ied and Qeave at OoChoice of Wave Frequencies @ © low frequencies : coaxiae cables Cable TW: 75-2 coax fer £2 54-88 MH2 Cchanwels a-6) and |oo-700 MH2 (ch. 7-44) ca aveloe channel wee: GMA of - Mian frequancles : witeless bawolu iel Hs broadcast eae ampiier trunk cable - 20-aAR am pli fier 2 = of boosls the signeQ rn iy, every 40-70m Qo Tet = + Cable. will bave higher ‘alate aa i Le 1065 at higher tp rss. ae tee” Bn equalizer to equotize. Figure 25.8 Sketch ofa cable TV distribution system hae | Ohawpels Yo nosphere ‘ f+ 3-&3MH2 The rest of Ve earth's atmosphere hag a Prono unced efecto fo auaeuetiea ' i OrLmos phenic windows?» QO GHe al 30-4o EHa i. 80 GHe aa peak in attenuation soo | __. leaner Woquoncy (GH2} ace Aue to materiad properties of CONS HAUCHAS tigue25.9 atenation ofthe atmosphere a sea level a. fartion | fel ademas Wik Mi legates:Waves in Atwe sphere. @Q) Ty pica frequencies used in satelite comnun/e TV worlduide: 1-3 GHe (Shand), 37-42 6He (C) 10.9115 EHe (Kul da ILTS= 12,5 He (ea) [AS (2.75 CHa (ku3) 5 18-20 6Ha Che) Dwar Sookie Coven. “30 CHead 44 Eble Mi litany application $+ ~ 40 6a (w band’) Hicfh oHenyahon at 2x60 6He 5 also URLUL Wireless local acca networks (LAN) snatureR cell boundaries : Colt'sion HO radar systew Bandurdth “The available baudwidth in satellite Links | _ determines He amount of information C-GHa ink with B% (300-MHs) bandwidth >= so Analog or AS digitaR channels BO-GHa Link with St (1500-MH2) ; (250; 145) Coupe tison : O prics AzhsSpm (¢~Q00 THe) Bohardwidt, = 1OGHr