Hybrid Cars

Drew Tepper

What is a hybrid?
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)

include both a combustion engine as

well as an electric motor.
If we had better batteries, we would
not need hybrids at all.
Hybrids can be implemented in many
kinds of vehicles.

Global-Warming: Still An
Issue.
Hybrids are not zero-emission

vehicles.
Will cut down emissions of globalwarming pollutants by a third to a
half.
Later models may cut these
emissions down by even more.

Why hybrids?
Regenerative braking actually makes city

driving more economical than on the highway.

Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).
Emissions are greatly decreased.
Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.
Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.
New materials can be implemented.

EPA at work
Federal guidelines for emissions:
Tier 1 took effect in 1997
Tier 2 will phased-in beginning 2004.

National LEV (NLEV): builds on the

California Emissions Standards until

Tier 2 is implemented.
LEV II: California Emissions Standards.

ULEV/SULEV
Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV.
CARB: California Air Resources Board.
CO2 reductions not called for. Only
HC, CO, NOx.
Cars can be certified Low Emissions
Vehicles but at the same time have
high fuel consumption.

Reductions

Tax Incentives
The IRS has determined that

purchasers of a new Honda Insight,

Honda Civic Hybrid or Toyota Prius are
eligible for a "Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax
deduction of $2,000. The current
incentive is scheduled to phase out in
2004-06.
www.fueleconomy.gov/

Some EPA facts

Every gallon of gasoline your vehicle

burns puts 20 pounds of CO2 into the

atmosphere.
A 5 mpg difference in fuel economy
equates to about 2,800 pounds of
CO2 a year.
www.epa.gov/greenvehicles

Tons of greenhouse gas

NLEV program does not take CO2 into
account but lets see some numbers:

Honda Insight: 3.4 t/yr.

Honda Civic Hybrid: 3.9 t/yr.
Toyota Prius: 4.0t/yr.
Ford Explorer: 11.0 t/yr.
Honda Civic: 5.7 t/yr. (calculated)

Honda Insight 2003

Cost:
$19,080/$21,280
(MT/CVT)

MT: manual transmission

CVT: continuously variable transmission

Honda Insight 2003

Horsepower

67(65)@5700 or 73(71)@5700 (with

IMA)

Emissions Rating

ULEV/SULEV

Power Output

13 hp/10 kW @ 3000 rpm

Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)

Battery

144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)

Length

155.1 inches

Curb Weight

1847/(1878) or 1967 lbs.

Mileage (City/Highway)

61/68 or 57/56 mpg

Tank Capacity

10.6 gal.

0 to 60

11.3/11.2 seconds
IMA: integrated motor assist system

Honda Civic Hybrid 2003

Cost: $19,550/$20,550 (MT/CVT)

Honda Civic Hybrid 2003

Civic DX
Auto

Horsepower

85@5700 or 93@5700 (with

IMA)

Emissions Rating

ULEV

Power Output

13.4 hp @ 4000 rpm

Nickel Metal Hydride

(Ni-MH) Battery

144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)

Length

174.8 inches

174.6 inches

Curb Weight

2661/2732 lbs.

2500 lbs.

$13,010
115@4500
ULEV

29/38 mpg

Mileage
(City/Highway)

51/46 or 48/47 mpg

13.2 gal

Tank Capacity

13.2 gal.

8.4 seconds

0 to 60

11 seconds

Toyota Prius 2003

Cost: $20,480 CVT

Toyota Prius 2003

Horsepower

70@4500 (98 HP combined)

Emissions Rating

SULEV

Power Output

44 hp/33 kW @ 1040-5600
rpm

Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)

Battery

273.6V (228 cells @ 1.2V)

Length

169.6 inches

Curb Weight

2765 lbs.

Mileage (City/Highway)

52/45 mpg

Tank Capacity

11.8 gal.

0 to 60

12.7 seconds

A note about Ford

I believe Ford is behind in the Hybrid

world.
The Hybrid Escape is due at the end of
2003 with 40/29 mpg as compared to
19/25 mpg.
The Explorer: 239 HP, 4422 lbs., gets
17/21 mpg, and has a 22.5 gallon
tank.

Tepper Fleet Consumption

33.3 t/yr. CO2
Could be reduced to less than half if
all cars were hybrids.

www.fueleconomy.gov

Cars to come
GM: Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy

Suburban 2004.
Daimler-Chrysler: Dodge Ram Pickup
2005, Mercedes S-Class 2006.