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Maguire, R. Morgan, R. Reiner (.), Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3 .
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J. Q. Wilson, J. Q. & R. J. Herrnstein, R. J., Crime and Human Nature (Simon and
Schuster, 1985).

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. Leonard, E. B., Women, Crime and Society, (Longman,, 1982). Heidensohn, F.,
Women and Crime, (New York University Press, 1985). C. Smart, Women and Crime
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C. Smart, Women and Crim (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977), . 83

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C.Gilligan, Moral Orientation and Moral Development, E. Kittay - D. Meyers

(.), Women and Moral Theory, Rowman and Littlefield,1987).

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feminist questions about justice, International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 17
(1989), 1-18.

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J. R. Chapman &N. Jurik, Economic Realities and the Female Offender (Lexington
Books, 1997).

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R.C. Kessler, K.A. McGonagle, S. Zhao et al., Lifetime and 12 month prevalence of
DSM-111-R psychiatric disorders in the United States, Archives of General
Psychiatry 51 (1994), . 8-19.

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W&. ICPE, 2000. Crossnational comparisons of mental disorders. Bulletin of the
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53

S. E. Hyman Mental illness: genetically complex disorders of neural circuitry and

neural communication Neuron 28 (2000), . 321-323.

R. C. Kessler K.A. McGonagle, S. Zhao et al, (1994), .. R.C. Kessler, A. Sonnega,

E. Bromet et al. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey,
Archives of General Psychiatry52 (1995) . 1048-1060.

. Laakso, . Vilkman, J. Bergman, M. Haaparanta, O Solin, E. Syvalahti,et al,

Sex differences in Striatal Presynaptic Dopamine Synthesis Capacity in Healthy
Subjects, Biol Psychiatry 52 (2002) . 75963. S.M. Marcusa,, E. A. Youngb,
K.B. Kerbera, S. Kornsteinc, A.H. Farabaughd, J. Mitchelle, S. R. Wisniewskif,
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findings from the STAR*D study B, Journal of Affective Disorders 87 (2005), .
141150. C. Dalla, K. Antoniou , G. Drossopoulou, M. Xagoraris, N. Kokras, .A.
Sfikakis, Z. Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Chronic Mild Stress Impact: are females more
vulnerable? Neuroscience 135 (2005) . 703-14.

S.F. Greenfield, G. Hennessy, D.E. Sugarman, R.D. Weiss, What General

Psychiatrists Ask Addiction Psychiatrists: a review of 381 substance abuse
consultations in a psychiatric hospital., Am. J Addict. 12 (Jan-Feb 2003) . 18-28.

Janet Stoppard, Understanding Depression: Feminist Social Constructionist

Approaches (Routledge, 2000). N. Garnefski et al., Cognitive Emotion Regulation
Strategies and Depressive Symptoms: Differences between Males and Females,
Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 36, no 2, (Jan. 2004), . 26776.

M. L. Blair, Sex-Based Differences in Physiology: what should we teach in the

medical curriculum? Adv. Physiol Educ.31 (1), (2007), . 23-5

A.Khan, K.A. Schwartz, R. L. Kolts , W.A. Brown, BMI, Sex, and Antidepressant
Response, Journal of Affective Disorders 99 (2007) .101106.

10

M. Crissinger and . Kelly, Reducing the isk of edication rror in Women,

Journal of Womens Health, Vol.14, No. 1, (2005), . 61-67. F. Franconi , Sandra
Brunelleschi , Luca Steardo , Vincenzo Cuomo, Gender Differences in Drug
Responses, Pharmacological Research 55 (2007) . 8195.

11

. B. Luzier, A. Killian,, M.F. Wilton, A. Forrest, D.J. Kazierad,Gender- Related

Effects of Metoprolol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Healthy
Volunteers,. Clin. Pharmacol.Ther. 66 (1999) . 594-601.

12

D. Mattison and A. Zajicek, Gaps in nowledge in reating Pregnant Women,

Gender Medicine, Vol.3, No.3. (2006), . 169-182.

13

S. Sheibe, C. Preuschhof, C. Cristi,, R.M. Bagby, Are There Gender Differences in

Major Depression and its Response to Antidepressants?, Journal of Affective

54

Disorders, 75 (2003), . 223-235. S.G.Kornstein,, M.M. Wohlreich, C.H.

Mallinckrodt, J.G. Watkin,, D.E. Stewart, Duloxetine Efficacy for Major
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14

.D. Daw, Dopamine: at the intersection of reward and action, Nature Neurosci.10
(12) (2007), . 1505-7.

15

(Gorman, 2002). J.M.Gorman, Gender Differences in Depression and Response to

Psychotropic Medication, Gender Medicine Vol 3, No 2 (2002) . 1-17.

16

S.F. Greenfield, M.E. Kolodziej, D.E. Sugarman, L.R. Muenz, L.M. Vagge, D.Y.
He, R.D. Weiss, History of Abuse and Drinking Outcomes Following Inpatient
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17

Greenfield et al. (2003), ..

18

S.C. Kalichman, L.C. Simbayi, M. Kaufman, D. Cain and S. Jooste (2007) Alcohol
Use and Sexual Risks for HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic Review of
Empirical Findings, Prevention Science, vol.8, no. 2 (2007), .141-151.

19

Binge drinking is defined as consuming 5 or more drinks in a row. Users groups are
defined as those who have lifetime experience of the substance. Total numbers of the 15
ESPAD countries are given in brackets. Lifetime prevalence rates are the average of 15
countries (Germany, Greece, France, Italy, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands,
Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom together with Norway and
Croatia, where experts provided drug use data. Source ESPAD experts. ESPAD, The
European School Survey Project on alchol and other drugs. http:// www.org

20

NB:*M/F ratios of 1 in Ireland, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Turkey and Norway. Countries

are ordered by increasing levels of prevalence among all students (plotted on the
right-hand axis). Malefemale ratios are plotted on a logarithmic scale (left-hand
axis).Figures for Germany are based on data from six regions only (Bavaria,
Brandenburg, Berlin, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Thuringia).

21

NB:M/F ratio of 1 among students in Finland andNorway. * Binge drinking is defined

as consuming five or more drinks in a row. User groups are defined as those who have
lifetime experience of the substance. Total numbers for the 15 ESPAD countries are
given in brackets. Lifetime prevalence rates are the average for 15 countries
(Germany, Greece, France, Italy, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Netherlands, Slovenia,
Slovakia, Finland, Sweden, United Kingdom together with Norway and Croatia,
where ESPAD experts provided individual drug use data).Source: ESPAD experts.

55

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120

ABSTRACTS

1. ENCOUNTERS OF CRIME AND GENDER

Fotini Milioni, Criminal lawyer
Academic associate, Law School, University of Athens
The criminality of women, in depth of time and at international level, is much
lower than that of men, a fact that has provoked various discussions. Still, the
evidence shows that increase in female crime is much speedier than the
analogous increase in male crime. Consideration about female crime follows, at
times, the more general tendencies and discussions regarding crime. Various
diffused biological or sociological theories influence, accordingly, the field of
criminology. The debate over whether feminist criminology constitutes a branch
of research on its own, dealing with female crime with its special theoretical
tools, or whether it is mainly a specialised direction within the more general
field of crime theory and research, is still on the agenda. The fact is though, that
feminist thought has influenced the science of criminology both at the level of
approach to the phenomenon of crime, introducing the factor gender to
criminological thought, revealing thus dimensions such as the relation of female
crime to traditional female roles (as in the case, for example, of stealing from
department stores), and at the level of methodology, with the borrowing of
research models such as content analysis, which were dominant in feminist
thought. The input of the gender perspective has been essential in the revelation
of other aspects of the phenomenon of female crime, its correlation with factors
such as the law, justice, punishment and, also, the demystification and depathologization of the phenomenon of the woman criminal, which, for many
decades had been identified as a form of mental disease.
In Greece, research data concerning female crime is very little. Neither
is there much research concerning the woman prisoner and ensuing questions
pertaining to the necessity of separate establishments for incarcerated women,
the special adjustment of the conditions of detention to womens special needs,
such as motherhood, or the increased use of tranquillisers. All of the above are
discussed in this paper, in the hope of a more lucid contribution of the factor
gender to criminological thought and research, that will promote, accordingly,
the development of policies dealing with the phenomenon of female crime.

121

2. MENTAL HEALTH AND WOMEN: NEW RESEARCH APPROACHES,

NEW PERSPECTIVES
Z. Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Professor of Pharmacology
Medical School, University of Athens
email: zdaifoti@med.uoa.gr
Mental health is as important as physical health to the overall well-being of
individuals, societies and countries. Advances in neuroscience and behavioural
medicine have shown that, like many physical illnesses, mental and behavioural
disorders are the result of a complex interaction between biological,
psychological and social factors. Depression, anxiety, psychological distress,
and escalating rates of substance use affect women to a greater extent than men
across different countries and different settings. Researchers are finding that
men and women are different in ways that go beyond their reproductive
systems, hormones, and bone structure. They get many of the same diseases, but
they may have different symptoms, their diseases may progress differently, and
they may respond differently to treatment.
For most of its history, medicine has been male oriented. The medical
profession now recognizes that women's physiology is different and realizes
that womens health is one of its leading issues. A rapidly burgeoning literature
documents copious sex influences on brain anatomy, chemistry and function.
Today, the research on brain differences could protect survival by improving
treatments for a variety of disorders. Over the last several years, research has
accumulated indicating that drug results from male-only clinical trials may not
apply equally to women, or may not give data on effects important to women.
In fact, gender difference in drug effect is a growing area of research.
The main focus of our work concerns the understanding of gender
differences regarding the pathophysiological substrate of depressive-like
symptomatology, as well as the effects of antidepressant drugs. Specifically, we
explore some of the possible explanations for gender differences in depression
on detailed behavioural analyses, neurochemical and neurobiological estimation
of brain neutotransmitter function in specific rat brain regions in various animal
models of depression. Our work extends to a genetic model of depression.
Our efforts to understand sex differences in the onset, presentation, course,
and treatment of mental illnesses may provide
evidence on the prevalence and causes of mental health problems in
women as well as on the mediating and protective factors and
promote the formulation and implementation of health policies that
address women's needs and concerns from childhood to old age.
122

3. FANTASIES OF THE FEMININE: A FEMINIST APPROACH TO GREEK

TRAGEDY
Ekaterini-Douka Kabitoglou, Professor Emeritus,
English Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
This paper investigateswith the help of feminist thought and drawing
especially on the work of French theorists Luce Irigaray and Julia Kristevathe
masquerade of the masculine behind the mask of femininity, as conveyed in
Greek tragedy. It exposes the male desire to appropriate the feminine and act as
woman, while at the same time holding onto the hegemony over the signs. This
is the site where the economy of castration (in its psycho-analytic dimension)
is projected, as the system that dominates the imaginary as well as the symbolic
order of ancient Greek society and thought. The play Bacchae by Euripides is
considered the topos, where the male mimetic game (as dia-spora and dismemberment) that characterises the castration politics of our culture is first
inscribed. The Horesteia by Aeschylus is also chosen, as representing the
murder of woman/mother, which has suffused our collective, European,
unconscious. Our wandering in this theme, of the oppression of the feminine by
patriarchy, traces the lost or betrayed female genealogy, which is documented in
the Greek mythological imaginary, and ends with the enigmatic figure of the
goddess Athena, which still (maybe) signifies the double syntax (of feminine
nature) offering and alternative symbolic, where it will not be necessary to
lament the tragic loss of being for the acquisition of logos. When the
feminine ceases to be only an object (of desire) and is established as the subject
of its (own) fantasies, then ancient tragedy, too, will have played a new, crucial
role.
4. WORKING CLASS WOMAN IN THE PERIOD OF THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION AND AFTER: REALITY AND MYTH
Jina Politi, Professor Emeritus
English Department, Aristotle University of Thessalonliki
In this neo-liberal period we live in, the working class woman is, once again,
tried hard: unemployment, insecurity, attack on her insurance rights, ruthless
exploitation by prostitution networks. All she had claimed and gained in bloody
struggles is now cancelled by the System. The purpose of this paper is to revive
the historical memory of these fights and the causes that led to them. Research
in factual evidence, concerning the conditions of life and work of working class
women in the period of the Industrial Revolution, leads to the thought that
123

maybe we should revise certain theses and certain blind spots in feminist
theory, especially with respect to the inconsistencies that breach the patriarchal,
capitalist system. Factual research is juxtaposed to the imaginary representations of working class women in prose fiction, which involves, during that
period, a radical transformation in structure a transformation that reflects the
very inconsistencies of the patriarchal, capitalist system and its urgent
ideological demands.
5. DOES SCIENCE HAVE GENDER? FEMINIST THEORY ON SCIENCE
AND WHY (MALE) SCIENTISTS OUGHT TO PAY
Cassandra L. Pinnick, Professor
Philosophy, Western Kentucky University
email: cassandra.pinnick@wku.edu
If science aims for true or reliable theories, then is it possible to improve
science further its aims for truth or reliability solely by an increase in the
number of women scientists? Most scientists balk at the suggestion. And yet,
the key feminist thesis on science is that more women boost science and its
aims. On its face, this thesis makes a straightforward empirical claim. So why
not put it to the test and thereby resolve the issue? Indeed, if there is significant
empirical support for the thesis, then the allocation of educational resources in
science should be (re)structured appropriately. In other words, if the feminist
thesis is correct, then one consequence would be that educational systems ought
to promote women over men in science education and careers. Viewed in this
way, the predominantly male status quo in science stands to lose educational
advantage and even career posts. Thus, scientists who ignore the feminist thesis
do so at their risk. And because the feminist thesis about science reaches
ultimately to a policy decision that concerns the use of limited or scarce
(educational and career) resources, we all have a duty to understand and assess
feminist theory about science. This paper lays the foundation for such
understanding and will attempt to go some way toward assessment.

124